Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DWDM Introduction
DWDM Introduction
Multiplexing
Introduction
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A1
OUTLINE
WDM Systems
DWDM Challenge
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A2
Optical fibre
Protective coating
~2.5mm
Secondary coating
~1mm
Possible air
Primary coating
Cladding SiO2
~125µm
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A3
Propagation: Wave theory approach
l MODES are the solutions of Maxwell’s equations in a
dielectric medium, with the appropriate border
conditions.
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A4
Attenuation of Fibre (1 of 2)
l Light needs to spend energy to propagate
Pout = Pine −α L
Pout
α
z
Pin
L
α attenuation constant
L length of the fibre
Pin / Pout optical input/output power
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A5
Attenuation of Fibre (2 of 2)
l The attenuation constant α is usually given in
dB/Km
Pout
αdB = −10 log10
Pin
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A6
Attenuation Loss
10
I
Ra
ylei
gh
ion
1 Sca II
rpt
tter
so
Ultra ing III
Ab
viole
ed
t Ab
sorp
rar
0.1 tion
Inf
Fibre impurities
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A7
Linear effects on propagation
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A8
Chromatic Dispersion (1 of 4)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A9
Chromatic Dispersion (2 of 4)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A10
Chromatic dispersion (3 of 4)
Laser line width
Frequency THz
196.0 195.5 195.0 194.5 194.0 193.5 193.0 192.5 192.0 191.5 191.0
Single -
Single-
wavelength Received pulses
transmitted spreads in time
pulses
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A11
Chromatic dispersion (4 of 4)
l Chromatic dispersion is due to:
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A12
Single-Mode Fibres
l Three kinds of single-mode fibre have been
developed with different dispersion profiles.
In chronological order:
l Standard Single-mode Fibre (SMF): designed to
provide zero dispersion at 1310 nm to support
early long-haul transmission (ITU G.652-G.654)
l Dispersion-shifted Fibre (DSF): designed to
provide zero dispersion at 1550 nm (ITU G.653)
l Non-zero Dispersion-shifted Fibre (NZDSF):
designed to provide small dispersion at 1550 nm
in order to reduce non-linear effects on WDM
systems (ITU G.655)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A13
Optical Fibre Dispersion
D
[ps/(nm km)]
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A14
Limits of Chromatic Dispersion
1000
1000
900 2.5
2.5 Gb/s
Gb/s
900
800
800 10
10 Gb/s
Gb/s
[km]
Distances [km] 700
700 40
40 Gb/s
Gb/s
600
600
G.652
G.652
Distances
500
500
400
400
G.655
G.655
300
300
200
200
100
100
00
22 44 66 88 10
10 15
15 17
17 20
20
Dispersion
Dispersion coefficient
coefficient [ps/(nm
[ps/(nm km)]
km)]
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A15
Dispersion Compensation
l DCF = Dispersion Compensating Fibre
(with negative dispersion coefficient)
D ≅ -85 [ps/(nm km)]
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A16
Dispersion Compensation Fibre
D
[ps/(nm km)]
20 SMF - G.652
18
16 2nd order CD
often cannot be
2 compensated
SMF + DCF
0
1530 1540 1550 1560 λ [nm]
-2
-75
-85 DCF
-95
C - BAND
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A17
Dispersion Compensation Fibre
lResults:
l Mean total dispersion can be compensated
l DCF is expensive
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A18
Light Polarisation
Wave Electrical
Vertical x field
Polarisation (Vector sum of
Mode Polarisation Modes)
x z
z
Propagation axis
Horizontal
y Polarisation Mode
z
y
l In a homogenous medium, the two polarisation
modes have the same propagation constant β .
l Ideally they don’t give rise to any spreading of
the pulse.
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A19
Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Ideal situation Polarised Optical
x Signal
z
Propagation
axis
x
“Faster”
PSP ”Dispersed”
Optical Signal
Real situation
z
Differential group
delay (DGD)
y “Slower” PSP
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A20
PMD coefficient
Probability density
l DGD is a time-variant
random variable. Its
distribution can be assumed
to be maxwellian.
