PROF.

APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 INTRODUCTION

METALS AND ALLOYS ARE MATERIALS THAT ARE TYPICALLY HARD, MALLEABLE, AND HAVE GOOD ELECTRICAL
AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. ALLOYS ARE MADE BY MELTING TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS TOGETHER, AT LEAST
ONE OF THEM A METAL. THEY HAVE PROPERTIES THAT IMPROVE THOSE OF THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS, SUCH
GREATER STRENGTH OR RESISTANCE TO CORROSION.

METALS USED FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES INCLUDE

• LEAD, FOR WATER PIPES, ROOFING, AND WINDOWS;
• TIN, FORMED INTO TINPLATE;

• ZINC, COPPER AND ALUMINIUM, IN A RANGE OF APPLICATIONS INCLUDING ROOFING AND DECORATION; AND
• IRON, WHICH HAS STRUCTURAL AND OTHER USES IN THE FORM OF CAST IRON OR WROUGHT IRON, OR MADE INTO STEEL.
• METAL ALLOYS USED IN BUILDING INCLUDE BRONZE (MAINLY COPPER AND TIN); BRASS (COPPER AND ZINC); MONEL
METAL AND NICKEL SILVER, MAINLY CONSISTING OF NICKEL AND COPPER; AND STAINLESS STEEL, WITH IMPORTANT
COMPONENTS OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
TYPES OF METALS

TWO TYPES OF METALS ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION:

1. FERROUS METALS - CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON, MILD STEEL, HIGH CARBON STEEL,
STAINLESS STEEL

2. NON- FERROUS METALS- COPPER, ALUMINUM, ALLOYS OF COPPER AND ALUMINIUM

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BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 FERROUS METALS

• IRON HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING

COMPONENT.

• IT HAS BEEN USED IN FOUR COMMON FORMS: WROUGHT IRON,

CAST IRON, SHEET IRON, AND STEEL.

• IRON IS PRODUCED FROM IRON ORE THAT OCCURS CHIEFLY IN

NATURE AS AN OXIDE, THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT OXIDES BEING
HEMATITE AND MAGNETITE. IRON ORE IS REDUCED TO PIG IRON IN
A BLAST FURNACE, AND THE IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED IN THE
FORM OF SLAG.

• RAW MATERIALS CHARGED INTO THE FURNACE INCLUDE IRON

ORE, COKE, AND LIMESTONE. THE PIG IRON PRODUCED IS USED TO
MANUFACTURE STEEL OR CAST IRON.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 CAST IRON
•

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 WROUGHT IRON
• WROUGHT IRON WAS USED FOR MINOR STRUCTURAL AND
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS STARTING IN THE 18TH CENTURY.
• UNTIL THE MID-19TH CENTURY, THE USE OF WROUGHT IRON
IN BUILDINGS WAS GENERALLY LIMITED TO SMALL ITEMS
SUCH AS TIE RODS, STRAPS, NAILS, AND HARDWARE, OR
TO DECORATIVE IRONWORK IN BALCONIES, RAILINGS
FENCES AND GATES.
• AROUND 1850 ITS STRUCTURAL USE BECAME MORE
WIDESPREAD AS IRON MILLS BEGAN TO ROLL RAILS, BULB-
TEES, AND EVENTUALLY I-BEAMS.
• IT WAS ALSO USED FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES, SUCH AS
ORNAMENTAL BALCONIES OR HARDWARE.
• SINCE WROUGHT IRON IS HANDMADE, NO TWO PIECES
ARE IDENTICAL.
• WROUGHT IRON CAN BE GAS AND ARC WELDED,
MACHINED, PLATED, AND IS EASILY FORMED.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

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STEEL
• A FORM OF IRON, STEEL IS ONE OF THE FERROUS
METALS THAT CONTAINS LESS CARBON THAN CAST
IRON, BUT
CONSIDERABLY MORE THAN WROUGHT IRON.
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE MID-
19TH CENTURY ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION OF TALL
BUILDINGS.
• STEEL IS USED TO MAKE NAILS, RIVETS, GEARS,
STRUCTURAL STEEL, ROLES, DESKS, HOODS, FENDERS,
CHISELS, HAMMERS, ETC.
• STEEL CAN BE MACHINED, WELDED, AND FORGED,
ALL TO VARYING DEGREES, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE
OF STEEL.
• VARIETIES OF STEEL DEPEND ON THE CARBON
CONTAINT IN IT. SUCH VARIETIES ARE: MEDIUM-
CARBON STEEL (MILD STEEL), HIGH-CARBON STEEL &
STAINLESS STEEL.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 MILD STEEL
• MILD STEEL (IRON CONTAINING A SMALL
PERCENTAGE OF CARBON), ALSO KNOWN
AS PLAIN-CARBON STEEL AND LOW-
CARBON STEEL, IS THE MOST COMMON
FORM OF STEEL BECAUSE ITS PRICE IS
RELATIVELY LOW WHILE IT PROVIDES
MATERIAL PROPERTIES THAT ARE
ACCEPTABLE FOR MANY APPLICATIONS.
• MILD STEEL CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY
0.05–0.25% CARBON MAKING IT MALLEABLE
AND DUCTILE.
• MILD STEEL HAS A RELATIVELY LOW TENSILE
STRENGTH, BUT IT IS CHEAP AND EASY TO
FORM.
• IT IS USED FOR GENERAL MACHINING AND
FORGING OF PARTS THAT REQUIRE SURFACE
HARDNESS AND STRENGTH.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 HIGH CARBON STEEL

