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Prirodni Hazard Vulkanizam Singidunum 2019 Predavanja FP
Prirodni Hazard Vulkanizam Singidunum 2019 Predavanja FP
Prirodni Hazard Vulkanizam Singidunum 2019 Predavanja FP
Vulkanizam
dr Boris Vakanjac
Magmatizam, vulkani i intruzije
oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/.../media/subarcvol.html
Temperature magme
fitz-roy-72614_960_720
https://pixabay.com/photos/fitz-roy-cerro-torre-mountains-72614/
Sethlans Etrurci
Hephaestus Grčka
http://www.maicar.com/GML/Hephaestus.html
https://vitedivino.files. http://www.royalathena.com/P
wordpress.com/2015/0 AGES/EtruscanCatalog/Bronze/
4/vulcanus.jpg CNU102.html
Vulkani
Arjava, Antti, "The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 59: 73-94
(2005), ISBN 0-88402-311-7.
Erupcija vulkana Krakatoa
https://www.livescience.com/28186-krakatoa.html
Erupcija vulkana Krakatoa
SAPlanet OSMOTP
20km approx.
https://phys.org/news/2018-12-tsunami-
triggered-volcano-indonesia.html
https://publicdomainreview.org/2012/05/28/the-krakatoa-sunsets/
Glavni elementi vulkana
https://www.ope
ngeography.org/c
h-4-
volcanoes.html
Glavni elementi vulkana, kaldera
SASPlanet OSMOTP
http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Toba-Caldera.htm
Vulkanski pepeo Volcanic ash, Yellowstone
Caldera, Wyoming
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Tephra/SarnaSem_60-
000_large.jpg
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Tephra/SarnaSem_
60-011_large.jpg
Pojavni oblici vulkana
https://geoclass.wordpress.com/2010/10/14/vulkani-i-litosferne-ploce/
Vruće tačke
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/c/cd/Partial_melting_asthenosphere_EN.svg/20
00px-Partial_melting_asthenosphere_EN.svg.png
Woudloper
Schematic
representation of
magmatic and
volcanic
processes in the
Earth
Vruće tačke
• Fiksirani izvori toplote koji se
nalaze na granici jezgro –
matl i koji zbog
konvercijskog kretanja
(mantle plume) uzrokuju
izbijanje magme na površinu
Zemljine kore nazivaju se
vrućim tačkama (hot spots)
• Pošto se litosferne ploče
kreću, a vruće tačke su
fiksirane dolazi se do
fenomena formiranja
vulkanskih pojasa (volcanic
belt), primeri su Havajska
ostrva, Jelouston park u SAD,
Ajslend, Afrički riftni sistem.
http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/geogr
aphical-processes/location-formation/hot-spots-
volcanoes/
Karakteristične pozicije vulkanizma na zemlji
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Vigil.html
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/654-plate-tectonics-volcanoes-and-earthquakes
Magmatski kompleksi
izmenjeni i orudnjeni
andezit
Timočki – magmatski
kompleks,
Izgrađen od uglavnom
andezita
• Prema aktivnosti:
-Aktivne
-Privremeno ugašene
-Ugašene
• Prema sastavu magme:
-Monogeni
-Poligeni
• Prema morfologiji kratera:
-Centralnog tipa
-Pukotinskog tipa
Generalna podela vulkana
• Piroklastični materijal:
-Vulkanski pesak (čestice > 4 mm),
-Vulkanski pepeo (Katmaja, 1912. za 20% smanjio Sunčevu
radijaciju),
-Vulkanska prašina,
-Lapili,
-Vulkanske bombe (metarske dimenzije često; izbačene u
žitkom ili plastičnom stanju iz vulkana),
-Vulkanski blokovi (mogu biti i delovi glavnog kanala koji su
otkinuti tokom erupcije).
