NATIONAL FERTILIZER LIMITED

VIJAIPUR, GUNA (M.P)

PROJECT REPORT ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT NATIONAL

FERTILIZER LIMITED, VIJAIPUR, GUNA (M.P)
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT

TOPIC: TO STUDY UREA MANUFACTURING PROCESS

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
MR. K.V. RAO JAYESH KUMAR RAGHUWANSHI
CHIEF MANAGER (HRD) B.TECH (CHEMICAL)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Mr. K.VASUDAVA RAO, Chief Manager (HRD)and

Mr.SUJEET JENA, Officer(HRD) NATIONAL FERTILIZERS
LIMITED, VIJAIPUR, GUNA (M.P.) for giving me an opportunity of
fifteen days Internship at NFL Plant (UREA-2).

I express my gratitude to Mr.SUJEET JENA, Officer (HRD), NFL

Vijaipur, Guna for his extremely valuable guidance and constant
encouragement in my work.

I am cordially grateful to Mr.RANJAN MADHAV, MANAGER

(PRODUCTION) UREA- 2 and Mr. H.G MEENA, Dy. Manager
(PRODUCTION) UREA-2 NATIONAL FERTILIZERS LTD. Vijaipur,
Guna who has given me valuable time for Urea process description & for
preparation of my project work on said topic.

I am also thankful to other Urea-2 Mechanical staff for their Co-operation

during Internship on urea plant.
 THANKING YOU
JAYESH KUMAR RAGHUWANSHI
(CHEMICAL)
IPS ACADEMY-IES
INDORE

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
3. UREA PURIFICATION AND LOW PRESSURE RECOVERY
4. UREA CONCENTRATION
5. UREA PRILLING
6. SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
7. COOLING TOWER
8. WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS AT NFL VIJAIPUR
9. NFL UNITS
10. REFERENCES
 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY

National Fertilizers Limited, Vijaipur unit is one of the four units of M/S
National Fertilizers Limited, a Government of India undertaking with its
corporate office at New Delhi, The other units are located at Nangal and
Bhatinda in Punjab ant at Panipat in Haryana.

National Fertilizers Ltd, Vijaipur unit is one of the four units of M/S
National Fertilizers Limited. With the commencement of commercial
production of the Expansion project the gas based unit at Vijaipur now
comprises of two 1520 ton per day (tpd) Ammonia streams and four 1310
Ton per day Urea streams and related off-site facilities. The gas is being
received from the HBJ gas pipe line being operated by M/s Gas Authority
of India Ltd (GAIL) another government of India undertaking.

The industry also has 3 power plants each of capacity 17 MW and at a

time 2 power plants is used and 1 kept for standby purpose.

The line one plants (one stream of Ammonia and two streams of Urea)
were built with a total cost of Rs 533 Crores and the cost of the line two
(one stream of Ammonia and two streams of Urea) was Rs 1067 Crores.

For Both streams of Ammonia plants the consultant have been M/S
Haldor Topose of Den-Mark and M/S Projects Development India Ltd.
(PDIL), and for all other streams of Urea consultant have been PDIL and
M/S Snamprogetti of Italy.
The line one Plants had gone in Commercial Production w.e.f July 1988
and the Expansion Unit has started the Commercial Production w.e.f 31
March 1997.

The line one plant have been consistently operating at above 115% of the
rated capacity. The line two plant is also expected to perform similarly.

Vijaipur unit has won several prestigious awards like Best Implemented
Project award given by Ministry of Programme Implementation GOI,
National Safety awards given by National Safety Council GOI and by
National Safety Council(MP).

Pollution control and energy conservation by International Greenland

Society and by Ministry of Power GOI.

NFL, Vijaipur Unit produces Urea in conformance with the standards as

set in Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) issued by Govt. of India. Vijaipur
Unit Urea product is marketed by NFL‟s marketing division sells and
distributes Urea to Institutional buyers and private dealers, NFL Vijaipur
has manpower of 1014.

