ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
ADHESIVES
INRODUCTION

▪ AN ADHESIVE IS A NON-METALLIC MATERIAL

(LIQUID/SEMI LIQUID/SOLID FORM) THAT
ADHERES/BONDS AT LEAST TWO SURFACES
TOGETHER IN A STRONG AND STABLE MANNER.

▪ ADHESIVES MAY BE FOUND NATURALLY OR

PRODUCED SYNTHETICALLY. THE EARLIEST FORM OF
ADHESIVE DISCOVERED BY MAN IS TAR.

▪ ADHESIVE BONDING PROVIDE FLEXIBILITY IN

DESIGN & IN THE USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS.

▪ “ADHESIVE” AS A GENERAL TERM

INCLUDES CEMENT, MUCILAGE, GLUE, AND PASTE.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
CATEGORIES / TYPES

▪ ADHESIVES ARE TYPICALLY ORGANIZED BY THE

METHOD OF ADHESION.

▪ THESE ARE THEN ORGANIZED INTO REACTIVE

AND NON-REACTIVE ADHESIVES, WHICH
REFERS TO WHETHER THE ADHESIVE CHEMICALLY
REACTS IN ORDER TO HARDEN.

▪ ALTERNATIVELY THEY CAN BE ORGANIZED BY

WHETHER THE RAW STOCK IS OF NATURAL, OR
SYNTHETIC ORIGIN, OR BY THEIR
STARTING PHYSICAL PHASE.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 BY REACTIVENESS : NON-REACTIVE

NON-REACTIVE: DRYING, HOT APPLICATION, PRESSURE SENSITIVE.

1. DRYING: THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ADHESIVES THAT HARDEN BY

DRYING: SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVES AND POLYMER DISPERSION
ADHESIVES, ALSO KNOWN AS EMULSION ADHESIVES.

▪ SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVES ARE A MIXTURE OF INGREDIENTS

(TYPICALLY POLYMERS) DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT. SOLVENT BASED
ADHESIVES ARE DIVIDED INTO:

A. WET BONDING AND CONTACT ADHESIVES. WET BONDING ADHESIVES ARE

THOSE WHERE SUBSTRATES ARE JOINED WHILE ADHESIVE IS STILL WET AND
THEN ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE. EX. SOLVENT BASED POLYMERS

B. CONTACT ADHESIVES ARE IN WHICH BOTH SUBSTRATES ARE COATED WITH

ADHESIVE WHICH IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE BEFORE THE BOND IS MADE
AND THE BOND IS FORMED BY BRINGING THE TWO COATED SUBSTRATES
TOGETHER. EX. NATURAL RUBBER, NEOPRENE.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 NON-REACTIVE

2. PRESSURE-SENSITIVE:

▪ PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES (PSA) FORM A BOND BY THE APPLICATION OF LIGHT PRESSURE TO BOND THE ADHESIVE WITH THE
ADHEREND.

▪ THE BOND FORMS BECAUSE THE ADHESIVE IS SOFT ENOUGH TO FLOW (I.E., "WET") TO THE ADHEREND. ONCE THE ADHESIVE AND THE
ADHEREND ARE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY, MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS, SUCH AS VAN DER WAALS FORCES(

▪ THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO MOLECULES, EACH OF WHICH HAS A REGION OF SLIGHT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE), BECOME
INVOLVED IN THE BOND, CONTRIBUTING SIGNIFICANTLY TO ITS ULTIMATE STRENGTH.

▪ THESE ARE DESIGNED FOR EITHER PERMANENT OR REMOVABLE APPLICATIONS. PERMANENT APPLICATIONS INCLUDE SAFETY LABELS FOR
POWER EQUIPMENT, FOIL TAPE FOR HVAC DUCT WORK, AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR TRIM ASSEMBLY, AND SOUND/VIBRATION DAMPING FILMS.

▪ REMOVABLE ADHESIVES ARE DESIGNED TO FORM A TEMPORARY BOND, AND IDEALLY CAN BE REMOVED AFTER MONTHS OR YEARS WITHOUT
LEAVING RESIDUE ON THE ADHEREND.

▪ REMOVABLE ADHESIVES ARE USED IN APPLICATIONS SUCH AS SURFACE PROTECTION FILMS, MASKING TAPES, BOOKMARK AND NOTE
PAPERS, BARCODES LABELS, PRICE MARKING LABELS, PROMOTIONAL GRAPHICS MATERIALS, AND FOR SKIN CONTACT.

