Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Being always present in class and getting to school on time are two of

the crucial determining factors of a student’s success, not just as a student but as

a person who will be managing his/her own life in the future. Given the

importance of being punctual, this study aims to explore and find out the factors

that affect the punctuality of SIS students. In this chapter, we will be discussing

about the background of our study. It includes facts about tardiness, the different

factors that causes it and its effect to the students as students and as bearer of

their own lives in the future. From reliable research materials like online journals

and research papers, we will provide some facts and theories from authors,

teachers and notable people in order to have a concrete justification of our study.

Foreign Literature

Attending school regularly is a vital factor in school success for both

students and teachers. Excessive school absenteeism to poor school academic

achievement, so school attendance by both teachers and students plays an

integral role in the success and educational advancement levels of any academic

institution and all students enrolled.

 Excessive student absenteeism can lead to an increasing

disinterest in school and academics in general. According to author Jason A.

Schoeneberger’s ‘’Longitudinal Attendance Patterns’’ study, excessive

absenteeism increases the chances of a student eventually dropping out of

school, which can lead to long term consequences for these students, such as

lower average incomes, higher incidences of unemployment, and a higher

likelihood of incarceration. Schoeneberger asserts that students who drop out of

school face a higher risk of poverty because of their inability to secure quality

paying employment due to their lack of education and resources. Dropouts who

lack education and resources are more likely to commit criminal activity leading

to incarceration.

According to the Center for Comprehensive School Reform and

Improvement, attendance rates effectively predicted whether a student would fail

a course or not, and surprisingly, attendance rate trumped grade point averages

in predicting whether a student would fail a class or not. In other words, a student

could perform very highly academically, but would likely still fail if he missed too

much class. Additionally, the more a student missed school over the course of

several subsequent years of school, the more his GPA declined and the further

behind he became in all subjects.

Foreign Studies
 Decreasing the rate of student truancy and absenteeism has been

and continues to be the goal of school districts across the nation for over a

century. Ama0ingly, little research focuses on what schools can do to increase

and maintain student’s daily attendance and even fewer studies explore how

families-school-community can build a partnership to work together towards this

goal. Corville and Smith, (1995) state that “Despite the long history of concern

over student attendance, the issue has received relatively little attention from

educational researchers”

It is a fact that poor attendance predicts dropping out of school; chronic

absenteeism can have a negative impact on the student and school. Students

who are not in school are not learning and are not being adequately prepared to

be successful in school and in life. Research on truancy and absenteeism

suggests that “students with better attendance scorehigher on achievement tests

than their more frequently absent peers”(Lamdin, 1998) If schools across the

nation are being met with the challenge of making adequate yearly progress,

which is a state mandate, then more programs need to be funded in schools to

address the issue of truancy.

So deal with the issue of truancy at the James P. Timitly Middle

School students have been identified with five or more absences. She identified

students prior and currentstandardi0ed test scores will be reviewed. Forty-one

six, seventh and eighth grade students were identified with attendance concerns.

A conference will be held to inform students of scores and attendance concerns.

Historically, schools have always held the student accountable for

truant behavior. Corville-Smith, (1995) and Hoyle (1998) state that “Truant and

chronically absent students were considered deviants”. Frequently schools did

not contact families until the problem was so severe that the student was failing

their courses. Also research shows that the learning environment of an entire

school can be affected by an individual student’s attendance problem. Most

schools receive funds by the population they have attending school on a regular

basis. If Districts and school attendance rates are low, educational programs and

resources are in jeopardy of being cut. Also, in some locations student

attendance is used as an indicator of how well a school is functioning and

requirements are set and monitored for rating (Maryland State Department of

Education, 1999).

I conclude that this research reveals a lot of important information

about student attendance. Identifying students early on who show signs of

absenteeism is a predictor of warning signs students dropping out. Even though

truancy is a major issue in middle school and high school, perhaps students

should be identified and monitored early on in elementary school. Educators

need to continue to find innovative ways to bridge the gap between home and

school to communicate with parents the need for a strong partnership so

students can find success. Students need to "now that coming to school on time,

every day is important.

Local Literature

The study showed that being absent for three days in a month

strongly correlates with poor performance. As educators, it is important to know

the threshold. Drawing policies on school intervention regarding absenteeism

requires guiding information on where to draw the line. Policies cannot be simply

drawn out of thin air. Three days in a month, that number, a result of research, is

a useful guide for teachers and school administrators. The study as described by

the article is only an initial analysis of the data.

Local Studies

According to (Gatherer and Manning. 1998) suggest that there are

may actually be psychological benefits to occasional absences. Yet if one were

to try dress this in timetabling and in so doing, scheduled classes only on

Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursday.

Student’s perceptions of the classroom or teachers as chaotic,

uncaring or boring were associated with student absenteeism and truancy

(Duckworth and Dejong. 1989, Redericket, 1997) found that several family and
community enrollment practices were associated with student attendance,

providing families with information about people to contact at school or intuitions,

conducting worships on attendance, and providing after-school programs for

students (Epstein and Sheldon, 2002).

According to (Henry, 2007) social learning theory may also be

applied to the way parents pass on their values and expectations relatives to

schooling and education. The attitude a student’s parents have toward truancy

plays an important role in the extent to which truant behavior persists

High rates of unexcused absences have been linked to “school

disengagement” and lower academic achievement. (Gottfried, 2009) students

with high number of unexcused absences might be less motivated and supported

at home then a students with an equal number of exceed ones :Therefore the

reasons for school institutions absences are related to the extent to which

students learn.

Recent studies show students who are chronically absent are

involved with the following disruptive classroom behavior in the current

percentiles; 29% are bullies, bullied 19% .Have disrespect for teachers 19% are

afflicted with gangs, and 13% are verbally abuse teachers (Reimer&

Sminh,2005) see school absenteeism as a cause of low scholastic and more

students are referred to for disciplinary action (Sommer and Najd 1991).
Summary

As a summary of the literature review, we can conclude that the

rate of absenteeism among students is currently in high percentage. Based on

previous research conducted by researchers there many major problems of the

absenteeism such as parental responsibility, in conducive studying

environmental, administration role, and lectures and so on.