vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO 1
1.2 INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO AND
GROWTH RATE 1
1.3 NEED FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION 2
1.4 SECTORWISE ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2
1.5 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
AND ITS GROWTH RATE 3
1.6 TECHNIQUES USED FOR REDUCING HEAT
TRANSMISSION ACROSS THE BUILDINGS 3
1.6.1 Shading 4
1.6.2 Surface Shading 4
1.6.3 Thermal Chimney 6
1.6.4 Roof Vent 6
1.6.5 Ridge Vent 6
1.6.6 Roof Spray 7
1.6.7 Roof Pond 7
1.6.8 Earth Cooling Tubes 7
1.6.9 Vegetation 8
1.6.10 Wet Fiber Pads 8
1.6.11 White Roof 8
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.6.12 Movable Insulation Systems 8

1.6.13 Radiative Cooling 9
1.7 PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS AS HEAT
STORAGE DEVICES 9
1.8 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 10

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 STUDIES USING SIMULATION TOOLS 12
2.3 STUDIES USING EXPERIMENTAL WORK 19
2.4 STUDIES USING ANALYTICAL METHOD 31
2.5 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE LITERATURE
REVIEW 35
2.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH
WORK 36

3 PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR THE

NUMERICAL STUDY 38
3.1 PROBLEM UNDER INVESTIGATION 38
3.2 ASSUMPTIONS 40
3.3 GOVERNING EQUATION 41
3.4 MODELING OF THE COMPUTATIONAL
DOMAIN 43
3.5 SOLUTION METHODOLOGY 45
3.6 INPUT PARAMETERS 46
3.7 VALIDATION WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 46
3.7.1 The Experimental Facility 47
3.7.2 Measurements and Instrumentation 49
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.7.3 Numerical Simulation 51

3.7.4 Comparison of numerical results
with experimental data 57

4 PERFORMANCE OF ROOF STRUCTURES

IN SUMMER 61
4.1 PROBLEM INVESTIGATED 61
4.2 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS
THE ROOF STRUCTURE 62
4.3 ROOF TEMPERATURE VARIATION OVER
THE DAY AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS 65
4.4 HEAT FLOW INTO THE ROOM ACROSS
THE ROOF 68

5 PERFORMANCE OF ROOF STRUCTURES

IN WINTER 70
5.1 ATMOSPHERIC DATA 70
5.2 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS
THE ROOF STRUCTURE 71
5.3 ROOF TEMPERATURE VARIATION OVER
THE DAY AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS 74
5.4 HEAT FLOW INTO THE ROOM ACROSS
THE ROOF 77

6 YEAR ROUND PERFORMANCE OF ROOF

STRUCTURES 78
6.1 ATMOSPHERIC DATA 78
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

6.2 ROOF TOP AND BOTTOM SURFACE

TEMPERATURE VARIATION 79
6.3 HEAT FLOW INTO THE ROOM ACROSS
THE ROOF 82
6.4 YEAR ROUND THERMAL PERFORMANCE 84

7 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 86

7.1 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS 86
7.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 88

REFERENCES 89

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 99

CURRICULUM VITAE 100

 x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Material properties 46

3.2 Parameters measured and instruments used 49
6.1 Comparison of thermal performance of roof
structures in various months 83
6.2 Comparison of thermal performance of roof
structures over the year 85
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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Sector wise energy consumption in India 3

1.2 Sunshade 4
1.3 Roof shading 5
1.4 Roof shading by pots 5
1.5 Roof ventilation 6
1.6 Radiative cooling 9
2.1 Thermally activated ceiling panel with PCM
(Markus Koschenz et al 2004) 13
2.2 Schematic of outdoor test room with PCM
gypsum board as inside wall lining (Athienitis et
al 1997) 15
2.3 Granular phase change material floor supply air-
conditioning system (Nagano et al 2006) 20
2.4 Maximum temperature differences between PCM,
common and cool coatings (Karlessi et al 2011) 21
2.5 Double layer PCM for roof cooling (Pasupathy et
al 2008) 22
2.6 Schematic diagram of a new PCM energy storing
wallboard (Chao Chen et al 2008) 31
3.1 Elevation of a typical building room with RCC
roof and HCT above RCC 38
3.2 Cross section of the Roof structures 39
3.3 Computational domain (before meshing) 44
3.4 Computational domain (after meshing) 44
3.5 A photograph of four roof structures with sensors 48
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FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.6 Photograph of hollow clay tiles 48