• HIGH-CARBON STEEL (CARBON CONTENT

RANGING FROM 0.50 TO 0.90 PERCENT) IS
USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DRILLS,
TAPS, DIES, SPRINGS, AND OTHER MACHINE
TOOLS AND HAND TOOLS THAT ARE HEAT
TREATED AFTER FABRICATION TO DEVELOP
THE HARD STRUCTURE NECESSARY TO
WITHSTAND HIGH SHEAR STRESS AND
WEAR.
• IT IS MANUFACTURED IN BAR, SHEET, AND
WIRE FORMS, AND IN THE ANNEALED OR
NORMALIZED CONDITION IN ORDER TO BE
SUITABLE FOR MACHINING BEFORE HEAT
TREATMENT.
• THIS STEEL IS DIFFICULT TO WELD BECAUSE
OF THE HARDENING EFFECT OF HEAT AT THE
WELDED JOINT.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 STAINLESS STEEL
• STAINLESS STEEL IS A STEEL ALLOY WITH A MINIMUM
OF 10.5% CHROMIUM CONTENT BY MASS AND A
MAXIMUM OF 1.2% CARBON BY MASS.
• STAINLESS STEELS ARE MOST NOTABLE FOR
THEIR CORROSION RESISTANCE.
• STAINLESS STEEL'S RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND
STAINING, LOW MAINTENANCE, AND FAMILIAR
LUSTER MAKE IT AN IDEAL MATERIAL FOR MANY
APPLICATIONS WHERE BOTH THE STRENGTH OF
STEEL AND CORROSION RESISTANCE ARE
REQUIRED.
• STAINLESS STEELS ARE ROLLED INTO SHEETS, PLATES,
BARS, WIRE, AND TUBING TO BE USED
IN: COOKWARE, CUTLERY, SURGICAL
INSTRUMENTS, MAJOR APPLIANCES;
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL IN LARGE BUILDINGS,
SUCH AS THE CHRYSLER BUILDING; INDUSTRIAL
EQUIPMENT; AND STORAGE TANKS AND TANKERS
FOR CHEMICALS AND FOOD PRODUCTS.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 COLD ROLLED & HOT ROLLED STEEL
• ROLLING IS A METAL FORMING PROCESS IN WHICH METAL STOCK IS PASSED THROUGH ONE OR MORE PAIRS
OF ROLLS TO REDUCE THE THICKNESS AND TO MAKE THE THICKNESS UNIFORM.
• THE CONCEPT IS SIMILAR TO THE ROLLING OF DOUGH.
• ROLLING IS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE METAL ROLLED.
• IF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE METAL IS ABOVE ITS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE, THEN THE PROCESS IS
KNOWN AS HOT ROLLING. HOT ROLLING IS USED MAINLY TO PRODUCE SHEET METAL OR SIMPLE CROSS-
SECTIONS, SUCH AS RAIL TRACKS. OTHER TYPICAL USES FOR HOT-ROLLED METAL[13]:
➢ PIPES AND TUBES, WATER HEATERS
➢ AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT, COMPRESSOR SHELLS, METAL BUILDINGS
➢ RAILROAD HOPPER CARS AND RAILCAR COMPONENTS
➢ DOORS AND SHELVING, GUARD RAILS FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS

• IF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE METAL IS BELOW ITS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE, THE PROCESS IS KNOWN
AS COLD ROLLING. TYPICAL USES FOR COLD-ROLLED STEEL INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE, DESKS, FILING CABINETS,
TABLES, CHAIRS,COMPUTER CABINETS AND HARDWARE, HOME APPLIANCES AND COMPONENTS, SHELVING,
LIGHTING FIXTURES, HINGES, TUBING, ELECTRONIC CABINETRY, WATER HEATERS, METAL CONTAINERS, FAN
BLADES, FRYING PANS, WALL AND CEILING MOUNT KITS.
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
HOT ROLLED STEEL

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COLD ROLLED & HOT ROLLED STEEL

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 VARIOUS FORMS OF STEEL AVAILABLE IN MARKET
FOLLOWING ARE THE STANDARD SHAPES IN WHICH THE ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET:
(1) ANGLE SECTIONS

(2) CHANNEL SECTIONS

(3) CORRUGATED SHEETS

(4) EXPANDED METAL

ANGLE SECTIONS CHANNEL SECTIONS CORRUGATED SHEETS EXPANDED METAL
(5) FLAT BARS

(6) I-SELECTIONS

(7) PLATES

(8) RIBBED-TORSTEEL BARS

(9) ROUND BARS

FLAT BARS I SECTIONS RIBBED-TORSTEEL BARS ROUND BARS
(10) SQUARE BARS

(11) T-SECTIONS.