▪ SOME REMOVABLE ADHESIVES ARE DESIGNED TO REPEATEDLY STICK AND UNSTICK. THEY HAVE LOW ADHESION, AND GENERALLY CANNOT
SUPPORT MUCH WEIGHT.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 NON-REACTIVE

3. CONTACT:

▪ CONTACT ADHESIVES ARE USED IN STRONG BONDS WITH

HIGH SHEAR-RESISTANCE LIKE LAMINATES, SUCH AS
BONDING FORMICA TO A WOODEN COUNTER, AND
IN FOOTWEAR, AS IN ATTACHING OUTSOLES TO
UPPERS. NATURAL
RUBBER AND POLYCHLOROPRENE (NEOPRENE) ARE
COMMONLY USED CONTACT ADHESIVES.

▪ CONTACT ADHESIVES MUST BE APPLIED TO BOTH

SURFACES AND ALLOWED SOME TIME TO DRY BEFORE THE
TWO SURFACES ARE PUSHED TOGETHER. SOME CONTACT
ADHESIVES REQUIRE AS LONG AS 24 HOURS TO DRY
BEFORE THE SURFACES ARE TO BE HELD TOGETHER.

▪ ONCE THE SURFACES ARE PUSHED TOGETHER, THE BOND

FORMS VERY QUICKLY.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 NON-REACTIVE

4. HOT:

▪ HOT ADHESIVES, ALSO KNOWN AS HOT MELT

ADHESIVES, ARE THERMOPLASTICS APPLIED IN
MOLTEN FORM IN THE 65–180 °C RANGE) WHICH
SOLIDIFY ON COOLING TO FORM STRONG BONDS
BETWEEN A WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS.

▪ ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE-BASED HOT-MELTS

ARE PARTICULARLY POPULAR FOR CRAFTS
BECAUSE OF THEIR EASE OF USE AND THE WIDE
RANGE OF COMMON MATERIALS THEY CAN JOIN.

▪ A GLUE GUN (SHOWN AT RIGHT) IS ONE METHOD

OF APPLYING HOT ADHESIVES. THE GLUE GUN
MELTS THE SOLID ADHESIVE, THEN ALLOWS THE
LIQUID TO PASS THROUGH ITS BARREL ONTO THE
MATERIAL, WHERE IT SOLIDIFIES.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 BY REACTIVENESS : REACTIVE

1. ANAEROBIC: ANAEROBIC ADHESIVES CURE WHEN IN CONTACT WITH METAL, IN THE ABSENCE OF
OXYGEN.THEY WORK WELL IN A CLOSE-FITTING SPACE, AS WHEN USED AS A THREAD-LOCKING
FLUID.

2. MULTI-PART: MULTI-COMPONENT ADHESIVES HARDEN BY MIXING TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS

WHICH CHEMICALLY REACT. THERE ARE SEVERAL COMMERCIAL COMBINATIONS OF MULTI-
COMPONENT ADHESIVES IN USE IN INDUSTRY. SOME OF THESE COMBINATIONS ARE:

➢ POLYESTER RESIN – POLYURETHANE RESIN

➢ POLYOLS – POLYURETHANE RESIN

➢ ACRYLIC POLYMERS – POLYURETHANE RESINS

▪ THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF A MULTI-COMPONENT ADHESIVE ARE NOT ADHESIVE BY NATURE.

THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS REACT WITH EACH OTHER AFTER BEING MIXED AND SHOW FULL
ADHESION ONLY ON CURING. THE MULTI-COMPONENT RESINS CAN BE EITHER SOLVENT-BASED OR
SOLVENT-LESS. THE SOLVENT IS DRIED DURING THE CURING PROCESS.

3. PRE-MIXED AND FROZEN ADHESIVES: PRE-MIXED AND FROZEN ADHESIVES (PMFS) ARE ADHESIVES
THAT ARE MIXED, DEAERATED, PACKAGED, AND FROZEN. THEY ARE KEPT FROZEN AT -80°C IN DRY ICE
WHILE TRANSPORTING IT & STORED AT -40 °C. PMF ADHESIVES ELIMINATE MIXING MISTAKES BY THE END
USER AND REDUCE EXPOSURE OF CURING AGENTS THAT CAN CONTAIN IRRITANTS OR TOXINS.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 BY REACTIVENESS : REACTIVE

4. ONE-PART:

ONE-PART ADHESIVES HARDEN VIA A CHEMICAL REACTION WITH AN EXTERNAL ENERGY

SOURCE, SUCH AS RADIATION, HEAT, AND MOISTURE.