3.7 Data logging arrangements using DATA
SCANNER 50
3.8 Atmospheric temperature and solar radiation over
the summer day 50
3.9 Meshed computational domain of Roof 1 room 51
3.10 Meshed computational domain of Roof 2 room 51
3.11 Meshed computational domain of Roof 3 room 52
3.12 Temperature distribution plots at 10.00 AM 53
3.13 Total velocity plots at 10.00 AM 55
3.14 Stream function plots at 10.00 AM 56
3.15 Numerical and experimental results for
Roof 1 room 57
3.16 Numerical and experimental results for
Roof 2 room 57
3.17 Numerical and experimental results for
Roof 3 room 58
3.18 Temperatures measured with Roof-1: parity chart 58
3.19 Temperatures measured with Roof-2: parity chart 59
3.20 Temperatures measured with Roof-3: parity chart 59
4.1 Variation of atmospheric temperature over 24
hours of the day on 15th July 61
4.2 Variation of solar radiation on the roof surface
over 24 hours of the day on 15th July 62
4.3(a) Temperature distribution across the RCC roof
structure on 15th July 62
4.3(b) Temperature distribution across the WC roof
structure on 15th July 63
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FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.3(c) Temperature distribution across the PCM

roof structure on 15th July 63
4.4 Melt fractions during various hours on
15th of July 65
4.5 Temperature variations over the day for
RCC roof (15, July) 66
4.6 Temperature variations over the day for
WC roof (15, July) 66
4.7 Temperature variations over the day for
PCM roof (15, July) 67
4.8 Variation of roof bottom surface temperature over
the day during July 15th 68
4.9 Monthly average of heat entering into the room
per day through the roof during July 15th 69
5.1 Variation of atmospheric temperature over
24 hours of the day on 15th January 70
5.2 Variation of solar radiation on the roof surface
over 24 hours of the day on 15th January 71
5.3(a) Temperature distribution across the RCC
roof structure on 15th January 72
5.3(b) Temperature distribution across the WC roof
structure on 15th January 72
5.3(c) Temperature distribution across the PCM roof
structure on 15th January 73
5.4 Melt fraction during various hours on 15th
of January 74
5.5 Variation of roof bottom surface temperature over
the day during January 15th 75
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FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

5.6 Variation of roof top surface temperature over the

day during January 15th 75
5.7 Variation of roof interface temperature over the
day during January 15th 76
5.8 Monthly average of heat entering into the room
per day through the roof during January 15th 77
6.1 Variation of atmospheric temperature over the
day in various months 78
6.2 Variation of solar intensity over the day in
various months 79
6.3 Variation of roof top surface temperature over the
day in various months (15th day of each month) 80
6.4 Variation of roof bottom surface temperature over
the day in various months (15th day of each month) 81
6.5 Variation of interface temperature over the day in
various months (15th day of each month) 81
6.6 Monthly average of heat entering into the room
through the roof over the day 82
6.7 Melt fraction of PCM on 15th of each month
at 6 AM 84
 xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SYMBOLS

g - Acceleration due to gravity m/ s2

Tatm - atmospheric temperature °C
Tm1 Beginning temperature of melting C
Tm2 - End temperature of melting C
hi - Heat transfer coefficient between the W/m2 K
room air and roof bottom
LH - Latent heat J/kg
v - local wind velocity m/s
ma - Mass flow rate of air kg/h
ho - Outside convection heat transfer W/m2 K
coefficient
Isol - solar radiation intensity W/m2
Cp - Specific Heat J/kg K
Cpl - specific heat of liquid J/kg K
Cps - specific heat of solid J/kg K
Cpsl - specific heat of solid - liquid J/kg K
T - Temperature C
Tsky - Temperature of sky C
Troom - Temperature of the room C
k - Thermal Conductivity W/mK
 xvi

GREEK SYMBOLS

- Absorptivity of roof dimension less

- Density of air kg/ m3
- Emissivity of the roof dimension less
Tm - Melting or solidification temperature C
- Time of the day h

ABBREVIATIONS

ANN - Artificial Neural Network

BS - Butyl Stearate
CA - Capric Acid
CC - Cooled Ceiling
CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics
DCV - Demand Controlled Ventilation
DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimeter
ECV - Economizer Cycle Ventilation
EFHS - Electric Floor Heating System
FSPCM - Form Stable Phase Change Material
GA - Genetic Algorithm
GPCC - Granular Phase Change Composites
HCT - Hollow Clay Tile
LA - Lauric Acid
LCA - Life Cycle Assessment
LH - Latent Heat
MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MPCMS - Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry
Mtoe - Million tonnes of oil equivalent
 xvii

PCM - Phase Change Material

PCMSIP - Phase Change Material Structural Insulated Panel
PCS - Phase Change Slurry
PEG - Poly Ethylene Glycol
PV - PhotoVoltaic
PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride
RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete
RTD - Resistance Temperature Detector
SSPCM - Shape Stabilized Phase Change Material
TES - Thermal Energy Storage
TGA - Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
TIM - Transparent Insulation Material
TRNSYS - Transient simulation program
TSL - Thermal Storage Layer
TSU - Thermal Storage Unit
VAV - Variable Air Volume
VIP - Vacuum Insulation Panel
WC - Weathering Coarse