Sheanrina dang sree huts to 1 Soe one anes aes SSS 1 Baking and Construction Athy, May 2004 Alls reserved Nop of the putin maybe rproied oe ans a my fx oy any ‘eats wit armaton ig Rast he suk Whig ovr statism to nauretne aourcy th imation posi in SESS Sh Steen ea cha eponsy ty Ise :981.0436002 ered prerancotsenen FOREWORD Stu Precast Canrte Hanctook was at pulahasin arch 1099 and as wary rece Seiaisn, Ihsan veut oa naming ber bere pofem ape ‘sa py ndargingvaring pecan dorigr More hldnge are row conse arg recast ‘Ts Handosk nas undead rom th 1998 version Lo inte the fate reve fom he Sigapora | wou espe otha Dr Ll Hoke Safar i satan nh evil, lam cone that his Handbook lcontnve to sr te cst wel la Deputy Ghif Execubve OMcer Ir Coveleert Bunding and Canseueson AthenACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thana eet oo yer any conto pp tin sn cise BA ning ove vec. Gharns knowledge an experienc sat ha many face ca breast cencica costae atte th Procas Storing Conon, ahora eda on ova ga "ts Precae Stearng Commie, ome 157, wae asked eres he datng and posarson ‘This Hantbook was nse by BCA in coloration with Ds Ll Heke Sai PWD Constants le Lis) ‘ns Prensa reat of Gunma fre nk Hendon ope “oal contr, we want ogress eu epprecaon 3b wo dene. Precast tering Commits Members (1987-1990) Chatman eter = Pg tem Sa O bong Preston Porkomnye cosutors eum enon St te tg Me Stephen toy Ocal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (conr’p) scAwau eo hank OSTAané PD Conautants Pte for onset use phoiographs taken fom ‘fer prowess nation 2A would he atknowacpe he ffewing exgeisatonpublishes for conan! © Use FP Planing and Design Handbook on Precast Bulsng tuctures Fete so an anal of recast Conerete Constnction System Bung wih Large Panels lume 3) Baur Gc feosgn tanabeok rarae—oetoume {PW ladon Br, Sula Muti Stroy Procast Concrete Framed StructuresNOTATIONS Seth lr roca pe ee Pac 80 oc web sel acne deh of shay base eee rant nce tom bt canis edge tel ae REMI ee Steve gto nate ‘finer comoresse stant cone St etace pany Pe reas Sexier ohana ate cress one hfs bs [esressdestprent song arssaront an of bases enson areceage fel bars iSsmree benno reo wa ty) foots etng ao") tener ofwelenet| Yoea bd ota peru ergh nal ino al it mesh olced ne eras en ebererar 040 Temes ston: aoa enh of wt yr -nuinefonteancria m proce wal pane! tse of ta wb ‘eran rao ae obese ce pcan of stetsrg system; co-nlaCareson sytem les Caeson spon See BR rer nnn se aspegene NO’ PRAM UNE O DP PPEPIIPOEP aaparroraeeye "aes NNNKR ESA AP O29 VEE, TATIONS (cont’p) Steet reatesangratorcrert Stott stem ranocsmer ° Sha oe arta tne ape ot tear key ‘toa trate res nso Sos teeta Luly rho! eas Hoc rer deson) ese tence eatoeNOTATIONS (conr’p) © escheat conan i waa onc halon te as 5 Gauri ator are nenaepe Bon ers coer oad dation cor ferro sor : {a ose pressing ee rd factor in aeeratany ‘ocean Soe cotlr e con (Sram mia A) cea ie hoe es PREFACE Sucve at sta manna the ita cast sty cone ute sed ose os sin The mezencapton due ecko ungaaandng the dein psopy and he special fins ad les asad with pecs canes daign end cansrcten, Wide sporesaton @ ato sflers ora ack of eaign sion 3 the under yacate ve and nied tet othe desig cncaps manfacting at recto eages me most resto Cel Is cariog cu by Infaute angnoo'sonployed Oy precast manufacturing “The publaton of his Handbook ainsto ro te sagnerng rfesin wih ier understanng ithe posdire of prorat conerte acta oign sles sen 3 stl ese a out ot Chapter +e ne Handbook proves sn ovaew on he genera deen pence of some of ha ost lest eatre npreceetbuldngs, The ceptarorphaseas fe Son phosophy ar ove ‘re coheenesntrma of abl syom arse ey which areata alo ln Chapte 2, deta intrmation i gen onthe design of some af the mare commen ie of precast ig wal, Passos pacat concedes a sige dotie te abe selena ‘tld asthe te nl corona lay ats tag fe Whore appt, expe are lied usta deognsoproachss Furr docgn as ease provid hh oo eves ‘penne an oar, Chapt ata catalogue ad resent he pins casio ear, dein emuise oequaons tpeome oft common ypas of somectons vee In bor ypu pocst res ‘Trecrencancets ancprocicuaeouthosin Chop o at polled Chapt 4 ne design ot Iuoprecatlcocia bang. Thenees cori speliccnausienequamertin reas Cone feign decried on fhe uly os exarpe, Chapters sins to gw te rode 9 genatl oa ofthe various posses offing and conection tata citar es of pees coneres sire. Apa or enowng some comets commen rod ally. he readers are ls expceedo vernon practan, pricy Europea prices, hare ‘onlerat advancement n recast coneteton heen mad “Tedesgnnsthad and aporoaches ihe Handtookare baad aban desgn es aed Inaczntanc uththe Singapore Sancatdon Coe of Prason Fo Sura Use of Cnt: CPOS. 1983 inti aon Whoever appa he relevant dauss ome Cae af ie rich ‘Steno coveted by the Cave, her sours a rare ae quad Alt offerors also gan et the and ef te Handoook fr adore who ar neta otto onrete desig a const.r i CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 44 General 2 12 Losdings And Load Tables 2 13 Procast Concrete Systems 6 Slab Wall Structure 8 ‘Shear Wall Behaviour 20 2 47 Floor Diaphragm Actions. 30 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED ‘CONCRETE COMPONENTS Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slabs “0 Design OF Precast Concrete Planks sCONTENTS (conr’p) 23. Design OF Procest Reinforced Concrete Beams 238 Dosgrexampes 24 Design OF Precast Concrete Columns 108 25 Design Of Procast Concrete Walls. 1m 288. Carlever cat con wale CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS 34 General 142 32 Design Criteria 142 33 Design Considerations 142 eat Manufacturing Considerations 149 Construction Considerations 148 Types OF Joints my 3.7 Shoar Friction Design Method. 