Review of Related Literature|

Topic: Filipino-Chinese Heritage: Determinant perspective over the West

Objectives:

1) To determine whether a student's Filipino-Chinese heritage affects their views

regarding the West Philippine Sea dispute.
2) To determine the factors that contribute to the students’ bias towards the West
Philippine Sea dispute
3) To identify the stand among the Filipino-Chinese students towards the territorial
dispute over the West Philippine Sea

Statement of the Problem:

The issue of China's claim of the west Philippine Sea raised controversy among Filipino
citizen.

Research Questions:
1. Would the students side with China or the Philippines dependent on their dominant
culture?
How do Filipino Chinese students manifest their side over the West Philippine Sea
dispute
2. Aside from culture, what are the other factors that affect the students’ views on the
West Philippine?
Does Chinese upbringing in the Philippine soil influence the perspective of the
students over the dispute?
3. What are the factors that shape the view of Filipino Chinese students over the
dispute.
4. How do Filipino-chinese families differ in their airing their perspective?
Suggested title: West Philippine Sea or South China Sea: Filipino-Chinese Students’
perspective on the territorial dispute with China
 HUMSS

Case Study

A research study entitled

The Filipino-Chinese Heritage as a Determinant for Student’s Perspective over the

West Philippine Sea Dispute

submitted in fulfillment

of the requirements for the course subject

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Made by:

Baylosis,John Gerald #1

Say, Chester # 9

Tan, Kurt # 13

Siy, Regiena #24

Sze,Tricia #25

Presented to:

Ms.Gian Rico
 Chapter I
Introduction

Background of the Study

On April 10, 2012, Twelve chinese fisher boats were illegally harassed by a Philippine
naval gunboat in Huangyan Island. Upon further discussion between the two countries, China
has claimed its rights to the land of Huangyan Island and its surrounding waters which China
has proven through their abundant history and their jurisprudence supports which states that
the Huangyan Island rightfully belongs to China and has been a traditional fishing area for its
fishermen. On the other hand the Philippines believes that the Huangyan Island and its
surrounding waters should be rightfully theirs since it is within their borders which can be
proven through the ​The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (​UNCLOS​​).

Between these two nations, they each have their own perspective and proofs. The
Chinese believes that the Scarborough Shoal is rightfully theirs base on history while the
Filipinos believe that it is theirs since the UNCLOS states so. Filipinos and Chinese citizens
would have different perception on the matter which led to a territorial dispute between the
Philippines and China. However, there is another group of people that is greatly affected by
this issue, and these are the Filipino-Chinese.The Filipino-Chinese are people who are of
chinese descent but are born and raised in the Philippines. These people, living in the Filipino
community in a chinese household would have to choose one side, whether to support the
country they were raised in or the country where its blood runs in their veins. That being said,
this research aims to determine whether the Filipino-Chinese heritage affects their perspective
regarding the territorial dispute regarding the West Philippine Sea. This research also aim to
see the factors that affects their perspective as well as their stand to this matter.

Statement of the problem

China's claim on the islands located in the West Philippine Sea raised controversy
among Filipino citizens since China’s use of the nine- dash line area that overlaps territorial
claims of neighboring countries. Resulting to disputes over the territories in West Philippine
Sea for decades. Considering that Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands are very close to
the vicinity of the Philippines. On July 12 2016, The Permanent Court of Arbitration
unanimously sided with the Republic of the Philippines over the Philippines’ arbitration
versus the People’s Republic of China citing Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the sea (UNCLOS). The arbitration deals with the roles of historical rights and
source of maritime sovereign rights in the West Philippine Sea. The Philippines alleged that
China’s actions directly violate the UNCLOS. China has repeatedly stated that “It will neither
accept nor participate in the arbitration unilaterally initiated by the Philippines.” The dispute
between the claims of the People’s Republic of China and The Republic of the Philippines
concerns the Filipino-Chinese citizens of making unbiased judgements on the territorial
identity of the islands.

