Mahidol University International Demonstration School

“Lab synthesis of copper hydroxide”

Presented by

Noppanat Ampas 6161078

Kaysorn Kerdwiriyaskul 6161087
Pornnatcha​ ​Petchdee 6161092
Pongprom Saebae 6161109

Presented to

Ms. Sorasaree Tonsiengsom

This report is a part of the Chemistry subject in

Mahidol University International Demonstration School
Semester 1 / 2019 - 2020

   
 ABSTRACT
To see the difference between solution A + C and solution A + B. Also to find the
molar mass of each solution. So in order to get the product(Cu(OH)2 + NaSO4 +
5H2O), you should mix the solution A + B and A + C together, both of these will give the
same product(Cu(OH)2 + NaSO4 + 5H2O). The result shows that the mass of the
solution A + C is more than solution A +B. This means that the amount of ​Cu(OH)2 ​that
was produced in solution A + C is more than the amount of ​Cu(OH)2 ​that was produced
in solution A + B.

OBJECTIVE
By completing this lab we aim to identify the limiting and excess reagent. In doing
so, we will need to calculate the amount of product that is produced from two different
amounts of solutions. Here, we will be adding solution A to solution B, as well as adding
solution A to solution C. Finding out the amount of product produced will reveal the
limiting and excess reagent for each chemical reaction.
In addition, we want to find out the percentage yield and theoretical yield to see
how much difference there will be between the amount of product produced theoretically
and the amount we actually get from the experiment. This is due to the actual yield
being what happens in reality and theoretical yield will be calculated through equations
and numbers given in the materials section.
We also want to find out the answers to the questions listed in the Question
section. Whether it is about the difference in colors, or why the percent yield is less than
OR over 100 percent. We strive to provide you with the most accurate report on our
findings.

   
 INTRODUCTION
In this lab, we are tasked to perform an experiment, observe, and collect data
from a chemical reaction. However, before we performed the experiment, we need a
little bit of background information.
First, we need to know what we are dealing with during our experiment. In it,
consist of many substances and solutions, which will be used in synthesizing copper
hydroxide. Within this trial, we will be adding solutions of sodium hydroxide to solutions
of copper sulfate.
CuSO4 * 5H2O​ + ​2NaOH​ = ​Cu(OH)2​ + NaSO4 + 5H2O
Second, we will be performing this trial to also see the change in the amount of
product produced by the limiting and excess reagent. So, we need to know how to
calculate the mass of the product produce based on the given mass of the reactant.
According to Libretexts (2014), in order to determine the mass of the product, based on
the amount of reactant you have, you will have to first balance the equation. After that,
write down the given information (the mass of reactant, the molar mass of both the
reactant and product). Next, start with the compound you know the most, convert the
compound to find its mol. After you have acquired the mol, times the mol by the molar
ratio, using the coefficient of reactants to product(s). Now you have the mol of the
product that you are trying to find the mass of. Continuing, you will have to multiply it by
its molar mass, in order for the units to cancel each other, giving you the mass of the
product.
Third, we could also find out the percent yield. CK-12 (2019) concurs that to find
the percent yield, you need two components, theoretical yield, and actual yield. They
said that in order to find the theoretical yield, we will have to calculate based on the
stoichiometry of the chemical equation. Also, to find the actual yield, we will have to
experimentally determine it. Finally, to find the percent yield, we need to find the actual
yield divided by the theoretical yield and multiply that by 100 to finally uncover the
percent yield.

   
Materials
1. CuSO4 solution (Solution A 2.5g of CuSO4 in 50 ml of water)
We will use 2.5g of CuSO4 for both reactions, thereby using 1.25g per reaction.​*
2. NaOH solution (Solution B 0.2g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
3. NaOH solution (Solution C 0.6g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
4. 100 mL beaker
5. 50 mL graduated cylinder
6. Stirring rod
7. Filter paper
8. Weighing paper
9. Spatula
10. Watch glass
11. Funnel
12. Ring stand & Clamp

Procedure & Methods

Preparation
Preparation of CuSO4 solution (Solution A)
1. Weight 2.5 g of CuSO4 dissolve in 50 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 minutes

Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution B)

1. Weight 0.2 g of NaOH dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 mins.

Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution C)