4. CONTENTS (cont’p) 28 ‘State Feeton 190 Bearing On Concrete 150 Reinforced Conerete Cor 158 Coa cain by a eects ae den by ter ton mates Reinforced Concrete Nib 12 ‘Beam Half Joint 178 Rercarenta ine 3.18 Steel Sections inserts 1 Force Transfer By Welding 199 ‘Shoar Key Connection 202 ‘Column Base Connection 203 ie st enna Connection Of Precast Walls 26 ‘ered capac oot conte nts CHAPTER 4: ILLUSTRATIONS ON DESIGN OF PRECAST ‘CONCRETE BUILDINGS 44 Introduction 4 42 12Storey Office Block 24 42° Residential Block 250 CHAPTER 5: PRECAST CONCRETE ASSEMBLY 54 Genera: 266 52 Joints Used In Singapore Projects 287 53 Joints Used in European Projects 282 REFERENCE m2STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 1 Genera 112. Loatings And ood ables 1.3 PreatConcete Systems 1 Slab Wl Srcres 1S Shor Wel ehviue 1.6. Seach Design For Pegetive Callape 17 Flo igh Aeons‘CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 14 Gene ‘The main structural liferance between cabin bulkfngs and precstbuldng® ies n thle structural conruly. The cual contaty of converena nent bakigs ere nd il euiomaticalyfotow asthe constuction proces. Fr pecan! stuctues, te mist be 8 ensciou fot fo oneuro that esucturalcontnuly m erested when procat components sh 28 Slab an wal, are connecod. The conmesions acs bring Inks between es compns As te stutural elements inprcsstbuang wit ony fom stale eta eytem ae theo ‘re connecea, drut censreions or labiy and safety are necesray st sages ‘load bearng stucure wih easing elerants ich can sustain both vrcal end erzontal ins and vaneitthes oe foundation endo solisroques. The sucture rust e robust one adoqutalydeslgned against sctyal sre, cracking end deleterious datornatons. ‘The overal behaviour of &preceststuctue fe dependent onthe behaviour of te connections wich mist repond to *rostance to al dsign forces ‘vue cnanges aay “re rentance 12 Loadings And Load Tables 1121 Desig procedures in goneral ‘Alege! design procedure forthe sruckxal engines mst nce thse four phases (gue 1.) Loos Assoament Stn ad etnstes an od bes. 2 Caledaton tec! etn he stucral ytem, deaclng poste ad pa, evehaon {stots of components and jis, he easuon hos ended conan, 3. Svucturl Anahi String wa ha detsrminatan face on components and Js Satan ote srongr cary capacy omaarae, cose sectors anne Mose, Sho iode anthesis roo be conwars a 4 Documentation: Preparation peceaone, sketches, shop stavings end sssenbiy (omer acco Figure 14 Procedure |.22 Verteal nd horizontal oa “tetuikg design oad con usual be xrscte rom toad spocteatons in codes of practice Tretzng bye ws, Ia oad type, suchas te win lon, cannot be etabiched becmuse tie 8 {pec shaped bung tats ust be conducad ‘ie vera losis comes the dea! weight of he sructze,supermpoeed ded loads ad ve ‘Based tern ighoweg parton wats fe nenaly rated a ne ood canbe exited ae tron ead th or sae dts the od very For areca! buange with simpy siopored main stucural members. tis easy to ogee Tetsu he loads scng fram op obotom fhe balding n oad tates An txts of als wih atcimussing erent in goers shown in Hee 1.2. Te hon loess are donvod! fom shee the wind ores or om the so-called nslona force ‘ihoh is olerrinerd as can percentage ft al vera ad on the bung tn CP 8S, he atonal horizons load is akeno be 1 SH othe characte dead weight ofthe sbuctreardie [ested ean ulate oad or utich be stati ofthe bulging hae be execs agin. ocr fico ecoantitascf the stucure tors ortubel sateen. nesuntie where earthquskes {Se toquete considerably ngner ele ls aed, or namic caleutons have tobe made “The wnaforeee act on the fecades ane gables ofth bulking. The notional fro, onto othe hand Ics al he pens appleaton ofthe verical ess, normaly asia al he cones of [Gov of he stra wale and of he Poor sibs 1 ores athe atonal orcs ate assured 1 stn en eleary cacti, The signee so cone ho great oth eres. -Aeciertal ecten ston spate te sructre a the resto scien and not ue to specie ‘rooted eds. Asien acon could cecur kam coins, xposons or Famer ose ona fad sree Forcuctures which mus be stoume i be exposed othe kof scent acon specfeaions the Case normaly gv the designer chace between + designing the structure in such 2 way tel the pts ofthe stucture subjected to he SeeMonal eton can wiht hie or + Gesigring te stuctrein sucha way that fave of gven magic wi nat eatin the pogessivecalape or topping ofthe ene erst, se detaind in Figure 13 Pracatlons Against Stuctra Faure The figure demonstatas one of te ‘eintroomantbar are plsced > aval oe Popes clack, Figure 1.3. Stuctra integrity Ties Against Fallure Ces (1099) shat href be eer to asthe “CodeSection 11 Column wat ane: (60) IES ‘eam a ime | 1 3 dol ol 712819 LO 1] — Ta OTST] ifr superposed des oa, for Wve oad, and SW for sof weight of ruts, The 1 columns on he od abe oe 1 aad esusament bese ona predinay design ‘Geemeial dotemiraton of ab spans Based ona pretmnary design Gotu 32)+3| Sinarto end 9, based ona preliminary design Cotunn (32)+5 Sumer, 38 Bescon primary design 40. Colurn (n8}e9 $8 Samol 10,210 123. Lead path desertion tein con om proce conan become clad use of cars” regures i Sou caaton cso ofthe onan sacar rember te corse) or sppedes Lin precast forse, wal, ams anc calunns kiss posh achieve resi nthe [ini a sl onde fw copra ct Sa ron won - raving mad he on sees ard he choke of clodaton mode tenet a very ‘ran lp be lead pat deeaghon keh erin eet» pal od pa 3 Ireazeigeiom he post ot ppicsonte wht load eran te eunsatan andthe yun etsed lod path cesciton for vera wl as horzotl lass, be designris ale ‘cleo alintenalfoees acing on components and joins necessary fo a proper design “re doscipton coud aso act voy convene gue for te accumsetonotloads and asa [totcortnts forthe stuctralcacuatens ‘Thelastpreparatry sep before the structural analyses can bag i the ditbubon fal oaings from ther eppieaton pots to the oad bearing and bracing syst. This pooess very much Tntestethe teas ph escrpen. Sasedon the deternator of Scar models andthe evalusion tisrucra stesso ii, be nton of oads con be easy accomplishes ‘sin supported precast