Significance of the Study

The study of the Chinese-Filipino student’s perspective in relation to the West
Philippine Sea dispute can benefit the cultural and national identity of the Chinese-Filipino
community. The study will allow for a better understanding of Chinese-Filipino student’s
cultural and national identity.This study can also determine the extent of a Chineses-Filipino
student’s awareness regarding the issues that relate to the dispute.

Scope and Delimitations

This study aims to determine the stand of the Chinese-Filipino students regarding the
West Philippine Sea dispute, however, only the responses of the Senior High School students
of Saint Jude Catholic School during the school year 2018-2019 will be considered in the
data.
Conceptual Framework

Definition of Terms
To ensure clarity in the discussion, the following terms are defined operationally for the
purpose of the study.

UNCLOS ​- ​United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Nautical Miles- ​a unit measured the distances at the sea.
Territorial dispute - a disagreement about which party controls a certain
territory
Arbitral tribunal​​- a panel of one or more adjudicators resolves a dispute by
way of arbitration
Arbitration​​- the process of solving an argument between countries by helping
both parties parties to agree to an acceptable solution.
Nine-dash line​​ - A line that indicates the area of territory that China covers
Baselines law - baselines serves as a basis for a county’s maritime jurisdiction
to establish maritime boundaries with its neighboring states
Maritime boundary​​- A conceptual division of Earth’s water surface area
Hague Convention​​- A convention where international treaties and
declarations are negotiated
Jurisdiction​​- the official rights to make legal decisions and judgments
Sovereignty​​- supreme power or authority that a group of people or country
holds
One Belt, One Road (OBOR) - An economic framework that would connect
China’s Silk Road Economic Belt project in Central Asia with its Maritime
Silk Road across bodies of water from the West Philippine Sea to the Indian
Ocean.
Extended continental shelf (ECS) - term used by geologists to indicate
continental margin.
Philippines Exclusive Economic Zone - territorial zone of the Philippines
prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Demarcation line​​- a geopolitical outskirt, regularly settled upon as a
component of a truce or truce
Administrative Order 29​​- The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the
Philippines extending to a distance of two hundred nautical miles from the
baselines of the Philippine archipelago.
 CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature

1) Philippine vs China context: Their determinants of claims

China
The territorial disputes in the West Philippine Sea are China's specific disputes
includes the nine-dash line area that overlaps territorial claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. China's nine-dash line was a demarcation line initially
used by the Chinese government in 1912-1949 showing a U-shaped eleven-dash line that
includes the Paracel Islands, the Spratly Islands, the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank,
and the Scarborough Shoal “Nine-Dash Line. (2018, September 06)”. The nine-dash line map
is used by the Chinese government to show the maximum coverage of their area “Territorial
disputes in the South China Sea. (2018, September 07”. The history of the West Philippine
Sea started during 1939 when Japan inhabited some of the islands in the Spratlys but after the
defeat of Japan at the end of world war 2, Japan surrendered the Paracels Island, Pratas Island,
and Spratly Islands to China based on the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations “Philippine Sea
Facts. (n.d.)”, a statement of surrender of all Japanese armed forces 1943 Cairo Declaration.
(2018, July 23). In the 1947, China indicated that they have altered the eleven-dash-line to
nine-dash line which made up of The West Philippine Sea or The South China Sea as part
their territory. In the year 1953, after ​the establishment of communism , the water maps
committee ​of China removed the 2 dashes that was originally illustrated inside the Gulf of
Tonkin without any explanation. Recently General Fang Fenghui, the Chief of the People’s
Liberation ​Army of China visited the US and has declared “territory passed down by previous
Chinese generations to the present one will not be forgotten or sacrificed.”
Philippines
On the contrary, The Philippines does not fully claim the West Philippine Sea. The
first exploration ​of the West Philippine Sea started by the Filipinos in the 1970s. The West
Philippine Sea is found ​in the western side of the Philippine Sea. On March 10 2009, the
Philippines passed a law called the “baselines law”. Baselines serve as a basis for a country’s
maritime boundaries from neighboring coastal States​. ​Meruenas, M. (2011, August 16)
Former president, ​President Benigno Aquino Jr. took action by passing a law entitled
Administrative Order 29 ‘Naming the West Philippine Sea of the Republic of the Philippines,
and for other purposes’ ​on September 5, 2012 which was signed and it made international
headlines.Hilbay, F. T. (2016, October 26). On 12 July 2016, four years after the tribunal of
Permanent Court of Arbitration dropped the argument of China over their historical claim of
the Nine-dash line for it having no legitimate support. With this, the dispute ended with a
victory of the Philippines.