Produkti vulkanske aktivnosti www.emporia.edu/.../student/bird1/augustine.html
www.thestudioevents.com/Journeys geology.about.com/.../igtexpyroclastic.htm
Produkti vulkanske aktivnosti
• 3. Gasovi i pare, prate eksplozive vulkane. Vodena para, CO2, CO, metan, vodonik,
kiseonik. Količina gasova zavisi od sasatava, temperature i pritiska magme.
• 4. Produkti postvulkanske aktivnost
-Solfature (eshalacije pregrejane vodene pare i drugih gasova, pre svega CO2 i H2S.
Neposredno oko pukotie se nagomilava sumpor;
-Fumarole (pregrejani gasovi i pare oslobodjenih iz magme T 200 – 800 °C. CO2, CO,
CH4, NH3, HCl, H2S, HF);
-Mofete (gasne emanacije ugljendioksida u oblastima gde je završena vulkanska
aktivnost. Može doći do mešanja ovog CO2 sa podzemnom vodom i tada nastaju
kiseli izvoriI);
-Gejziri (fenomeni izbijanja vrele vode u vidu periodičnih fontana, javljaju se u
regionima sa aktinom ili neaktivnom vulkanskom aktivnošću);
-Termalni izvori;
-Blatni vulkani (blato izbačeno parma i gasovima visoke temperature).
Vulkanski hazard
http://geology.com/volcanoes
Aktivnost Vezuva kroz vreme
http://eurjmin.geoscienceworld.org/content/12/1/179/F
Aktivnost Vezuva kroz vreme
The 3550 Lucia Pappalardo, Monica Piochi and
year BP- Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo
1944 A.D. ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 4, August 2004
magma-
plumbing
system
of Somma-
Vesuvius:
constraints
on its
behaviour
and
present
state
through a
review of
Sr-Nd
isotope
data
Erupcija Vezuva 79 godine nove ere
https://edu.glogster.com/glog/pompeii-mount-vesuvius/21eu76smiq0?=glogpedia-source
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum#/media/File:Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption_3.svg
Hazard – vulkani Vezuv
http://sciencejunior.fr/ecologie-et-
nature/les-volcans-le-magma-la-lave-ca-
chauffe/attachment/pompei-eruption
Gaj Plinije Sekund Stariji
Bigelow, Jacob, MD (1859). Littell, E. (ed.). "Death of Pliny the Elder". Littell's
Living Age. Third. Boston: Littell, Son, and Company. V: 123.
https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7037/69
00340308_e37c7178a0_b.jpg
http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/961.jpg?v=1431036068
https://casedeepoca.files.wordpress.com/
2011/01/pompeii_4-copy_edited-1.jpg?w=593
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/p
ompeii/9850103/Pompeii-exhibition-
the-eruption-of-the-volcano.html
http://realhistoryww.co
The skeleton of a woman found m/world_history/ancien
in Herculaneum: Credit: t/Misc/
Common/paestum/Pom
Jonathan Blair/Corbis peii.htm
Vukanski hazard, Vezuv Pompei i Herkulanum 79 ne
THE CASTS
• The bodies of these victims remained
in the same position as when the
pyroclastic flow hit them and, being
covered by calcified layers of ash, the
form of their bodies was preserved
even after the biological material
decomposed. Thanks to the method
perfected by Giuseppe Fiorelli, since
1863 a little over a hundred casts
have been made.
