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دورة تصميم انشائي PDF
دورة تصميم انشائي PDF
دورة تصميم انشائي PDF
KאW١J ٢
W،אאאא
Wאאאאא E
אאא E١
אא E٢
אא E٣
א E٤
א E٥
Wאאאאאא E
אא E١
א E٢
א E٣
EDead LoadsFאאאW١J ١J ٢
א א א א אא א אא א
אאאאאאאאאאאא
א א א א אא אא א א
KKKKKKKKKאא
(Slab Dead load)אאW١J ١J ١J ٢
אאאאא
Z(Own Weight of slab - O.W of slab)אא E
K(γ c)אא×(t)א×(A)א
(γ c =2.5 t/m3)٣L٢{٥Zאאא
O.W of slab = A × t × γ c،i.e
Kא١{٠(A)א
O.W of slab = 1.0 × t × 2.5
- ١٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
R.C slab
(plaster)
E١J ٢F
- ١٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אאאא E
K א א אא אא
Wאאאא
Thickness of beam (t) = span / 8-10 ١٠J ٨LאZtZא
For simple beams choose t = span / 8 אא
For continuous beams ,, t = span / 10 אא
W٠{٦Z(t) ٠{٢Z(b) K٦{٠Zא
WאGאGG (L0) Zאאא
O.W of beam = L0 × b × (t - ts) ×γc
Where;
= 10 cm = 0.1 m ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔγc = 2.5 t/ m3 , ts =
=1.0 m E١{٠אF L0 = length of beam
O.w. of beam = 1.0 × 0.2 × (0.6 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m i.e.
L٠{٢٥Zאאא
- ١٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אא
K אאאאאאאאא
W
γ wall = 0.75:1.0 t/m3 אאאאE١
γ wall = 1.20 t/m3 אאאאE٢
γ wall = 0.75:1.2 t/m3 אאאE٣
γ wall = 0.6 :0.8 t/m3 אאאE٤
γ wall = 1.8 t/m3 EאאFאאאאE٥
γ wall = 1.5:1.9 t/m3 אאאאE٦
،K٢٠אאאאאאאא
K٢٥،١٢،אאאא
אאא אא א،אא
Wא
W wall = γ wall × t wall × 1
אאאאאאאאW
Kאאאאא
(Live Loads)אאW٢J ١J ٢
Wאא
אאא אאE١
Kאאאאא
א، א א K Kא א E٢
אא،،א
Kא
KאאאאאאאאאאE٣
- ١٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
KאאאאאאW١J ٢J ١J ٢
אאאא אא
٢L١٢٥J ٧٥אאאאא
K٢L١٥٠J ١٠٠אאאאאא،
א ٢L ٥٠٠אאאאאW
KאEאאאאFאא
אאאאאאE٢J ٢Fאא
KאKKKKK אא
אFאאE١F BS 8110אא
KEE٦Fאאא
(working life loads )אאFאאE٢J ٢F
٢Lאא א
Wא א ١
٥٠ EFE
١٠٠ EFE
٢٠٠ E
٤٠٠ E
W ٢
٢٠٠ אאE
٣٠٠ EאFאאE
Wאא א ٣
٣٠٠ אE
٤٠٠ EאFאאE
١٠٠٠J ٥٠٠ EאFאE
Wא א ٤
٣٠٠ EאFאאE
- ٢٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
٤٠٠ אאאE
٥٠٠ אאE
W א ٥
٣٠٠ EאFאאE
٤٠٠ אאאאאE
א
٥٠٠J ٣٠٠ אאאE
٨٠٠J ٥٠٠ אE
W(Halls)Wא א ٦
٥٠٠ אאאאE
٦٠٠ אאE
EאFא א ٧
٥٠٠ EאFאאE
١٠٠٠ EאאFאאE
Kאאאא
W א ٨
٢٠٠ אE
٤٠٠ אאאאאE
W א ٩
٤٠٠ אE
١٠٠٠ אE
Wא א ١٠
٣٠٠ אאFאאאE
٢{٤
٤٠٠ אאאE
٥٠٠ אאE
- ٢١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אאאEאFאאW٢J ٢J ١J ٢
אא א א א א א אא
W
אא א א א E
א
Kא
EFאאאאאא E
א אא ،EF
א א א א א אא
E٣J ٢Fאאאאאא
KאEאFאאP
אאאאאאאE٣J ٢F
אאא א
P EאFאא
P אאא
0.9P אאא
0.8P אאא
0.7P אאאא
0.6P אאא
0.5P
אאא
אאא(0.5P)א
(Design Loads)אאW٢J ٢
אא(Working Loads) אW١J ٢J ٢
א א א א א
אKא٪٥ א
- ٢٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
KEKKאאאאFאאאאא
(Working Stress Design Kא א א א א
WאMethod)
,,D,,(Dead Load)אא E
,,L,,(live loads)אא E
(Ultimate loads)אאW٢J ٢J ٢
J ٣J ٢FאאFאא א א
WאEE١
אאאאאא E١
WASCIאFא
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (2-1)
אאאא אאE٣
Wאאאא
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 (E + L) (2-3)
(Lateral Load)אאZE
(2-1)אאU
- ٢٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אא
Structural Analysis
אאW١J ٣
Wאאאאאא
אאJ ١
Member Analysisאא
אא (Beams)אא (slabs)א،
WאאK(Footings)א(Columns)
SlabsאEא
BeamsאאE٢
GirdersאאE٣
ColumnsאE٤
FootingsאE٥
אאJ ٢
Section Analysisאא
אאאא
אKKאאאא–אאKאאא
J Wא
UL،T،،،
KאאאאE١J ٣Fא
KאאאE٢J ٣Fא
- ٢٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
(Column)
Simple frame
(Column)
אאאE١J ٣F
U L T
U - section L - section circular sec T - section square sec Rectangular sec
אאאE٢J ٣F
- ٢٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאאW٢J ٣
א Statically Systemאאא א
א א Kא א א
Kאאא
אאא
J WW١J ٢J ٣
אEאאFאא
אאE٣J ٣F (Knife Edge Support)
א
K
E٣J ٣F
אאW٢J ٢J ٣
אא אא (Linear Elastic Theory)אא
אאא אאאאא Kאאא
W
Three Moment EquationאאE
Virtual Work MethodאאאE
- ٢٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
Moment DistributionאE
אאEאאא Fאא
אא٠{٤،אא٠{٨(lo)אא(d)א
i.e d / l0 < 0.8 for simple beams.
d / l0 < 0.4 for continues beams.