​ Fig.1 (Territorial Claims of Different Countries )

\
2) International Court Rulings

The Permanent Court of Arbitration is an organization established by the 1899 Hague

Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. It has 121 member states,
Based in the Peace Palace in the Hague, The Netherlands. On July 12 2016, The Permanent
Court of Arbitration unanimously sided with the Republic of the Philippines over the
Philippines’ arbitration versus the People’s Republic of China citing Annex VII of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the sea (UNCLOS). The arbitration deals with the roles of
historical rights and source of maritime sovereign rights in the West Philippine Sea. The
Philippines alleged that China’s actions directly violate the UNCLOS. China has repeatedly
stated that “It will neither accept nor participate in the arbitration unilaterally initiated by the
Philippines.” Though Annex VII states that the “absence of a party or failure of a party to
defend its case shall not constitute a bar to the proceedings.” Annex VII also states that the
tribunal will only rule if “The claim is well founded in fact and law.” Regardless of the
absence of China from the proceedings,The tribunal has taken steps to test the authenticity of
the Philippines’ claim. Independent experts were tasked to report to the Tribunal in regards to
technical and historical matters that relate to the West Philippine Sea. China published a
position paper on December 2014 disputing the convention’s jurisdiction over the matter.
Though Article 288 of the convention clearly states “In the event of a dispute as to whether a
court or tribunal has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled by decision of that court or
tribunal.”China has the claims in their position paper they published, That the Philippines has
agreed, through bilateral talks and the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South
China Sea, to settle this disputes through these bilateral negotiations.Therefore removing the
Tribunal from their jurisdiction.(International Court of Arbitration, 2016)

China’s main justification for claiming the West Philippine Sea is its 9-dash line. The
Chinese nine-dash line is based on historical claims that Chinese fishermen and navigators
used to traverse these water. Nonetheless, The tribunal noted that, historically the Chinese
have made use of these waters, But there were no evidences that China had ever exercised
exclusive control of the West Philippine Sea waters nor its resources. Tribunal therefore
concluded that there was no legal basis for for China to use historic rights as the justification
 for their nine-dash line. The Tribunal also assessed the lawfulness of Chinese actions in the
West Philippine Sea.(International Court of Arbitration, 2016)

Evidence presented by the Philippines show that China has indeed violated the
Philippines sovereignty by:
(a) Interfering with filipino Fishing and petroleum exploration.
(b) Constructing artificial islands In the Philippines Exclusive Economic Zone
(c) Failing to prevent chinese fishermen from fishing in Philippine waters

In the Tribunal’s award on 12 July 2016, It considered whether or not China’s recent
construction and land reclamation and construction of artificial islands in the Spratly Islands
had aggravated the dispute between the Parties.The Tribunal recalled that parties have a duty
to refrain from further escalating the dispute during the period of the dispute.That tribunal
noted that the aforementioned activities of China qualify as aggravation thus violating its
obligation to avoid further escalation.(International Court of Arbitration, 2016)

The Tribunal granted the Philippines’ request that a declaration be made that, China
should respect the sovereignty of the Philippines and follow their obligations under the
Convention.The Tribunal also noted that the Philippines’ and China’s dispute does not stem
from any intention to infringe on the rights of the other, but rather in the fundamentally
different understandings of their rights under the UNCLOS.The Tribunal stated that under
international law the benefit of the doubt is given and under Article 11 Annex VII
“award . . . shall be complied with by the parties to the dispute.”

