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Vegetation and soil relations of land use types of Boot subwatershed at Makiling
Forest Reserve

Article · January 2012

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 USM R & D 20 (1) 1-20 (2012)
ISSN 0302-7937

Vegetation and soil relations of land use types of Boot

subwatershed at Makiling Forest Reserve

Roven D. Tumanenga and Marco A. Galangb

a
BS Forestry Student, and bAssistant Professor, Institute of Renewable Natural Resources
College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna,
Philippines

Abstract

This study was conducted in Boot subwatershed of Makiling Forest Reserve to characterize
the vegetation cover from selected land use types and assess the soil physical and chemical
properties associated with it. The land use types that were identified and selected were Para
rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (HBK.) Muell.-Arg) plantation, Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla
King) plantation, secondary growth forest and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum K.) orchard.
Vegetation inventory, litter sampling, and soil sampling were performed in each plot. In each
land use, three sampling plots (20m x 20m) were established. Vegetation characteristics (cover,
basal area and stand density), soil physical properties (bulk density and soil texture) and chemical
properties (pH, OM content, available P and exchangeable K) were measured during the survey.
Thereafter, correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship of the soil properties and
vegetation parameters. Results of the studies showed that there is a weak relationship between
soil properties and vegetation parameters particularly in soil pH, potassium, phosphorus, per
cent silt, clay and sand, bulk density, forest litter weight However, the relationship of basal area
to organic matter content and forest litter thickness shows significant correlation (R=0.8956 and
R=0.7448, respectively) signifying the type of vegetation importance of in litter production. These
results imply the importance of other soil-forming factors (climate, topography, parent materials
and time) in fully understanding soil development. Nevertheless, the type of vegetation and land
use type significantly impacts other site parameters, which eventually affects the properties a soil
exhibits.

Keywords: land use, soil characteristics, vegetation type, watershed,

1. Introduction

One of the watershed’s components being studied and taken into consideration to understand
the watershed behavior and its components is the vegetation and soil relationship. Next to
USM R&D JoURnal 1
climate, soil condition in the broadest sense, constitutes the most important controlling factor
in the distribution of plants (Rosales, 2001). Not only does soil affect the vegetation but the
relationship also goes in the reverse direction, i.e., vegetation affects soil properties. The effect of
vegetation on soil properties has been recognized since concepts of the factors of soil formation
have been developed (Jenny, 1941). However, soil has the inherent capacity to determine the kind
of vegetation that would dominate in an area. Thus, the presence of different types of vegetation
is brought about by the varying soil properties. Moreover, soil directly influences the growth and
productivity of the forest (Aragones, 2001).

However, land use affects and influences the components and essential resources in the
watershed. The land use associated within a watershed will determine its long-term stability and
sustainability in terms of providing goods and services to the society. The type of land use and
the intensity of its use will have a strong influence in the ecological change of the watershed.
Land use is defined as the way in which humans employ the land and its resources (Meyer, 1995).
Similarly, land use refers to the human purposes that are associated with the land cover and
relates to human activities on the land (Meyer and Turner eds. 1994). Thus, land use influences
the land cover as well as associated type of vegetation in the area. With this, vegetation cover
was given emphasis.

One of the known protected forest reserves in the Philippines is Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR),
which has a total area of 4,244 ha and is considered as one of the remaining forested watersheds
in the country with almost 54% of its area still covered with forest and brushes (Cruz, 1991).
The MFR forests and other vegetation serve us protective cover for soil and water conservation,
wildlife sanctuary, and for tempering climatic conditions to the surrounding and within the area.
Moreover, the bigger portion of the reserve (forested areas) also provides intangible amenities
in the form of aesthetic, scenic, and other recreational values. The MFR is also considered the
most important forest reserve in the country because of its rich collection of flora and fauna. As
such, it was recognized as one of the areas of high biodiversity in the country (Bugayong, et.al,
2008). But more importantly, this watershed plays a significant role in the continuum that links
it with its surrounding communities, lowland and an aquatic ecosystem. Historically, the MFR
was established primarily for instruction and research in forestry and related sciences since it
was established in 1910 (Cruz, 1991). However, the forest reserve is continuously threatened
by rapidly expanding human settlements, agricultural croplands and urban and industrial zones
(Fernando et.al, 2001)

As MFR has been recognized due to its ecological importance and economic potential to
municipalities adjacent to the watershed, there is significance in assessing the current biophysical
condition and land use management of the MFR, particularly the Boot subwatershed.

The general objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the vegetation and
soil and existing land uses in the Boot subwatershed. This study focused on the effect of the
different land use types and its related vegetation to the soil properties of Boot subwatershed.

2 USM R&D JoURnal

An analysis of the soil properties within each land use was performed to determine potential for
supporting vegetative growth. Assessing the relationship of both soil and vegetation will provide
pertinent information on the current status of the Boot subwatersheds. Likewise, assessing the
conditions of the different vegetation types is important in understanding the present condition
of the watershed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the study area

The study area was located in Zone 6B of MFR, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The Zone 6B
subwatershed, also called Boot subwatershed is one of the subwatersheds found in the
northeastern part of the MFR, which occupies an area of 158.6 ha (Figure 1). Boot subwatershed
was situated at 14°08’ North Longitude and 121°14’ East Latitude and this area lies in the mountain
base of Mt. Makiling.