DGD
<DGD> 3<DGD>
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A21
Limits of Polarisation Mode Dispersion
1000
1000
900 2.5
2.5 Gb/s
Gb/s
900
800
800 10
10 Gb/s
Gb/s
[km]
Distances [km]
Standard
ITU Standard
700
700 40
40 Gb/s
Gb/s
600
600
Distances
500
500
400
400
ITU
300
300
200
200
100
100
00
0.1
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.5
0.5 11 1.5
1.5 22 2.5
2.5 33
1/2
PMD
PMD coefficient [ps/km1/2]]
coefficient [ps/km
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A22
PMD real measurements
WATFORD 28 1,32 0,25
WATFORD 29Distribution
2,32
of PMD, 0,44
Watford to Amersham
WATFORD 30 2,76 0,53
WATFORD 31 0 0
WATFORD
1,2 32 2,27 0,43
WATFORD 33 3,57 0,68
WATFORD 34 2,28 0,44
1
WATFORD 35 2,29 0,44
WATFORD 36 2,09 0,4
0,8
PMD (ps/km1/2)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A23
PMD overnight long-term measurements
6.27.47 0,27 6.27.47 1,95
Amersham to Watford Overnight DGD
6.30.47 0,27 6.30.47 1,96
6.33.47 0,27 6.33.47 1,95
6.36.47 0,27 6.36.47 1,95
2,15
6.39.48 0,27 6.39.48 1,94
6.42.49 0,27 6.42.49 1,94
6.45.49 0,27 6.45.49 1,95
2,1
6.48.49 0,27 6.48.49 1,94
6.51.49 0,27 6.51.49 1,94
6.54.50
2,05 0,27 6.54.50 1,94
6.57.51 0,27 6.57.51 1,94
7.00.51 0,27 7.00.51 1,94
7.03.52 0,27 7.03.52 1,94
DGD (ps)
2
7.06.53 0,27 7.06.53 1,94
7.09.53 0,27 7.09.53 1,94
7.12.53
1,95 0,27 7.12.53 1,94
7.15.53 0,26 7.15.53 1,93
7.18.54 0,27 7.18.54 1,93
1,9
7.21.54 0,26 7.21.54 1,93
7.24.54 0,26 7.24.54 1,93
1,85
1,8
0.11.48
0.35.51
0.59.55
1.24.00
1.48.05
2.12.12
2.36.17
3.00.20
3.24.25
3.48.29
4.12.31
4.36.30
5.00.32
5.24.35
5.48.41
6.12.46
6.36.47
7.00.51
7.24.54
21.08.32
21.16.34
21.47.30
22.11.34
22.35.39
22.59.42
23.23.44
23.47.45
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A24
Second order PMD
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A25
Second order PMD vectors
r r
Ω (ω 0 + ∆ ω ) ∂q
∆τ
r ∂ω
∆Ω PSP rotation
r ∂ ∆τ
Ω(ω0 ) PCD
∂ω
q̂
r
Ω (ω 0 ) = ∆ τ
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A26
Effects of PSP rotation
l Such a term is responsible for pulse
deformation, and cannot always be treated as
chromatic dispersion
l Its effect is dominant over PCD’s
l Its effect emphasises PCD’s, thus making
things much more complicated
pulse
deformation
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A27
Non Linear effects on propagation
In amplified optical systems with high power density in
the fibre non-linear effects become relevant.
l Kerr effect
Dependence of refractive index from field intensity.
Signals experience distortion and cross-talk.
l Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
l Stimulated Scattering:
Photons interact with the medium and new photons with
lower energy (and thus lower frequencies) are emitted.
l Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
l Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A28
Self-Phase Modulation
For a given λ, a different power distribution of the
mode results in a different speed of the pulse.
(Different parts of the lightwave experience a different neff)
l D < 0 pulse broadening (SPM and CD add)
l D > 0 pulse compression (SPM can compensate chromatic
dispersion)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A29
Self-Phase Modulation
1540
λ
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A30
Multiwavelength systems
Multi-
Multi-
wavelength Received pulses
transmitted are shifted in time
pulses
Multi-
Multi-
wavelength
Received pulse
transmitted match in phase
pulses
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A31
Cross-Phase Modulation
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A32
Four-Wave Mixing (1 of 2)
fijk = fi + f j − fk k ≠ i,j
f1 f2 f3 Frequency
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A33
Four-Wave Mixing (2 of 2)
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A34
Unequal Channel spacing (ITU-T G692)
l“triplets” channel allocation (100 GHz grid)
avoids the FWM products due to the nearest
channels. This means that can be allocated :
l 8 channels need 34 slots
l 10 channels 56 slots
192.9
193.3
193.6
193.8
193.9
192.5
192.6
192.7
192.8
193.0
193.1
193.2
193.4
193.5
193.7
194.0
EDFA Red band
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A35
Stimulated scattering
E2
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A36
SBS Suppression
l Since the interaction bandwidth is very small,
BSBS = 20 MHz @1500nm ~ 0.16 nm
there is no WDM channel coupling. The only relevant
effect can be depletion of the single channel.
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A37
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
l SRS effect is not relevant in systems with few
channels
l Serious penalties can occur in Dense WDM systems,
where powers at shorter wavelengths are
transferred at longer wavelengths.
λ1 λ2 λ 3 λn λ1 λ2 λ 3 λn
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A38
Raman amplification
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A39
Raman Amplification
TX RX
1550 nm 1450 nm
RAMAN
PUMP
SIGNAL
POWER
RAMAN
POWER
RAMAN
TRANFER
AMPLIFIED
SIGNAL
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A40
Main issues for WDM systems
l The feasibility of a single channel link is evaluated
taking into account few parameters:
l Attenuation
l OSNR requirements (amplified system)
l Chromatic dispersion
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A41
OUTLINE
WDM Systems
DWDM Challenge
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A42
WDM basics
Features :
q different laser sources at different
wavelengths electrically modulated
q each wavelength propagates inside
the fiber with its own mode
q all channels are amplified at once by
Optical Amplifiers (EDFA).