3) Chinese Community

​The dispute between China and the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea is a controversy
surrounding the sovereignty of islands and reefs and the demarcation of sea areas. The dispute
began in the early 1950s, when the US military stationed in Subic Bay, Philippines, ignored
China’s sovereignty and opened up Huangyan Island ​(Scarborough Shoal) as a shooting
range.
On July 12, 2016, the arbitral tribunal of the South China Sea Arbitration Tribunal of
the Philippines made a so-called final ruling that was illegal and invalid. The Chinese side has
repeatedly stated that the government of Aquino III of the Republic of the Philippines
unilaterally institutes arbitration in violation of international law, and the arbitral tribunal has
no jurisdiction. China does not accept or recognize it. (Langue, 2018)

Regarding the unreasonable accusations of the Philippine side, the Chinese Foreign
Ministry responded on July 16, 2013. The Chinese side regrets the Philippine side's statement
that "it is impossible to conduct bilateral discussions with China." It is dissatisfied with the
Philippine side's refusal to negotiate diplomatic talks and close the door of dialogue. At the
same time, it resolutely opposes the Philippine side's ignorance of China's legitimate rights
and legitimate concerns. arbitration. For the Philippine side to continue to speculate on the
South China Sea issue, distorting the facts and discrediting China, the Chinese side said it is
difficult to understand.

The Chinese side stated that China firmly safeguards its territorial sovereignty and
maritime rights and interests and has always been committed to resolving territorial maritime
disputes through negotiations and consultations. Regarding the Philippine submission of the
West Philippine Sea issue to international arbitration, China has repeatedly stated its position.
China does not accept arbitration and has sufficient basis for international law.

The 12 fishing boats illegally harassed by the Philippine warships on April 10 were all
from Tammen Town. However, the confrontation incident between Huangfei Island and
China-Philippines did not bring much panic to the fishermen, because this is already a
common occurrence. For many years, fishermen have been repeatedly attacked, robbed,
arrested and even shot in neighboring countries in the Nansha waters. Fu Fangshan, born in
1987, was pointed by a Philippine soldier with a gun, took off his shirt, and stood on the deck
for more than two hours. He remembered that he went to Huangyan Island with the ship in
October last year. He was unfortunately "phased" by the Philippine warships, and the
Philippine troops boarded the boat for inspection. When the soldiers took the guns and asked
them to show their documents, and gave the fishermen a photo, they took off their shirts and
stood in the sun, not letting them move, not letting them drink. Filipino soldiers sit in the
cabin and smoke and drink. “He who is not pleasing to the eye shall pick up the wooden stick
on the boat. Filipino soldiers would sometimes take off their shirts and lie on the hot
deck.”(Pingja,2014)

Physical tortures and personal insults against the fishermen of China, and these
violations weren’t acknowledged. The Philippine soldiers also forcibly took away all the fish
that the chinese fishermen had a difficult time of catching. He Junfa, the 50-year-old captain
and the Filipino soldiers have been dealing with each other for many years. In addition to
aquaculture, Philippine soldiers have to ask Chinese fishermen for cigarettes. Before the
fishing boat goes out to sea, the ship's captain will prepare enough tobacco and alcohol to
"send" the Filipino soldiers on board.