Luna et al. (1999) reported that before the mountain base has been cleared, and the land cultivated,
the original vegetation present in the base of the mountain was dominated by dipterocarp trees.
This is because of the remaining individuals of dipterocarp trees that still seen in the ravines
and riparians indicating that a dipterocarp forest was once present in the lowlands. Some of the
dominant dipterocarp species that were still found in the area were White lauan (Shorea contorta
Vidal), Guijo (Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume), and Bagtikan (Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco)
Merr.) But due to heavy disturbances in the area in the past years, the regeneration of existing
residual vegetation was hampered resulting in the proliferation of numerous non-dipterocarp
tree species which currently form a species-rich secondary tropical forest. However, apart from
these zones, there are certain areas at lower elevations on the mountains that are cultivated
whether as forest tree plantations or agroforestry farm (Gruezo, 1997).

Boot subwatershed falls under climatic Type I under the Modified Corona’s Classification System.
This type is characterized by two pronounce seasons: wet from May to December and dry from
January to April. Based on the 2000-2010 records of Agro-Meteorological Monitoring Station at
the University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines the average annual rainfall in the
area was about 2,077.1 mm and the mean annual temperature ranged from 23.4˚C to 31.7˚C, with
the hottest temperatures during the months of April to July and the coldest during December to
February. The mean annual relative humidity was 83.1%.

The soil series that are identified on the northeastern part of the mountain ranging from 200 600
masl was dominated by Lipa Series that has an underlying material of volcanic tuff with andesite and
a basalt base. This soil series belongs to subgroup of Typic Eutrudalfs under Alfisol order according
to the New Comprehensive System of Classification (Khan, 1969). In general, Zone 6 was considered
to have a relatively gentle slope. Most of the area (44.8%) in the Zone 6 belongs to 18-32% slope
class. Only 18.9 hectares or 4.4% belongs to 0-3% of the slope class (Manlisis, 2001; Furton, 2009).

USM R&D JoURnal 3

2.2. Selection of study plots

Based on field surveys conducted, the plots were determined by the different land uses that were
identified which also correspond to the different vegetation types. Only four land use types were
determined and selected. These were mahogany plantation, para rubber plantation, rambutan
orchard and secondary growth forest. Purposive sampling was performed in these areas using a
20m x 20m sampling plot for each selected land use type of Boot subwatershed. Three plots were
established in every type of land use; this gave a total of twelve plots inside the subwatershed.
Establishments of plots were only confined to accessible areas within the Boot subwatershed

2.3. Stand conditions

Sample plots were established in para rubber plantation, mahogany plantation, rambutan orchard
and secondary growth forest. A brief description of each stand was given below:

Para rubber Plantation: The plantation was dominated by uneven-aged stand of Para rubber
(Hevea brasiliensis (HBK.) Muell.-Arg). However, proliferation of other saplings and pole-sized
trees of other species was observed in the area, apart from over matured trees, vines, palms
and climbing bamboos. Its slope ranges from rolling to steep. The para rubber plantation was
established in 1961 in MFR purposely to take advantage of the vast potential of rubber latex
production in Luzon. It was commercialized and first operated in 1991 by Lilia P. Retes Enterprises
(Saavedra, 2001).

Mahogany Plantation: The mahogany plantation was located in the PFLA 3, a one-hectare plot
of over 60-year (planted in 1940) old Big leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) bordered
by natural forests, open areas, and other plantations. This area was already being used for field
laboratory exercises and experiments. Its topography was characterized as rolling.

Secondary growth forest: This was a natural multi-storey secondary forest composed of
large dipterocarp trees and small to medium diameter trees of big leaf mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King). Vegetation in understory was dominated by pole-sized magabuyo (Celtis
luzonica Warb.) with some other tree species (i.e. Strombosia philippinensis (Baill.) Rolfe, Knema
glomerata (Blanco) Merr. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco, and Diplodiscus paniculatus Turez),
palms (i.e. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. and Caryota rumphiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc.)
bamboo (i.e. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.ex wedl.var. striata (Lodd) Gamble and Gigantochloa levis
(Blanco) Merr.) and other shrubs and vines. The area also characterized by a riparian (river edge)
vegetation with forest edge that was close to disturbed areas (road). It has moderate to rolling
topography.

Rambutan orchard: The rambutan orchard was called as such because it was dominated by
rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum K.). However, it is also planted with other fruit trees and crops
like dalanghita (Citrus nobilis Lour), lanzones (Lansium domesticum Correa), avocado (Persea

4 USM R&D JoURnal

gratissima Gaertn.), guayabano (Anona muricata L.), coffee (Coffea arabica L.), coconut (Coco
nucifera L.) and banana (Musa sapientum L.). It was located adjacent to the para rubber plantation
and forest edges. The area was considered an agroforestry land use. The area has steep slopes
and open spaces.

2.4. Vegetation sampling and analysis

Trees inside the 20m x 20m plot with diameter at breast height (DBH) of ≥5cm were identified and
measured. The measurement taken was only DBH of trees using a diameter tape (Richter Model
FG-275D). The DBH was used for determination of tree basal area and calculated as 0.7854 (DBH)
2. Frequencies of each species were also listed. The number of trees in every plot was used to
determine the stand density and identification of the species. Stand density was calculated by
counting the number of individuals of any given species in a determined unit area.

The estimation of canopy cover was done using the GRS™ densitometer. This device follows
an establishment of diamond configuration sample plots consisting of five transects and the
recording of the canopy cover at selected sampling points. Data were generated by looking at
the canopy through the viewing tube of GRS™ densitometer in which the bubbles were leveled
to provide accurate sight. The data were summarized in a field sheet having the sum of data for
each transect.