▪ ULTRAVIOLET (UV) LIGHT CURING ADHESIVES, ALSO KNOWN AS LIGHT CURING

MATERIALS (LCM), HAVE BECOME POPULAR WITHIN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR DUE TO
THEIR RAPID CURING TIME AND STRONG BOND STRENGTH.

▪ LIGHT CURING ADHESIVES CAN CURE IN AS LITTLE AS ONE SECOND AND MANY
FORMULATIONS CAN BOND DISSIMILAR SUBSTRATES (MATERIALS) AND WITHSTAND HARSH
TEMPERATURES.

▪ UV LIGHT CURING ADHESIVES NOT ONLY BOND MATERIALS TOGETHER BUT THEY CAN ALSO
BE USED TO SEAL AND COAT PRODUCTS. THEY ARE GENERALLY ACRYLIC-BASED.

▪ HEAT CURING ADHESIVES CONSIST OF A PRE-MADE MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE

COMPONENTS. WHEN HEAT IS APPLIED THE COMPONENTS REACT AND CROSS-LINK.

▪ MOISTURE CURING ADHESIVES CURE WHEN THEY REACT WITH MOISTURE PRESENT ON
THE SUBSTRATE SURFACE OR IN THE AIR.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 BY ORIGIN: NATURAL
NATURAL: NATURAL ADHESIVES ARE PRIMARILY OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN. THESE ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO
AS BIO ADHESIVES. TYPES OF NATURAL ADHESIVES ARE:

▪ ANIMAL GLUE: THE TERM ANIMAL GLUE USUALLY IS CONFINED TO GLUES PREPARED FROM MAMMALIAN
COLLAGEN, THE PRINCIPAL PROTEIN CONSTITUENT OF SKIN, BONE, AND MUSCLE. ANIMAL GLUE TRADITIONALLY
HAS BEEN USED IN WOOD JOINING, BOOK BINDERY, SANDPAPER MANUFACTURE, HEAVY GUMMED TAPES, AND
SIMILAR APPLICATIONS.

▪ CASEIN GLUE: THIS PRODUCT IS MADE BY DISSOLVING CASEIN, A PROTEIN OBTAINED FROM MILK, IN AN AQUEOUS
ALKALINE SOLVENT. CASEIN IS USED TO IMPROVE THE ADHERING CHARACTERISTICS OF PAINTS AND COATINGS.

▪ BLOOD ALBUMEN GLUE: GLUE OF THIS TYPE IS MADE FROM SERUM ALBUMEN, A BLOOD COMPONENT OBTAINABLE
FROM EITHER FRESH ANIMAL BLOOD OR DRIED SOLUBLE BLOOD POWDER TO WHICH WATER HAS BEEN ADDED. A
CONSIDERABLE QUANTITY OF GLUE PRODUCTS FROM BLOOD IS USED IN THE PLYWOOD INDUSTRY.

▪ STARCH AND DEXTRIN: STARCH AND DEXTRIN ARE EXTRACTED FROM CORN, WHEAT, POTATOES, OR RICE.
THEY CONSTITUTE THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF VEGETABLE ADHESIVES, WHICH ARE SOLUBLE OR DISPERSIBLE IN
WATER AND ARE OBTAINED FROM PLANT SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. STARCH AND DEXTRIN GLUES ARE
USED IN CORRUGATED BOARD AND PACKAGING AND AS A WALLPAPER ADHESIVE.

▪ NATURAL GUMS:SUBSTANCES KNOWN AS NATURAL GUMS, WHICH ARE EXTRACTED FROM THEIR NATURAL
SOURCES, ALSO ARE USED AS ADHESIVES. AGAR, A MARINE-PLANT COLLOID (SUSPENSION OF EXTREMELY MINUTE
PARTICLES), IS EXTRACTED BY HOT WATER AND SUBSEQUENTLY FROZEN FOR PURIFICATION. ALGIN IS OBTAINED BY
DIGESTING SEAWEED IN ALKALI AND PRECIPITATING EITHER THE CALCIUM SALT OR ALGINIC ACID. GUM ARABIC IS
HARVESTED FROM ACACIA TREES THAT ARE ARTIFICIALLY WOUNDED TO CAUSE THE GUM TO EXUDE. ANOTHER PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
EXUDATE IS NATURAL RUBBER LATEX, WHICH IS HARVESTED FROM HEVEA TREES. BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 BY ORIGIN: SYNTHETIC
SYNTHETIC: SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES ARE BASED ON ELASTOMERS, THERMOPLASTICS,
EMULSIONS, AND THERMOSETS. THE POLYMER TYPES ARE EMPLOYED IN A NUMBER OF
FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF ADHESIVES. THESE FUNCTIONAL TYPES ARE DESCRIBED BELOW.