(Deep Beam)אא אאא
Kאאא(Plastic Analysis)א
(Effective Span l0)אאאאW٣J ٣
אאאE
J Wאאאאאאא
l01אאא •
l02 = l0 × 1.05 אא١{٠٥ •
l03 = l0 + d •
E٤J ٣FאאאאZd
L 1
L 2 = 1.05 L
L
C L
C
אאאE٤J ٣F
- ٢٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
KאאאE
אFאEאFאאאאE١
J WאאאאאE(Rigid Connections)
l01 = Centerline to Centerline of Supportsאא •
l02 = 1.05 × l0אא١{٠٥ •
א א F א א א אא E٢
אאאאKEאא –
Kאאאאא
L03 = Distance from Centerline to Centerline
Or L03 =l0 +d
אאאE
Wאאאאאאא
(l01)אא •
J Wאא •
L02 = l0 + d2
E٥J ٣Fאא
C
L
d1
d2
L
1
C
L
E٥J ٣F
- ٢٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
(Straining Actions)אאW٤J ٣
(Normal Forces) אא(Straining Actions)אא
אא(Bending Moments)א(Shear Forces)א
אKאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
(N)אא אאאאאא
אאאאאא (M)א (Q)א
Kאאא
Simple Slab or Simple BeamEאאFE١
Wאא(D.L + L.L )אא
Z(N)אא •
Wאא(Q)א •
Q = K q × wt × L (3-1)
EJ ٦J ٣Fאא ٨Z(moment factor)אZKm
- ٣٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
w t/m
Loads
L
wL
Q=
2
S.F.D
K q = 0.5 Q
B.M.D
K m= 8
2
wL
M=
8
E٦J ٣F
i.e. Q = K q × wt × L (3-3)
،EאF٠{٥Z (shear factor) אZK q W
Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) אאZW t
Span of Slab or beam אאZL
- ٣١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
W(M)אא •
(D.L+L.L)אאאאE
K EJ ٧J ٣F א א (D.L) אא EאאF אא
W
2 2
Max. M +ve. = wt×L /8 – w × L1 /2 (3-4)
(D.L+L.L)אאאאאאZwtW
(D.L. only)אאאאZw
אאZL1 אאZL
(D.L. אאאא אE
J ٧J ٣Fאא(D.L+L.L.)אEאאFאאOnly)
WE
2
Max. M-ve = w × L1 /2 (3-5)
- ٣٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
L L L
1 1
w1L
2
wL1
Kq = 0.5 S.F.D
wL1
w1L
M -v 2
e
Case of max +ve M B.M.D
w1L2
8
w1 t/m w1(D.L + L.L)
w t/m (D.L)
Loads
w1L21
M -ve =
2
E٧J ٣F
- ٣٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
Q = K q × wt × L (3-6 (Q)א
E٩J ٣Fאא (shear factor) אZK q
(D.L+L.L)אאאאאאZwt
Effective Span of Slab or beam אאאZL
L،٪٢٠ א،אא W
WL2L1א
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1
w t/m or w1 w t/m or w2
Loads
L or L L or L
2 1
-24 -9 -24 Km
( Moment factor)
+11 +11
w L2
w L2 9 w L2
24 24
B.M.D
w L2 w L2
11 11
אE٨J ٣F
- ٣٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
K q ( Shear factor)
0.6 wL
0.4 wL
S.F.D
0.4 wL
0.6 wL
אE٩J ٣F
.אאאאW
(Q)א •
Q = K q × wt × L (3-8)
E١٢J ٣FE١١J ٣Fאא(moment factor)אZKm
EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam אאאZL
- ٣٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
Kq
אאאאאE١٠J ٣F
אאE١١J ٣F
אאאאE١٢J ٣F
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאאW٥J ٣
אאאאE١J ٣Fאאאא
אאאKאאK
WאEאFEאאF E
EE٦J ٣FאאFאאאא •
Kאאא •
Kאא E
F א א א א א •
E٧J ٣אאFEא
אאא •
EאFE
E١٠J ٣FאאFאאאא •
א FאאKאאאא •
E١٢J ٣FE١١J ٣Fא
- ٣٧ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
W١J ٤
Wאאא،א،א
Solid SlabsאאE١
Hollow Block SlabsאאE٢
Flat SlabsאאE٣
Waffle SlabsאאאאE٤
Lift SlabsאאE٥
Pre-SlabsאאE٦
אא (Solid Slabs)אאא
Kאאאאא(Working Stress Design Method)
(Solid Slabs)אא٢J ٤
א F אא א א א א א א א
(Beams)אאאאאKEאKKKKKאאא
Kא(girders)א
Wאאא
One way Solid Slabs אאא E
Two Way Solid Slabs א E
J W
One way Solid Slabs אאאאאאאW١J ٢J ٤
W
אאאאאא
E١J ٤אאFאאאא
i.e. r = L / B ≥ 2 the slab is one way slab
אאB،אאL،אrW
- ٣٩ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
m
1
d
2
b
d
2
L
E١J ٤F
אFאא א אאE١J ٤Fא
F אאKEאאא א
KאאאאאאאאE
א א א אא א א א א
Kאאאא
אאאאאא٣J ٤
Section Analysis by Working Stress Method
אא(Hook’s Law) (Bernoulli theorem)
א א א א K א א
KWאאאא
(Pure Bending Moment or Pure אא א W١J ٣J ٤
Flexure)
א •
(Bond slip )EFאא •
א א א א א א א א• א
א
- ٤٠ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
א (Plane cross sections) א • א
KE٢J ٤FאאKא
c fc x
3
x C
d Z=d -x 3
s fs n
R.C sec Strain diagram Stress diagram
E٢J ٤F
Wאאאאאא
J Wאאא
M
d = k 1 (4-1)
b
EאFאאZb
אאZd
(f c) א א Z k1
KE١J ٤FאאK(f s)אא
KאאאZM
- ٤١ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
J Wאא
M
A = (4-2)
s
k 2 × d
(M)אאאZAs
אאZd
א(f c)אאZK2
KE١J ٤FאאK(f s)א
KאאאZM
Diagonal TensionאאW٢J ٣J ٤
Horizontal אאאVertical Shearאאאאא
KShear
Wqאא
q = Q
0 . 87 × bd (4-3)
אאZq
Kאאאא ZQ
BondאW٣J ٣J ٤
א א א א א (Bond Stress) א
Flexure א א א K א א
KאאKShear Strengthא
Flexure Bondא E
Anchorage Bondא E
- ٤٢ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
fs fc 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 95 100 105
α .403 .428 .452 .474 .494 .512 .529 .545 .574 .588 .600 .612
Fs=1000
β .866 .857 .849 .842 .835 .829 .824 .818 .809 .804 .800 .796
k1 .357 .330 .308 .289 .273 .259 .247 .237 .219 .211 .204 .193
k2 866 857 849 842 835 829 524 818 809 804 800 796
α .360 .385 .407 .428 .448 .467 .484 .500 .529 .543 .555 .567
Fs=1200
β .880 .872 .864 .857 .851 .844 .839 .833 .823 .819 .815 .811
k1 .374 .345 .322 .301 .284 .269 .256 .245 .226 .218 .210 .204
k2 1058 1048 1037 1029 1021 1013 1007 1000 988 983 978 973
α .325 .349 .372 .391 .411 .429 .446 .462 .491 .504 .517 .529
Fs=1400
β .892 .884 .876 .870 .863 .857 .851 .846 .836 .832 .826 .824
k1 .391 .360 .335 .313 .295 .279 .265 .253 .233 .224 .216 .209
k2 1248 1237 1227 1217 1208 1200 1192 1185 1171 1165 1162 1154
α .297 .319 .340 .360 .379 .396 .413 .429 .458 .471 .484 .496
Fs=1600
β .901 .894 .887 .880 .874 .868 .862 .857 .847 .843 .839 .835
k1 .408 .375 .347 .324 .305 .288 .274 .261 .240 .230 .222 .214
k2 1441 1430 1419 1408 1398 1389 1380 1371 1367 1349 1342 1335
α .273 .292 .310 .328 .344 .360 .375 .403 .416 .429 .440
Fs=2000
β .909 .803 .897 .891 .885 .880 .875 .866 .861 .857 .853
k1 .402 .371 .346 .328 .306 .290 .276 .252 .242 .233 .225
k2 1818 1898 1793 1782 1771 1769 1750 1731 1723 1715 1706
α .254 .273 .290 .307 .323 .338 .353 .380 .393 .406 .417
Fs=2200
β .915 .909 .903 .898 .892 .887 .882 .873 .869 .865 .861
k1 .415 .383 .357 .334 .315 .298 .283 .269 .248 .239 .230
k2 2013 2000 1987 1976 1962 1952 1940 1921 1912 1903 1894
- ٤٣ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
٥J ٣J ٤
א אKE٣J ٤Fאאאאאא WE١F
K
א
Dead loadsWאאא
١٠Z(t)אא
A
m A
L=6
2
w = 0.6 t/m = 6 KN/m
Loads
m M B.M.d
2.25
E٣J ٤F
i.e. Own weight of slab =1×1× t ×γ c = t × γ c
= 0.1× 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN / m2
Section A-A:
M = wt ×L2/8 = 0.6 × (2.25)2 / 8 = 0.380 m.t /m
- ٤٤ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
Eb=100cm.F١{٠אEdFאא
0 . 380 × 100000 M
= 6.10 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b
א א K ٨ Z EtF א א א
K
I.e. take t min = 8.0 cm.
