Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics
Physics
Physics
I would like to thank my physics teacher, for guiding me through this project
and for their valuable inputs which provided me with a constant nudge for
improvement.
It is imperative to thank our Principal, for providing me the opportunity to
work on this project.
It goes without saying that my classmates, for their help in due course of this
project. My parents have also played a part in helping me in this project. My thanks
goes out to them also.
This project and reading-up on the same has provided me with an in depth
understanding of the topic. It has nurtured my scientific temperament and curiosity.
Signature of the
Candidate
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------ 1
2. OBJECTIVE------------------------------------------------------------ 3
3 THEORY---------------------------------------------------------------- 5
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM------------------------------------------------- 11
5. LIST OF COMPONENTS-------------------------------------------- 11
6. WORKING-------------------------------------------------------------- 13
7. RESULT----------------------------------------------------------------- 15
9. APPLICATIONS------------------------------------------------------- 17
10. PRECAUCTIONS----------------------------------------------------- 19
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------ 23
INTRODUCTION
This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and
executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street
Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find time even to
switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the case of street lights.
The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the evening before the
sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on
the roads. But the actual timing for these street lights to be switched on are when there is
absolute darkness on the roads. This project gives the best solution for electrical power
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which
uses LDR and IC555 to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this
system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight
goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
In this project Auto matic street light ON and OFF circuit using a popular timer I.C
555 and LDR is to be made. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected with
positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd level of
the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So
small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from
1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any
intermediate stage. It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic
in power consumption. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is
grounded. To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light.
the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness,
but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large
part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 50K variable
so more voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in
darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted
that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall below1/3rd in darkness. Sensitiveness
can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of pin 2
drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected to the
variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. [in this project –
function of the LDR is to sense the sunlight or torch light so that the LE D may go on or off
accordingly
junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of
the semiconductor. [in this project – the role of LED is to function as a street light.
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse generation
terminal resistor with a continuously adjustable tapping point controlled by rotation of a shaft or
adjustable voltage divider to provide a variable potential at the terminal connected to the tapping
point. [In this project – the role of ‘Potentiometer’ is to adjust the amount of light on LDR].
List of components
1 LDR 1
2 LED 1
3 IC 555 1
5 Battery 9V 1
6 Bread Board/PCB 1
WORKING
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase
of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between
the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd
then output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain
no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive LED, besides in poor light condition we get output
to energize LED.
RESULT
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
By using this automatic system for street light controlling,we can reduce energy
consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switch off properly even the
sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier before sunset
• Low cost
• Automated operation
• Very flexible
• Easy to manufactured.
In sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the major
disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching the street light system.
APPLICATION
4.It can be used in area where manual switching is difficult such as hilly areas and dense path
PRECAUCTIONS
b) I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy it. For safety
and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C, pin number one
c) Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching ON
the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing
d) L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Out put voltage
of this project is 7.3 volt therefore 4 LED in series may be easily used without resistance. If we
are using four white color LED in series then power required will be 12V instead of 9V supply or
use 3 Pcs white LED in series because bias voltage of white LED is greater than other color
LED.
FUTURE SCOPE
We can save the energy for the future use and we can control the losses of the power .We
can implemented this project for the home lamp or night lamp of the room. This is also used for
the signals.
Bibliography
1. Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com)
2. Google (www.google.co.in)