▪ CONTACT CEMENTS: CONTACT ADHESIVES OR CEMENTS ARE USUALLY BASED ON SOLVENT

SOLUTIONS OF NEOPRENE. CONTACT CEMENTS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY IN THE ASSEMBLY
OF AUTOMOTIVE PARTS, FURNITURE, LEATHER GOODS, AND DECORATIVE LAMINATES.
THEY ARE EFFECTIVE IN THE BONDING OF PLASTICS.

▪ STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES: STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES ARE ADHESIVES THAT GENERALLY

EXHIBIT GOOD LOAD-CARRYING CAPABILITY, LONG-TERM DURABILITY, AND RESISTANCE
TO HEAT, SOLVENTS, AND FATIGUE. THEY HAVE 6 STRUCTURAL FAMILIES SUCH AS EPOXIES,
POLYURATHANES (PU), ACRYLICS, SURFACE ACTIVATED ACRYLICS, CYANOACRYLATES &
SILICONES.

▪ HOT-MELT ADHESIVES:HOT-MELT ADHESIVES ARE EMPLOYED IN MANY NONSTRUCTURAL

APPLICATIONS. BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC RESINS, WHICH MELT AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES WITHOUT DEGRADING, THESE ADHESIVES ARE APPLIED AS HOT LIQUIDS TO
THE ADHEREND. HOT-MELTS FIND WIDE APPLICATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE AND HOME-
APPLIANCE FIELDS.

▪ PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES AND UV CURED ADHESIVES ALSO COME UNDER THIS

CATEGORY.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 APPLICATIONS & USES

ADHESIVES HAS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE AND HAS VARIOUS USES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY .IT HAS A VERY WIDE
MARKET AND A NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS.

▪ IT IS USED IN THE ADHESION OF CERAMIC TILES.

▪ USED IN CARPET LAYING.

▪ COUNTER TOP LAMINATION AND FIXING OF LAMINATES AND VENEERS ON FURNITURE IN THE INTERIORS. IT IS USED IN THE
FIXING OF DRYWALL LAMINATION

▪ ADHESIVES ARE USED AS THE BONDING LAYER FOR FLOOR FIXING BETWEEN THE EXISTING FLOOR AND THE SUBSTRATE.
FIXING OF VINYL OR RESILIENT FLOORING.

▪ IT FINDS ITS USE IN HVAC E. HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

▪ THEY ARE MIXED IN THE CEMENT USED FOR JOINTS.

▪ THEY ARE VERY USEFUL IN MANUFACTURED HOUSING OR PRE-FABRICATED HOUSING. FIXING OF PRE-FINISHED PANELS.

▪ IT IS USED IN THE FIXING OF ROOFING SYSTEMS AND ROOF TILES.

▪ THEY ARE USED IN SURFACE PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF WALL COVERING OR WALL PAPERS.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ADHESIVE

▪ THEY MUST BEHAVE AS A LIQUID, AT SOME TIME DURING BOND FORMATION, TO FLOW OVER AND WET (MAKE INTIMATE
CONTACT WITH) THE ADHERENTS

▪ THEY FORM SURFACE ATTACHMENT THROUGH ADHESION (THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES)

▪ THEY MUST HARDEN TO CARRY SOMETIMES CONTINUOUS, SOMETIMES VARIABLE LOAD THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES

▪ THEY TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTE LOAD AMONG THE COMPONENTS IN AN ASSEMBLY.

▪ THEY MUST FILL GAPS, CAVITIES, AND SPACES

▪ THEY MUST WORK WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE ASSEMBLY TO PROVIDE A DURABLE PRODUCT

▪ THEY SHOULD ACCOMMODATE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
ADVANTAGES OF USING ADHESIVES

▪ DISSIMILAR MATERIALS CAN BE JOINED

▪ BOND IS CONTINUOUS

▪ LARGE AREAS CAN BE BONDED IN LESS TIME

▪ BONDING IS MORE ACCURATE

▪ ADHESIVES SEAL AND JOIN IN ONE PROCESS

▪ INCREASED PRODUCTION SPEED

▪ BETTER FINISHING AT NO/LOW COSTS

▪ CHOICE OF FAST OR SLOW CURING

▪ EASILY COMBINED WITH OTHER JOINING METHODS

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
ADVANTAGES OF AN ADHESIVE BOND

▪ PROVIDES LARGE STRESS-BEARING AREA.