In the lagoons of Huangyan Island, there were often nearly 20 fishing boats. And more
than a dozen of them were Chinese fishing boats. And the rest are fishing boats. Chinese
fishermen and Filipino fishermen here live in harmony. They usually invite each other to
their own fishing boats. But while staying on the boats,no one let their guard down and they
all stayed vigilant, while gesturing and chatting, they observe the equipment on the boat,
probably to see if there are any guns around. “There are mostly guns in the fishing boats of the
Philippines,” said He Junfa. The fishermen of the Philippines often come to discuss
concerning water, rice, tobacco and alcohol. Chinese fishermen were offered free of charge.
They were afraid of offending these people and causing more trouble. He Junfa said that when
Chinese fishermen are fishing in these areas, they most hope to have their own fishery vessels
escorted. (Pingja, 2014)

One of the most significant events in China's history of engaging international law was
its legal defeat in the South China Sea Arbitration case. The case was brought by the Republic
of Philippines on its disputes with China concerning maritime entitlements in the South China
Sea. (Wang, 2017)
The Arbitral Tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines, first on the jurisdiction and
admissibility issues in October 2015, and finally on the merits in July 2016. China not only
 refused to accept the Tribunal's authority, but also vigorously attacked the final award as
being invalid and even illegal. It examines the different views, particularly the Chinese
perspectives, on three major legal aspects of this case, including
(1) The Arbitral Tribunal’s legitimacy
(2) The Tribunal’s jurisdiction over the case
(3) The Tribunal’s err in applying UNCLOS on certain important legal issues
concerning the merits of the case.
While the legitimacy of the Tribunal seems to be unquestionable, and whether the
dispute is in its jurisdiction is still debatable. And most likely it has, but the arguments of
China against the jurisdiction are truly worthy of discussion. However, the final award's
interpretation and application of certain provisions of UNCLOS are problematic and possibly
erroneous. (Wang, 2017)
Understanding China's foreign policy decision-making process requires the utilization
of the elements of leadership, political performance and national interests. In contrast to a
state-centred analysis, the supreme leaders’ perspective of the political performance is the
most important factor when it comes to the decision making of foreign policy. It contends that
so-called national interests are often manipulated to serve particular political agendas. One
Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative or advancing China's interests in the South China Sea can
be better utilized to improve the political performance of Chinese President Xi Jinping. (Nie,
2016)

4) Filipino Community

The dispute between the Philippines and China over the West Philippine Sea has been
going on since the year 2013, but on July 12, 2016, the Philippines won the arbitration case
against China over the West Philippine Sea. (Santos, 2016) The Philippines claims to have the
right to own a part of the West Philippine Sea since they are within the 200 nautical miles of sea
as well as having an an extension of 150 nautical miles due to the extended continental shelf
(ECS) which is supported by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS).
(Roque, 2015)
 Even though The Philippines has won the dispute against China,China still continues
the militarization of artificial islands which is within the vicinity of the West Philippine Sea.
Since China still continues to use the land within the area of West Philippine Sea, various
Filipino students has shown great concern over the arbitral ruling regarding the West Philippine
Sea. Majority of the students from various colleges believes that the Philippines should
reoccupy the territory in the West Philippine Sea while maintaining the country’s relationship
with China. Although the intention of the students may be similar, each student has its own way
of showing sovereignty over the West Philippines Sea. For example, Winchell Wong, a student
of University of the Philippines Diliman stated that their country must immediately fix their
relationship with China and should adjust the laws to include the people of Spratly Island and
provide them with proper care. Another example is Andrea Vergara Rufino, a student of De La
Salle University, believes that the Philippines should undergo the modernization of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines while retaining their relationship to China in order to avoid tension
between the two countries which may have a negative effect on the Overseas Filipino
Workers(OFW). She also believes that they should attend to the OFWs in China who might feel
the tension after the ruling. Although other students have other ideas for the West Philippine
Sea. For instance, Isabelle Yuyek from University of Santo Tomas believes that the Philippines
should undo the environmental damage China has done to the islands in the West Philippine Sea
since she believes that people should take care of their surroundings. Another example is a
statement from Stephy Sy of Ateneo de Manila University. She stated that the Philippines must
develop the resources of Spratly Island to further improve the economic,transportation and
employment system in the Philippines.(Yang, 2016)