The main product of this industry is Kisan Urea. The total production
capacity of Kisan Urea is 6,261 Tonnes/day which is the second largest
production in the country.
INTRODUCTION

Urea is the most important nitrogenous fertilizer in the country because of

its high nitrogen content (46%). Besides its use in the crops, it is used as a
cattle feed supplement to replace a part of protein requirement . It has
also numerous industrial uses notably for production of plastics. Although
Presently all the urea manufactured in the country is Neem coated .
Urea is also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical
formula CO(NH2)2. This amide has two -NH2 groups joined by a
carbonile (C=O) functional group.
Its IUPAC name is Carbonic diamide . Its solubility in water 1079g/l at
293 K. Its melting point is 405 K.
Its one of the main uses are :
I) It is used in agriculture, more than 90% of world industrial production
of urea is destined for use as a nitrogen release fertilizer.
II) Urea is a raw material for manufacturing of Urea-formaldehyde resin
and Urea-melamine formaldehyde resin used in marine plywood.
III) It is used in explosives to make Urea nitrate a high explosive

Specifications of Urea as per Fertilizer control order

Moisture % by weight, Max. 1.0

Total N% by weight(on dry basis), 46
Minimum
Biuret% by weight, Max. 1.5
Neem oil content in Benzene% by 0.035
weight, Minimum
Particle size Minimum 90% of the material be
retained on 1mm and 2.8mm IS
 sieve

Process Description
The urea production process takes place through the following main
operations:
I) Urea synthesis and high pressure recovery
II) Urea purifications and medium pressure recovery

Urea synthesis & High pressure recovery:

Urea is produced by synthesis from liquid ammonia and gaseous carbon
dioxide.
In the reactor, the ammonia and Carbon dioxide react to form Ammonium
Carbamate, portion of which dehydrates to form Urea and water.
The reactions are as follows:
2NH3 + CO2 = NH2COONH4
NH2COONH4 = NH2COONH2 + H20
In synthesis conditions (T=188°C& P=155 kg/cm2), the first reaction
occurs rapidly and is completed, the second reaction occurs slowly and
determines the reactor volume. The fraction of Ammonium carbamate
that dehydrates is determined by the
ratio of the various reactants, the operating temperature and residence
time in the reactor.
Formation of biuret takes place when urea is heated to its melting point it
starts decomposition with evolution of ammonia preumably, urea first
isomerizes which dissociates into isocynic acid and ammonia.

CO-(NH2)2 = NH4CNO + NH3.

(UREA) (AMM.CYNATE)

The isocynic acid reacts with urea to form biuret.

NHCO + CO(NH2)2 = NH2CONHCONH2
In the presence of excess ammonia biuret is formed at substantially lower
rate by direct reaction between urea molecules.
2C0 (NH2)2 = NH2CONHCONH2+NH3.
•The mole ratio of NH3 to CO2 is 3.3~3.6.
•The mole ratio of H20 to CÓ2 is 0.5 to 0.7.

The total flow of liquid Ammonia coming directly from the battery limits
is measured by turbine flow meter and then diverted to 11/21 line1 unit
and 31/41 line2 unit. The flow of liquid ammonia going to each unit is
measured by and temperature and collected in the Ammonia receiver
tank . From Ammonia receiver tank, it is drawn and compressed at about
22.4 kg/cm2 pressure by means of centrifugal pump . Part of this
ammonia is sent to the Medium pressure absorber , the remaining part
enters the high pressure synthesis loop. The ammonia feeding the
synthesis loop is compressed by two low-speed, heavy duty reciprocating
pumps at a pressure of about 240 ata. Before entering the reactor the
Ammonia feed is used as motive fluid in the Carbamate Ejector, where
the carbamate coming from the Carbamate Separator is compressed up to
the synthesis pressure. The liquid mixture of NH3 and Carbamate enters
the reactor where NH3 reacts with the compressed carbon dioxide. The
CO2 drawn at Urea plant battery limits at about 1.5 ata and about 40°C
enters the centrifugal compressor and leaves at a pressure of about
160ata.The C02 at a pressure 160 ata and temp. 130°C is fed to Urea
reactor through Discharge Separator A small quantity of air is added to
the Carbon dioxide at the compressor suction in order to passivate the
stainless steel surfaces, thus protecting them for corrosion due to both
reagent and reaction product. The reaction products, leaving the reactor,
flow to the steam heated falling film type stripper , which operates at 146
kg/cm2 pressure. The mixture is heated up as it flows down the stripper.
The C02 content is reduced by the stripping action of the Ammonia as it
boils out of the solution. For the bottom of bimetallic stripper, passivation
air is required in continuous way. For this passivation air compressor are
installed. The carbamate decomposition heat is supplied by 24 ata
saturated steam. The overhead gases and the recovered solution from M.P.
absorber , all flow to the high pressure Carbamate condensers where the
total mixture, except for a few inerts, is condensed and recycled to the
Reactor by means of ejector .The côndensation of gases at high pressure
and temperature permits the production of 4.5 ata steam in the high
pressure Carbamate condenser. In the Carbamate Separator the
incondensable gases, consisting of inert gases containing a little quantity
of NH3 and CO2 unreacted in the condenser, are separated from the
carbamate solution and sent to the Medium pressure decomposer .