• The casts of the victims, displayed in
metal and glass showcases, had
already been admired in the first
Museo Pompeiano (Museum of
Pompeii) which was opened by
Fiorelli in 1873-1874. 300 0C
http://pompeiisites.org/en/pompeii-map/analysis/the-casts/ http://pompeiisites.org/en/pompeii-map/analysis/the-casts/
BBC Pompeii: The Mistery of the People Frozen in Time –
Learning Zone
Copyright ©2019 Richard Neave Sculptor | Theme by: Theme Horse | Powered by: WordPress
https://richardneave.co.uk/about-richard/ https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/803751864724463387/?lp=true
http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/la-selection-
teleobs/20130718.OBS0121/la-cite-
Bella Donna
ORF/BBC/Nathalie Biancheri disparue-de-pompei.html
Vukanski hazard, Herkulanum 79 ne
79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius may have
killed people by vaporising their blood and
causing their heads to EXPLODE
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6256747/Eruption-Mount-Vesuvius-
killed-people-EXPLODING-heads-ancient-skulls-reveal.html Preko 500 0C
Erupcija Vezuva 1944 godine
1631 – 18000 žrtava
http://ww2today.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Naples-
Vesuvius.jpg
1944– 28 žrtava
https://uk.answers.yah
oo.com/
question/index?qid=20
090204
131500AAw5L2k
Vezuv i Napulj
http://www.diercke.com/karte
nansicht.xtp?artId=978-3-14-
100790-9&stichwort=tuff&fs=1
• Meri se
• - Seizmika,
• - Deformacije tla,
• - Koncentracije gasova www.dosecc.org/html/volcano_monitoring.html
• Seizmičko - vulkanski
monitoring na globalnom,
planetarnom nivou,
• Monitoring vulkanske
aktivnosti na lokalnom
nivou, pojedinačni vulkan
volcanoes.usgs.gov/.../NavMaps/MonTechnqs.gif
Vruće tačke Yellowstone-a
www.math.montana.edu/.../hotspots/caldera
Yellowstone magma chamber
https://www.kuer.org/post/new-studies-
illustrate-yellowstones-geology#stream/0
Yellowstone
http://a400.idata.over-blog.com/3/02/18/95/Yellowstone/HotspotsSRP.jpg
Yellowstone
http://www.arizonadailyindependent.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/10/yellowstone-
1.png
Yellowstone
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowst
one/geo_hist_hydrothermal_system.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/yello
wstone-caldera-map/
Yellowstone magma chamber
Projekcija magmatske
komore na površini
http://www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Yellowstone-2.jpg
Yellowstone
Yellowstone
https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-would-happen-if-yellowstone-erupted-2016-5
Volcanic ash
http://static.uglyhedgehog.com/upload/2014/9/9/1410320924936-yellowstone.jpg
Volcanic ash
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/vei.html
http://memolition.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Sinabung08-954x636.jpg
Comparison of eruption sizes using volume of magma erupted
https://www.usgs.gov/medi
a/images/comparison-
eruption-sizes-using-
volume-magma-erupted
https://proudhillbilly-hillbilly.blogspot.com/2012/04/blast-from-
past.html?m=0
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/comparison-eruption-sizes-using-volume-magma-erupted
Four ways to be killed by a volcano
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/21938018
Robert A. Rohde -
http://www.globalwarmingart.co
Robert A. Rohde
m/wiki/File:1000_Year_Temperat
ure_Comparison.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/2000_Year_Temper
ature_Comparison.png
http://www.ice-age-ahead-iaa.ca/1/gisp2-ice-core-temperatures_1.jpg
Archeologists who
discovered thousands of
skeletons in medieval
mass graves in London’s
East End believe many
were the victims of a
13th Century volcanic
eruption on the other
side of the world.
Volcano caused mass
deaths in London’s East
End, says museum
16:49 06 August 2012
http://www.london24.com/news
/volcano_caused_mass_deaths_i http://www.london24.com/polopoly_fs/1.14733
n_london_s_east_end_says_mus 26!/image/1046296022.jpg_gen/derivatives/lan
eum_1_1473328 dscape_630/1046296022.jpg
Copyright © LONDON24
Malo ledeno doba
http://www.absolutenewzealand.com/wp-
content/uploads/essence-of-NZ-10D.jpg http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2010-1/jb-fig1.gif
Tarawera vulkan
Rotorua
N kaldera
Rotorua
grad
Tarawera
jezero
Tarawera
Mount Tarawera erupted around 1315. The ash thrown from this event may have affected
temperatures around the globe and precipitated the Great Famine of 1315–17 in Europe,
-Cantor, Norman L. (2001). In the wake of the plague: the Black Death and the world it made. New York: Free
Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-684-85735-0.