corgonens, ts 2s) 0 allocate the veral lod tothe load bearing flamers ermal doc proportional the span, Horzoral lads, onthe oe hand a more (ict to hande eexsatal hat pris and dealed sucha! desorption a evaluation 6 rate, “he uetations In Fgura ‘4 gv exembles of sacl modes for vera aswel as horizontal lead ore pana system bung wih teen supporingsrstures on et oar. (2) Proportonate Shear Well (0) Wall Frame (€\Nor-Proportionate Figur 14 Station Modela For Verieal And Horizontal Load Distribution Of Large Panel Structures13 Precast Concrete Systems 1.8: Builang systems Some examples ofthe more commonly sed procaetconeratebuldng syst are usted in Fgue 5. seltal Fars systema ao suber conmnettl ouahrge, schools, Noein strctres and sporing faite, wher + ng dagoe of fest n panning and dapoaton of ‘oor areas cen be acheved by ehglarga spanning alam bear ajout Such ulidgs sre ay _saotaie changes so, hus glngerlilets 9 broader cole facade cadnge ‘stoma wth nd bearing oes wall, pine war acades are more la or desta, sparimors and ots. Advantages are sh consi eso, racy open surtac, fcsce8 5 arectalsecsat. good ecole euaton and fre essence ‘raced Skeletal Frome A, Y Li, bn UG Lh EX % ‘cross Wal ‘Spine Walt Facade cot some aseriy examples of ame nd al ayers ar shown Figure 16. ‘itstralion th tha rnsversa crane shows lacolume systemin wich bill ochloved Tpineans of ind cae starease ovat sich) shows aco ystam in uhieh ne nda rooms are pofaicates boxes assembledn 2 Shel of precast ramos, (0) at systom ()Stab-Column Figure 1.5 Precast Concrete Bullding Systema ton wih skies rmos sinter scsi, Such = epsed an can neperal steeta! nshing Loa bear tacades aren used income ‘yeors ao economical haves igh cnet Cel systems are many used fo pars of bulng, ornare, btrooms or chen oon Glaronts In tho design are manufacturing’ assembly, transportation and erection oraderatons. Heavy eenage wih special tg dices ay be ned, Figure 18 Assembly Of Precast Bullng Syston+25, Figure 18 SkeeSeuctural system 4 ‘Thess consis of colures with cobs, inverted Tams ad al components. Cx ‘stained et a sases and ae speed at oh oo Beg ae enrsty snl sported one ct bagi emed sara Fe Structural Systm 2: ‘The system const of fames, beams and slabs. Frames are one-story Nan, spy supported on tepot eac ater, nd ae connected bya simpy supported beam on esc oor Foor slabs aro ao simply suppor, (Stu! Syelem 2 is expand nde onthe folowing Fue 122), Structural Systm 2 ‘The eye consis of are ard wo storey hgh columes, Beams and fr sabe, Calera are restrained al he bases and arecea ith sapped nts. earns are teroorariyin spl supped state. They are designs to have penanent ons for corsvuclon Flor sae ee spy suapoed fom beso Dee ‘Structural stom & ‘Stucual Sym 4 comprises unspice fo. sorey high contnuous colarns wih corel, pus beams and for sab The coke are resin she bases Beams behave as simply suppoted a temporary sage, ee designed to have igi js eter ‘nstructon, Por slabs span om beara am, en are simpy supports, ‘The ystamconits oT shaped andLshaped clus ith boss suspended st he point of 280 tenn moment Flor slab sn fom bam o bam and ae amply supped. Frames ofL-or shapes columns ae load spy supported on ip of ach ator A each trey, those amet aro connects by beta spsaning from em@f fee ‘Alig ont protieated ae an integrated pst of columns. ‘Structural Systm 6: ‘The sytem consis of unsoces two-story Nigh contmuous clues and realy suppor roe Flor unis apan in two sections end ae suppotad only a the columns. Han beams a Inceporated Fig ots Between slabs sd elu crope re Krad ef roto, Structural system 7: ‘he sjstom cassis of shaped and T-shaped fame uns placed ontop of each oer, Sih suppor fer sabe Span setusen te ames “Te fame uns ae paced simply supported the base arden apf ech ce, Hinged conoctons se mate between te ame wits 36 pros at the mi-soan oth Beame, ‘Structural Systom & The system shown formed by shaved ames wi acenieverbeam, Slabs are sil supported The connectons between the H-shaped frames se formed a prints rg jt ae mado an neta part of he are uns, Sia san or ame fo fae, tho misalght of he Structural system 0 ‘Te system cons of uspices forsee high continous cls wh cantover atachments for supporing the beams. Foor abe ar singly eupponed en the Dees, “Te ours av restanod sho bases. Beers resp supped on clumn-aiachrents. Al "ions ere made as ntegated parts ofthe canoe, Moment Resisting Base Phoned Base (©) Continuous Frames Figure 19 Unbraced Frame 4.82. stuctural systems for horizontal loads 4. Unbracd frame systom ‘.Cantlover columns (Figure 1.20) * Bearccirnconnccions re ped, Moment resin connections canbe found atone bs. Continuous frame sysiom (Figure 1.96) Bear caumn connechors reg wih Nexon shaer conta. The syst sows thermoment rexring conection or pinned connectors cok fourdatonnersacon 2 braced skeletal eystam (Figure 110) Say provide by shea uals, shear coms of over tracing syste +The bese ray bo pied of moment eclstngconreclons 3. Boating wall and foeade (igure 1.11). Bering ato which nude core was, spine wats, coy wal, shh walls and load bean ‘cada ean be designed o rane vetcl and horizon fren othe Santon, + Noroad boar paras te designed to winsland te aporopriteseesos, But a6 not ‘tended to cary ay oad he Buln. ‘Shear Hi Figure 170 Braced Frame Figore 1 Plane Ration OF Wale= Action > Reaction as suosses a0 Span, Male Systems Figure 148 Statical Model OF Panel Systm For Vertical And Wonca ‘The bracing was ae al estsned al he foundatlons, so thet nme fe Soncing and shear eeseos canbe cad sing ert tory of ae 14 Sab Walt Structures4 & ve E 4 = 7 Stew | eel 1 2 2 2 us. aay _ ‘m9 i 7 ° ° — | 7 mu 4 5 ‘ Figure 1:18 Rovoktion Of Horizontal Forces Walle ‘hatch 1 gue 1.15 shows 9 netzona ere Reng in plane he Foor lb inthe agonal Sesion, fom one butng corse to he oppose comer ‘Ta foros canbe ved to pin and reece ino a tensverse foe T and along oce Uae shown in