Data from the plant inventory were analyzed following the standard procedure for vegetation
analysis. Species density, frequency, and dominance were estimated through a series of
computations. Relative values were also calculated to arrive at the importance value of each
species. Importance value (IV) was the sum of the values of relative frequency, relative density and
relative dominance (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974). The data were also used to calculate
and determine the stand basal area per hectare and stand density of the area. The basal area of
each plot was determined by adding the basal areas of all the trees in an area and dividing the
sum by the land area (in terms of hectares) in which the trees were measured. The total computed
stand density of each species in each plot was used to determine the stand density of the area.

2.5. Soil sampling and analysis

Soils were sampled by getting two samples in each plot – one sample from a 0-5 cm depth and
another sample from a 5-10cm depth. These samples were then pooled together to form one
composite sample, air-dried, thoroughly mixed, and passed through a 2mm sieve to get rid of
gravel and boulders. The soil samples were submitted to CFNR-IRNR Soils Laboratory and College
of Agriculture Soils Laboratory in the University of the Philippines Los Baños for physical and
chemical analysis. Only selected physical and chemical properties were determined and analyzed
for assessment of the soil condition of each land use type in Boot subwatershed. Bulk density was
determined using undisturbed core sampler. Hydrometer method was used to determine the soil
texture. Soil pH was measured with combined electrodes in a 1:1 soil/water suspension. Organic

USM R&D JoURnal 5

C was determined by a modified Walkley-Black procedure. Exchangeable K, were extracted using
1M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0). Available P was measured by the Bray No. 1 procedure and Olsen
Method. All chemical analyses were carried out and the final determinations of soil properties
were obtained by averaging these values.

Forest floor litter was also measured and analyzed. Collection of litter samples was done in every
plot using a random 30cm x 30cm plot. Litter thickness was determined using a metal ruler. Fresh
weights of the samples were taken using gravimetric method.

For each sampling site, the topographic condition particularly the elevation, slope and aspect of
every plot was also determined. The elevation was determined using a Global Positioning System
(Garmin II e-Trex® Venture). The slope was determined using Abney-hand level (MYZOX Model
A-65). The obtained readings were then computed to get the slope of the plot. Lastly, aspect was
determined using a compass (Suunto MC-2G Global Compass) to get the direction where the
slope is facing.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between those
vegetation parameters and soil properties. This method would determine how the vegetation
and its associated land use affected the soil properties. Correlation significance was also used
to compare the effects of vegetation cover, basal area, and stand density on the physical and
chemical properties of soil. Values that differed at p≤0.01 were considered significant trends. The
correlation analyses were generated using the Microsoft Excel 2010 through Analysis ToolPak and
StatiXL as configured add-ins.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Tree species composition and vegetation cover

In the vegetation inventory, para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell.-Arg.), big-leaf mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla King), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum K.) were the dominant
species found in the para rubber plantation, mahogany plantation, secondary growth forest and
rambutan orchard, respectively. Most of the inventoried trees had a tree diameter ranging from
5-20 cm indicating a characteristic of a secondary growth forest.

In the selected land use type, Big leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) had the highest
importance value of 208.33 with relative frequency of 27.27, relative density of 87.18 and
relative dominance of 93.87 (Table 1). In secondary growth forest, big leaf mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King) still had the higher importance value than white lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal).
Although white lauan had higher relative dominance, the significant abundance of the big leaf
mahogany in the plots sampled gave it a higher importance value (Table 1). High importance

6 USM R&D JoURnal

 value means that the species occupies a greater space or dominates the area, thus, having a great
influence in the ecological community.

In relation to the number of species present in each land use type, the Para rubber plantation
had the most number of species (19 species). Although the plantation was commercialized, no
proper silvicultural maintenance and management has been undertaken in the plantation, which
resulted in the growth and proliferation of other species of trees (Talavera, 2001). The mahogany
plantation and secondary growth forest have lower number of species compared to para rubber
plantation (Table 1).
secondary growth forest have lower number of species compared to para rubber plantation (Table 1).

Table
Table 1. 1. Dominant
Dominant species
species and and number
number of of speciesininthe
species the selected
selected land
land use
use types
typesofofBoot
Boot
subwatershed,
subwatershed, MFR, Laguna,MFR, Laguna, Philippines
Philippines with itsdominance,
with its relative relative dominance,
relative relative
density,density,
relative
relative frequency,
frequency, and importance value. and importance value.

No of Relative Relative Relative Importance

Dominant Species
species Frequency Density Dominance value

Rubber Plantation
Hevea brasiliensis
19 10.71 46.15 78.40 135.273
(HBK.)Muell.-Arg.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Mahogany Plantation
Swietenia macrophylla King 8 27.27 87.18 93.87 208.326
(Meliaceae)

Secondary growth forest

Switenia macrophylla King 6 21.43 65.00 18.26 104.686
(Meliaceae)

Rambutan orchard
Nephelium lappaceum K. 6 37.50 77.78 39.37 154.655
(Sapindaceae)