Urea purification and low pressure recovery

•Urea purification takes place in two stages at decreasing pressures as
follows:
* Ist stage at 18 ata pressure
*2nd stage at 4.5 ata pressure
Medium pressure recovery section
•Carbonate decomposition
•CO2 absorption
•NH3 recovery
•NH3 pumping to 225 ata
•Carbonate pumping to 160 ata
•NH3 make up from ammonia receiver

1st purification and recovery stage at 18 ata

The solution leaving the existing urea Stripper after being let-down in the
level control valve, enters the vertical exchanger named Pre-Decomposer
where the decomposition of Carbamate,occurs by the heat supplied
through boosted steam generated in Steam booster Ejector . This ejector
utilize as motive fluid the MS saturated steam coming from stripper
steam condensate Separator . The sucked fluid is low. pressure steam
from the heater. The operating pressure at the discharge of the booster
ejector is about 6.5 kg/cm2 and the temperature about 161°C. Intake
faling film type evaporator, where the low residual carbonate is
decomposed and water is evaporated. The required heat is supplied by
means of partial condensation (in shell side) of overhead gas coming
from the medium pressure decomposer. The required heat is supplied by
means of partial condensation ( in the shell side) of overhead gas coming
from the medium pressure Decomposer. Bottom liquid holder , where the
urea solution at 83-84 % wt is collected.
The mixed phase leaving the pre-Decomposer enters the existing medium
pressure decomposer separator where the gases are separated from the
liquid which proceed to the medium pressure decomposer for further
decomposition.
The solution with a low residual CO2 content, leaving the bottom of the
stripper is expanded at the pressure of 18 ata and enters the Medium
pressure pre Decomposer then MP decomposer (falling film type).This
equipment is divided into two parts: Top separator where the residual
gases are removed
flash gases are removed before the solution enters the tube bundle.
Decomposition section where the residual carbamate is decomposed and
the required heat is supplied by 24 ata steam condensate flowing out of
the stripper. The top gases sent to Pre Concentrator shell side for heating
purpose. The NH3 & CO2 rich gases leaving the top separator, are sent to
the shell side of the falling film Pre -Concentrator, where they are
partially absorbed in aqueous Carbonate solution coming from the Low
pressure recovery section via medium pressure Carbonate solution Pump.
The total heat from the shell side, due to condensation/absorption/reaction
of reagents, is removed by evaporating urea solution coming from the low
pressure decomposer holder ,up to 83-84% wt in Pre-concentrator, thus
allowing a considerable saving of low pressure Steam in the vacuum
concentration stage. From the PreConcentrator, shell side the mixed
phase is sent to the existing medium condenser, where pressure is almost
totally absorbed CO2 and condensation/reaction heat is removed by
cooling water coming from ammonia condenser .This item is mainly
divided in the three parts:-
Top Separator , where the released flash gases are removed before the
solution enters the tube bundle, vapors are extracted by the
Pre-concentrator Vaccum System .The NH3 and CO2 rich gases leaving
the top separator are sent to the medium pressure condenser where they
are partially absorbed in aqueous carbamate solution coming from the
low pressure recovery section via pump .
A tempered water circuit is provided to prevent carbamate solidification
and to keep a suitable cooling water temperature at the medium pressure
condenser inlet recirculating the cooling water by means of pump In the
condenser, CO2 is almost totally absorbed. The mixture from flows to the
medium pressure absorber where the gaseous phase coming from the
solution enters the rectification section. This is of bubble cap trays type
and performs C02 absorption and NH3 rectification. The trays are fed by
pure reflux ammonia which eliminates
residual CO2 and H20 contained in the inert gases. Reflux ammonia is
drawn from the Ammonia receiver and sent to the column by means of
centrifugal pump .A current of inert gases saturated with NH3 with some
ppm of C02 residue comes out from the top of the rectification section.
The bottom solution is
recycled by pump to the synthesis recovery section.NH3 with inert gases
leaving the top is partially condensed in the Ammonia condenser. From
here the liquid and gaseous NH3 phases are sent to the Ammonia receiver .
The inert gases, saturated with Ammonia leaving the receiver, enter the
Ammonia recovery tower where additional amount of ammonia is
condensed by the cold ammonia from the Urea plant battery limits. The
condensed ammonia is recovered in the inert gases, containing residue
ammonia, are sent to the medium pressure falling film absorber, where
they meet a countercurrent water flow which absorbs gaseous ammonia.
The absorption heat is removed by-cooling water from the bottom of the
water ammonia solution is recycled back to the medium pressure absorber
by means of pump .The upper part of the medium pressure absorber
consists of 3 valve trays where the inert gases are submitted to a final
washing by means of the same absorption water. In this way the Inerts are
collected to blow down partically free from ammonia.
Low pressure section.
*Residual carbonate decomposition
*Carbonate recovery
•WWT section gas recovery

