Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bakku 2012
Bakku 2012
Bakku 2012
Sudhish K. Bakku∗ , Michael Fehler and Daniel R. Burns, Earth Resource Laboratory, MIT
assumption is valid as long as the dynamic aperture is com- Thus, the impedance of the fracture can be written as
parable to static aperture. After neglecting higher order terms,
using equations 8, 9 and 10, we can write the differential equa- < PT (R) > < PT (R) >
ZF = =
tion for fluid pressure in the fracture in the frequency domain < vF (R) > q(R)/L0
as kr2 α 2f ρ f
Downloaded 08/25/16 to 128.210.126.199. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
=
iωζ
2 2
∂ 2 PF ∂ PF kr α f
" #
H01 (ζ R)H12 (ζ D) − H11 (ζ D)H02 (ζ R)
+ + PF = 0 (11) × (14)
∂ r2 ∂r αe2f f H11 (ζ R)H12 (ζ D) − H11 (ζ D)H12 (ζ R)
fracture response increasingly towards lower frequencies. ZF∞ we need not know the fracture length to estimate compliance.
H 1 (ζ D) Knowing fracture aperture and compliance, we can simulate
and ZF are within 1%, when | H12 (ζ D) | < 0.01. Simplifying the
1 the transmission coefficients for the infinite fracture case and
ratio, we can show that this condition is satisfied at frequencies
compare it with the data. The frequency at which the data de-
such that
L0 αe f f viates from the expected infinite fracture response by a given
Downloaded 08/25/16 to 128.210.126.199. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
ω > 2.5 (16) margin, based on the accuracy of measurements, can be used to
δ D
In other words, to be able to estimate the length of a finite estimate fracture length by using an equation similar to 16. In
fracture, the data should have frequency content lower than the absence of data spanning over a range of frequencies from
that given by 16. For example, taking values for aperture as 10s of Hz to 1 kHz, the transmission coefficients observed in
500 µm and compliance as 10−10 m/Pa (all other parameters the high frequency regime can be explained by a range of pos-
correspond to Figure 2), we need frequencies lower than 400 sible combinations of aperture and compliance. However, if
Hz, 17 Hz and 4 Hz to be able to detect finite fractures of we assume a large aperture, we can constrain the minimum
length 1 m, 5 m and 10 m, respectively. Since the data are compliance required to have the observed attenuation as de-
band limited we have constraints on how long a fracture we scribed in Bakku et al. (2011).
can detect. Currently, we can record at most as low as 500 Hz in a FWAL
solving dispersion relation 10 −8
m/Pa
setting. This sets some limitations on the application of this
10−9 m/Pa
theory to well log data. However, we could collect low fre-
Transmission Coefficient
Transmission Coefficient
Transmission Coefficient
500 µm 1
1
750 µm
can be used to characterize the fractures. This information can
0.9 1000 µm 0.8 also be used to evaluate the performance of hydraulic fractur-
D=0.5m
0.8 D=1.0m ing procedures.
0.6
0.7 D=2.0m
D=8.0m
0.6 0.4 D=∞
The effect of fracture compliance on attenuation of Stoneley
10
−2 −1
10 10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
−2 −1
10 10
0
10 10
1 2
10
3
10
4 waves is not negligible and conclusions from previous models
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) should be revisited. A compliant single fracture can explain
(c) (d) low transmission coefficients without demanding unrealistic
apertures as reported by Hornby et al. (1989).
Figure 2: Transmission coefficient (|PT /PI |) is plotted against
frequency. (a) High and low frequency approximation solu-
tions are shown when L0 = 1mm and Z = 10−10 m/Pa. (b) CONCLUSIONS
Compliance is varied keeping aperture constant at 1 mm. (c)
Aperture is varied for a constant compliance of 10−10 m/Pa. Attenuation of Stoneley wave across a fracture in a borehole
(a),(b),(c) are obtained for an infinitely long fracture. (d) So- is modeled accounting for the intrinsic fracture stiffness of the
lution for finite fracture case when the size of the fracture, D, fracture. The pressure field in the fracture was solved with-
is varied. Here, L0 = 1mm and Z = 10−10 m/Pa. All other pa- out any low/high approximations on frequency. Thus, trans-
rameters for the above studies are taken as 2R=15 cm, α f = mission coefficients over a range of frequencies and fracture
1300m/s,α = 4500m/s,β = 2650m/s, ρ f = 900kg/m3 ,ρs = compliances were analyzed. The transmission coefficient has a
minimum at a transition frequency that decreases with increas-
2400kg/m3 , ν = 10−5 m2 /s. The fluid properties correspond
ing compliance. It is observed that measurements taken near
to crude oil.