Generally, most of the vegetation cover of the plots that were sampled at the Boot subwatershed
were
Generally, high,
most of with values ranging
the vegetation coverfrom 64.47-
of the plots96.05%.
that wereSecondary
sampledgrowth forestsubwatershed
at the Boot had the highest
were
canopy cover (94.74±0.76 %) and densest (1,167±68 trees ha-1) among all the land use
high, with values ranging from 64.47- 96.05%. Secondary growth forest had the highest canopy cover (Table 2)
because of the mixed and uneven age of the -1vegetation existing in the area. The lower storey was
(94.74±0.76 %) and densest (1,167±68 trees ha ) among all the land use (Table 2) because of the
dominated by kaong (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) and pole stage trees of magabuyo (Celtis
mixed and uneven
luzonica ageand
Warb.) of the
somevegetation
other treeexisting
species in theshrubs
and area. followed
The lower storey
by the was dominated
mahogany trees and by
upper storey
kaong (Arenga of dipterocarp
pinnata trees.and pole stage trees of magabuyo (Celtis luzonica Warb.) and
(Wurmb) Merr.)
some other tree species and shrubs followed by the mahogany trees and upper storey of dipterocarp
However, the mahogany plantation had the highest basal area (73.78±13.14 m2 ha-1) probably due
trees.
to the age of the trees in the area while rambutan orchard got the lowest basal area (14.36±6.68
m2 ha-1). Moreover, rambutan orchard had the lowest canopy cover (76.75±6.19
2 -1 %) and the
However, the mahogany plantation had the highest basal area (73.78±13.14 m ha ) probably due to
lowest stand density (650±43 trees ha-1), presumably due to the spacing of trees.
-
the age of the trees in the area while rambutan orchard got the lowest basal area (14.36±6.68 m2 ha
1
USM R&D JoURnal 7
). Moreover, rambutan orchard had the lowest canopy cover (76.75±6.19 %) and the lowest stand
density (650±43 trees ha-1), presumably due to the spacing of trees.

3.2. Effects on soil physical and chemical properties

3.2. Effects on soil physical and chemical properties

The soil analysis showed that the pH value ranged from 4.5 to 6.1, very strongly acidic to slightly
acidic (Badayos et.al, 2007). This condition suggests that the vegetation may have contributed
to soil acidity through the litter, which it supplies, and through its effect on soil temperature and
moisture. It was observed that an area with the highest percentage of canopy cover and forest
litter weight also had strongly acidic soil (Table 2). This was evident in the data obtained from
secondary growth forest. The variations in soil pH values at the different sites may be attributed
to leaching, erosion, plant uptake of basic cations (Ca2+,Mg2+, K+), decay of plant residues and
plant
alsoexudates;
noted thatthese are all meansparent
the pre-weathered by which the soil
materials, acidity is
amphoteric increased
nature (Black,in1968).
of aluminum Moreover,
the tropical
Hassan and Majumder (1990) also noted that the pre-weathered parent materials,
soils and the intense leaching of basic cations during the monsoons are the likely contributing factors
amphoteric
nature of aluminum in the tropical soils and the intense leaching of basic cations during the
to the naturally very acid pH levels in this type of soils. Thus, forest exists as natural vegetation in
monsoons are the likely contributing factors to the naturally very acid pH levels in this type of
regions of acid soils. Likewise, forest trees seem to grow well over a wide range of soil pH values and
soils. Thus, forest exists as natural vegetation in regions of acid soils. Likewise, forest trees seem
to groware
they particularly
well tolerant
over a wide in acidic
range soilspH
of soil (Brady,
values1974). A results
and they are show that the tolerant
particularly secondaryingrowth
acidic soils
(Brady,
forest 1974). A results
has the lowest show
average thatofthe
value secondary
soil pH among allgrowth
the landforest haswhich
use types, the lowest average
indicates, value of
an acidic
soilsoil.
pH among all the land use types, which indicates, an acidic soil.

Table
Table2. 2.
Summary
Summaryresults
results of
of the
the inventory, topographic
inventory, topographic condition,
condition, and and its and
its soil soil vegetation
and vegetation
parameters
parameters of the
of the four land four land ofuseBoot
use type type of Boot subwatershed,
subwatershed, Makiling
Makiling Forest Reserve,Forest Reserve,
Laguna,
Philippines.
Laguna, Philippines

Mahogany Secondary growth

Rubber Plantation Rambutan Orchard
Plantation Forest
Para rubber Big leaf Mahogany Big leaf Mahogany Rambutan
Dominant Species (Hevea brasiliensis (Swietenia (Swietenia (Nephelium
(HBK) Muell.-Arg.) macrophylla King) macrophylla King) lappaceum K.)
Average diameter (cm) 17.7 32.0 18.7 18.0
Average no. of trees per plot 38 26 47 21

Soil Parameters Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Soil Chemical Properties
Soil pH 5.6 0.09 5.9 0.09 5.4 0.47 5.6 0.09
OM content (%) 3.27 0.13 5.55 0.53 4.05 0.46 2.58 0.31
Exchangeable K (m.e/ 100g) 0.73 0.02 1.49 0.55 1.02 0.27 1.54 0.09
Available P (ppm) 7.4 1.47 7.0 2.52 11.2 0.60 3.5 0.87
Soil physical Properties
Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.00 0.03 0.93 0.06 0.96 0.03 0.98 0.06
Forest Litter
Forest Litter thickness (cm) 1.47 0.39 3.50 0.29 2.43 0.29 1.63 0.20
Forest Litter weight (kg/ha) 4.88 0.69 10.19 4.18 16.38 4.50 4.78 0.30

Vegetation Parameters
Vegetation Cover (%) 87.28 0.77 89.91 0.44 94.74 0.76 76.75 6.19
Basal Area (sq. m/ha) 34.84 4.02 73.78 13.15 55.27 6.31 14.36 6.68
Stand density( trees/ha) 950 148 650 43 1,167 68 525 25