In general, 73 percent of Filipinos demand that the Duterte Administration should assert
its sovereignty over the West Philippine Sea which rightfully belongs to the Philippines based
on the UNCLOS instead of setting aside the ruling to achieve stronger ties with China. 22
percent of Filipinos stated that the Philippines must strengthen their military ties with other
countries such as Japan, Europe, and the United States of America. However 21 percent of the
Filipinos believe that the Duterte administration should continue to build stronger ties with
China to prevent conflict, While 36 percent of Filipinos believes that the Duterte administration
should protest against the militarization of artificial islands in the vicinity of the West
Philippines Sea.(Viray, 2018)
Author Claim Title of Work

Angelica Y. Yang Based on the opinions of the The West Philippine

students who resides in the Sea–what’s on the students’
Philippines, they believe that minds?
the Philippines should retain
its sovereignty over the
West Philippine Sea while
keeping its relationship with
China stable

Nicolo Joseph M. Roque Though the Philippines should Philippines-China Perspective

have sovereignty over the on the South China Sea
West Philippines Sea based Dispute
on the UNCLO, China can
opt not to follow it since the
UNCLO doesn’t have any
power to enforce the ruling
thus giving China the
upperhand.

Matikas Santos As of July 12, 2016, The Philippines wins arbitration

Philippines has emerged case vs. China over South
victorious in the dispute China Sea
against China regarding the
right of ownership to the
West Philippine Sea. The
United Nations(UN) stated
that the nine-line map of
China is an invalid argument
 since there are no legal basis
for it but rather a historical
one. Therefore The
Philippines has the right of
ownership.

Patricia Lourdes Viray Majority of the Filipinos Pulse Asia: 7 in 10 Filipinos

believes that the Duterte want Duterte to assert rights
Administration should fight in West Philippine Sea
over the sovereignty of the
West Philippine Sea instead
of setting the ruling aside and
achieving stronger ties with
China.

5) Chinese-Filipino Heritage

The Chinese community has been a staple in the Philippines even long before the first
Chinatown was established in 1594. The Philippines has always been involved with China in
terms of trade and migration, and because of this, the Chinese influence on the Philippine culture
became rooted into the modem Filipino identity. (​Regencia. T., 2015). One of the most common
examples of the Chinese influence is the Filipinos’ love for haggling with vendors. According to
Lu (2005), haggling stems from the Chinese culture of valuing frugality. The Chinese would
never purchase anything the without asking for a bargain, and this behavior is reflected by the
Filipinos whenever they are shopping in markets like ​Divisoria. ​(Soriano, J. et al., 2018).
Another example of the Chinese influence is the wearing of red garments during occasions of
celebration. Soriano, J. et al., (2018) stated that red is a popular color in China because it is
associated with good luck and fortune. The positive implications of the color created the Chinese
tradition of wearing red during special occasions, and today, it can be seen that the Filipinos do
the same whenever they celebrate birthdays and New Year. These practices prove that the
Chinese influence has already embedded itself into the Filipino culture, and for the people who
were raised as Chinese-Filipino, the facets of the two cultures serve as a vital part of their
identity.

According to (Ahyong, J., 2016), the Chinese-Filipinos consider themselves culturally

Filipino, however, they still maintain certain Chinese customs such as speaking in the traditional
Chinese dialogue called ​Hokkien​, believing in Feng Shui, and giving offerings to ancestors.
Aside from that, nothing else sets the Chinese-Filipinos apart from the Filipino majority. Many
Chinese-Filipino schools teach Mandarin and Chinese history in order to help students to stay in
touch with their cultural heritage. To some extent, even subjects such as Mathematics and
Science are also taught in the Chinese language. However, Chinese-Filipino schools also train
the students to embrace both sides of their culture by teaching the Filipino language, culture and
history as major subjects. These students eventually learn to recognize that they are culturally
Chinese and Filipino in nationality. (Liao, K. A., 2015).