2nd purification and recovery stage at 4.5 ata

The solution leaving the bottom of medium pressure decomposer is
expanded at 4.5 ata pressure and enters the low pressure
decomposer .This is divided into two parts: Top separator where the
released flash gases are removed before the solution enters the tube
bundle. Decomposition section where the last residual carbamate is
decomposed and the required heat is supplied by means of 4.5 ata
saturated steam. The gases leaving the top separator are sent to the Low
pressure condenser where they are absorbed in an aqueous carbonate
solution coming from the waste water treatment section. The absorption
and condensation heat is removed by cooling water. From the condenser
bottom, the liquid phase, with the remaining inert gases, is sent to the
carbonate solution tank .From here the carbonate solution is recycled
back to the medium pressure condenser by means of pump .The inert
gases which essentially contain Ammonia vapour flow directly into the
low pressure falling film absorber , where ammonia is absorbed by a
countercurrent water flow. The absorption heat is removed by cooling
water. The inert gases, washed in the low pressure inert washing tower
are collected to Blow down practically free from ammonia.

UREA CONCENTRATION
Urea concentration in two stages (0.3 and 0.03 ata) Urea solution storage
& recovery Urea concentration section .As it is
necessary in order to prills urea, to concentrate the urea solution up to
99.7% a vacuum concentration section in two
stages is provided. The solution leaving the low pressure decomposer
bottom with about 71% urea is sent to the pre Concentrator this solution
having urea concentration is 83.5 % and vacuum 0.34 ata. This solution
sent to first vacuum concentrator operating at a pressure of 0.3 ata. Urea
concentration section the mixed phase coming out of enters the gas liquid
separator from where vapours are extracted by the first vacuum system
while the solution enters the second vacuum concentrator operating at a
pressure of 0.03 ata. The two concentrations are fed by saturated steam at
4.5 ata. Urea concentration section the mixed phase coming out of enters
the gas liquid separator from where vapours are extracted by the second
vacuum system.
Prill temp at the tower outlet 75°C max corresponding to maximum
ambient temp of 46°C. Relative humidity of ambient air is to be
considered 100% at 35° C.
UREA PRILLING
The melted urea leaving the second vacuum separator is sent to the
Prilling bucket by means of pump . The urea coming out of the bucket in
the form of drops along the Prilling tower and encounters a cold air
flow which causes its solidification. Urea Prilling. The solid prills falling
to the bottom of the Prilling
tower are sent into the belt conveyor by the rotary scrapper .From here
they are sent through lumps separator to retain lumps only and then to
the product belt conveyor which carries the product to the Urea storage
section. Urea lumps by means of Urea recycle belt conveyor are recycled
back to the underground Urea lumps dissolving tank where
they are dissolved. The Prills from prilling tower bottom sent to bulk
Flow cooler when the temp more than 65OC.

SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

India’s Fertiliser Industry is classified under the “red category” of

polluting sectors by CPCB. Wastewater generated at urea plants contains
ammoniacal and Kjeldahl nitrogen, and cyanides in varying
concentrations, which can lead to groundwater and surface water
pollution, if not treated properly.

At a urea plant, the major sources of water pollution are the process
condensate generated from the urea section (containing urea, ammonia
and CO2) and oil-bearing effluent from pumps and compressors. A
substantial quantity of wastewater is also generated from plant utilities as
cooling tower blow-down, demineralised regeneration and water
treatment plant (WTP) back-washing. Typical end-of-pipe effluent
treatment plants are generally not seen in urea plants as they possess
in-house treatment facilities.

About 57 per cent samples collected near 14 plants were found

non-compliant with fertiliser effluent discharge norms set by the Ministry
of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, particularly with respect to
cyanide concentrations in many of the samples and total Kjeldahl
nitrogen levels in a few samples.

The Fertiliser industry stands at a crossroads. It is a relatively

energy-efficient sector of the economy but it has disregarded
environmental issues, in particular its water footprint and pollution.
Improving the environmental performance of the urea sector requires
multi-directional initiatives.
Plants can reduce their water footprint by investing in rainwater
harvesting within and outside the premises to recharge groundwater. They
should strive to become water-neutral by recharging more ground-water
than they withdraw.
Plants must try to achieve zero liquid discharge status by adopting
advanced tertiary treatment technologies, and use treated water for
cooling tower and boiler make-up. They should also replace the practice
of wet ash handling and shift to dry ash handling for water conservation
and to maximise utilisation of fly ash.
The use of coal for captive power needs to be phased out. NOx and
ammonia emissions need to be controlled. Particulate emissions from prill
towers also need to be curtailed. The sector also needs to install CEMS
for online monitoring of pollution levels.

COOLING TOWER
A cooling tower is heat removal device that uses water to transfer process
waste heat into the atmosphere. All cooling towers operate on the
principle of removing heat from water be evaporating a small portion of
water that is recirculated through the unit. The mixing of warm water
and cooler air releases latent heat of vaporization, causing a cooling effect
to the water. They are a key component of many refrigeration systems
and can be found in industries such as power plants, chemical processing,
steel mills, and many manufacturing companies where process cooling is
necessary. Also, cooling towers can be used to provide comfort cooling
for large commercial buildings like airports, schools, hospitals, or hotels.
Cooling towers might be one of the most vital part of any industrial
process. These tall, open-topped, cylindrical structures are responsible for
cooling water generated from industrial or HVAC comfort cooling
process. They are classified by the type of draft (natural or mechanical)
and by the direction of air flow (counter or cross).
TYPES:

1. Natural Draft Cooling Towers are usually used for large power
plants and industries with infinite cooling water flow. The tower operates
by hot air in the tower rising removing waste heat and then releasing it
into the atmosphere. These towers are tall and have a hyperbolic shape to
induce proper air flow.

2. Induced Draft towers are typically mounted with a fan at the top of
the cooling tower, which allows hot air out and pulls air throughout. The
high exiting air velocities reduces the chance of re-circulation. To avoid
the entrapment of water droplets in the leaving stream air, drift
eliminators are used. Induced draft towers are more efficient as they use
30% to up to 75% less energy compared to forced draft designs.

WASTE WATER TREATEMENT PROCESS AT N.F.L VIJAIPUR

National fertilizers limited, Vijaipur has developed and commercialized a

unique and efficient process in 2003 for control of pollution in the urea
plant discharge from the fertilizers plant. The process known as
Biohydrolizer process. Urea is waste product generated in urea plant.
Some bacteria (like Hafnia Alvie 1426) split the urea molecule into
carbon dioxide and ammonia.
The recently in the NFL Vijaipur Biohydrolizer commissioned. It is the
1st of its kind installed in the country and is very simple. The mixed
cutler of urea hydrolyser micro-organism HAFNIA ALVIE1426
BACTERIA has been developed in laboratory under established
parameters maintained in liquid medium. The bioculter is highly resistant
even to as high concentration of urea as 20000 ppm present in effluent. It
can be hydrolyzed 99% urea in to Nitrogen in 4 to 5 hours.