Scion Fare T can now be sustained by wall Forc has tobe ransfered other th crosng pont batwoan wae J anf oro the eoeeng pont betwoan wale © and 2 ‘Shotches $ ard 5 show one othe possziies whore fre Lis cence rom 0 tothe coetng pat between walled and. Ammen xb hes tobe addea Fora walgo dete wall 1, andthe moment wlberesoivedini a paroffrces in walls 1 and 2th vl of The al wa cts ws be a ral! LU wal: ‘Stetches 4 ad 6 show the sation war fore Lis planed fo he croshg pont between Wels 0 an wall “The memento be aed snow Lx 206 which has obs takan a afoce pls in walle and 2. “Tho vale of hese toreos wl mow be 25, ch again ead the Fal actors Ae oa syste wal ot ro? :L-2La=LeSketch ofFigure 118 shows Design Example SS q 4 SStoweycew ped | Rnennrave ir sagas ewan anehoe ated! baa vla 8 Fe Staticay terminate for ‘he foorspanis 8m, walt and? ae 4 mand wll is 3 m,The pane! ystem is lose only a plane inthe floor slab. . ae tp nears at a as os tar wasn ar te Saptcs sprig es a yu Transverse wind load WT is ta mgd oraonaay on tre oot J | aetna yon tg 98 shown in Sketh 3 bs 7 os Se t | “Te win WT 1, paged irom wal by 6, resus re | fo Soren titeanen pe | fp 1, | ssesmen@” | aoa AT WEI? | The fina! wall reactions from 7 . BE" | Mevencrtineoaswta | + j (One Floor Stab = Action — | bracing shear walls. which wire | Longing wind woes | ‘Three Brocing Walls Reacton | transmit the force L to the fo SO? | eotted in Sketch 8. Tos | a > wera me cs Fy eect et.) | Raw 1 anole ofpcin dpe enon Fe BT Teauneat estan Sa ‘The fn! wal reactions tom thera reload Ware Shown in shetch 6 at tho suppor. Figwe 118” Siac Model OF Wall System For The Transfer Of Wind LoadDesign Example 2 Fur 1.18 shows one pa ofa tulng which s mado up a a panel stuctre wth oa boarng {Saet wale The bullng suns 8 the for below opened In ha sane hat tose wale tewrespondingo walle 6 and? are missing “re normal lo spans at 4, bu because fhe iseng wale 6 and, now incoasod to 12m, “Ta stuctute colt be consderes we tee-cimensonal panel snus. Flo sabe and 6 tagather with he at 1127 se oe aphragm amber ‘Tho voreal setons on wale and ae rsoivedino shear foros ctng once sabe Aan Band Foor slabs Aand 8 as we at wa are then considered as urpared byte rss wale 3 and 4 ‘whe ae inn, suppor by erote wal an 2 i st Figure 149 Statcall indeterminate Siabaell Sytem 4.43 Stata indeterminate slab-wal ystoms pare syters in nr easee canst of more than tre badng wal. Tis mean that such [Gjtere ar taaly determinate to hotzantllaodage. ‘i wall sjlems may ba regarded as a rurber of vercal Bears estan te bottom ae ‘Ries tgottor by the Noor sabe or beams, Tey ae assumed fo be comgleay ot due 0 Festa dtlecion ‘pe tuseatons in Figure ving ie same defection show symmotia! panel systems wher a the braclng walls are given ive examples, ==, ‘hough caleuoton, tis nomaly assured thal he detection othe walls duo onto momant ‘etrutlons Cantons tom soar canbe negli! “hese assump load oa dettton of the t herzeial aed ono the vial wal roles inoroperton othe tera tres. ay fl co pao eo or meertages | a ® Bia'doue sane Gio weiss L_One Open Floor ‘eatin ana Figure 1.18 Horizontal And Verizal Load Tranafer OF Determinate Discontinuous Slaball System Figure 120 Wall Syetom Subjected To Torsion a wal yet is sbjete to oreon a8 inthe case of asynmatcl busting, orf the acng horton lasing ie seymmatrea the ef! cforsion has fe akon flo seo. Figure 1.20 howe sich ayeten The dtulonathrsora aad ne stance propertonl tothe moments thar of he wa soon15 Shoar Wall Behaviour ve sttines of want lab orsis nominal, the wat or suc il baa as soos of Beams, Togater, ey wil ot bo sf al nave sale la Caryn eacacty tan hemoganeou sruu'ea However stifnese such ois = icon so Nustates In ge 1.21, %e wall and sla suc wll ehave as Hermagensous plates In respec: hoveorta eas Figure 1.21 Connections And Shear Wal Behaviour ‘Abatzpta bad resus nnteal moment ar shu force inthe wal, which nun, gives eso ‘oral and shea sresosin th vortal ang hoszantlsactons se defiled Piguse 22 Tees ‘Sosoes can be caus Uang Naver and Gras fool, sizes an vores! shee ont Ife components ae assis 0 inert 8: if the two wall are nt locked together with, for instance, a ‘atl el the pote wnt (c:Thaverelloadcan te tom one vals anobier de fo iferenens in'algo spene This wil out in Shear forces at adjoining ‘walls has to resist shesr forces: ‘etng vera oad, Stings and tacking bars have to be inetalled to avoid possible ©: At wal co ‘of horizontal defections ‘Duet gh in-plane ssc ofthe wall,» non-uniormly sisted Unto rd vertial seesee inthe ne neiorta ont. This wi nae sae orn th wal oval Sinpisequitmcorsceratons on fused determine these fees. ‘There are numerous connection ‘eaknigus inthe wal val ints oplor metho ths ctl jit wah or wit inetecing soo, Inthe evahton of cstltd fs in orecng wal siete, he nerral rations asume that he herzoial oad on te abuctre can be Figure 125 Normal And Shear Srasees Wal ‘Subjected ToNonanitorm Verteal Load cestcdunt heshee sheceatihe ‘ost heal loaded pon ofthe ont aches a pemiesbla valu, Up tot oa, to wal can be Suro be hemegeraous. Te hezsra bearng capsely of he eutieat hi edng pont ‘also ssaumed be tly ised bared onthe theory of pos. Tho utinate oad camyng capacity of castalte shea ots has tobe determines by tests To tn a dein oe hs epacay rpoato ou ack patlom anne aanFigure 1.26 Varitions OF ‘Shear Forses Using Continuous Layer Method Tee are ves torical antes of shear wale subjecied fo orzontl foes and oe ofthe more conn tatniqos Is cortnucus ayer mete, As the name auggests, he eur "rrphied by making tn assumption thal al hvzoral connec emer are focvely smeared ‘rare halt of ra bung to produc an ecient, connuous conecting yer oeteen Vertes lemons. Tae two dvoncionl planar atucute le kansormed ilo an essen one. ‘mensional one Te nastratonsin Figure 24 show thee diferentmodes oa sheer wallet pr boning Tha wo wall elon recouped ty doors. 