1. Weight 0.6 g of NaOH dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 mins.

Experiment
1. Mix 25 mL of CuSO4 solution (solution A) with 25 mL of NaOH solution (solution B)
2. Stir for 2-3 minutes
3. Weight the filter paper, and then record it on the data table
4. Separate the solid product by paper filtration technique
5. Rinse the solid product (the rest of the product left on beaker) with 10 ml of distilled
water
6. Clean the filtered solid residue (during filtration) with 10 ml of distilled water for 2
times in order to remove Na2SO4 salt
7. Clean the filtered solid residue again with 10 mL of ethanol to remove water
8. Carefully remove filter paper with the filtered solid residue to watch glass
9. Dry it overnight in the oven.
10. Repeat steps 1-9 by using 25 mL of NaOH solution by using solution C instead of
solution B.

Experimental (Day 2)
11. Weight mass of filter paper and solid product
12. Calculate the % yield of the reaction
Results
Solution Weight of filter paper Weight of filter paper + Weight of the solid
(g) product (g) product (g)

A+B 1.54​* 1.79 0.25

A+C 1.54​* 2.04 0.5

*Due to an error in our experiment, the filter paper we used for weighing, are not the
same ones as the one we actually used as filter paper. (Error)
Analysis
Observation of A + B:​ ​Mixture of Solution A and Solution B provided a ​light blue
substance, ​less viscous than the mixture of A + C​. While we transferred it to the filter
paper, the solution ​did not all stick together​. When we kept adding distilled water two
times and ethanol for one time, the solution will ​dissolve further every time​ that we
add liquid substance. After the solution sat for a while, all of the solutions sunk to the
bottom filter paper. And it takes a​ longer time ​than the solution A + C to filter the water
out.
Solid product observation: ​The solid product after it has been left at 60 Celsius - 70
Celcius through the weekends, appears to have not been​ burnt​, but still ​retains the
light blue color​.
Observation of A + C:​ Mixture of​ Solution A​ and ​Solution C​ had a very ​dense
heavy blue ​product. Once put on to the filter paper, the solution ​clumps ​together and
forms a thick​ viscous paste​. We postulate that this is due to the ​differences​ in the
amount of ​NaOH ​in 25 ml of water. After a while, as the solution sits in the filtration
paper, other ​water-like substance​ flows through the pores of the filtered paper. It filters
faster ​than the solution ​A + B.
Solid product observation: ​The solid product after it has been left at 60 Celsius - 70
Celcius through the weekends, appears to have been​ burnt​, but still ​retains the dark
blue color​.
Calculations
Calculations for the product A + B:
CuSO4 * 5H2O​ + ​2NaOH​ = ​Cu(OH)2​ + NaSO4 + 5H2O
1.25​g ​ ​ ​0.2​g ​ ?
Molecular Weight of each compound

CuSO4 * 5H2O = ​249.687​g/mol

2NaOH =​ 39.997​g/mol

Cu(OH)2 = ​97.56​g/mol

Amount of Cu(OH)2 from solution A CuSO4 0.6g (excess reagent)

1.25​g/​249.689​g/mol​ = ​0.005​mol

0.005​mol x ​1​/​1​(Molar Ratio) = ​0.005​mol

0.005​mol x​ ​97.56​g/mol​ = ​0.4878​g of Cu(OH)2

Amount of Cu(OH)2 from solution B NaOH 0.2g (limiting reagent)

0.2​g/​39.997​g/mol​ = ​0.005​mol

0.005​mol x ​1​/​2​(Molar Ratio) = ​0.0025​mol

0.0025​mol x​ ​97.56​g/mol​ = ​0.2439​g of Cu(OH)2

The amount of product produced is limited to the limiting reagent, meaning

that the amount of ​Cu(OH)2​ produced is ​0.2439​g

Percent Yield of A + B

Actual yield divided by the theoretical yield times 100

0.25​g/​0.2439​g x ​100​ = ​102.5​ %

Calculations for the product A + C:
CuSO4 * 5H2O​ + ​2NaOH​ = ​Cu(OH)2​ + NaSO4 + 5H2O
1.25​g ​ 0.6​g​ ?
Molecular Weight of each compound

CuSO4 * 5H2O = ​249.687​g/mol

2NaOH =​ 39.997​g/mol

Cu(OH)2 = ​97.56​g/mol

Amount of Cu(OH)2 from solution A CuSO4 1.25g (limiting reagent)