NH2CONH2 + Bacteria Hafnia Alvie 1426 + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3

Urea effluent from urea plant line-I & II : 200-900 ppm urea.
Name of Bacteria :“HAFNIA ALVIE 1426”*
Residence time : 4 - 5 hrs.
PH range : 6.5 to 9.5
Temperature range : 10 – 50 oC, suitable 36 oC
Note *: Bacteria developed in Indian Agriculture Research Institute Pusa,
New Delhi (India).

The urea waste stream from line-I & line-II plant is collected in concrete
Buffer tank; the system comprises three concrete tanks in series having
weir for increasing residence time. The ammonia is removed in air
stripping tower and bottom waste stream is sent to urea hydrolyser
through buffer tank. The waste feed in Biohydrolizer is subjected to 4-5
hrs residence time. The treated waste goes to cleaned pond B, if ammonia
content is more than recycle to stripper.

Advantages of Biohydrolizer
1. No chemical required for urea waste stream.
2. Low installation cost & no running cost.
3. Low space required compared to conventional clarifier.
 Process Flow diagram of Urea Biohydrolizer

NFL UNITS
There Are mainly four units are working in INDIA for NATIONAL
FERTILIZERS LIMITED
1. Vijaipur, GUNA, MADHYA PRADESH
2. Panipat, HARYANA
3. Nangal, PUNJAB
4. Bathinda, PUNJAB

With the four units working in INDIA, NFL has become the 2nd Largest
Producer of UREA in INDIA after IFFCO With the share of near about
15-16% in urea.
Let us now study about these four plants in little detail.

VIJAIPUR UNIT- I & II:

Vijaipur is situated on the Agra- Mumbai highway (NH 3). The nearest
Railway Station is Ruthiyai Junction. Other rail heads near to Vijaipur
include Bina ( 150 km – East ),Kota (117
kms – Northwest )and Maksi ( 197 kms – South). The plant site is 5 kms
from the road head. District headquarter Guna is 35 Kms from Vijaipur
whereas other important places like Bhopal,
Gwalior, Indore are at a distance of 185 kms,250 kms and 280 kms
respectively.
National Fertilizers Ltd, Vijaipur unit is one of the four units of M/S
National Fertilizers Limited. With the commencement of commercial
production of the Expansion project the gas based unit at Vijaipur now
comprises of two 1520 ton per day (tpd) Ammonia streams and four 1310
tpd Urea streams and relatedoff-site facilities. The gas is being received
from the HBJ gas pipe line being operated by M/s Gas Authority of India
Ltd (GAIL) another government of India undertaking . The Ammonia
stream completed under the Expansion Project can also be operated with
50 % feed of Naphtha in case of shortage of the gas supply. The line one
plants (one stream of Ammonia and two streams of Urea ) were built with
a total cost of Rs 533 Crores and the cost of the Expansion Unit (one
stream of Ammonia and two streams of Urea) is estimated at Rs 1067
Crores. For both streams of Ammonia plants the consultant have been
M/S Haldor Topsoe of Den-Mark and M/S Projects Development India
Ltd. (PDIL), and for all the four streams of Urea consultant have been
PDIL and M/S Snam Progetti of Italy.

PANIPAT UNIT

Panipat, a district head-quarter is situated on National Highway No.1 at a

distance of 90 km from Delhi. It is one of the oldest and ancient cities of
India. The History of Panipat dates back to the Era of "The Mahabharata".
Its old name was 'Paniprastha'. Panipat has witnessed three historic battles
in the Past which changed face of India. The first battle (21st April 1526)
was between the Mughal chief Babar, then ruler of Kabul, and Sultan
Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi. Ibrahim was killed, and his army was defeated.
This marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India. The second
battle (20th January 1556) ended in a victory for Bayram Khan, the
guardian of the young Mughal emperor Akbar, over Hemu. The third
battle (14th January 1761)ended the Maratha attempt to succeed the
Mughals as rulers of India. The Maratha army, under the Bhao Sahib was
trapped and defeated by deceit by the Afghan chief Ahmad Shah. Panipat
District of Haryana is spread over an area of 1268 Sq Km. It is famous for
handloom, woollen carpets, blankets, khes and darris. The district
comprises two Sub-Division, 3 Tehsils and 5 blocks having a population
of 12,02,811 (as per 2011 census) with 32% ofurban population. Panipat
established its name on the industrial map of country with the setting up
of National Fertilizers Limited Plant, State owned Thermal Power Plant,
Co-operative Sugar Mill, and Rs.4000 crores Oil Refinery of Indian Oil
Corporation. With over 12000 small-scale units and 49 medium & large
scale Industrial Units, the city occupies a distinctive position among the
Industrial Towns of the Country.