1 "system win completly xe doe tl 2, Syelom wih an laste continue layer Secortance wth he continous layer method. 8 System wih compltly tf dor intl. In Figure 125, the coniauous ae matod i applies to 9 wal none row of doers 4 Th siete moda. 2. The goomatcal bhaour ofthe chosen struc made 5 The man system wt ecindant shor rns. 44 The geomatial behaviour of ne cantnuoe layer mode 5 The man stem uring he eannsous layer mal wih redundant shear (curves 1,2 an in Figure 1.28 show te rest of eakuaone dered om he continous layer ratod forineeaeing stesso te aye Curve 4 shows hers of» calulton based onthe am theory wih compels ayer Forastlyer, thre sooms tobe good agreement betwen he wotheos, excep athe Seurdaty 30000] = Figure 125 The Continuous Layer Method he contuoue layer method is reasonably acute for unlrm system af eornecing beams Asotin many paccal stuatons, he buldg ayer wil inet wall that ar Ac wnorm ‘eet hig bl have anges ight win or hess orn telecon ofopenne Sch st rsty ee tld tat otha norm smang of continuous lyst representation ed ‘Ser arbcl terminus chs te filament, analogous ame le, wi neesto be ompleyes ange shoud rele relevant Waratir nh mate “Ug Structural Integrity And Design For Progressive Collapse 1.61, General ‘re oval behaviour ofa precae stuctue depends large extant onthe bdhavowofconnactns. {part om the design of for tansfer between inchs uns thre shed io be corey Ee end dutty wahin ne conneetene, stucural mombers and fhe sui ae wack. Ts ‘io ensue stutirantagry wich ethos ofthe rac oie lea fae. body designed anlorbadydetales precast bling utcaptne lo propressve coupe which f ¢chaeavon fale causing exenave damage orl colapse os erasvt of locals fale ‘Samal porton src. Th ize i sed oy tho eoeaed Sein sade wish are retgenealycoeideredi the dese. The ascent eadngs which can be ruc) sgnear. 4. resin geston or consrucion 2. lacalvesading 3. ssc system 38 exposon bomb exparin 5. veh’ an ang materi impacts 5 inlerc ocaisos we 7 foundation sateman 1.62 Design for progressive collapse ‘Themes! direct way proven rograssive colapse i reduce or einate the isk of accent Ieacnge by measures such ar prohbtng go natalatenc or orecng bares proven vicar tect Ths, oever, may note praccalbwcavse vey concsvable Macademi be exiled nd al accor aig conan tly eat wth (Pes adopts vee atenatva mathods inthe dig for acide damages: 1. Desigh and protection of structural members The design, construction and proton of scure marbars ae coveted in he caees 22 and 26mParetand othe Cade reapecvey. Te rtactad members orn he Code trminelay, “ey ements are slemente which nade connestons adjacent members on whch he aby ft sutra to depend: Altar etuctral componante at ara alt th tly of hs ey ‘mens eouldaeobe conscoed sek ean To proven scicetl temo eke emans 4nd thar coneclane are dealgnad fo ihsard an utimae peseure of KN, to which arate store sul be pad. The Code recnmments stay elements suid vee Ss muchas possi by revng the bullng yout wihn to arcioctural corsa 2. Altmative load paths inthis athe, uhion i coveredin Part2, cause 263, he beams, wal, columns pas tert, \ridging elements to ether load bearing momiber. in dsigning the bridging elements the following 8. Mataials Par 1, cause. 244.2) conve =13©. Designlonde(Part 1, use. 24:22) deadload = 1.08 TWoload = 70forwarehousesandindisial buldngs ar 0.3 for oe windloes = O35 “The design method i sma at proving minirum ovals of strength, cantnuty and debit is the ‘most commonly adopted scien io preven progresivecolaseen paces desures The srt es re continuous anu anchored tne laments conling of evxcng bare ‘: pesressng tendons (sreseo or unsvacsed). They ara paca nn loping, il stip, pe slaves or js bolween precait componente and oh a roo dmencionl network he ‘engine, taravees ard vera croctons os haated Figur 4.27, The csgno stud tosis covered Par 1, duse'3 12 cl te Code ‘The above tee methods maybe employed separate ous in combination in diferent part othe strut. isnot permits, however to supermpore he ae! of tet methods ie © member Iustbe ether uly protected ot uy es arena party protected ans pata ted ‘oar fem sesgneg fr pressive cose, the Code aso equtes hata bulngs mst be ‘Sb an ar capa a oaene tof . ~ 1. an ute noon horizontal oad fot oes fan 1% of he tll charter des (ela o tho srucure seg at each oro ro! eval smut oF 2. th wing lad Figure 127 Seuctu 1 negiy Tes | | | {163 Design of structural ties -he flowing ties should be pone and detailed in precast erackires 4. Horizontal foot tos ch oo re should be the lessee of = 2045 mumbo of storey (nk) orzorta floors are further vd ito peripheral, nor and cura os, Peripheral Ths Daeg e foc = 1.0, Perper tes shou bo ocstesthin 1.2m fom fo edge of abuldng ot tit ths parmotr we or Seam, Permaorrinfroement fr floor Sahragm ation ay 50 {sidered porgnaral tes From the manimum bask ore ON stove, fe eee ere for pronase 180m (= 60 1/800) which ie equslens to} ner or 13 bar Sues with intemal egos 09. eum, curva Lo U-shaped oor aye ee, hous have porehera ea decals n gure 1.26. Ai re-onrart comer ofthe parma, the Be eecement {hou be anchored straight mards on bah sce, Figure 128 Porpheral Ties mn Floor Layout With 2. Internal Tes =e “hots 2 nt ethogonalseectons and anchored to patgheal os orto column snd was “Tho saci of tase tee mut not ba gost nan 1 were the pete ditanco beech cerios of vricaliad bearing elament nthe docbon o thet ing consider Thetis shou be capable of resisng a tonsil fro equ othe grater on kn) L nee 7% Doaarig, +a) LxF, o where (g, +) the eum average ofthe cheeses dead and imposed or loads (aN ‘ho relorsment sting a eral es may bo spaced even sree the oer ot Gouped within (na bears ols 8 convent© Column and wall horizontal tes Design e ore ale the prestrain) Laer or25iR, or 1. Siete total verte utiete land carey the column wal at he floor rota boing conor aor the oor to alg hah ‘Acomeealurns he tee aotobein eae ofthe wa crctons peripheries a lacs win tho ours and wal andthe hal bes anchored th periph! ts, ro ler hora os "a columns or wats nes be provides Ohi, na colar evar ve lang he wala ‘hou be ted back ete oo rk Eachlcadbearing coun ane wal should be tid continuously fundtion ooo. The ior In tanin wl bo the ranimum esi ullmate oad vol moe onthe con or wal from anyone storey oe rot 3. Propentioning of ties ‘elroroment brs set ois are designe its charset strength andthe bars provided forthe purposes maybe used as part or hole of tera Ties may be foaled pay or unaty thin precast mombet as org as contnuly ofthe fs assure. 