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 8.0 – 1.5 = 6.5 cm.
Wא
0.380 × 10 5
= As main = M × 10
5
= 4.8 cm2/m
1217 × 6.5 k ×d2
WאאW
א K ٨Z (t) א E١
K٨א
אK ١٠ ٧אא אאE٢
٨אאE٥Fא
Kאא٪٠{٢٠אאE٣
٪٠{٢٥EאאFאאE٤
Kאא
- ٤٥ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
J WE٢F
אאאאאאאא
א KE٤J ٤Fאאאא ٣{٠٠
KE٢L٢٠٠ZאאFא
א
L 6
(One way slab) r = = =2
b 3
Loads on Slab: assume t s=10 cm.
O.w. of slab = 0.1 ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
3.0 m 3.0 m
W d.L + L.L
Loads
m m
3.0 3.0
S S
m
wL2 --v M wL2 6.0
e
24 24
B.M.d
+ve M +ve M
E٤J ٤F
Bending Moments:
2
w × l 1 0 .6 × 9
M +ve = 11 = 11 = 0.49 mt / m
t
2
w × l 1 0 .6 × 9
M −ve = 9 = 9 = 0.6 mt / m
t
- ٤٦ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.
Wאאא
0 . 49 × 10 5 M +ve ×105
2
=
= 4.74 cm /m
1217 * 8 . 5 = As1
main
k2 × d
- ٤٧ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
WאאאW٦J ٣J ٤
אW
Eאא Fאאא (١
Kאאא٪٠{٢٥
EאאFאא אא (٢
אאKאאE 1 F
5
KE٥F
E٪ ٢٠ F א א א א א (٣
אא ٥L١אאאא
אאא ٤L ١ אאא
Kאא
אאאא (٤
אאE٥F ٢٠
K١٠א
K٢{٠١{٥א (٥
E ٣L ١F א א א א (٦
Kאאאא
K٨ (٧
E٢F א א א א (٨
KE٥J ٤Fא
- ٤٨ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
E٥J ٤F
אW
אאאא٢L٤٠٠אאא
W
Kאאאא E١
Kא E٢
Kא E٣
אW
K ١٠א א
K١٥א
אאWא
(Deflection)Fא אאאאא
WEא
t min.. =L/30 א E١
t min.. =L/35 אא E٢
t min.. =L/40 א E٣
KאאאאאאL
- ٤٩ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אW
١{٠٥ א א א א א
KאאKאא
Tow Way SlabsאאאאאW٤J ٤
W١J ٤J ٤
אאאא،אאאאא
K?٢?אאאאא،א
i.e. L / b ≥ 1.0 ≤ 2.0
אZbאZL
J ٤FאאKאאאא
KאאאאאKE٦
אאאאאא
אאאKא
אא אאאא
Kאאאאא אאא
Wאאא
אאאE٦J ٤F
KL/b אE
KאאאאאאאE
αEאאFאאא
βEאאFאאא
- ٥٠ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אאאאW٢J ٤J ٤
Wאאאא
t min.. =b/35 א E
t min. =b/45 אא E
Kb
אאאאאאW٣J ٤J ٤
אאאאאאאאא
א Kא א א אא א א א
KאאK(b)אא(L)א
EאFאאאZb W
EאFאאאZL
א א א א א Z m b
Kbא(b)אא
א א א א א Z m L
KLא(L)אא
Kאm L m b
Wm L m bאאא
m b = m L = 1.0Wא
m b =m L = 0.87Wא
m b =m L = 0.76W
א א (r) א א א א
Wאא
(4-4) r= m ×l
l
m ×b
b
א א (β) (α)אE٢J ٤Fא
Kאrאאא(L)א(b)אא
- ٥١ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
rא(β)(α)אE٢J ٤F
אאEאFאא
r 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
α 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
β 0.35 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08
β = 0.35/ r2W
Wאאא
W α =Wt × α(b)אאא
W β =Wt × β(L)אאא
EWL.LאאWD.LאאאFאאwt
Wאא
Wאא(Bending Moments)א
Wאאאאא E١
×b2
M b = ± wα (4-5)אאא
10
×L 2
אאאאW٤J ٤J ٤
אאא אאא
אאKE٣J ٤F
EאאאאFאאא
אFא אא א
א א א א א E א
אאE٢J ٤Fאאאא אא
K Rigid Beams א א א אא א
K٢٠א١٥א
EFrא(β)(α)אE٣J ٤F
אאא
r 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
α .396 .473 .542 .606 .660 .706 .746 .778 .806 .830 .849
β .396 .323 .262 .212 .172 .140 .113 .093 .077 .063 .053
אאא٥J ٤J ٤
J WE١F
אאאאאאאא
א א K E٧J ٤F ٤{٥
KE٢L٢٠٠ZאאF
א
٤{٥Zאא
(Two way slab) r = m × l = 0.87 × 4.5 = 1.0
l
m × b 0.87 × 4.5
b
- ٥٣ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
4.50 m 4.50 m
0.40 m
m
4.50
1 1
0.20 m
m
0.40 m 4.50
0.20 m
0.40 m
E٧J ٤F
Loads on Slab:
O.w. of slab = 0.1 ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
W α =Wt × α= Load in short direction = 0.6 × 0.35 = 0.21t/m2
Wt × β = Load in long direction = 0.6 × 0.35 = 0.21 t/m2=W β
- ٥٤ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
Bending Moments:
WKאא
2
× 0.21 × 4.5 2
Mα + ve
= Mα − ve
= wα l 1
= = 0.425 mt / m
10 10
2
= =
wβ × l 2 =
0 .21 × 4 .5 2
= 0 .425 mt / m
Mβ + ve Mβ − ve
10 10
(Cases of א ٢L ٤٠٠ א א W
K(Case of total loads)אאloading)
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg/cm2)
And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37—24/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217
Eb=100cm.F١{٠אEdFאא
0 . 425 × 100000 M
= 6.45 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b
Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.
Wאאא
0.425 × 10 5 × 10 5
= 4.11 cm /m 2
= A main = M α + ve
1217 × 8.5 sL
k 2
×d
0.425 × 10 5
2 Mβ + ve
× 10 5
= 4.65 cm /m = A Secondary =
1217 × 7.5 sl
k 2
×d
1217 × 8.5 k2 × d
0.425 × 10 2 Mβ − ve
× 10 5
= 4.65 cm /m = A sec ondary =
1217 × 7.5 su
k2 × d
10 mm m
m
3
3 10 m m m 3 10 m m m 4.50
1 3 10 m m m 1
3 10 m m m
10 mm m
10 mm m
m
4.50
3
3
4.50 m 4.50 m
6 10 m m m
3 10 m m m 3 10 m m m
+3 10 m m m +3 10 m m m
S ec ( 1-1 )
אE٨J ٤F
J WE٢F
א א ٣{٥Zאאאאאא
KE٩J ٤Fא
א
٣{٥Zאא
(Two way slab) r = m × l = 1.0 × 3.5 = 1 .0
l
m × b 1.0 × 3.5
b
- ٥٦ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
א٢٠אאא
E٣J ٤Fא
From table (4-3) α = β =0.396
Slab is Simple i.e. t = 350/ 35 =10 cm
Loads on Slab:
O.w. of slab = 0.1 × 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
W α =W β= 0.6 × 0.396 = 0.21t/m2
Bending Moments:
WKEFאאא
2
× 0.2376 × 3.5 2
Mα + ve
= Mβ + ve
= wα l 1
= = 0.364 mt / m
8 8
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg/cm2)
2
And f s = 1400 kg/cm (mild steel 37—24/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k1= 0.313 and k2 = 1217
Eb=100cm.F١{٠אEdFאא
5
0 . 367 × 10 M
= 6.0 cm. 0 . 313 d = k1 =
100 b
Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.