Generally, soil organic matter (OM) content that were sampled in Boot subwatershed was noted to be
8 USM R&D JoURnal
rich and available ranging from 2.03-6.26%. This implies that the production of forest litter and litter
decomposition was also high keeping the soil productive. Results show that the mahogany plantation
had the highest mean value of OM content with 5.55% and has high forest litter thickness, which
ranged from 3.0-4.0 cm. In this case, age of the tree from mahogany plantation (PFLA 3) and climate
conditions of the area may also a contributing factor to the high OM content and high forest litter
Generally, soil organic matter (OM) content that were sampled in Boot subwatershed was noted to
be rich and available ranging from 2.03-6.26%. This implies that the production of forest litter and
litter decomposition was also high keeping the soil productive. Results show that the mahogany
plantation had the highest mean value of OM content with 5.55% and has high forest litter
thickness, which ranged from 3.0-4.0 cm. In this case, age of the tree from mahogany plantation
(PFLA 3) and climate conditions of the area may also a contributing factor to the high OM content
and high forest litter thickness of mahogany plantation. However, secondary growth forest had
obtained the highest mean value of forest litter weight with a value of 16.38 kg ha-1, this may be
due to the vegetation cover and density of the tree in the area that contribute to a more litter that
are decomposing. Meanwhile, the rambutan orchard had the lowest mean value of OM content
at 2.58% (Table 1). Fisher and Binkly (2000) found that the amount of litter on the forest floor
may be influenced by the forest vegetation (species, age, spacing/density), climate (temperature,
moisture/ humidity), and soil fertility (chemical, physical and biological characteristics).

Supriyo et al. (2010) reported that the chemical nature and physical properties of the soil (aeration,
temperature, and moisture) and the kinds and numbers of macro and microorganism influence
the rate rate of breakdown of the litter on forest floor. Moreover, Gintings (1988) and Salas
(2002) noted that the topographic condition of the area is also a factor affecting OM content.
They suggests that site located at the lower part of the area are found to have an accumulation of
soil deposits from the upper slopes which contained OM from the rich topsoil of the upper slopes
that are pooled in a particular area due to soil erosion.

Meanwhile, most of the plots have relatively low availability of soil phosphorus in the soil (Table
2), probably because the soil in the area was acidic. According to Black (1968), the availability
of phosphorus in the soil may be greatly affected by the soil pH because the reactions that fix
phosphate depend on soil pH. Under such conditions, there is an enhancement in the activity of
iron, aluminum, and manganese, which will tie up to the soluble phosphates, making them fixed
and unavailable to the soil (Brady and Buckman, 1969). The desirable pH range for phosphorus
availability is 6.0-7.0 (Brady, 1974). However, those with a relatively high level of phosphorus
coincide with a loam type soil where OM content is also observably high. The presence of organic
matter helps the phosphorus to become available by reducing phosphate fixation by iron and
aluminum compounds (Brady, 1974). Thus, organic decomposition products undoubtedly play an
important role in phosphorus availability.

In general, soil that are sampled in Boot subwatershed has high level of availability of potassium
since value obtained from each plot ranged from high to very high (0.62 to 0.98 m.e./100g soil).
The possible main source of potassium in the forest ecosystem is mainly from organic matter
(Black, 1968) aside from the weathering of parent materials, which vary greatly in their content
of potassium-bearing minerals. The soil organic matter plays an important role in the availability
of soil K because the available K may be largely attributed to that bound in cation exchange sites
of the soil organic matter (Reuter, 1999). Furthermore, in relation to availability of potassium and
plant activity, surface soils sometimes may have a higher potassium percentage than the subsoil

USM R&D JoURnal 9

although it was usually
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transporting potassium .to
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lla foa nrelationship
otiavele ehTbetween
.dehsretathese
wbus two
tooB fo epyt esu d
soil properties suchnathat
tubmhigh
aR ehvalues
t elihwof)lsOM
am content
082( notigive
avelerise
naetomthetsehhigher
gih ehtexchangeability
deniatbo notiatofnalp ynagohaM e
potassium in soil. However,
epols ,elih
the
wnrelationship
aeM .stolp eof htthese
lla gntwo
omasoil
notiproperties
avele naem does
tsenot
wolcoincide
eht sessamong
essop )lsam 241( drahc
other plots. High values
.saera of
peexchangeable
ets ot epols eKltnalso
eg mobtained
orf gniginnarplots
si aewith
ra elow
ht taOM
ht scontent
naem hsuch
cihw as
%03-11 morf seir
in rambutan orchard.ynagOn
ohathe
M eone
ht elhand,
ihw )%para
62( yh
rubber
pargopplantation
ot tsepeetsobtained
eht ssessthe
op nlowest
otiatnamean
lp rebb
ofur araP eht ni st
exchangeable K (0.73 m.e./100g
.notiissoil).
op tsaehtron ni detneiro era stolp yllausU .)%51( saera epols eltneg sah notiatna