4 Continuity oftos Contry ot reinforcomentcan be achieved by lapping or woking of enforcement. orb using ‘reades coupler, castin aoc or anchors. Te conn eeated by lapping wpa mere roinfrcomentor using enlsing Inks speed by the Code st Husted n Figure, 29, Mookoons onecanrsnpemterer —t (Anchorage By Erlong Le Figure 4.29 Te Continuity By Lapping And Enclosing Link 5, Anchorage of tes Te Code requis hat he intemal Se encrcement io be etectey anchored io that in peripheral es. Tie bas ar corsiered ily ancrored tthe prgharal ef hey extend a. "2p orequvalentarchoxage length beyond athe brs forming th pevpheral ie b. _snetfectie anchorage length (based an he actual force inte bar beyond the cante- Tino of te bars ering tha pepheral es. Figure 1.20 states he ove anchrage requirements of ntral es to perphorl es. (2) Te at ttom of tab (0) Te atop ofSia5 Figure 1.30 Anchorago Of Ties To Peripheral Ties Foie 1.31 iustraos the te backs ftom edge eau into orboaena Sections. should be rad that th te eels may eso be part othe main rifcamert tom the permeter beams fring sto the cols, Elevation Figure 131 Tie Backs For Edge ColumnsDesign Example 3: Structural nogriy Ties 4 z Design Data {eis no ttre = 8 suing 08) Foo ooo ght 2 bm Characerstcs cead iad, q, = TORN Characters ie on, ‘haactrstes see een 35 eine 485 Ninm ose mesh Column size 400x600 Fo 2 Deane Ein con 2 Peripheral Declgneterce = 1.0, SteolaraA, = Fi, © fbx52% 109/460 2 vig (1713, 4, 132 my Loozerig a) ,F, sR, | Tes nthe Xerecen| [teem free 0267 «(10+ 35) x84 x52 sexi or 108, = tax s2ktum se design te ore = 1574 kn. Tie rieforcaman wil be provided! by tha sts! mash ‘embeded wit ne 7sren ick coneete oping The lll eal sea regres A 1574105485 251mm Lee m Teter 2o2s7t10 + 35)x96%52 = 0d > 82 kN Use mesh within 75mm heknessoppne, ste are equkoc 160110485 - = STi maim eo D7 sol mesh (67 @ 100 both way) within oping (A, 1 mim) Column Horizontal Ties (hase 00s ets) Kea xox 72 Design ores 2KF, 2x Lesaes 35x5225 (assume ,=3.5m) 1 a%ofuluate vera ad = 0.099280 = S87 From above, the design te force or coun F,=98.7 RN (he greater oF) 8 (i) A= gar xt018s 203mm Acaeana Code train pep na ie, “Te comer colums a both ends ofthe floor eau es nwo orthogonal dections wen "205 nin aoeh deaion Thaw be provise bythe main oem peretar beam’ amg ino to colin, Vertical Colin Ties Design ie orcs = _ullmate london eon a the for being considera sass = fora ‘eam 045% ofA) greater than 0.43%. (he columns are precast with floor to floor jin, ihe(.¥mout Topping Concrete (by wit Topping Concrete Figure 1.26 Shear Transfer Acrose Edge Supports Figure 1.38 Horizontal For[Aintrmositesuppons the shear fore scared acres by renorng bars as shown n Figure {137 The renga fo shear wars sul determined be shar cto design maha, Ingenerl, the forsee ar it low a ony ae many bars a recuad hous be ue tum Tapa Figure 1.7 Sheer Transfer Acros intermediate Support In floors without compaste topping he engtinl shear transfer between units = usualy Stenmpshed by welded plates or bars in fanged deck laments or gout Kay In holow cor Siabe. Tho welded plstas er bar eaenacion may de analysed os shown Fire #38 Varian of the connacton ae posible ton diferent proces manufactures it iil concrete or grout along the jin, te design of average imate shear us ara the fected oft ot shoulda onooed 10 Nin erence 4) ngone, the shear oss calcuatod ale ots elon cra Fo foo wth compost topping, the loping enhances the doptragm topping usualy renorcod by wecod stl mesn ich serves balk 5 {shasr fon ehoresmant between unis furl ores a we | wousnine a (b) Flange Deck Elements, Figure 138 Examples Of Shear Tansfo Along Longitudinal Jone Betwean Elements In Foor Diaphragm DesignDesign Example 4: Foor Diaphragm Action A precast fori subjected tt natena ize oad of 20 KN in ech othogonal recon, The for eloments carts 900 me deep holo coe las with 75 rr thek coc erp ronorced wit 6 rsh (96 @ 100 Bohr ways). Determine fo etticl forces ane dei es Fenorcerent for efacve lot apragm aston TUN ee Ne. I NE | Typical Flor Plan ‘A. Wotional oad acting in Yerection 1 oo: (o ino Shear danan wy 7 ‘Moment diagram | | 1 nearin or daphragm Oia by Shear atjoin Betneeshaow core sabe and wall ee ox (= 0.125980 ‘2 Alfistoint between hallo core slabs (Jon) ee eo x 98-1325) 105 948 4. Shear atinamesiate support Yo = evbiS- bye? 8x 110x820 -6y20" = oes Bending moment In oor diaphragm Masemiom mi-span moment ear 2oox728 Chr foro at Roo permotr foes = tasotas 20) maak Design of reinforcement for shear transfer 2 Aeron ne ont between holow core lab and wal v= 95m ‘verge shee = 100820 A = vanary 553 10087 x4e0 Note: No adaton enforcement ned D5 mesh in oping concet continues andBdolnttocation 1 vo = 1089KN Average sess = 105520 = 53kaum Chock hrs shes tess at hallow core jit Aewumeffctve oph = Oh cd So BEoars a No kina sto nooded 2s DS ash (A, = 289 mm) spaced continuous teughout 4. Peripheral chord tes Tension cha forces = 123.0 8M A = 1233 105/087 x40) = 300mm Noll: The requitod A, should be compared wh the peripheral tio rolorcament a5 Clete fom Pset clause 31235 aftne Cote nmostnatances, no addons ‘Soe spectealyroodod fer eapnragm acto sth porters. Separate calculations may noes abe camo et for noon lad actg inthe Xfreton. The Comput siilorss above. can