Wא
0.364 × 10 5 × 10 5
= 3.52 cm2/m = AsL main = M α +ve
1217 × 8.5 k *d2
0.364 × 10 5
2 Mβ × 10 5
= 3.98 cm /m = A Secondary =
+ ve
1217 × 7.5 sl
k 2
×d
Choose 8 Ø 8 mm/m (4.02cm2/m)
- ٥٧ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
א KE β Fא א א E α Fא א א א
Kאאאאא
KאאאאאאW
i.e. A s α. ≥ A s β.
2 10 mm m
m
4 8 m 0.2
8 mm m
5 8 mm / m
Concrete seat m
i i 3.50
8
4 8 m 2 10 mm m
8 8 mm m
Sec ( i - i ) m
3.50
E٩J ٤F
אאאא: ٥J ٤
אאאאE١
KאאאאK٢٠
K(Ø=8mm)٨אE٢
E٤L١FאאאאאE٣
אE٥FאKאא
K٢{٠W١{٥אאE٤K
Kאאאא
KאאאאאאE٥
- ٥٨ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אאאאאאאאאאW٦J ٤
EאאאאFאאאאא
אא (Flexure)אא
Kאאאאא
K(No need to check shear stress)אא
EDeflection in SlabsFאאW٧J ٤
KאאאאאW
אאא אאאאא
אא Kאא א א א א א א
אא١٩٨٥ BS8110 CP110אאא ACIא
אאאKאאא ١٩٩٥א
א E٤J ٤F א א (ACI-318-71) ١٩٧١
Kאאאאאאא
(L/d)אאאE٤J ٤F
ACIאאאאאאא
א א
א א א
(Fy kg/cm2)
١٢{٥ ٣٥ ٣٠ ٢٥ ٢٨٠٠ אאא
١٠ ٢٦ ٢٣ ٢٠ ٢٨٠٠ אא
אא
١١ ٣١ ٢٧ ٢٢ ٣٥٠٠ אאא
٩ ٢٣{٥ ٢٠{٥ ١٨ ٣٥٠٠ אא
אא
١٠ ٢٨ ٢٤ ٢٠ ٤٢٠٠ אאא
٨ ٢١ ١٨{٥ ١٦ ٤٢٠٠ אא
אא
١٠{٠٠אא (L/d)א אאE٥J ٤Fא
Kאאאא
- ٥٩ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
(L/d)אאאE٥J ٤F
E.C.O.Pאאאאאאא
א
א א
א א (Fy kg/cm2)
٣٥ ٣٠ ٢٥ אא
٢٨٠٠J ٢٤٠٠
٢٦ ٢٣ ١٨ אאא
٢٨٠٠J ٢٤٠٠ אא
٢٨ ٢٤ ٢٠ אא
٢١ ١٧ ١٤ א אאא
٤٢٠٠J ٣٥٠٠ אא
אאאW
אאא(ACI-318-83)K١٩٨٣אאא
Kאאאא
אאאאא א
א א K ٣٥J ٣٣ –א K ١٩٨٣ ACI-318-83
Kאאא
E١٢F١٢٠(Drop panels)אאאא E١
E٢J ٣J ٥J ٩Fאא E٢
E١٠F١٠٠אא
٢{٠٠אאא אאאא E٣
E٩F٩٠
- ٦٠ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
אאא ٨J ٤
١٠א ١٠Zא E١
١٠ Ø٦Z א
KL
١٢א ١٢Zא E٢
١٢ Ø٧Z א
KL
١٤א ١٤Zא E٣
١٤ ø٨Z א
KL
١٦א ١٦Zא E٤
١٦ Ø٩Z א
KL١٠Ø٥אKL
א٩J ٤
אK ٢٠א אEאFE١
WאK٩{٠٤{٢Z
KאאE
KאאאאE
KאאE
א אE١٠J ٤FאE١FאאאE٢
אK אK ٦{٥ ٤{٥ZאK ٢٠
WאK٢{٠Zאאא١٢Zא
KאאאE
KאאאאE
KאאE
- ٦١ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
6.50 m 6.50 m
1
m
m
0.2 4.50
m
0.2
m
4.50
6.50 m 6.50 m
E١٠J ٤F
KE١١J ٤F א א E٣J ٢J ١F א א א E٣
WאK٢٠אאאאא
KאE٣،٢،١FאE
KאאאE
א א א E
Kאא
- ٦٢ -
אאא ٢٠١ א
אאא א
m m
m 0.2 0.2 m
5.00 1 2 5.00
m
0.2
m 3 m
6.00 6.00
m
0.2
m m
5.00 5.00
E١١J ٤F
- ٦٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
WW١J ٥
אKאאאאא
KKK א א א א א א
KאEאFאאאא
WאאאאW٢J ٥
Wאאאאאא
א אאאאא E١
אא א K א א
K٢٠٢٠WKKא
KE١J ٥FאF٢٥٢٥
T 20 cm
25 cm
12 cm 12 cm 12 cm
b b b
25 cm b< 25 cm 20 cm b< 20 cm
b< T
E١J ٥F
א (Lintling)אאאא E٢
אאKאא
Kאאאא
אאאאאאא E٣
K
א אא אא א E٤
Kאאא
- ٦٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
4.00 m 4.00 m
m
0.3
Beam
m
3.00
m
0.2
Seconadry Seconadry
Beam Beam
m m
0.3
Main
3.00
E٢J ٥F
- ٦٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
1 B3
m
3.00 B1
C2 C1
E٣J ٥F
א KE٣J ٥F א א אא א
אאאאאאאG1א
C1אא G1אאאB3،B2،B1
KאאאC4،C3،C2،
KאאאאW١J ٣J ٥
א Eא א א אא א F א E١
(Embedded beams) א (Dropped beams)א א
Kאא
- ٦٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
m m
D D
b m b m
c S c S
m a m a d
d
S S
m m
D D
m m D m m
D S D S
E٤J ٥F
- ٦٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
א Eא אF א א E٣
J ٥F،EJ ٥J ٥FאKEJ ٥J ٥Fאאאאא
KEJ ٥J ٥Fאאאא،EJ ٥
X m X m
ks
ac
Cr
m m
Y Y
Cr
ac
ks
m
X
m
Y
E٥J ٥F
אאאKW٤J ٥
א א אא
Wאא
- ٦٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Wאא
(Uniformly distributed load) א א א אא
KE١J ٦J ٥FאאK٥{٠אא
Loads
b< 5.00 m
E١J ٦J ٥F
Wאא
K א א א א אא
KE٢J ٦J ٥FK٧،٠אאא
- ٧٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
w t/m
Loads
b<7.00 m
L
E٢J ٦J ٥F
Wאא
אאאאא
אא١٠{٠אאK
KE٣J ٦J ٥F
P w t/m
Loads
b< 7.00 m
E٣J ٦J ٥F
- ٧١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Wאאא
אאאאאא
K٧{٠
Wאא
אאאאא
K٨{٠
Wאא
א אאאא
K
Wאא
F א א אא
א Kא אא א א א א א Eא
KE٤J ٦J ٥Fא
KאאאאאאאאW
w t/m w t/m
E٤J ٦J ٥F
- ٧٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Kאאאא :٥-٥
אאאEאאFאאא
אאאאא אאאאא
א א א א K
אאא
אאאאKאאא
אאא E٤J ١Fאא Allowable working stress
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
KאאאW١J ٥J ٥
Wאאאא
א א א Kאא א (Slabs) א (١
EJ ١J ٢J ٢J ٢Fאא
EJ ٢J ٢J ٢J ٢FאאEאFאאא (٢
J ٢J ٢Fאא EאFאא א אא (٣
EJ ٢J ٢
KאאאW٢J ٥J ٥
א א א אא א א א
א E٧J ٥F אא
WאKאאאאאאא
- ٧٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
L
X Y
Beam A
45°
2X
Beam B
KאאאאE٧J ٥F
EF א K EF א
K
א א אאא
KE١J ٥Fאאאאאא
E١J ٥F
אאאאאאאβ،αא
L/2x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
α 0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.829 0.853 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917
β 0.500 0.554 0.582 0.615 0.642 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.637 0.750
KאאאאאZW
KאאZL
KZX