Ball (2004) reportedtndenrthat

eaffl itdnthe
edreetfcfsoil
ie
dledsetype
tfcoetleoand
slpfoyrtenvironmental
eovlpe n
yrieevdearngi e
ladraconditions
urtgxeltarduntxaettchave
denpasatan
c,e
eppeffect
soals ,,enpooon
tilsav,the
enloeitnavi eelgennaR
i eg3naeR
lb
senipp ilihP ,anugaL ,RFM ,dehsretawbus tooB fo s
amount of potassium available for plant use. senPotassium
ippilihP ,anavailability
ugaL ,RFMis,dhighest ehsretaunder wbus twarm,
ooB fo moist sepyt esu dnal
conditions in soils that are well aerated with a neutral or slightly acidic pH. In addition, moisture
is needed for K to move erutotxeplant
t lioS roots fortcuptake. epsA Too much epowater
lS in thenoitsoil
avelEprofile.onwill tolPlower epyT esu dnaL
oxygen levels, which in turn decreases plant respiration, reducing potassiumauptake. )% ( ) ls m( In clay soils,
potassium availability canmbe aoL
affected due W toNits competition 32
with calcium43and 1
magnesium 1 for
maoL WN 42 591 2
sites on the cation exchange. Both calcium and magnesium can easily displace potassium from noitatnalP rebbu
maoL WN 03 342 3
the cation exchange.
maoL EN 21 303 1
In relation to soil physical m
properties,
aoL soil bulk
EN densities of those
81 selected land272 use type2had low
noitatnalP ynagoha
mao L W N 61
to very low values (Table 2). A lower soil bulk density is considerably desirable 562 for plant3 growth
considering that the critical values of bulk density for plant growth is 1.6 g/cc, in which root
penetration is likely to be mrestricted
aoL WN
(Hazelton and Murphy,22007).
2 531
The bulk density of1all plots
maoL ytliS N 32 241 2 drahcro natubma
ranged from 0.82-1.03 g/cc.
yalC This
ytliS may be dueNto the depth where 72 the sample 94(0-10cm)
1 was
3
taken
and the relatively high OM content in the soil among the plots. The lowest bulk density (0.82 g/
cc) was obtained in the mahogany
maoL plantationE(Plot
N 1) which has
82 clay loam type
291 of soil. However,
1 it
was also observed that there maoLwas a variation in
N bulk density among
22 plots of the
681 same plantation.
2 htworg yradnoce
tsero
For instance, the OM content
maoL y(4.53%)
alC of plotE1N (mahogany plantation)
11 was not
602 as high as3the OM
content (6.26%) noted in plot 3 (mahogany plantation), which obtained the highest OM content
among all plots (Table 2). This variation may be attributed to the root activities in the site that may
affect the porosity of the soil. notiategev dna setireporp lios gnoma pihsnotialeR .3

setirepmost
In terms of soil texture, orp lioof s ,sthetnetsoilnoc ttypes neirtuthat n lioswere dna ersampledutcurtsnn oiointatitaBoot
etgeegvevd naeesw eitte
subwatershed rebpsopriphslareinoo
stiganle
ormeahtpnihiasnlpoxieta
composed of loamstype aw si(Table
sylana3). noTextural
tialerrocgrades ehT .reof vopara
c yporubber nac dnand a ytimahogany
sned dnatsplantations ,aera lasaband htiw detalerroc er
se itreporp l ios ,stnetnoc tne irtun lios dna erut curts noitategev neewteb spihsnoita ler eht n i
secondary growth eforest
reht taare ht drange
etacidmostly ni stlusto er theehT loam.setiretype porpofliosoils dnwhilea notithat ategeofv fthe o pirambutan
hsnotialer eht wohs ot de
ts d
e e
r s
ofu, hsga w
u o s
h is
t l y
A l a
. n
) 4ae nl bo aitTa(l e
s r
er o
ti c
r e e
p h
o Tr
orchard is of silty loam to clay loam. In showing relation to vegetation parameters, Mahoganyp .rl e
i ovsodc nyap o
r en a
v occ dn n
o ati y
a t
t i
esgn eevd ndenea t
w ste,baepriahsla nsoatibalhetriwkadeewtaalesrr
Plantation (Plot 3),fowhich
keau elw
avaobtained
asganwivearhehthe steltb
ah ahighest
itrdaev teahcitobtained
dgnni ostm luasenbasal
roetihaTlearea
.rsreoictret(Table
speohrgpihli2) oeshint nethe
d avanhovegetation
iotat td
engeuvoffosapwihssneonitkacleihr terhot
inventory, has loamybtextural
ssdeennkiaclihpgrade.
txeroeoblf nts aecrroeftt,type
Loam ilgtuseorof
h hotlfA ni.)e4contains
soil cenalbiaraTv( es7hetito
trfe
o27%
p% or7p2clay,
ltio
asht28dsnnaa toeremvoscihn
50% To.i2taand
silt 7t2e.g0e=v2nRedenwate1b25p.ih0
h t i
less than 52% sand (USDA, w p i h s n o tia l e r g n o r t s e v a h o t h g u o n e t n a c fi i n g i s t o n s i s i h t t u b r e v o c n otiategev ni notiair
= R dna2000). 125.0Secondary
=R fo eu lavgrowth a gnivforest,
ah selb(Plot a irav 3eh andt gnPlot oma2), nowhich
italerrohave the
2
c tseh g ih eht evah ot dn
highest forest cover and stand density, respectively, has clay loam and loam type textural grade, .revoc notiateg
noi tategev ni noita irav yb denialpxe eb nac rettil tserof n i ecna irav eht fo %72 taht snaem s ih
respectively (Table 3). On the other hand, the loam type and silty clay type obtain the highest
.revoc noitategev ht iw pihsnoita ler gnorts evah ot hguone tnacifingis ton s i siht t
10 USM R&D JoURnal 11 lanRUoJ D&R MSU
a
e

O
al
T
o
v
lP
p

T elbaT
pyt esu

eTR .3.3
w
lpxe oT
u
wc erew
flohs ot
nRoitaler
v
o f sa w
v
.272.0
b revoc
Table 4.Table
Correlation matrix
4. Correlation matrix of (r)soilsoil
of (r) physical
physical and chemical
and chemical propertiesproperties and
and forest litter forest
at the litter at the
selected
land use type of Boot subwatershed, MFR, Laguna, Philippines
selected land use type of Boot subwatershed, MFR, Laguna, Philippines

Forest Forest
OM Avail. Exch. Bulk % % % Vegetation Basal Stand
Variable Soil pH litter litter cover
content P K Density Sand Silt Clay Area Density
thickness weight
Soil pH 1.000