the transition frequency can constrain compliance and aperture
better. Under the high frequency approximation we can find
a lower bound on compliance. Finite length of the fracture
FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION causes frequency dependent deviation in the transmission co-
efficient from the infinite fracture response. This observation
We observe that the transition frequency of the transmission allows the lateral extent of a finite fracture to be estimated.
coefficients depends only on fracture aperture and fluid vis-
cosity. Since the fluid viscosity is known, by determining the
transition frequency from the field data we can constrain the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
fracture aperture. Fixing the fracture aperture, we can esti-
mate the compliance value that fits the observed transmission This work was funded by the Eni Multiscale Reservoir Science
coefficient in the high frequency regime. As we discussed, fi- Project within the Eni-MIT Energy Initiative Founding Mem-
nite fracture effects are suppressed at higher frequencies and ber Program.
EDITED REFERENCES
Note: This reference list is a copy-edited version of the reference list submitted by the author. Reference lists for the 2012
SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts have been copy edited so that references provided with the online metadata for
Downloaded 08/25/16 to 128.210.126.199. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
each paper will achieve a high degree of linking to cited sources that appear on the Web.
REFERENCES
Bakku, S. K., M. Fehler, and D. R. Burns, 2011, Estimation of fracture compliance from tubewaves
generated at a fracture intersecting a borehole: 81st Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded
Abstracts, 1819–1824.
Cheng, C. H., and M. N. Toksöz, 1981, Elastic wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole and synthetic
acoustic logs: Geophysics, 46, 1042–1053.
Fang, X., M. Fehler, Z. Zhu, Y. Zheng, and D. Burns, 2012, Reservoir fracture characterizations from
seismic scattered waves: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts (submitted).
Fehler, M., and W. S. Phillips, 1991, Simultaneous inversion for Q and source parameters of
microearthquakes accompanying hydraulic fracturing in granitic rock: Bulletin of the Seismological
Society of America, 81, 553–575.
Grandi, S., 2008, Multiscale determination of in situ stress and fracture properties in reservoirs: Ph.D.
dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Hardin, E. L., C. H. Cheng, F. L. Paillet, and J. D. Mendelson, 1987, Fracture characterization by means
of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New
Hampshire: Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 7989–8006.
Hornby, B. E., D. L. Johnson, K. W. Winkler, and R. A. Plumb, 1989, Fracture evaluation using reflected
Stoneley-wave arrivals: Geophysics, 54, 1274–1288.
Kostek, S., D. L. Johnson, and C. J. Randall, 1998a, The interaction of tube waves with borehole
fractures, Part I: Numerical models: Geophysics, 63, 800–808.
Kostek, S., D. L. Johnson, K. W. Winkler, and B. E. Hornby, 1998b, The interaction of tube waves with
borehole fractures, Part II: Analytical models: Geophysics, 63, 809–815.
Mathieu, F., 1984, Application of full waveform acoustic logging data to the estimation of reservoir
permeability: M.S. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Pyrak-Nolte, L., and J. Morris, 2000, Single fractures under normal stress: The relation between fracture
specific stiffness and fluid flow: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 37,
245–262.
Sayers, C. M., and M. Kachanov, 1995, Microcrack-induced elastic wave anisotropy of brittle rocks:
Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 4149–4156.
Song, F., and M. N. Toksöz, 2011, Full-waveform based complete moment tensor inversion and source
parameter estimation from downhole microseismic data for hydrofracture monitoring: Geophysics,
76, no. 6, WC103–WC116.
Tang, X., 1990, Acoustic logging in fractured and porous formations: Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.