▪ PROVIDES EXCELLENT FATIGUE STRENGTH.

▪ DAMPS VIBRATION AND ABSORBS SHOCK.

▪ MINIMIZES OR PREVENTS GALVANIC CORROSION BETWEEN DISSIMILAR METALS.

▪ JOINS ALL SHAPES AND THICKNESSES.

▪ PROVIDES SMOOTH CONTOURS.

▪ SEALS JOINTS.

▪ JOINS ANY COMBINATION OF SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR MATERIALS.

▪ OFTEN LESS EXPENSIVE AND FASTER THAN MECHANICAL FASTENING.

▪ HEAT, IF REQUIRED, IS TOO LOW TO AFFECT ADHERING MATERIALS.

▪ PROVIDES GOOD STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
DISADVANTAGES OF AN ADHESIVE BOND

▪ SURFACES MUST BE CAREFULLY CLEANED.

▪ LONG CURE TIMES MAY BE NEEDED.

▪ LIMITATION ON UPPER CONTINUOUS OPERATING TEMPERATURE (GENERALLY 350_F).

▪ HEAT AND PRESSURE MAY BE REQUIRED.

▪ JIGS AND FIXTURES MAY BE NEEDED.

▪ RIGID PROCESS CONTROL USUALLY NECESSARY.

▪ INSPECTION OF FINISHED JOINT DIFFICULT.

▪ USEFUL LIFE DEPENDS ON ENVIRONMENT.

▪ ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ARE NECESSARY.

▪ SPECIAL TRAINING SOMETIMES REQUIRED.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
SEALANTS
 INRODUCTION

▪ ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ARE OFTEN MADE OF SIMILAR

MATERIALS, AND THEY ARE SOMETIMES USED IN SIMILAR
APPLICATIONS. THESE MATERIALS HAVE COMPARABLE
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS AND FAILURE MECHANISMS,
AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF HOW THEY WORK ARE
SIMILAR. THEREFORE, ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ARE
OFTEN CONSIDERED TOGETHER.

▪ A SEALANT IS A VISCOUS MATERIAL THAT CHANGES STATE

TO BECOME RUBBER LIKE COMPOUND, ONCE APPLIED,
AND IS USED TO PREVENT THE PENETRATION OF AIR, GAS,
NOISE, DUST OR LIQUID FROM ONE LOCATION THROUGH A
BARRIER INTO ANOTHER.

▪ TYPICALLY, SEALANTS ARE USED TO CLOSE SMALL

OPENINGS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO SEAL WITH OTHER
MATERIALS, SUCH AS CONCRETE, DRYWALL, ETC.
NATURALLY OCCURRING, BITUMEN OR ASPHALT
MATERIALS HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED AS SEALANTS FOR
MANY CENTURIES.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 WHY JOINTS ARE REQUIRED OR NEEDED?

▪ CONCRETE IS A RIGID MATERIAL IN NATURE WITH LOW FLEXURAL

STRENGTH MADE UP OF INORGANIC BINDER CEMENT, SAND,
GRAVEL AND WATER.

▪ CONCRETE IS AFFECTED DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS.

CARBONATION MAY TAKE PLACE AND THE OVERALL EFFECT MAY BE
CONTRACTION BECAUSE OF ITS DRYING AND SHRINKAGE.
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION MAY OCCUR DUE TO CHANGE IN
CYCLIC EFFECTS OR CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS LIKE
HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE OR THE EXTRA LOAD ON TO
CRACKING.

▪ JOINTS ARE PROVIDED IN THE CONCRETE TO PREVENT

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRA STRESSES IN THE CONCRETE
STRUCTURES WHICH LEAD TO EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION DUE
TO MOISTURE CHANGES, TEMPERATURE VARIATION, ETC OR LOADS
AND VIBRATIONS.

▪ IF CONTRACTION MOVEMENTS, BOTH PERMANENT AND TRANSIENT

OF CONCRETE UNITS ARE MORE, THEN IT LEADS TO CRACKING.
SEALANT ACCOMMODATES THESE MOVEMENTS IN CONCRETE
WITHOUT LOSS OF INTEGRITY IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 WHY JOINT SEALING IS NEEDED?