Chinese-Filipinos value both sides of their identity without animosity towards the “less
dominant” culture, but National Artist F.Sinoli Jose believes that if a war breaks out between
China and the Philippines, most of the Chinese-Filipino would side with China (Lim, M. T.,
2015). Liao, K. A. (2015), on the other hand, argues that most Chinese-Filipinos were born and
raised in the Philippines. They acknowledge their Chinese heritage by appreciating China’s
culture and history, but ultimately, they pledge their loyalty to the Philippines because they sing
the National Anthem and recite the ​Panatang Makabayan.

Author Claim Title of Work

Ted Regencia The Chinese influence has Chinese-Filipino: The Ties

become embedded into the That Bind
country’s identity, becoming
distinctly Filipino - from
country’s national hero, Jose
Rizal to its Fujian-style
 noodles, pancit canton.

Josh Ahyong Chinese-Filipinos in the Identity and Meaning For a

Philippines are culturally Filipino of Chinese Descent
Filipino, although they still
keep a few customs
inherited from their
ancestors. Most of them still
communicate through the
traditional Chinese dialect
called Hokkien – and they
still have the physical
features that sets them apart
from the Filipino majority.
Other than that, what else
then makes us different?

Karen Anne Liao In most Chinese education, Being Chinese-Filipino:

Chinese-Filipino students Ethnicity, Nationality and the
are taught both Chinese and Confusion that Excludes
Filipino culture and history,
and they learn both
Mandarin and Filipino, aside
from English. Many of them
grow up with the knowledge
that they are both Chinese
and Filipino, mostly Chinese
in culture, and Filipino in
nationality. They assume
both Chinese cultural
heritage and Filipino culture
as their own. They sing the
 national anthem with the
belief that the Philippines is
a country worth dying for,
and a country worth staying
for, while appreciating their
ties to China because of its
culture and history

6) ​Education in Chinese-Filipino Schools

There are 150 Chinese schools that operate in the Philippines. majority of which are
located in Metro Manila. Chinese-Filipino schools are usually known for producing students
who excel in the field of Science and Mathematics, most of whom hold a reputation of
garnering international awards in mathematics, programming, and robotics competitions.
Many notable successful entrepreneurs are alumnis of these Chinese-Filipino schools. Most
notable among them include businessman Henry Sy an alumnus of Chiang Kai Shek College .
Chiang Kai Shek College has produced many notable businessmen like Airline and Banking
magnate Lucio Tan and Jollibee founder Tony Tan-Caktiong. Many notable Filipinos are also
graduates of Saint Jude Catholic School. Her alumni include Edwin Lacierda, Spokesperson
for Pres. Benigno Aquino III, Federico Sandoval II three-term Congressman from the City of
Malabon, Willard Cheng, ABS-CBN journalist.

The first Chinese school established in the Philippines , The Anglo-Chinese School (
Now known as Tiong Se Academy) was opened in 1899 within the Chinese Embassy
Grounds. The curriculum called for rote memorization of Confucian texts including Four
Books and Five Classics. (McCarthy,1974).But the curriculum also focused on western
science and technology.Many schools that catered to Chinese-Filipinos soon emerge.Hua
Siong College of Iloilo established in Iloilo in 1912, the Chinese Patriotic School established
in Manila in 1912 and also the first school for Cantonese Chinese, Saint Stephen's High
 School established in Manila

After the second world war, The Philippines and The Republic of
China,Taiwan,signed the Sino-Philippine Treaty of Amity. The treaty allowed the Republic of
China’s Ministry of Education direct control on Chinese schools in the Philippines.This
control continued until 1973,The revisions on the Philippine Constitution made this treaty
unconstitutional. Thus, placing the Filipino Chinese schools under the jurisdiction of the
Philippine Department of Education. Because of this, The language of instruction changed
from mandarin to english. A regulation on the number of teaching hours for Chinese
language and arts was put into effect.Chinese geography and history were now integrated with
Chinese language subjects. The teaching Philippine history, civics and culture were also now
part of the required curriculum.Chinese Filipino schools used a curriculum prescribed by the
Philippine Department of Education. Though core subjects are usually integrated into the
curriculum. 華語 Huáyŭ;Chinese Grammar, 綜合Zōnghé;Chinese Composition, and 數學
Shùxué Chinese Mathematics. Other schools may add other subjects such as 毛筆 Máobĭ
Chinese calligraphy.These classes are thought in mandarin chinese and during these classes
teachers usually prohibet English or Filipino to be used.(McCarthy,1974). In certain Chinese
schools the history of imperial China is thought to students in a chronological manner. It is
important to note that most Chinese schools which teach the subject employ Chinese nationals
to teach the subject to Chinese-Filipino students. Most Chinese Filipinos attend Chinese
Filipino schools until highschool, and then transfer to non-Chinese colleges and universities to
complete their tertiary education.