- ٧٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
W
(Equivalent coefficient for moment)אאZα
(Equivalent coefficient for shear)אאZβ
W
EאאאFאאאZα ×w ×x
אאאאא
Kאא
EאאאFאאאZβ ×w ×x
א א F אא א א
KEαאאא
KE٢J ٥FאאאאW
E٢J ٥F
0.5 0.5 2
From
=
table 3
0.5 0.667 4
0.5 0.333 5
= 0.5 6
From
=
table 7
Take = 1/2x for
one trabizoidal
- ٧٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
KEאאאE،،٣J ٣FאאFאאאW٣J ٥J ٥
KEאאE٤J ٣FאאFאאאאW٤J ٥J ٥
KEאאE٥J ٣FאאFאאאW٥J ٥J ٥
E١J ٥F
אאאא E٨J ٥Fא
אK אאEJ ٨J ٥FאKEJ ٨J ٥F
W
KE٣L١{٢אF٢٠אאאא
WאKEJ ٨J ٥FאאK٣{٠Zאאא
KG1אאB2،B1אאאא E١
Kאאאאאא E٢
1 2 3 4
A A
m
6.00
B B
m
6.00
C C
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00m
1 2 3 4
EJ ٨J ٥F
- ٧٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
1 2 3 4
G2
A A
S2
m
6.00 B2 S2 S1 m B2
0.2
B B
G1
m B2 B1 B1 B2
6.00 S2 S2
0.4 m S1
C C
G2
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00 m
1 2 3 4
EJ ٨J ٥F
h2 ( clear height )
EJ ٨J ٥F
- ٧٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
א
G1،B2،B1אאאW
E٩J ٥FאאB1אא
2.00 2.00
G1
G2 2.50 2.50 G2
6.00 m 6.00 m
B1
w t t/m
G2 G1 G2
B1
E٩J ٥F
2.50 2.50
B2
w t/m
t
B2
E١٠J ٥F
- ٧٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 × 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2
O.W. of flooring = 0.15 t/m2
L.L = 0.30 t/m2
Total load on slab = 0.75 t/m2
Slab s2 is 5 × 6 m
r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
α1 = 0.769 and β1 = 0.582
Beam B2 has two equal span = 6.0 m
Assume b =20 cm
And t = span / 10 = 60 cm
Loads from wall:
= 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4 mאאH wall =
- ٨٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
KE١١J ٥FאאG1אא
R R
B1 2.00 B1
2.50 2.50
col 2.50
2.50 2.00
G1
E١١J ٥F
٠{٤Z٤٠ZG1א
W٠{٩Z٩٠Z
KאאLאZאאאא
Kאאא
אא W
(אא ) אאKא
E٢J ٥FאאK (α = β = 0.5). ﺣﻴﺚ.W β
- ٨١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
WאG1אאB1אאא
B1 א (working reaction) א א א א א E١
KRB1G1אא
، א EאF א אא א אא E٢
(load for א א ، א א
WKKKKKKKKshear coefficient) (w β)
RB1 = R w + R m
KאאאZR wW
KB1אאאZR m
KB1אאאאE١٢J ٥Fאא
- ٨٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
w L2 2.33 * 6 * 6
M= = = 10.485 m.t
8 8
B.M.d
G2 G1 G2
10.485 10.485
Reaction
10.485 10.485 *2 10.485
6
= Rm 6
6
6.00 m 6.00 m
E١٢J ٥F
Wאא
R w = (wβ×L/2) ×2 = (2.33 ×6/2) ×2 = 13.98 ton
R m = (M - ve /L) ×2 = (wβ×L2/8L) ×2 = (2.33 ×6×6 / (8×6))×2 = 3.495 ton
i.e. RB1 = 3.495 + 13.98 = 17.5 ton
KE١٣J ٥FG1אאאא
- ٨٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
R = 17.5 t R = 17.5 t
B1 B1
w = 2.55 t/m
col col
5.0 4.00 m 5.0
14.00 m
E١٣J ٥F
E١J ٥Fא
G1،B2،B1אאאאW
E١٤J ٥FאאEאFB1א E١
E١٥J ٥F
2.33 t/m
Load for shear
6.00 m 6.00 m
8.4 t
5.6 t
S.F.D Q=K * w L q
B
5.6 t
8.4 t
E١٤J ٥F
- ٨٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
2.96 t/m
Load for moment
6.00 m 6.00 m
-24 -9 -24 K
+11 +11 m ( moment factor)
2
w L= 11.84
-4.44 9 - 4.44
2
B.M.d M= wL /Km
9.7 9.7
E١٥J ٥F
WEאFB2אE٢
W β (for shear) = 1.74 t/m
W α (for moment) = 2.22 t/m
KB2אאאאאW
KE١٦J ٥FאאG1 אE٣
- ٨٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
17.5 t 17.5 t
2.55 t/m
Loads
B.M.d
144.88
8 mt
w L2
= 8 mt
8
Mmax= 144.88 + 5.1 =150 mt 5.1
E١٦J ٥F
Design of R.C. Sections of BeamsאאאW٦J ٥
א א א א א א א
א Kאא א א K א
אאKאאאא
KאאאאאאE١٧J ٥F
- ٨٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
E١٧J ٥F
א(Deflection)אA-BאE١٨J ٥Fא
א א א K א א
WEB-BאFאאEA-AאF
E١٨J ٥F
- ٨٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
אאאאא E١
א E١٩J ٥F א א KE١٩J ٥F E١٩J ٥F א
Kאאאא (Neutral Axis)
אאאKאא
Tא
E١٩J ٥Fא
אאאאא E٢
KE١٩J ٥Fאא
b
E١٩J ٥F
Wאאאאאא
،E١٩J ٥FאאFאאא E
EEF،(F
אא F T אא (T-shaped) T E
E١٩J ٥
א (L-shaped)Lאא W
K(L-Section)>L
- ٨٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
אאאאW١J ٦J ٥
אאאאאאאא
Wאאאא
אא (Linear) א E١
KE٢٠J ٥F
ft
d
+
d
-
fc
Stress diagram Strain diagram
E٢٠J ٥F
אאאא E٢
אאאאאאאא
א f c א א
Kf sאאאא
E١J ٥J ٥F א א א א E٣
א (M) א E٤J ٥J ٥F ،E٣J ٥J ٥F ،E٢J ٥J ٥F،
Kאא(Q)אאא
Wאאdאא E٤
- ٨٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
M
d = k 1
(4-1)
b
W
אא(Depth of R.C. Sec.)אאאZd
EE٢٠J ٥F&E١٩J ٥FאאF
(f c) א א Z k1
KאאאאE١J ٤Fאא(f s)אא
KאאאZB
f s,bאf c f cuE٥
WאW
f cu = 250 kg/cm2 , f c = 80 kg/cm2 and f s = 1400 kg/cm2
So, k1 = 0.253 , k 2= 1185
E١J ٤Fאאאdאא E٦
WאאאAsא E٧
M
(4-2) A =
s
k 2
× d
From figure (5-21)
t = d +d′
Where; d′ = 3 + Ø /2 + (2.5 + Ø /2) × (n-1)
KאZnW
W٢٠ZØ،אZ(n)אא
d′ = 3 + Ø /2 ≈ 4 cm.
