DATA ACQUISITION

INTRODUCTION

►More and more spatial data is becoming

available in digital form.

►GIS Data Standards:

“describe the organization and exchange format
of geographic data as well as the documentation
of metadata pertaining to GIS data”
Your analysis are only as good as your data

Selection of data depends upon many factors,

such as:
 Need Assessment
 Format
 Coordinate system
 Scale
 Validity
 Price
 Availability / Restrictions
 Available skills / hardware / software
 Data preparation needs
METADATA
►Metadata is data about the data. It consists of information
that describes spatial data and is used to provide
documentation for data products.

►For example, metadata describes the format, geographic

boundary, projection, coordinate system, availability and
cost, etc., of a spatial data set.

►Metadata is the who, what, when, where, why, and how

of spatial data.
WHY USE OR CREATE METADATA?

►To help, organize and maintain an organization's

spatial data

►To provide information to other organizations

and clearinghouses to facilitate data sharing and
transfer

►To document the history of a spatial data set

 METADATA STANDARDS
There are different national and international metadata
standards currently being implemented

The United States Federal Geographic Data

Commission (FGDC) has adopted the Content Standard
for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM)

Australia has a standard implemented by the Australia

New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC)
 METADATA STANDARDS
European Union (EU) is working to implement an
European Geographic Information Infrastructure
(EGII)

Currently, the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) is developing a geospatial
metadata standard (ISO/TC211)

Technical Committee on Geographic Information &

Geomatics
 GIS DATA SOURCES
►Primary data sources are those collected in digital
format specifically for use in a GIS project.

►Secondary sources are digital and analog datasets that

were originally captured for another purpose and need to
be converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS
project.
 GIS DATA SOURCES
►GPS data
►Terrestrial Surveys
►Satellite Images
►Aerial Photographs / Photogrammetry
►Global Sources (Normally Free)
►Data clearinghouse
►National Mapping Agencies (SOP)
►Other Govt. Dept./organization etc.
 PUBLISHED MAPS/PAPER MAPS SURVEY
OF PAKISTAN
► Being the sole National Surveying and Mapping Agency,
Survey of Pakistan is responsible for all surveying and
mapping activities related to Defense Strategic Planning
and National Development. This includes the following
tasks of National Development:

Survey & Updation of National Topographic map series

on 1:50,000 scale
Survey and Mapping of all the Cantonments
Survey and Mapping of Major cities of the country
Preparation of district maps of the country
Preparation of 1:100,000; 1:500,000 and 1:250,000
scales map series
INDEX TO TOPOSHEETS OF
PAKISTAN
 DIGITIZATION

►Digitizing is the transformation of information

from analog format, such as a paper map, to digital
format, so that it can be stored and displayed with
a computer.

►Digitizing can be manual, semi-automated, or

fully automated
 OTHER DATA SOURCES AT NATIONAL
LEVEL

► Geological Survey of Pakistan

► Soil Survey of Pakistan
► WAPDA
► Meteorological Department
► Revenue Board
► Planning Commission
► Development Authorities
► District Government