eal be shown al he toe dogg aston sadec.atoy {Sured bythe 08 ste! mesh paced wan he corre oping DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS 2.1 Pact Prstesed Hol or Sas 22. Daign OF Peas! Cone Plnks 2.3. Daign Of Praca Reicfced Conroe Booms 24. Design OF Praca Cone ohms 25 Design OF Precast Concrete WalsCHAPTER DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS 21 Precast Prostessed Hollow Core Slabs Hotow ca slabs are the most widely used recat oor component in prefabricated bln. The suceos [larly du whe Mn oftcent automate producten method. good cushy suitors flee ‘svg ofconctete wide choke of structural depns, high svengin copay and asserby ons The tow core slats are manufactured using ng Ine exon or sp 4orring processes he omer rocess bing he ost pou usea Cres saclon, cote arena, ad sac rsh ee cata 10 -e0ch eystem of manutacure. ther varations include Inseased fre cesletance, proviso st Bonetetons, opening of cores for ont hangs, cous er columns, ee, Th halaw core slabs ae based on 3.2 m ainal wi. Most manufactrrs produce the nts 196 mm width to alow or constuction tleance. The is ae evalaie From sancard oat ot “The slab are sav ster densorng which nora ake place sa ight hows ier casting an Iylcaly when tho conse stronger eachas 15 Nir, Nanetandard units reproduce by sng Thun engiudinaly. Aig te ct ges the ractangsy pane ena as tesla’, sae ‘anted onde non octeng sar foo ayot may also be epee, Hotiow core sabe are genaralydesignos to achieve mo-heur fre resetance. Five esstarco up to@ ‘maximum of four hours can be designe sn proded by eer resin to lvl ne carro of he ‘endons or by creasing to cones cover To prevent epating of cancels fr towers exceeding Ori at elevsied temperature, aight ransvere ees! mern below he presfosergtoncone ten ‘stato boom oft labs fourhour fre eetance uns Holes inne toor maybe created the procst nts sng he manu stgebetore the concrete has hardened. The maximum sizeof he opering which May be prosiced ne us depends ch the ‘ize fh vols and the amount ofeforcamenths can ba emaved wouter the Seng ‘fh nt Hols vould preferably belated win he veld size hich ay very die covfons, ‘The designer must be conslod fr larger opentige ulich valve he rernoval a prosressing andra, General frmaten cn th recto of opening size and oeaon sven Ineerence dan ides from be manufacturer afe shown in Table 2 ane Faure 24 Depth Comer Eige ——End Wao ide nate of cutout cuteut cutout cutout ‘diameter sa tee tke Si xe (orm) (om) en) (erm) mm) 165 600x400 600x400 1000x400 To00x400 60 215 600x380 800x400 1000x880 1000400190 295 600x250 600x400 1000x250 1000x400 190 300 600x260 600x400 1000x260 1090400170 400 600x260 600x400 tao0x260 t000400 470 Table 21 Opening n Hollow Gare Siabe snot practi to cast socks cr surface hao nt the sts ofthe precast uit. These mest be formed ost. Fkng by sot Wed methods x not acorns, Thor ae Ifo tn moma fixing dopa ofsin te weds fhe unto proventacscenta ever o te tendons Meo ‘stcepabe prop thing ances shouldbe obtained Fam te manacrwhon panning senees ‘outing orsloctng te sulable hanger sytem fr cles In local prt, a layer of topping conereta veryng tom 60 to 75mm is usualy included inthe éonsiroctanofnaow core units as stra loos Tre topping chases generally spect ate Support of he unis wih minimum chose of rn to 58mm ralnaned ata, The recon cf topping thekness st mid.span Is dus a preevessing combos Ino water ty pence nt the vids of haw core lab through the open ons oF vel abe Tr ghoul be crane! of before pernanet fer connections are mace” A snp Beis Fe ecg oles ne sabes 2907 0d cater, usu during he poducton age. te conor tng one ufacat ha acai Tes craks ay beet ig he en ores reat he handing anddenvery The ypes of eect fll 09 he tere of to precast uns ate pubic y FIP an ae shown Fig 22, nA Ute snoud be caries out vont Ino sci pertomance [SSCA H+ [ooo won YE = ooo pot Figure 2.1 Rules For The Permited Sizes And Locations Of Openings ‘And Cut-Out In Hollow Core Slabs (Riso coe Table 2)7.Tearing cracks ‘on hol coe slabs cane eatogoried accoring 2 Lengiudinal ack st web ‘.tscolancous cracks Figure 22 Types OF Cracks | | | ‘Sever o taken ck in reouens cack ovr 8 4nd moment capacities of 2 | Raanbecangorousapeiting Stage ord con rode shear | sects oft sso and Figure 22 (conta) Repair oi canbe grad eat or 9 (ack may bo oped. REP ‘oteared fraser esd ot uloph or talent, 0) np tan oars rc ‘may not require any | many of wabs ae orang MT thond be comisod emtar ts | Spesng and vos al shou ‘roved oh21.4 Design considerations for hollow cor slabs Hallow cor slabs are normaly prodvod by igh evengh conerate of ot shan 0 Nim. This is made possbe by using zero simp cance we = 0.36) logeber wi plac machines wich roduce nig teal pressure, shear movemantcomsacion and high bration energy dng the xsi proces, The exsusen proces aves al io incarporae any ctoreercement an lenghusinalpestessing tendons reo the pact uns, Thetaor, une eanvenina ‘eercod pestessed concrete svucurs, the strong ofnallow cos slabs depends onthe sbooses Induced by Brestecing foe andthe ans and comprassion capacity ofthe cone he pestressng tendons or sands common used ae 270, sven ow relaxation (clas 2) an or indented hela sands conrming to eer the BS S096 1600 or fo ASTON ANSO-1000 ‘Supplement The landans are preteriona to Debveen 8S the characters eregth neal brace, The imsiceefecbv prosrersing cea knses Fon sea lanai ep atvonge land defamation fiypealy al #5 80% ofthe characteristics song. The soe ayo elle) Iw (th, (© Afb) between 0.186 0.25%. ‘The tendons are anchored by bond ar are exposed atthe open end of he ui The fete pul Botte tendons, elena om depth gouger on he cere wre of te hella aad, typcaly ‘The design cthoton or saus may bo basa other onthe guidance inreterence or on the seplaons for genera presirsoed cncelo signin OPES. Some mporta epost specs eat shalom (re slabs design wl be cscusad inthe