KE٢١J ٥FאאKא
- ٩٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
fc
t d
+
d
b fs / n
E٢١J ٥F
EאאאאF LTאאאW٢J ٦J ٥
(Flanged Beam)
LאTאIא∏אKאאא
KE٢٢J ٥אFLאTאאאא
א א א אא
Kאאאא
א K T א א א א א
(Floor)Kא אא
KLאא
אא אא (B)אא
WLאT
- ٩١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
WאאאאאBאא
T E
B = 12 ts + b
Or B = L/3 (for simple beams) (4-3)
Or B = L/4.5 (for continuous beams)
LE
B = 4.5 t s + b
Or B = L/6 (for simple beams) (4-4)
Or B = L/9 (for continuous beams)
t sK٨KאZ
LKאאZ
M M
B B
ts ts
d d
As As
bO bO
T - section L - section
E٢٢J ٥F
אאא(Maximum B)אאW
KE٢٣J ٥FK
- ٩٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
C C
L S L
S S
m
6.30
L sec T sec
bo
L sec
C C
L L
E٢٣J ٥F
LTא
J WT
EאFא (Z)א E١
KאאE٢٤J ٥F
EאFאא (Z)א E٢
KTאאKE٢٤J ٥F
- ٩٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
B B
ts z ts
z
d t t
bO bO
E٢٤J ٥
Wאא (neutral axis distance (z))אא
M
Z = 0 . 14 (4-5)
B
B/b0&ts/zאK(r)אE٣J ٥Fא
- ٩٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
:k1אW
f c′= 0.75fc
Kאאא f cW
K(t)אא
′
T = d + d
WאTאאא
M
A =
s
k 2
× d
Kf s , (f c′)אE١J ٤Fאk2W
אא (shear stress)אא (Check)א
Kאא
- ٩٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Wא
אLTאאE١
Kאאא
אא (L)אE٢
אאאEאאFא
Kאאא٪١٥
Shear stressאW٣J ٦J ٥
(q) א א א א (shear forces (Q)) א
אא (Diagonal Tension) (T) (shear stress)
KE٢٥J ٥Fאא
Wאאqא
Q
q = Kg / cm2
0 . 87 × b × d
T
q
q q
q
E٢٥J ٥F
Wא
- ٩٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
K٢L٧אאא E١
١٨ E F E٢
KאאאאאHאאאK٢L
.אאאאאW٤J ٦J ٥
אאאא אאאא
Wא
J ٥ ١٤J ٥Fאא K(Shear force diagram) (S.F.D)א E١
KE١٦
WאאאאאE٢
Q
q =
max 0 . 87 × b × d
q maxK (Linearity)א Q q W
K(Face of column)אא
K(7kg/cm2)אאאאאאE٣
KE٢٦J ٥Fאאא
- ٩٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Q
S.F.D
Q
By concrete
q
st
7 kg/cm
q = 1: 1 q
st 3 2 max Ab
q
max
E٢٦J ٥F
Kq max½⅓אאאאאאE٤
n × Ast × f
s
I.e. q stirrups =(⅓: ½) q max =
b× s
- ٩٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
Wאא(A sb)אאE٥
A × b
A sb
= b
f s
- ٩٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
5 5
M × 10 11 . 84 × 10
d = k 1
2
= 0 . 233 = 56 . 7 cm
b 20
Take: t = 60 cm
d act. = 56 cm
5 5
= M × 10 2
=
11 . 84 × 10
= 18 . 06
2
A cm
s
k ×d 2 act
1171 × 56
Z > t s > 10 cm
So: the sec. is actually T sec.
f c′ = 0.75 f c = 0.75× 90 = 67.5 kg/cm2
Take f c′ = 70 kg/cm2
I.e. k1= 0.279
k2= 1200
d act.= 56 cm
M × 10
5
9 .7 × 10 5
As at sec .1 = 1
= = 14 .43 cm 2
k ×d 2 act
1200 × 56
- ١٠٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
8.4 t
sec 2 x
3.6 m 2.4 m
45°
q 255
max q 5.6 t
st
7 kg/cm
8.62 kg/cm Ab
E٢٧J ٥
Check of shear:
8 . 4 × 10 3
> 7 kg/cm2 q = = 8 . 62 kg / cm 2
2 max . 0 . 87 × 20 × 56
n × Ast × f 2 × 0.503×1400 1 1
q = s
= = 3.52 = ( : ) q
st b× s 20× 20 3 2 2 max.
= A ×b = × b
b
= (45 ×
8.62 − 3.52 + 7 − 3.52
)×
20
= 2.28 cm
2
A bent
f A f b
2 1400
s s
- ١٠١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
KB1אאE٢٨J ٥Fאא
B1
B1אE٢٨J ٥F
KאאאאאאW٧J ٥
WאאE١
K٣٥٠H٣٠{٤H٣٠{٨
KאאאאאאאE٢
א ٢٨א א א א E٣
٢L٢٥٠
K٢٤אאאE٤
אF ٣٥L٢٤ אאאאE٥
KEא
Kאא٤L١א٥L١אאאE٦
Kאא٧L١אאאE٧
K٣٥אאאE٨
אEFאאאאאאא E٩
Kאא٤L١אא
- ١٠٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אאאא א
אאאאE١٠
E٣٥L٢٤Fא
אא אא
L٨Ø٥ ١٦Ø٢ J ١٦Ø٢ ١
L٨Ø٥ ١٨Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢ ٢
L١٠Ø٦ ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٥Ø٣ ٢٢Ø٣ ٣
L١٠Ø٦ ٢٥Ø٢ ٢٢Ø٥ ٢٢Ø٥ ٤
- ١٠٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
W١J ٦
Kאאאאאאאאא
א א א א א
א א א K א א
Kא
א א א K א
Kאאאאא
KאאE١J ٦FאאKאאא
KאאW٢J ٦
אא א א
Wאאאא
(i.e 0.05t or 0.05b) Kא٠{٠٥ E
K٢٠ E
אאאאאאאאא
KEאאאאF
- ١٠٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
E٢J ٦F
- ١٠٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאW٤J ٦
(λ i = He/ i)א(λ b=He/b)אאא א
KE١J ٦Fאאאא
WKאאאאZiW
i = 0.3b for rectangular section
i = 0.25 D for circular section
KאאאאD،אאאbW
אאאE١J ٦F
א אאא אא א
λi λb λ b
٥٠ ١٢ ١٥
٣٥ ٨ ١٠