References:

Regencia,T. (2015, July 06). Chinese Filipinos: The ties that bind. Retrieved from
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/06/chinese-filipinos-ties-bind-150630083
731078.html

Lu, X. (2005, March). Chinese Money Habits - How My Culture Influences My Attitudes Toward
Money. Retrieved from
https://www.wisebread.com/chinese-money-habits-how-my-culture-influences-my-attitudes-t
 oward-money

Mendiola, R., Soriano, J., Robles, N., Cruz, B., Oriel, R. J., Gonzalez, C., . . . El Nido Resorts.
(2018, July 17). China's cultural influence on the Philippines. Retrieved from
http://www.balikbayanmagazine.com/arts-culture/culture/chinas-cultural-influence-on-the-phi
lippines/

Ahyong, J. (2016, March 09). Identity and Meaning for a Filipino of Chinese Descent. Retrieved
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 METHODOLOGY

Research Design
This study uses the descriptive type of research to delve into the factors that contribute if not
totally determine the perspective of the SJCS-SHS students on the territorial dispute both China
and the Philippines are involved in.
The participants of the study will include the Senior High School students of Saint Jude
Catholic School. Considering the nature of the study as well as the awareness of people towards
the issue and degree of exposure to different social and political elements, the senior high school
students have better leverage on participating in the study as compared to the population group.

Sampling Method
​The popula

Sources of the data

The data for this study will be taken from two different sources, the primary and secondary
sources. The primary sources will be represented by the data to be collected are coherent and
relevant to the study. Using the Likert Scale, the questionnaire will be divided into three main
categories as regards to how participants determine their inclination or stand on the issue, The
division is as follows. A) The scholastic venture, B) School and C) Culture.
The secondary data, on the other hand will be the relevant information to be gathered in the
form of statistics, literacy reviews, government and non-state actor data such as those from court
hearing and results.

Ethical Standards
To ensure that the purpose of the study will be delivered objectivity and the results will be
free from bias, ethical standards will be observed such as: A) allowing participants use their
name as an option, B) the nature of the questions is free from personal or political biases and
C) all information will be regarded with utmost confidentiality. NO information coming from the
participants will be divulged with his/her consent>

Edited Questionnaire:

Name (Optional):___________________________
Age: _________________________
Year Level:_________________

On personal and cultural Knowledge

1. My family and I supports the stand of the Philippines on its claim over the West
Philippine Sea.
2. My family and I supports the stand of China on its claim over the territorial dispute.
3. I believe that West Philippine Sea belongs to the Philippines because that has been
taught to me by my family and relatives.
4. My residing in the Philippines has influenced my perspective over the West
Philippine Sea territorial dispute.

On Scholastic Data and Evidence

1. I read materials that support the Philippine’s claims over the territorial dispute.
2. I read materials that support the China's claims over the territorial dispute.
3. I have read news coverages regarding the West Philippine Sea dispute.
4. My opinion is influenced by the aforementioned reading materials.
5. I am easily swayed by the data and statistics I see on news and television channels
On School Teachings
1. My Chinese history class affects my perspective regarding the West Philippine Sea
Dispute
2. My Philippine History class influenced my perspective regarding the West Philippine
Sea dispute
3. The personal opinion of my teachers affects my stand on the West Philippine Sea
dispute