OM content 0.346 1.000

Avail. P -0.107 0.417 1.000

Exch. K 0.511 0.249 0.095 1.000

Bulk Density -0.235 -0.320 0.008 -0.136 1.000

% Sand 0.104 0.413 0.247 -0.543 -0.264 1.000

% Silt 0.181 -0.029 0.068 0.640* -0.177 -0.608* 1.000

% Clay -0.271 -0.498 -0.364 0.193 0.468 -0.793* -0.002 1.000

Forest litter
0.053 0.684* 0.097 0.184 -0.444 0.092 0.072 -0.171 1.000
thickness
Forest litter weight 0.140 0.379 0.743* 0.408 0.072 -0.074 0.348 -0.174 0.307 1.000

Vegetation cover -0.161 0.380 0.469 -0.282 0.151 0.275 -0.152 -0.231 0.521 0.517 1.000

Basal Area 0.251 0.896* 0.575 0.247 -0.482 0.392 -0.049 -0.456 0.745* 0.496 0.492 1.000

Stand Density -0.151 0.061 0.504 -0.432 -0.110 0.471 -0.173 -0.460 0.043 0.388 0.654* 0.291 1.000

Correlation analysis results in the basal area and soil properties showed that the soil OM has
Correlation analysis results in the basal area and soil properties showed that the soil OM has strong
strong and positive correlation with the basal area (R=0.896). Forest litter thickness also showed
strong correlationcorrelation
and positive with thewithbasal
the basal
areaarea (R=0.896).
having a value Forest
of litter thickness
R=0.745 andalso
R2=showed
0.555strong
while other
2
correlation with the basal area having a value of R=0.745
variables had a weak relationship with the basal area (Table 4). and R = 0.555 while other variables had a
weak relationship with the basal area (Table 4).
Stand density, which is the number of trees in a given area, also used as dependent variable in
Stand density, which is the number of trees in a given area, also used as dependent variable in the
the analysis of vegetation and soil relationship. Phosphorus shows the highest correlation to the
analysis of vegetation
stand density among the and soil relationship.
variables Phosphorus
used having shows the
R= 0.5043 andhighest correlationIttois the
R2= 0.2544. alsostand
observable
2
density among the variables used having R= 0.5043 and R = 0.2544. It
that all the soil properties were considered to have weak linear relationship to the stand is also observable that all the density
(Table 4).
soil However,
properties werestand density toshowed
considered have weak a positive correlation
linear relationship to the tostand
vegetation cover 4).
density (Table (R=0.654).
Furthermore, the coefficient of determination shows that the variation in soil properties was not
However, stand density showed a positive correlation to vegetation cover (R=0.654). Furthermore, the
fully accounted
coefficient offor by the stand
determination showsdensity. Furthermore,
that the variation the coefficient
in soil properties was not fully ofaccounted
determinationfor by shows
that thethevariation in soilFurthermore,
stand density. propertiesthe was not fullyof accounted
coefficient determinationfor by the
shows thatstand density.
the variation in soil
properties was not fully accounted for by the stand density.
Correlation significance (p) for vegetation cover, basal area and stand density with soil properties
was summarized in Table (p)
Correlation significance 5. forResult shows
vegetation that
cover, basalthere were
area and nodensity
stand variables that
with soil were was
properties significantly
associated with vegetation
summarized covershows
in Table 5. Result and stand density
that there were no(Table 5). that
variables Analysis of variance
were significantly between basal
associated
area and
withsoil properties
vegetation cover showed
and stand that organic
density matter
(Table 5). was
Analysis highly significantly
of variance associated
between basal area and soil to basal
area (p=8.18E-05). The forest litter thickness also showed significant relationship
properties showed that organic matter was highly significantly associated to basal area (p=8.18E-05). with the basal
area (p=0.0055). Onthickness
The forest litter the other hand, other
also showed variables
significant showed
relationship with the no significant
basal relationship
area (p=0.0055). On the to the
basal area
other(Table 5). variables showed no significant relationship to the basal area (Table 5).
hand, other

12 USM R&D JoURnal

 Table5.5. Summary
Table Summary results
resultsof
ofthe
thecorrelation
correlation significance
significance (p)
(p)ofofvegetation
vegetationparameters
parameters(vegetation
(vegetation
cover, basal area and stand density) and soil properties in the selected land use type of Boot
cover, basal area and stand density) and soil properties in the selected land use type of
subwatershed, MFR, Laguna, Philippines.
Boot subwatershed, MFR, Laguna, Philippines.
Soil Properties Vegetation cover Basal Area Stand Density
Soil pH 0.6171 0.4315 0.6398
Soil OM 0.2233 8.18E-05** 0.8511
Phosphorus 0.1236 0.0503 0.0945
Potassium 0.3747 0.4397 0.1613
Bulk Density 0.6387 0.1121 0.7332
% Sand 0.3862 0.2076 0.1224
% Silt 0.6383 0.8806 0.5901
% Clay 0.4707 0.1359 0.1324
Forest litter thickness 0.0821 0.0055* 0.8940
Forest floor weight 0.0852 0.1010 0.2133
Significant levels: *significant p≤0.01, **highly significant p≤0.001

