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PCSM Lecture Intro of Safety
PCSM Lecture Intro of Safety
First, there are the usual mechanical hazards that cause worker
injuries from tripping, falling, or moving equipment.
Second, there are chemical hazards. These include fire and
explosion hazards, reactivity hazards, and toxic
hazards.
A successful safety program requires several
ingredients.
Types of possibilities
Accidents of occurrence
Fire 31%
Others 3%
The other category of table includes
losses resulting from floods and windstorms.
Inherent Safety:
An inherently safe plant11J2 relies on chemistry and physics to
prevent accidents rather than on control systems, interlocks,
redundancy, and special operating procedures to prevent
accidents.
Inherently safer plants are tolerant of errors and are often the
most cost effective. A process that does not require complex
safety interlocks and elaborate procedures is simpler, easier to
operate, and more reliable.
Smaller equipment, operated at less severe temperatures and
pressures, has lower capital and operating costs.
minimize (intensification)
substitute (substitution)
moderate (attenuation and limitation of effects)
simplify (simplification and error tolerance).
Minimize(intensification)=
Change from large batch reactor to a smaller continuous reactor
Reduce storage inventory of raw materials
Improve control
Reduce process hold-up
Substitute(substitution)=
Flixborough, England
Bhopal, India
Seveso, Italy
Pasadena, Texas
Toxicology