λ1 λ1
1
λ2 λ2 1
2
λ3 λ3 2
3 3
NxB Gbit/s
N λN λN N
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A43
WDM channels generation
λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3 + λ 4
1:2
λ3
λ3 + λ4
λ4 1:2
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A44
An example of WDM demultiplexing
(thin-film multilayer filters)
Filter for λ 1
Aggregate
stream Channel 1
Lens Lens
Channel 3
nnel 2 Lens Lens
Cha
Filter for λ 3
nnel 4 Lens
Cha
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A45
channel spacing
l The relationship between frequency bandwidth
and wavelength bandwidth is:
c ∂ν c
ν = =− 2
λ ∂λ λ
l ITU G.692 recommendation defines a standard
grid equally spaced in frequency
l ∂ν = 100 GHz
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A46
channel spacing
Nyquist: bandwidth = 2*bit/rate
Shannon:
Shannon bandwidth = 2*(bit/rate+log 2S/N )
1 dB BW adiacent channel
Filters bandwidth
0
Thermal
and stability are
Fibre transmission [dB]
-10
variations the real limits in
channel spacing !
-20
25 dB BW 25GHz @ 2.5Gb/s
Cross-talk
-30
energy 50GHz @ 10Gb/s
-40 100 GHz @ 40Gb/s ?
1-∆λ⁄λ0 1 1+∆λ⁄λ 0
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A47
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Gain
Loss
Window #
1 2 5 3 4 L-band amp.
C band L band
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A48
Example of OA architecture (EDFA)
Isolator Isolator
Erbium Doped
Silica Fibre
Pump
Laser
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A49
Amplifier noise and OSNR
l The main source of noise is Amplified
Spontaneous Emission (ASE) produced
during amplification.
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A50
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A51
Amplifier gain tilt and gain variation
GV
Pin
C - band λ [nm]
C - band GV
~ 6 dB no filter
~ 0.7 dB Gain Flatting Filter GVmin
(the GFF is optimised for a Pin)
Pin [dB]
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A52
Amplifier gain tilt and gain variation
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A53
OOB & IB FEC performances
l Bit rate 10 Gb/s
l IB FEC ≡ proprietary MARCONI FEC
OOB FEC ≡ ITU- T G.975 (10.67 Gb/s)
l Error distribution is not modified by
concatenating OOB + IB FEC
l Longer distances can be achieved before
regeneration
l Target BER = 10-15 can be achieved with lower
Input BER
Input BER
IB F E C 1 0 -9
⇒
Target BER
OOB FEC 1 0 -4
IB + O O B F E C 1 0 -3.4 10-15
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A54
OOB & IB FEC structure (G957)
subframe length = 255 bits
MSB subframe 1
subframe 2
subframe 3
Data byte
subframe 4
from FEC encoder #1
subframe 5
subframe 6
subframe 7
LSB subframe 8
subframe 9
COLUMN 1
COLUMN 255
COLUMN 240
MSB
Data byte
from FEC encoder #n
LSB subframe 8 × n
FEC
1 8 × n 8 ×n + 1 16 × n 1912 × n 1920 × n 2040 × n
frame
column 1 column 2 column 239 column 240 column 255
FRAMING
STRUCTURE STM-16 DATA REDUNDANT DATA
T1520680-96
n Number of interleaved codecs
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A55
OOB & IB FEC BER improvement
40
38
36 No FEC
34 IB FEC
32
OOB FEC G.975
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A56
ITU-T G709 & G957 FEC
l Based on the Reed-Solomon algorithm
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A57
Frames: SDH and Digital Wrapper
270 × N columns (bytes)
9× N 261 × N
1
Section overhead
SOH
3
4 Administrative unit pointer(s)
STM-N payload
9 rows ITU-T G707
5
Section overhead
SOH
9
T1518000-95
Column
Row 1 14 1516 17 3824
1
Overhead
OD
OPUk
2
OPUk Payload 1 2
Ov
erh
(4 x 3808 bytes)
3 TTI BIP-8
ea
d
4
0 1 2 3
1
BIP8 Parity Block 2 BEI
2 FTFL overhead
TOS ACT 15
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A58
Digital Wrapper Generation Scheme
1 1
PAYLOAD
PAYLOAD +
WRAPPER
IN CMOS OUT
ASIC/FPGA
N N+1
Φ
OVERHEAD IN
/K ~
CONTROL
/N Φ
/ N+1 /K ~
CONTROL
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A59
Digital Wrapper Extraction Scheme
1 1
PAYLOAD
+
WRAPPER
PAYLOAD
IN
CMOS OUT
ASIC/FPGA
N+1 N
Φ
OVERHEAD OUT
/K ~
CONTROL
/ N+1 Φ
/N /K ~
CONTROL
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A60
Network Design system parameters
Amplification Attenuation
FEC TX
(optional)
ASE Propagation
impairments
OSNR Q BER
factor
“Improved” BER
www .marconi.com Unpublished : Copyright Marconi Communications Limited. All Rights Reserved. 4on-ac000001 -e-A61