Kאאאאא •
אאאW٥J ٦
Wאאא
Kאאא E١
א F Kא א אא א (٢
KEא
KאאאW١J ٥J ٦
Wאאאאאא
KאEאאFאאא E١
KE٣J ٦FאאK(Y)א(X)אאאא
א(B-3)אאאאEאאFא E٢
K(A)אאאא
- ١٠٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
E٣J ٦F
Wאאאא(B-3)אאPא אE٣
KEAאאאFא אE
Kאאאא E
KאאאאאאE
Kאאא E
- ١٠٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
KE٢٠ZFאZ b W
E٠{٦F٠{٦←٠{٢ZאZb c
٢{٠←٠{٢٥ZאZt c
אאZh c
WPcאאא
Pc = total vertical load on column = N × Pc/floor
KאאZNW
KאאאאאאZPc/floor
W
א Eא א א א F א
א א ٪ ١٠ ± א
א
KאאאאאKא
אאW٦J ٦
Wאא
Wאאאא E١
t / b ≤ 5 and h/b ≥ 5
אZbW
אZt
אאZh
Wאאא E٢
andEאFλ b = he / b ≤ 15 for braced columns
EאFλ b = he / b ≤ 10 for un-braced columns
(buckling length of column)אאZhe W
EE١J ٦FאאF אZλ b
- ١٠٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאW١J ٦J ٦
Kא א א א א
Kא
Wא(Fixed end)אאWE١
KE٤J ٦FאאKא
א אאאא
Kאאאאא
E٤J ٦F
אא אאאא WE٢
K(Partially restrained)אאאאא
- ١٠٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאא WE٣
Kא
אאאאא WE٤
Kאא
E٢J ٦Fא β = He / H0 βאאאא
אאאא βאאאE٣J ٦Fא
(Braced column)אβאE٢J ٦FאKאא
K(Un-braced column)אβאE٣J ٦FאK
(Braced column)אβ = He / H0E٢J ٦F
אא אא
٣ ٢ ١
٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٧٥ ١
٠{٩٥ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٠ ٢
١{٠ ٠{٩٥ ٠{٩٠ ٣
(un-Braced column)אβ = He / H0E٣J ٦F
אא אא
٣ ٢ ١
١{٦٠ ١{٣٠ ١{٢٠ ١
١{٨ ١{٥٠ ١{٣٠ ٢
J ١{٨ ١{٦٠ ٣
J J ٢{٢٠ ٤
- ١١٠ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
EFאאאאW٧J ٦
אאEFאא
K א א EF
Ke min.אא
e min = 0.05 t or 20 mms (Whichever is bigger)
א א א א א א
Wאאאאא
P = fc0 × Ac + 0.44 f y ×A sc (6-1)
W
KEE٤J ١FאאKf cu FZfc0
KאאאZAc
KאאאאאZf y
KאאאאZA sc
A sc = 1% ×AcWאµ = A sc/Ac = 1%א
E١J ٦F אאאאא W
Kא
WW١J ٧J ٦
WאK١٠٠Zאאא
K(Mild steel 24-35)א• א
K٢L٢٥٠Z(f cu)א •
א
Assume: µ (total steel ratio) = 1% ;
f co = 60 kg/cm2 (for f cu =250 kg/cm2)
And f y = 2800 kg/cm2
i.e., applying in equation (6-1)
So 100×1000 = 60×Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×2800 = 72.32 Ac
- ١١١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
Ac = 1382.27 cm2
b = breadth of column = 25 cm; Take
1382 . 27
t = = 55 . 3 cm So
25
Take t = 60 cm
A sc = 1% ×25×60 = 15 cm2
Choose 8 Ø 16 mm
KאE٥J ٦Fא
אE٥J ٦F
אאW٨J ٦
Wאאאאאאא
Kא אE١
KE٦J ٦FאאKאאא אE٢
KE٧J ٦Fאאאאאאאאא E٣
- ١١٢ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
אאאE٦J ٦F
- ١١٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
E٧J ٦F
KE٨J ٦FאאKאאאאא E٤
- ١١٤ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
E٨J ٦F
KE٩J ٦FאKאאא E٥
E٩J ٦F
- ١١٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
א א א E٦
WE١٠J ٦FאאKאאאאא
2 2
D= b + t Minimum diameter
KאאאZDW
KאאZ b
KאאZt
E١٠J ٦F
אאW٩J ٦
א ٪ ٠{٨ א א א א א א א E١
אאא א٪ ٠{٦א
KE٤J ٦FE١J ٦Fאאא(λ i)א(λ b)
א ٪ ١ אאא א אא אE٢
Kאאא٪١{٢א
אאא א אאE٣
Wאא
Kאאאא٪٤ •
- ١١٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
Kאאאא٪٥ •
Kאאאא٪٦ •
KאE٤
K١٢אE٥
K٢٠אאאאאאE٦
K ٣٠אאאE٧
אאאK ٢٥
KE١١J ٦F א א F ١٥ א א א א א
KEF٦אאאאא
E١١J ٦F
WאאאאאאE٨
KE١٥FE
K٢٠אאאE
K٨¼E٩
KאאאאאאE١٠
- ١١٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
א K ٣ K ٨ א E١١
אאא
Kאאא١٠١٠אאא
Kאא٤٠אאE١٢
W١J ٩J ٦
WאאE٦FאאאE١٢J ٦Fא
(C5 ; C6)٦W٥אאא E١
אאאK (C5 ; C6) ٦W ٥א E٢
Kא
אאאE١٢J ٦F
- ١١٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
א
W
(L.L = 200 kg/m2)א• א
KאאE١٣J ٦Fאא •
٧٠ZאאאK٢{٩٠Zאא •
EאאFA5א(C5)٥אא
EאאFA6א(C6)٦אא
E١٣J ٦F
- ١١٩ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
• Beams:
∑ L (of Beams) = (3.5/2) + 1 +3 +1 = 6.75 ms
O.W. of Beams = 0.2× (0.7 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.3 t/m
∑ loads of Beams = 6.75 ×0.3 = 2.025 tons.
• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 1 + 3 + (3.5/2) +1 = 6.75 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 6.75 ×0.29×2.3 = 4.5 tons.
• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 8.0 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 8.0 ×0.29×2.3 = 5.336 tons.
