LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

3.1 Cam Follower Mechanism 22
3.2 (a) An Oscillating Cam Follower 23
3.2 (b) A Translating Follower 23
3.3 (a) Radial Cam 23
3.3 (b) Wedge Cam 23
3.3 (c) Barrel Cam 24
3.3 (d) End Cam 24
3.4 (a) Flat Faced Follower 25
3.4(b) Mushroom Follower 25
3.4(c) Roller Follower 25
3.5 (a) Farm Closed Cam with Translating Follower Link 25
3.5 (b) Farm Closed Cam with Oscillating Follower Link 25
3.6 A Conjugate Cam Pair 26
3.7 Offset Follower 26
3.8 Cam Nomenclature 27
3.9 Conventional Overhead Valve Train 30
3.10 Graph Showing the Positions of Valves 30
3.11 Lumped Parameter Model 32
3.12 Springs in Series 34
3.13 Springs in Parallel 34
3.14 Dampers in Series 36
3.15 Dampers in Parallel 36
3.16 Physical System with Pinned Lever 36
3.17 Equivalent System 37
3.18 An OHC Valve Train with Flat Faced Follower 37
3.19 The Valve Train Model 38
3.20 Typical Cam Design Problem 41
3.21 Jamming of Translating Roller Follower 42
3.22 (a) Schematic Representation of the Translating Roller 43
Follower
3.22 (b) Details of the Follower Cam and Guide 43

VIII
3.23 Free Body Diagrams of Follower for Various Force 43
Situations
3.24 Curvature of a Curve 47
3.25 Effect of Curvature on Cam and Roller Follower 49
3.26 Stress Distribution on Cam - Roller Follower and 50
Flat faced Follower
3.27 Constant Velocity Curve 53
3.28 Constant Acceleration Curve 54
3.29 Cubic Curve 54
3.30 Cycloidal Motion Curve 55
3.31 Simple Harmonic Motion Curve 56
3.32 Five Point Curve Approximated Using the Blending 60
Functions
3.33 Local Modification of a B - Spline Curve 62
3.34 A B - Spline Curve and its Corresponding Control 65
Polygon
3.35 B - Spline Curves with Same Control Points but 66
Different Degree
3.36 The Local Control Property of B - Spline Curves 66
3.37 B-Spline Representation 72
4.1 An Illustration of the Single Point Cross-over 78
Operation
4.2 An Illustration of the Mutation Operator 78
4.3 A Flow Chart of Working Principle of a Genetic Algorithm 79
4.4 Tubular Column under Compression 82
4.5 A Typical Cross - section of Column 83
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4.6 Convergence of Genetic Algorithm 92

5.1 An Illustration of the Concept of Pareto - Optimal 94
Solutions
5.2 Classification of a Population of Solutions into 100
Different Non-dominating Levels
5.3 The Crowding Distance Calculation 100
5.4 Follower Lift Curve - B - Spline Representation 112
5.5 Randomly Generated Cam Profiles 112
5.6 Cam Profiles with Rank and Crowding Distance 113
Values
5.7 Cam Profiles in the Mating Pool after Selection 113
IX
5.8 Principle of Cross-over Operator 114
5.9 Principle of Mutation Operator 114
5.10 Cam Profiles in the Mate Population 115
5.11 Cam Profiles in the Global Population 115
5.12 Cam Profiles in the New Population 116
5.13 Cam Profiles at the End of Last Generation 116
5.14 Weight Vectors of Cam Profiles at the End of 117
Last Generation
5.15 Cam Profile Design 118
6.1 Optimized Valve Displacement 136
6.2 Valve Velocity 136
6.3 Valve Acceleration 137
6.4 Valve Jerk 137
6.5 Valve Ping Profile 138
6.6 Cam Profile Displacement 138
6.7 Cam Profile Velocity 139
6.8 Cam Profile Acceleration 139
6.9 Pressure Angle on the Cam Profile 140
6.10 Radius of Curvature of the Cam Profile 140
6.11 Force Acting on the Cam and Follower 141
6.12 Surface Compressive Stress of Cam and Follower Surfaces 141
6.13 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 50th Generation 142
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6.14 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 100 Generation 142
6.15 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 150th Generation 143
6.16 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 200th Generation 143
6.17 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 250th Generation 144
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6.18 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 300 Generation 144
6.19 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 350th Generation 145
6.20 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 400th Generation 145
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6.21 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 450 Generation 146
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6.22 Non-dominated Solutions at the End of 500 Generation 146
6.23 Non-dominated Solutions at Different Generations 147