-Nairn I.A.; Shane P.R.; Cole J.W.; Leonard G.J.; Self S.; Pearson N. (2004). "Rhyolite magma processes of the
~AD 1315 Kaharoa eruption episode, Tarawera volcano, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research. 131 (3–4): 265–94. Bibcode:2004JVGR..131..265N. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00381-0.
-Hodgson K.A.; Nairn I.A. (September 2005). "The c. AD 1315 syn-eruption and AD 1904 post-eruption breakout
floods from Lake Tarawera, Haroharo caldera, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and
Geophysics. 48 (3): 491. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515128.
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/tarawera-and-phantom-canoe
Velika glad
www.awesomestories.com/assets/medieval-
illustration-of-plague-infected-people
http://nerdygaga.com/334/weird-
killer-disease-of-human-from-bites/
The Black Death was one of the most
Pojave kuge u istoriji i danas devastating pandemics in human
history, resulting in the deaths of an
estimated 75 to 200 million people
and peaking in Europe in the years
1346–53.
https://theromneymarsh.net/blackdeath
Pojave kuge u istoriji i danas Plague: Past, Present, and
Future
Nils Chr Stenseth , Bakyt B Atshabar, Mike
Begon, Steven R Belmain, Eric Bertherat,
Elisabeth Carniel, Kenneth L Gage, Herwig
Leirs, Lila Rahalison
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003
https://www.eh-resources.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/06/ruddiman_climate_graph.jpg
Vulkan koji preti da proguta pola Evrope
• Vulkan u blizini Bona pokazuje znake buđenja, stručnjaci kažu da eruptira na svakih
12.000 godina i da mu je sad vreme.
• Vulkan Laher Ze u Nemačkoj, u blizini Bona, počeo je da se „budi", a ukoliko
eruptira, uništiće pola Evrope, tvrde stručnjaci. Oni smatraju da će erupcija
prouzrokovati ogromna razaranja jer će iz vulkanskog grotla izaći na milijarde tona
magme, kamenja i pepela i da će Berlin, Pariz i London u potpunosti biti prekriveni
pepelom.
• Vulkanski pepeo iz Nemačke, prema karti koju objavljuju tamošnji mediji, pokriće i
dobar deo Hrvatske sve do Šibenika, a mogao bi da stigne i do samih severnih granica
Srbije.
• Erupcija će izazvati masovne evakuacije stanovništva, kao i globalno zahlađenje jer će
pepeo izbačen iz vulkana blokirati sunce. Biće pogođeno područje od Velike Britanije
na zapadu, Danske na severu, sredine Apeninskog poluostrva na jugu i Slovačke na
istoku - kažu stručnjaci, a prenosi britanski „Dejli mejl".
• Vulkanolozi kažu da je prilikom poslednje erupcije vulkana u Nemačkoj pod
kamenjem i pepelom bilo pokriveno područje na više od 1.000 kvadratnih kilometara.
http://www.pressonline.rs/svet/globus/196053/vulkan-koji-preti-da-proguta-pola-evrope.html
Laacher See Eifel
http://the-end-time.blogspot.rs/2012/01/laacher-see-european-
supervolcano-that.html
http://www.wikiview.info/index.php?page=UserGalleryPhoto&photoID=112
Laacher See Eifel, tufovi, piroklastični materijal
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/01/P6190049-660x495.jpg
Važni sajtovi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-_2j7Q0AKo
• Biggest Volcanic Eruption Ever in the World - Supervolcano (Special
Documentary) OK
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ6yD2jRm3A
• Full Documentary Films - Super Volcano - History Channel Documentaries
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLux566WtuI&list=PLE0B4ECC62F44
8B06
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st_2C_Wrw4A
• The Volcanoes of Europe
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