• Columns: assume column dimension = 20 × 70 cm
O.W. of column = 0.2 ×0.7 ×2.5 ×3 = 1.05 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc6)
Pc6 (per one floor) = 7.11 + 2.4 + 5.336 + 1.05 =15.896= 16 tons
Pt = 16 × 6 = 96 tons
Design of column C5:
Assume: f c0 = 60 kg/cm2 for f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
f y = 2800 kg/cm2 and A sc= 1 % Ac
So; Pc5 = Ac × fc0 + 0.44× A sc× f y
72×1000 = 60 × Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×2800
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 72.32 Ac
Ac = 72000/ 72.32 = 995.6 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e. t = 995.6 /20 = 49.8 cm
- ١٢١ -
אא ٢٠١ א
אא א
- ١٢٣ -
אא ٢٠١ א
א א
W١J ٧
א Kאאאא א א א
א א א א
א א א א א א K K
Kאאאאאאא
Shallow א א א א
א א אF א א א K foundation
א ،אאא Eא
KאאאKDeep foundationא
אאאW٢J ٧
אא א א K א א א א
WאאאאאאKאא،א
KאאאאאאKKא
אאאW٣J ٧
אFאאאאאא
אאאאKEאא،אא
Wא
א א K (Strip footings) א א (١
אא אא אאא
K
א א K (Spread footings) א א (٢
Kאאא
K (Combined footings)אא (٣
א א K ، א
KKא
- ١٢٥ -
אא ٢٠١ א
א א
KאK(Raft foundations)אא (٤
Kאאאאאא،
(Design of Strip footings)אאW٤J ٧
א אאאKאאאE١J ٧F
אא א אאא
אK Bא Kאא
K B א b א א א א
K(Reinforcement)(Thickness)א
،א אאא אא
א א א אא
Kא(D f)א(q all.)אאא
Kאאאאאא
P
(7-1) PT =
1−
γ a
× D f
q all
KאאאZPW
Kאא،אאאZPT
KE٣L٢٠Z٣L٢ZFאאZγ a
KאZD f
(Gross allowable bearing stress of the soil)אאאZq all
אאאאאא
KאאPTא
B×1.0 = PT / q all (7-2)
- ١٢٦ -
אא ٢٠١ א
א א
Kא،BאE٢J ٧Fא
E١J ٧F
- ١٢٧ -
אא ٢٠١ א
א א
WאאW١J ٤J ٧
אאאKאא אאאא
((PT-P)/B)אא (PT/B)אאא
WאF netאאאאK
F net = P /B (7-3)
Q b = F net × S (7-7)
W
א א א אא א א א E١
K(Bond stress)אאאאא
- ١٢٨ -
אא ٢٠١ א
א א
א K א א א E٢
Kא
Kאאא
Eא א אF א א א E٣
א א א א א
אאאאאFKא אא
א א K Eא א א
אKאKא
א א א א א
א א E٣J ٧F E١J ٧F
Kאאא
W = Pc / Sc (7-8)
אאKאאאZWW
KאZPc
KאאZSc
(Strip אאאא
אKאאK footing)
Kאא،אאאא
אאW٢J ٤J ٧
١
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P 20
P = = = 25 t / m
T γa × D 2 × 1 .0
1− f
1−
q all 10
B= 25/10 =2.5 m
Concrete Section:
F n = 20/2.5 = 8 t/m
S = (B –b/2)/2 = (2.5 - 0.3/2)/2 = 1.175 m
M = F n ×S2/2 = 8 × (1.175)2/2 = 5.523 t.m. /m
Q b = F n ×S = 8 × 1.175 = 9.4 t/m
Assume: f c = 60 kg/cm2
f s = 1400 kg/cm2
k1 = 0.313
k2 = 1217
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M 5.523 × 10 5
d = k1 = 0.313 = 23.26cm
b 100
d min = b or 25 cm
Take d = 30 cm
t = 30 + cover = 30 +5 = 35 cm
M 5 .523 × 100000 cm
2
A = = = 15 .127
s
k2 × d 1217 × 30
Take 8 Ø 16 mm/m (16.1 cm2)
Q 9.4×1000
< 10 kg /cm2
(safe) q = = = 8.96
b 0.87× d × ∑o o o o 0.87×30×(8π ×1.6)
As′ ≥ 0.2 % Ac = 0.2 % ×30×100 = 6 cm2
As′ = 5 Ø 16 (min. Reinforcement)
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Design of long beam
Load per meter = 40/5 = 8 t/m ↑
2 2
W ×l 8×5
M max
= = = 16 .67 m.t
12 12
Choose b = 40 cm
M 16.67×100000
d = k1 = 0.313 = 64.3cm
b 40
Take t = 75 cm and d = 68 cm
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M 16.67 × 100000 2
As = = = 20.13cm
k2 × d 1217 × 68
Choose 8 Ø 18 mm
Shear Q = 20 ton
20 × 1000
kg /cm2 q = = 8 .45
0 .87 × 40 × 68
Choose 4 branches Ø 8 mm @ 15 cm Stirrups
4 × 0.503×1400
kg /cm 2 q = = 4.67
stirr 15× 40
The rest to be resisted by four (4) bent up bars Ø 18 mm
Design of slab:
8 8
P = = = 12 . 0 t / m
T
1 .2 × 2 2/3
1−
7 .2
B = 12 / 7.2 = 1.67 → 1.7 m
F net = 8 / 1.7 = 4.7 t/m
S = (1.7 – 0.4) / 2 = 0.65 m
M = 4.7 (0.65)2 /2 = 0.993 m.t/m
Q b = 4.7×0.65 = 3.055 t/m
M 0 . 993 × 100000
d = k1 = 0 . 313 = 10 cm
b 100
For rigidity requirements take t = 20 cm
d act = 17 cm
M 0.993 × 100000
A = = = 4.8cm 2 / m
s
k2 × d 1217 × 17
Take A s min = 6 Ø 14 mm / m
Q 3.055 × 1000
kg./cm2(safe) q = = = 7.83 < 10
b 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o 0.87 × 17 × (6π × 1.4)
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(L - l) = (B - b) (7-9)
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A = L × B = PT/q all (7-10)
Or q all = P T / (L × B) (7-11)
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Section a -a:
⎡ ⎛ L − l ⎞2 ⎛ L − l ⎞
2
⎤
M =
P
⎢b ⎜ ⎟ / 2 + (B − b )⎜ ⎟ / 3⎥
A ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
(7-12) M =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2
24 × A
(7-13) M =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2
24 × A
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Section a -a:
(7-14) M =
P
(L − l )2 / 8
L
(7-15) M =
P
(B − b )2 / 8
B
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Fn=P/A (7-16)
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For section a -a:
Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n (7-17)
Q b =¼ (L + l) (B - b) × F n (7-18)
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QP
(7-20) q P = 2 d (l + b + 1 .33 d )
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Footing Dimensions:
P 100
P = = = 112 . 9 ton
T γ × D 2 ×1
1 − a f
1 −
q all 17 . 5
B= A = 2.54 = 2.55m
Concrete Sections:
M=
P
(2B + b)(L − l )2 = 100 2 (5.1 + 0.45)(2.55 − 0.45)2 = 15.683m.t
24 × A 24 × (2.55)
Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n =¼ (2.55 + 0.45) (2.55 -0.45) × 15.38 = 24.221 ton
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = P − Fn ⎜ b + d ⎟ × ⎜ l + d ⎟
P
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
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אא ٢٠١ א
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15 . 683 × 10 5
d = 0 . 313 × = 49 cm But
(45 + 20 )
Take d =50 cm & t = 55 cm
100 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
Q P = 100 − ⎜ 0.45 + × 0.5 ⎟⎜ 0.45 + × 0.5 ⎟ = 90.564 ton so,
2.55 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
QP 90 . 564 × 10 3
qP = = = 5 . 78 kg / cm 2
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 × 50 (45 + 45 + 66 . 7 )
M 15.68 × 10 5
As = k2 × d = 1217 × 50 = 25.75cm
2
Choose 13 Ø 16 mm
Q 24.221× 1000
q = = = 8.57 < 10kg / cm2
b 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o 0.87 × 50 × (13π × 1.6)
Footing is 2.55 ×2.55 ×0.55 (13 Ø 16 in each direction)
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A = P / F all.net = 150 / 20 = 7.5 m2
Choose L = 3.0 m , B = 2.5 m
E١١J ٧F
M a−a =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2 = 150 (5 . 3 )(2 . 25 )2 = 22 . 36 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5
M a ′− a ′ =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2 = 150 (6 . 75 )(2 .2 )2 = 27 .225 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5
Q b a-a =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(2.8) (2.25) = 31.50 ton
Q b a′-a′ =¼ (L + l) (B - b)× P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(3.75) (2.2) = 41.25 ton
Concrete Sections;
22 .360 × 10 5
d = 0 .313 × = 66 . 16 cm
(30 + 20 )
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אא ٢٠١ א
א א
t = 70 cm
M 22.360 × 10 5
Choose 15 Ø 16 mm As = = = 28.24cm 2
k2 × d 1217 × 65
M 27.225 × 10 5
Choose 18 Ø 16 mm As′ = = = 35.5cm 2
k2 × d 1217 × 63
41.25 × 103
qb = 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o = 0.87 × 63 × (18π × 1.6) = 8.36 < 10kg / cm2 (Safe)
Q
E١٢J ٧F
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