T SECTIONS PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 NON- FERROUS METALS

• A NON-FERROUS METAL IS A METAL,

INCLUDING ALLOYS, THAT DOES NOT
CONTAIN IRON (FERRITE) IN APPRECIABLE
AMOUNTS.
• GENERALLY MORE COSTLY
THAN FERROUS METALS ARE USED BECAUSE
OF DESIRABLE PROPERTIES SUCH AS LOW
WEIGHT, HIGHER CONDUCTIVITY, NON-
MAGNETIC PROPERTY OR RESISTANCE TO
CORROSION.
• IMPORTANT NON-FERROUS METALS
INCLUDE ALUMINIUM,
COPPER, LEAD, NICKEL, TIN, TITANIUM AND
ZINC, AND ALLOYS SUCH
AS BRASS. PRECIOUS METALS SUCH
AS GOLD, SILVER AND PLATINUM.

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19
 COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS
• COPPER IS A VERY DURABLE METAL, WITHSTANDING CORROSION WHEN
FORMING A BLUISH GREEN PATINA THAT VARIABLY CONSISTS OF
COPPER CARBONATES, SULPHATES, SULPHIDES, AND CHLORIDES.
• SHEET COPPER USED AS ROOFING IS LIGHTER THAN WOODEN SHINGLES AND
MUCH LIGHTER THAN SLATE, TILE, OR LEAD.
• ROOFING COPPER CAN BE FOLDED READILY INTO WATERPROOF SEAMS, OR
SHAPED OVER CURVED FRAMEWORKS FOR CUPOLAS AND DOMES.
• COPPER COULD ALSO BE SHAPED TO THE BENDS AND ANGLES AROUND
CHIMNEYS AND AT ROOF EDGES AND DORMERS.
• ALL NAILS, SCREWS, BOLTS, AND CLEATS USED WITH SHEET COPPER MUST BE
MADE OF COPPER OR A COPPER ALLOY, OTHERWISE GALVANIC ACTION
BETWEEN THE DISSIMILAR METALS WOULD OCCUR, CAUSING DETERIORATION.
• COPPER ALLOYS USED IN ARCHITECTURE INCLUDE BRONZE, AN ALLOY OF
COPPER AND TIN, AND BRASS, AN ALLOY OF COPPER AND ZINC.
• BRASS IS THE GENERIC TERM FOR A RANGE OF COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS.
• BRONZE ALLOYS ARE MADE FROM COPPER AND TIN.
• GUNMETALS ARE ALLOYS OF COPPER WITH TIN, ZINC AND LEAD.
• NICKEL-SILVER ALLOYS ARE MADE FROM COPPER, NICKEL AND ZINC, AND
PROF. APOORVA GIJARE
CAN BE REGARDED AS SPECIAL BRASSES.
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ALUMINIUM
• ALUMINIUM IS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CORROSION.
• IT ALSO HAS THE ADDED BENEFIT OF BEING A THIRD LIGHTER THAN
STEEL WITH COMPARABLE STRENGTH.
• ALUMINIUM CAN ALSO BE EASILY AND REPEATEDLY RECYCLED.
• ALUMINIUM WAS UNAVAILABLE AT REASONABLE COST OR IN
SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES FOR GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL USE UNTIL
AFTER THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARCHITECTURAL USE OF
ALUMINIUM INCREASED IN THE 1920S, MAINLY FOR DECORATIVE
DETAILING.
• IT WAS USED FOR ROOFING, FLASHING, GUTTERS, DOWNSPOUTS,
WALL PANELS, AND SPANDRELS.
• THE FIRST EXTENSIVE USE OF ALUMINIUM IN CONSTRUCTION WAS
THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, WHERE THE ENTIRE TOWER PORTION IS
ALUMINIUM, AS WELL AS MANY DECORATIVE FEATURES, SUCH AS THE
ENTRANCES, ELEVATOR DOORS, ORNAMENTAL TRIM &
WINDOW SPANDRELS.
• ALUMINUM IN DIFFERENT FORMS ARE USED AS: ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS, PACKAGING, HIGH PRESSURE GAS CYLINDERS,
DOMESTIC AND OFFICE FURNITURE.
CONNECTION DETAILS OF VARIOUS METALS

PROF. APOORVA GIJARE

BTM VI_TYBARCH_SECTION-B_2018-19