Moreover, results showed that a significant positive relationship was demonstrated only between
soil pH and exchangeable
Moreover, results showedK (R=0.511),
that there while other variables
a significant positive had weak relationship.
relationship Exchangeable
was demonstrated only
Kbetween
was related
soil to
pHsoil
andpHexchangeable
since it affectsK the availability
(R=0.511), of potassium
while on the
other variables soilweak
had belowrelationship.
soil pH of
6.5 (Wilde, 1946). On the other hand, exchangeable K also showed a significant but negative
Exchangeable K was related to soil pH since it affects the availability of potassium on the soil below
relationship with the soil texture particularly the sand (-0.543) and significant and positive
soil pH of 6.5
relationship with(Wilde, 1946).(0.640)
silt content On theofother hand,
the soil exchangeable
(Table 4). K also showed a significant but
negative relationship with the soil texture particularly the sand (-0.543) and significant and positive
On the otherwith
relationship hand,
silt OM shows
content strong
(0.640) relationship
of the soil (Tablewith4). litter thickness and basal area presumably
because large trees can produce an expanded crown, which, in turn gives higher quantity of
litter
On theandother
thushand,
contributes
OM showsto the OMrelationship
strong content of with the litter
soil. thickness
Litter thickness alsoarea
and basal showed strong
presumably
relationship with the vegetation cover (R=0.521) and with basal area (R=0.745) (Table 4). The
because large trees can produce an expanded crown, which, in turn gives higher quantity of litter and
variance in available P follows that of the variation of the basal area, and forest litter weight.
thusiscontributes
This to the OM content
because phosphorus had a of the soil.toLitter
relation thickness
organic matter, also showed
which alsostrong relationship
observably had awith the
strong
vegetation
relation cover
to the (R=0.521)
basal and availability
area. The with basal of area (R=0.745) can
phosphorus (Table
be 4). The variance
affected in available P
by the decomposition
of organic
follows thatmatter,
of the which canofbe
variation theattributed
basal area, to and
the forest litterweight.
forest litter weight since
This isphosphorus occurs in
because phosphorus
organic compounds in both living and dead plants and animals of microscopic and larger size and
had a relation to organic matter, which also observably had a strong relation to the basal area. The
in the products of partial decay of these organisms (Millar, 1955).
availability of phosphorus can be affected by the decomposition of organic matter, which can be
4.attributed to the forest litter weight since phosphorus occurs in organic compounds in both living and
Conclusions
dead plants and animals of microscopic and larger size and in the products of partial decay of these
The Makiling
organisms Forest
(Millar, Reserve is one of the remaining watersheds in the country. As MFR has been
1955).
recognized due to its ecological importance and economic potential, studying the vegetation and
soil relationship in the different land use types of one of the MFR subwatersheds would give
information and important basis for monitoring the forest and land use in the area.
4. Conclusions

The Makiling Forest Reserve is one of the remaining watersheds in the country. As MFR has been
recognized due to its ecological importance and economic potential, studying the vegetation and soil
USM R&D
relationship in the different land use types of one of the MFR subwatersheds would JoURnal
give 13
information
and important basis for monitoring the forest and land use in the area.

Within 158.6 ha covered by Boot subwatershed, there are specifically nine land uses that were
identified within the subwatershed. However, in general, the land use of Boot subwatershed was
Within 158.6 ha covered by Boot subwatershed, there are specifically nine land uses that were
identified within the subwatershed. However, in general, the land use of Boot subwatershed was
classified into three major categories: forested area, cultivated area and special purposes. Forest
areas are represented by second growth dipterocarps and plantations including the rainforest
park and botanic garden. Special use areas include the university campus, research institutes and
outdoor recreation resorts located inside the reserve. Cultivated areas are those where annual
crops and fruit and trees along with woody species are grown. Generally, the area is primarily
considered as secondary growth forest as it occupies 33.3% of the area in the subwatershed while
secondarily, the area is covered by agroforestry farm occupying 17.7% of the area.

Soil analysis showed that the soil of Boot subwatershed was acidic (4.5-6.1 pH), rich in organic
matter content (3.1-6.3%) and has a high exchangeable K (0.62-0.98 m.e./100g soil). Secondary
growth forest was found to be the most acidic (5.4±0.47 pH) while rambutan orchard obtained
the highest exchangeable K (1.54±0.09 m.e./100g of soil) among all the land use types. The
mahogany plantation has significantly higher OM content (5.55±0.53 %) compared to the other
land use types presumably, due to the high litter production and age of the stand. In general,
phosphorus availability was relatively low (2.6-12 ppm) and the soil type in the subwatershed was
loam. Bulk densities in the area were low with values ranging from 0.82-1.08 g/cc.

In the vegetation inventory, para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell.-Arg.), big-leaf mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla King), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum K) were the dominant species
in para rubber plantation, mahogany plantation, secondary growth forest and rambutan orchard,
respectively. Vegetation cover at the Boot subwatershed was still high ranging from 64.47- 96.05
%. Secondary growth forest has the highest canopy cover (94.74±0.76 %) and is densest (1,167±68
43 trees ha-1) among all the land uses. Mahogany plantation obtained the highest basal area
(73.78±13.14 m2 ha-1) while rambutan orchard got the lowest basal area (14.36±6.68 m2 ha-
1). Moreover, rambutan orchard has the lowest canopy cover (76.75±6.19 %) and stand density
(525±43 trees ha-1).

The results of this study showed that there was a weak relationship between soil properties and
vegetation parameters. Moreover, soil properties and vegetation also showed weak relations.
However, a significant correlation (R=0.8956 and R=0.7448) was noted between the basal area
and organic matter content, and between the basal area and forest litter thickness.

These results imply the importance of other soil-forming factors (climate, topography, parent
materials and time) in fully understanding soil development. Nevertheless, the type of vegetation
and land use type significantly impacts other site parameters, which eventually affects the
properties a soil exhibits.

14 USM R&D JoURnal

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