1.25​g/​249.689​g/mol​ = ​0.005​mol

0.005​mol x ​1​/​1​(Molar Ratio) = ​0.005​mol

0.005​mol x​ ​97.56​g/mol​ = ​0.4878​g of Cu(OH)2

Amount of Cu(OH)2 from solution C NaOH 0.6g (excess reagent)

0.6​g/​39.997​g/mol​ = ​0.015​mol

0.015​mol x ​1​/​2​(Molar Ratio) = ​0.0075​mol

0.0075​mol x​ ​97.56​g/mol​ = ​0.7317​g of Cu(OH)2

The amount of product produced is limited to the limiting reagent, meaning

that the amount of ​Cu(OH)2​ produced is ​0.4878​g

Percent Yield of A + C

Actual yield divided by the theoretical yield times 100 = percent yield

0.5​g/​0.4878​g x ​100​ = ​102.5​ %

Discussion
After we have calculated the chemical reaction and the percent yield, we found it
quite interesting. Moreover, we now know which of the following is the limiting reagent
and the excess reagent for both of the chemical equation. To our surprise, the amount
of Cu(OH)2 produced changed drastically to what we have imagined. A slight increase
in NaOH could result in the CuSO4 from becoming the excess reagent in the chemical
reaction of A + B, into a limiting reagent in the chemical reaction A + C.
Based on our findings and lab results, the colors of the product that was filtered
differ ​because of the amount of ​NaOH ​used in each reaction. The reaction betwee​n A +
B​ had a​ lighter color ​because the amount of​ CU(OH)2​ produced was ​limited ​to the
amount of ​NaOH.​ Meaning that there are some of ​CuSO4 ​left, that haven't been used in
the reaction. However, the color of the reaction ​A + C i​s darker because it ​uses all ​of
the ​CuSO4​ and ​NaOH ​left to be used after the reaction. This resulted in ​more amount
of ​Cu(OH)2​ being produced.
The limiting reagent in the reaction A + B is the NaOH, and the excess reagent is
the CuSO4. However, the limiting reagent in the reaction A + C is CuSO4, and the
excess reagent is the NaOH.
As you know, from our introduction, the percent yield is ​determined ​through a
sequence of the ​equation ​dictated by Chemistry that results in a ​'theoretical yield' ​and
an ​'actual yield' ​that is figured out through ​experimental means​.
There could be many reasons why our result may have ​deviated ​from the truth.
You see, in our experiment, in particular, we had a ​problem ​which we will expand upon
in the following paragraphs.
Whilst, our result may have had been tampered with, we postulated that our
solution most probably still had ​impurities ​in it. These impurities that we are talking
about are the other product that is also produced in the chemical reaction, NaSO4. This
is part of the reason why we wash it down with distilled water and ethanol, but some of
the sodium sulfates might not have filtered through properly. Which would have
correlates into why we had a percent yield that is both over 100 percent.
 There are many factors that can play into the errors we faced in our experiment,
of which we should name two prominent factors. First, our filter papers used for
weighing were not the same ones that we used to filter the product. Thereby, could
potentially pose as a result why we get over 100 percent of the percent yield. Secondly,
when we were observing the solid product, we noticed that some of the product may
have leaked onto the

Conclusion
The Cu(OH)2 or copper hydroxide is synthesized from adding NaOH to a solution
of CuSO4. In these chemical reactions, we determined that A + B produces 0.2439
grams of copper hydroxide, with Solution B being the limiting reagent. In solution, A + B
the filtrate appeared to be light and slightly transparent. Solution A + C produces 0.4878
grams of copper hydroxide, with Solution A being the limiting reagent. In solution A +C
the filtrate seems to be denser and more viscous, it appeared in a darker shade of blue
than A + C. Lastly, we revealed that the percent yield in from each of the chemical
reaction is over 100 percent, being 102.5 percent.
 References
CK - 12. (2019, July 4). Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield. Retrieved from
https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/theoretical-yield-and-percent-yield/lesson/Theoretical-Y
ield-and-Percent-Yield-CHEM/.
Libretexts. (2014, July 2). 3.9 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products.
Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map:_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_
and_Decoste)/03:_Stoichiometry/3.09_Stoichiometric_Calculations:_Amounts_of_React
ants_and_Products.