▪ CONSIDERING THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION & CONSTRUCTION JOINTS IN THE CONCRETE
STRUCTURE, GAP (EXPANSION JOINTS), HAS TO BE SEALED IN ORDER TO PREVENT PASSAGE OF GASES, LIQUIDS, SOLIDS OR
OTHER UNDESIRED SUBSTANCES IN TO THE GAP OR THROUGH THEM. IN BUILDING STRUCTURES, TO PROTECT A GAP IS VERY
IMPORTANT TO PREVENT THE ENTRY OF WIND AND RAINWATER IN TO THE GAPS OR OPENINGS.

▪ IN CASE OF WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES, E.G. TANKS, DAMS, CANALS, PIPES, ETC. JOINTS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SEALED
TO PREVENT THE LOSS OF WATER DUE TO LEAKAGE.

▪ IN CASE OF ROADS OR BRIDGES, WHICH ARE EXPOSED TO EXTREME WEATHER, THE CONCRETE ITSELF MUST BE PROTECTED
AGAINST THE DAMAGE FROM ALL THE POSSIBILITIES OF WATER AT THE JOINTS OPENINGS.

▪ THE SOLID MATERIAL MUST BE PREVENTED FROM FALLING AND COLLECTING IN THE OPEN JOINTS IF SO THE JOINTS
CANNOT CONTRACT FREELY LATER. IF IT OCCURS THEN HIGH STRESS MAY BE GENERATED AND CAN DAMAGE THE
CONCRETE STRUCTURE.

▪ IN CASE OF HIGHWAYS THE JOINTS ARE NEEDED TO BE STRENGTHENED AND SEALED TO PREVENT THE DAMAGE FROM
HEAVY TRAFFIC. HENCE, THE FUNCTION OF A SEALANT IS TO RESTRICT THE ENTRY OF WATER, SOLIDS, GASES AND TO
PROTECT THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE FROM THEM.

▪ THE MAIN FUNCTION OF SEALANT IS TO IMPROVE THERMAL ACTIONS, ABSORPTION OF THE VIBRATIONS AND PREVENT
UNWANTED MATTER BEING COLLECTED IN THE JOINTS. THE SEALANT MUST WORK AS ITS PRIME FUNCTION WHEN IT IS
SUBJECTED TO REPEATED CONTRACTION AND EXPANSIONS AS THE JOINT OPENS AND CLOSES CONSTANTLY WHILE
EXPOSED TO THE WEATHER CONDITIONS.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 DESIGN OF JOINT AND TYPES OF JOINTS
THE WORKING OF THE JOINT SEALANTS DEPENDS ON THE MOVEMENT
TO BE ACCOMMODATED AT THE JOINT, ON THE SHAPE OF THE JOINT
AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEALANT. THE LOCATION AND
THE WIDTH OF THE JOINTS THAT REQUIRES THE SEALING CAN ONLY BE
SPECIFIED WHEN A SEALANT IS AVAILABLE WHICH WILL TAKE THE
REQUIRED MOVEMENTS AND JOINT SHAPE, OR THE CONCRETE
STRUCTURE MUST BE REDESIGNED TO REDUCE THE MOVEMENTS AT
THE JOINTS.
▪ THE TYPE OF SEALANT AVAILABLE MUST MEET THE REQUIREMENT
OF JOINT DESIGN AND SHAPE.
▪ IF THE SEALANTS ARE TO BE PERFORMED WELL IN THE JOINTS THEN
IT SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
1. IT MUST BE AN IMPERMEABLE MATERIAL.
2. IT MUST BE INSOLUBLE AND CORROSION RESISTANT.
3. IT MUST ACCOMMODATE THE MOVEMENT AND THE DEGREE OF
MOVEMENTS OCCURRING AT THE JOINT BY DEFORMATION.
4. IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF ACCOMMODATING THE MOVEMENT FOR
CYCLIC CHANGES LIKE TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, VIBRATIONS ETC.
5. IT SHOULD HAVE STRONG ADHESION WITH THE JOINT FACES AND
THERE SHOULD NOT BE ANY PEELING AT THE CORNERS WHEN THERE IS
A DEFLECTION OF JOINTS.
6. IT SHOULD HAVE A GOOD IMPACT WITHOUT COHESION FAILURE,
MUST RESIST THE LOAD, STRESS DUE TO COMPRESSION, TENSION AND
IMPACT.
7. MUST RESIST FLOW DUE TO GRAVITY.
8. THE SEALANTS SHOULD BE IN EITHER THERMOPLASTIC OR
THERMOSETTING IN NATURE DEPENDING UPON THE SPECIFICATION
PROVIDED.
9. IT SHOULD HAVE GOOD FIRE RESISTANCE AND FUEL RESISTANCE.
10. SHOULD HAVE A PARTIAL REPARABILITY AND LOW MAINTENANCE
COST.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 DESIGN MOVEMENT
OF SEALANTS

