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CHE 451 Presentation
CHE 451 Presentation
GROUP 1 PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY/MATHEMATICAL PROOFS
4. EXAMPLES/CALCULATIONS
5. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Generally, distillation process deals with the
separation of mixtures (particularly liquid mixtures)
into their various components by the application of
heat. In this technique, separation is based on the
differences in volatilities of the constituents of the
mixture, and is carried out by partial vaporization of
the feed followed by condensation.
Considering a typical distillation column; the
feed(liquid mixture) enters at a suitable point into
the tower, the reboiler normally heated by steam
partially vaporizes the liquid received from the
bottom of the column . the vapor flows up through
the trays and leaves at the top and enters into an
overhead condenser.
A part of the condensate is withdrawn as the
top product(distillate) and the rest is fed back into
the top tray as REFLUX
Hence reflux ratio can be defined as the
ratio of the reflux (liquid being returned to the
top tray after the condensation of vapor); to the
distillate or top product withdrawn.
This can be expressed mathematically as;
R= L/D
Where: R= reflux ratio
L= liquid returned to the top tray
D= distillate(top product).
Ym=(Lm/Vm)Xm+1 -(W/Vm)Xw
Also R=Ln/d
Thus, (D/Vn)=(D/Ln+D)
D/Vn=(D/D)/(Ln/D)+(D/D) = 1/(R+1)
Yn=(R/(R+1))Xn+1 + (1/(R+1))Xd
Hence slope = R/(R+1)
And intercept = 1/(R+1)
USEFUL DEDUCTIONS
At conditions of total reflux, minimum number
of plate is required
At minimum reflux ratio many plates are used.
Hence: Reflux ratio(R)is proportional to the
number of plates i.e the higher the “R” the
smaller /lower the number of trays/plates and
vice-versa.
EXAMPLES
A mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40
mole per cent benzene is to be separated to
give a
product containing 90 mole per cent benzene at
the top, and a bottom product containing not
more
than 10 mole per cent benzene. The feed enters
the column at its boiling point, and the vapour
leaving the column which is condensed but not
cooled, provides reflux and product. It is
proposed
to operate the unit with a reflux ratio of 3
kmol/kmol product. It is required to find the
number
of theoretical plates needed and the position of
entry for the feed.
Question 1
a.)If R= 5, find the number of theoretical plates
needed for the distillation process.
b.) Comment on the effect of reflux ratio on the
system by comparison i.e R= 3 and at R=5
Solution
a.) Ln= RD = 5 x 37.5 =187.5Kmol
Vn= L+D= 187+ 37.5 =225Kmol
TOLE
Yn=(R/(R+1))Xm+1 +(Xd/(R+1))
Yn=(5/(5+1)Xm+1 + (0.9/(5+1))
Yn= 0.833Xm+1 0.15
From BOLE
1.192Xm+1 – 0.0192
From McCabe-Thiele method
It was found that the number of theoretical
plate = 6
Solution
If R= 1.5 using Lewis-Sorel method,
TOLE
Ln= RD =1.5 x 37.5= 56.25
Vn= Ln + D=56.25+ 37.5=93.75
Yn= (Lm/Vn)Xn+1 + (D/Vn)Xd
Yn= (56.25/93.75)Xn+1 + (37.5/93.75)0.9
Yn= 0.6Xn+1 + 0.36
BOLE
Lm=Ln+ F
56.25 + 100= 156.25Kmol
Vm= Lm- W
Vm= 156.25 – 62.5
Vm= 93.75Kmol
Ym= (Lm/Vm)Xm+1 – (W/Vm)Xw
(156.25/93.75)Xm+1 – (62.5/93.75)0.1
Ym= 1.667Xm+1 – 0.0667
BOLE
Yn-7= 1.667(0.39)- 0.0667= 0.583
Xn-7= 0.37
Yn-8= 1.667(0.37) – 0.0667 = 0.556
Xn-8 = 0.35
Yn-9 = 1.667(0.35)- 0.0667= 0.517
Xn-9 = 0.312
Yn-10= 1.667(0.312)- 0.0667= 0.453
Xn-10= 0.262
Yn-11=1.667(0.262) – 0.0667= 0.370
Xn-11= 0.198
Yn-12= 1.667(0.196) - 0.0667= 0.260
Yn-13= 1.667(0.110) – 0.0667= 0.117
Xn-13= 0.04
R=3 R=1.5
Yn Xn Yn Xn
0.818 0.644 0.828 0.660
0.708 0.492 0.756 0.575
0.594 0.382 0.705 0.510
0.498 0.298 0.666 0.451
CONCLUSION
Any change in the value of R will modify the
slope of the Top operating Line