BATHINDA, PUNJAB
Bathinda district in Punjab is one of the oldest and ninth largest district of
Punjab situated in the heart of Malwa region. It is said that Bhatinda was
build by rulers of Punjab 'Bhatti Rao' in 6th century AD and then the city
was called by the name of 'Bhatti Vinda' after their surname and 1516
now it is called as Bathinda. The district has three sub divisions -
Bathinda, Rampura Phul, and Talwandi Sabo. Bathinda is also known as
"The city of Lakes" for its five artificial lakes in the city. The district is
bounded by Sirsa and Fatehabad of Haryana State in the South, Sangrur
and Mansa district in the East, Faridkot in the North and Muktsar on the
West. Bathinda is well known for cotton and agricultural production, also
boasting a rapid development in industrialisation with thermal power
plants Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant and Guru Hargobind Thermal
Plant, Fertilizer Unit National Fertilizers Limited and a large oil refinery
and these give boost to the city's economic growth. Bathinda railway
station is one of the biggest rail junctions in India. The Sirhind canal from
which the minor branch canal, Bathinda branch and Kotla branch canal
take off solves the irrigation purpose of Bathinda District. The
neighbouring districts of Bathinda are Ludhiana (136km), Faridkot
(63km), Chandigarh (210km), Ferozpur (103km) and Delhi (370km).

NANGAL UNIT
Nangal is situated at a distance of 100 kms from Chandigarh – the joint
capital of Punjab and Haryana. It has a township at a stone‟s throw from
a fertilizer unit often referred to as Nangal Unit of National Fertilizers
Limited. Places of religious importance like Shri Anandpur Sahib, Mata
Naina Devi Shrine, Shri Bhabour Sahib lie within 20 kms radius of Naya
Nangal. Places of tourist attraction like Manali and Dharamshala in
Himachal Pradesh can also be visited en-route a trip to Naya Nangal. A
rail head connection to „Nangal Dam‟ station is on the electrified track
with two daily trains to national capital Delhi. Soon after independence of
our country the need to develop the infrastructure in the country was hard
felt. As a result of the motivation by the policy makers of the nation at
that time, sites and locations were shortlisted on priority basis for hydro
projects, core sector industry, research and development,defence
establishments etc. In an endeavour towards this, a small villagenestled in
the midst of Shivalik Hills on the banks of the river Sutlej was considered
to be an ideal location for a Hydro power project. This idea mooted by a
foreigner and proposed to the then Prime Minister gave birth to Bhakra
Dam – often referred to as one of the „temples of modern India‟. The
artificial lake created upstream of the dam christened „Gobind Sagar‟ is
still considered as the biggest man-made lake in the world. With the
coming up of Bhakra Dam and surplus power available from the hydel
project, Govt. of India decided to set up Fertilizer Factory at Naya Nangal,
which went on stream in 1961.

REFERENCES

1. European Commission (2011): Energy Efficiency Plan

2011, EC COM (2011) 109, 2011

2. World Energy Outlook 2010, IEA, Paris 2010

3. Bridging the Emissions Gap. United Nations Environ

ment Programme (UNEP), Kenya 2011

4. Zhou, N. Levine, M.D., Price, L. (2010): Overview of

Current Energy Efficiency policies in China. Energy
policy, Vol 38, Issue 11, Nov. 2011

5. Department of Minerals and Energy (2005): Energy

efficiency strategy of the Republic of South Africa,
Pretoria 2005.
6. Trends in Global Energy Efficiency – India Country
report, ABB, Zürich 2011

7. Energy Technology Perspectives 2012, IEA, Paris, 2012

8. En.lighten website - http://www.enlighten-initiative.org