▪ JOINT MOVEMENT CAPABILITY OF A SEALANT IS DETERMINED BY THE PERCENTAGE OF MOVEMENT BETWEEN

THE SUBSTRATES TO BE SEALED. NARROWER JOINTS PROVIDE LESS MOVEMENT THAN WIDER JOINTS.

▪ GOOD ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE CALLS FOR JOINT DESIGN OF FOUR TIMES THE ANTICIPATED MOVEMENT DUE
TO CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES AND MATERIAL VARIATIONS.

▪ USE JOINTS GREATER THAN THE MINIMUM OF .25”, SINCE WIDER JOINTS CAN ACCOMMODATE MORE
MOVEMENT THAN NARROW JOINTS AND CAN ALSO RESULT IN A GREATER JOINT SPACING.

▪ USE A SEALANT BACKING OR BOND BREAKER TAPE TO ELIMINATE “THREE-SIDED ADHESION.” THE SEALANT
SHOULD BOND ONLY TO THE SUBSTRATES THAT WILL BE MOVING.

▪ IN JOINTS UP TO 0.5”USE A 1:1 WIDTH TO DEPTH RATIO AND JOINTS WIDER THAN .5” USE A 2:1 WIDTH TO DEPTH
RATIO TO ACCOMMODATE MOVEMENT.

▪ FOR A JOINT SIZE LARGER THAN 1 INCH, THE DEPTH SHOULD BE KEPT TO BETWEEN .375” TO 0.5”.

▪ EXCESSIVE SEALANT DEPTH WILL RESULT IN COMPROMISED SEALANT MOVEMENT CAPABILITY.

▪ A SEALANT JOINT SHOULD NOT BE GREATER IN WIDTH THAN 2 INCHES WITHOUT CONSULTING PECORA
TECHNICAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT.

▪ THE NUMBER AND SPACING OF JOINTS IS CRITICAL TO PERFORMANCE.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
COMMON METHODS OF JOINT SEALING

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 TYPES OF SEALANTS

TYPES OF SEALANTS FALL BETWEEN THE HIGHER-STRENGTH, ADHESIVE-DERIVED SEALERS AND COATINGS AT ONE END, AND EXTREMELY LOW-
STRENGTH PUTTIES, WAXES, AND CAULKS AT THE OTHER. PUTTIES AND CAULKS SERVE ONLY ONE FUNCTION – I.E., TO TAKE UP SPACE AND FILL
VOIDS. SILICONE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SEALANT - AND HAS A PROVEN LONG LIFE AND IS UNAFFECTED BY UV OR EXTREMES OF WEATHER OR
TEMPERATURE.

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF SEALANTS INCLUDE:

▪ ACRYLIC RESINS ▪ POLYURETHANE SEALANTS

▪ BUTYL RUBBER ▪ POLYSULFIDE SEALANTS

▪ EPOXY THERMOSETS ▪ RUBBER SEALANTS

▪ EXPANDING FOAM ▪ SILICONE SEALANT

▪ HOT WAX ▪ URETHANE SEALANTS

▪ LATEX SEALANTS ▪ VARNISH

▪ METAL SEALANTS

▪ PAINT SEALANTS

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR SEALANTS:

GENERIC BASE TYPICAL USES

OIL SMALL WOODEN WINDOW SASH
OIL & RESIN METAL WINDOWS
BUTYLE (NONCURING) WITH POLYBUTENE FOR METAL BUILDINGS, SLIP JOINTS, INTERLOCKING CURTAIN-WALL JOINTS,
SOUND DEADENING, TAPES
BUTYLE (CURING) HOME SEALANTS, REPAIR OF LOCK-STRIP GASKETS, TAPES; WITH RESINS FOR HOT MELTS ON
INSULATING GLASS
POLYISOBUTYLENE (ASPHALTS WITH PRIMARY SEAL ON INSULATING GLASS ASPHALTS WITH BITUMEN ON GUTTERS, DRIVEWAY REPAIR;
BITUMEN) WITH NEOPRENE ON GUTTERS, WATER STOPS, AND ADHESIVES
ACRYLICS (NONPLASTICIZED) WATER-BASED FOR INTERIOR-USE JOINTS ON WALLBOARD
ACRYLICS (PLASTICIZED) CAULKS FOR EXTERIOR JOINTS ON LOW-RISE HOUSING, WITH GOOD MOVEMENT CAPABILITIES,
EXCELLENT WEATHERING
ACRYLICS (SOLVENT BASED) EXTERIOR JOINTS ON HIGH-RISE CONSTRUCTION, AROUND DOORS AND WINDOWS WITH LOW
MOVEMENT
BLOCK COPOLYMER (SOLVENT-BASED) FOR LOW-RISE BUILDINGS WITH GOOD MOVEMENT
HYPALON (SOLVENT-BASED) EXTERIOR JOINTS ON HIGH-RISE CONSTRUCTION, AROUND DOORS AND WINDOWS

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR SEALANTS:
GENERIC BASE TYPICAL USES
PVC-COAL-TAR AS A HOT MELT ON AIRFIELD RUNWAYS AND HIGHWAYS
POLYSULFIDE (ONE PART) HIGH-RISE BUILDING JOINTS
POLYSULFIDE (TWO HIGH-RISE BUILDING JOINTS, AIRCRAFT FUEL TANKS, BOATING, INSULATING, GLASS SEALANT FOR REMEDIAL HOUSING; WITH COAL TAR
PART) FOR AIRPORT APRONS
URETHANE (ONE PART) HIGH-RISE BUIDING JOINTS
URETHANE (ONE PART) HIGH-RISE BUILDING JOINTS, INSULATING GLASS SEALANT, WITH COAL TAR AND ASPHALT FOR MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING
COMPOUNDS
SILICONE (ONE PART) LOW AND MEDIUM MODULUS FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING JOINTS; LOW MODULUS FOR HIGHWAYS AND DIFFICULT BUILDING JOINTS;
MEDIUM AND HIGH MODULUS FOR INSULATING GLASS WITH POLYISOBUTYLENE; STRUCTURAL GLAZING; HOME USE AS BATHTUB
CAULK
SILICONE (TWO PART) MOSTLY IN-PLANT USE OF PREFAB UNITS AND INSULATING GLASS
NEOPRENE FIRE-RESISTANT GASKETS, LOCK-STRIP GASKETS, FOAM GASKETS
EPDM (NITRILE) GASKETS, LOCK-STRIP GASKETS, FOAM GASKETS
EPDM (SOLVENT BASED) FOR SMALL CRACKS AND NARROW JOINTS
EPOXY MOLDING, SEALING TRANSFORMERS; HIGH-VOLTAGE SPLICING, CAPACITOR SEALANT; WITH POLYMERS AS A CONCRETE COATING ON
BRIDGES
POLYESTER POTTING, MOLDING, AND ENCAPSULATING

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
COMPARISON BETWEEN ADHESIVES & SEALENTS
ADHESIVES
• ADHESIVES ARE GENERALLY MADE TO MAKE TWO
SURFACES STICK TOGETHER SO THAT THE SURFACES
CAN’T BE SEPARATED.
• ADHESIVES ARE MEANT TO STICK TWO THINGS TOGETHER
BY ADHESION.
• ADHESIVES DON’T DRY PROPERLY WHEN USED ON AN
EXTERIOR SURFACE
• ADHESIVES ARE IN LIQUID FORM WHICH BECOME SOLID
AFTER APPLICATION AND THEN USED TO BIND MATERIALS
TOGETHER.
• ADHESIVE WILL OFFER A MORE RIGID AND DURABLE FEEL
AND LOOK
SEALANTS
• SEALANTS ARE DESIGNED TO CLOSE GAPS BETWEEN
SURFACES AND PREVENT THINGS LIKE DUST, WATER OR
DIRT FROM ENTERING IT.
• SEALANTS HAVE LOWER STRENGTH AND HIGH
ELONGATION/FLEXIBILITY AND ARE NOT USED TO BOND
MATERIALS TOGETHER
• SEALANTS DON’T ALWAYS HAVE THE STICKING POWER
NEEDED FOR LONG-TERM ADHESION
• SEALANTS HAVE A PASTE LIKE CONSISTENCY WHICH
ALLOWS FILLING OF GAPS BETWEEN SUBSTRATES AND
HAS LOW SHRINKAGE AFTER APPLICATION.
• SEALANTS ARE LOWER IN STRENGTH AND FAR MORE
MALLEABLE.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19