following sectans, 4. Design for serviceability limit state ‘The senvceabity lint stato signi based on sabstying the lit on Moar tense and compresi sreses In tbe concrete nd ‘camber and etieton 8. Flexural tonsle and compressive stresses inthe concrete ‘The tess nations poy tholow core slab eecton at lags and uncer posibie ong concons. Most designe specty cas 2 prestestedconceestuctire wach peri etal {ersiestestes not exceeding 05,0 amaimum 23 Nie? (CBD corel) et wba ey sible crack. Te fenualconcrefo compression = med Wo U3, at cence end 95% a prostess rans Underclass 2 tes itstons ho sections coasidered uncacked nto rot ross-sectonal Properties ae used to compute the maim fre sae a tne op and baton ct he secon The serie moment ofresttanc is eing the sr of My et O45) x2, “tet ooamx, Where =, (A+ a2) and fe SPaum 2) {fate the tp and bot tr erases 2Z.are ta op ansbotom secton mori ls the oot of presvessing foros om he gometieal noua xs camber and deflection ‘The cles valuos of camer and defection a based on the eur sohess Et of he sect, the support contion andthe losing arangrrent. Mary variables fiche sions Suh as concrete mix epoca the wateeoment rah, eung meine, seat of concrete st the tne of tansler anc a the Eine of erzton, lave humid, i, Because of Pace, the clelton of shorter ang lng om camber and daflson should be teat ely as “Anefcnt and genera produ inthe ecuon of cate and defection isto determine the turvatures and then apy the curatre-area thorem, For salt tendons aed arp Supported members, the cuir deo prestes corse ee pars 1. Instantaneous curvature a transfor a1 opmards) 1, upto prestoss losses 1, = BP oN, 1 eounwards) i, Due to longer exoepoffect PAPA Ke ~ engterm) . 7 (upwards (1724 +( a) represents th average vale of pressing rear she crepcoetsert whic canbe cetemine rom Pat 2 Pgwe 74, FES, ‘Tho ttl longterm curvature de to peste i gen by 6) +i +i) as ten (ortom= 2 fq 420 gy heron =(P, 8) is te restos oe a, ‘Te curatutes de to applied load at snply (Cowruards) ane ‘ BT ey 16) fehrow 2s ho eet modi I. Total detection For straight trdons in tlw cor uns, the oa defectons cen be estimated simpy Defecon duet so weight and apd ngs 5 = 28 (Comnwarts) Saee Deflection duet se weigh and appl aang 5 =A meres- alematve approach ote estimation of ang torm canbe ‘Gere rovommded nto Pl Design Handbook (alrence 6) as srown Tale 22 bol oom’ | topping ‘At Erection a Defcon owners) component | 2abpiyto tie ste delecton due tethenenberwentatraicaso! | vue press Camber (upward) component | | | ‘opp othe lt cambar due ipesters at tno ofesa0 of | prosross 190 |, oxtacon sourmars) component | ppb ote ease dofecton de | WemSesfenecs "amy | aa 4 Comber (upcre) component pplyt the ease carbo deto | | Brana rcee! | a |. oxen oma — py 0 |, fmedeisineary® "| a0 3.00 6. Dstcton (ns) - ap 20 slasieaflscton couse | Soneste ope 230 — | eeeeeen |e ‘hie 22 "Suggested Wipes To Be Used Ae A Guide Etna {one Camere And etcons Fr Typist Members ‘hen designing comb an datcton, th flaing considerations ned obs taken ito acount LL Aestlic deflection limits of 1/260 is applied to units not supporting nonstructural ‘Semon ch might be demagedby larg deflect | When the unis cay non-srctiraelements sensve to arg dtlecton, a more consarssve [spptooc ls noodod and guidance la gana Pat 2, clause 3212, fe Code, Si ‘Transverse load cettbuon defo concentrated on aad shuld be considered he Wmen esting long-orm deectons, utabl lovee of asin fd ould be considers browned Pan 2 elas 33, of te Coo Modes of fiture and ultimate init state design Under incrasing loads, our modos offal of prestasses haow core slabs may be alatnguened xual fat, ‘shear compres fale, ana bone and enenorage tare, Flexor fire Flonuraauro, hown in Figure 23, may oeciincrial sectons cf maxinu bending. Ove io th elvely smal stl are, pa alre moe s Carats by anal ocar he os Sofie. rcosiedaflecion an, tnaly rupture he preteen tenders. | Ll Figure 23 Flexural Faire Caleltions of th Roxral banding capecty of a ss secon can ba tated onthe stoss Sarton daram snoun in Pgur 24, In of 907 tn te top Fargo anes, he Nar capocy ofthe secon cen be calcuated Fors Pa, Tabla 44,88 6110, When 7 ihn ts vad area, the value 9 an ony be bined by geet aha . w= F\e-0450) Stain Foree Figure 2 SiainAnd Force Datibuton nolow Care Sab ArUiimate Umit State‘Shear tension fire if the pci trae rss inthe web reaches the tnale sang ct concrete in an ata Consining no feral cracks anincned cack may appear and tale may Osa surly. The ‘rackusualy appears eto tal socon whore he favorabotuoneo of cuppa eactn Is rnomorssighitcant snd whee the pesrasng fren nol yt uy develope ‘haar compresion flr dour feurt rack evelops ino a shear rackticn proragates {rough the member othe comoresion ane leading oa evetal rusting of he concrete “pearl ocx mest kay nthe vce o's oncanvate oad near the supports ts a fe untormy artes href = hig probably that shear comeession fare et {cra haar rin capt arb sgt wil ory be ease bo shear “The existence of vl in how cx las complicates the theoretical calculation of stresses the web area an Its necessary to nirodvessimpfeatons i the design rmatod. Par {fause 43.84, aseumes Patho extemty of he suppl reacon spreads at an angi of $5 fram be iar basing edge. The cial ston ston asthe detanea from fhe beang edge which equa’ ote elt of he corral of te seton above the sf The utente har apes then cleo os Veg = O67EmIE? + 08148) wheres, = 026i, fg corctle compressive sre atte contri ane due toafetve pests athe ond of presbossvanomisson length The expression 0.678 & based en ectangulsr secon and for holon core lab, & may be replaced |B; wave |and bare the respacve second momenta rea and bread ate halon {ore section and She rs moment of area stout th corr ns ys uavaly works outa bo ‘out 07 1 0.805, ‘The Code recognises the (ac that fea shear may oes Inthe presse developmnant nahh were. snot aly develope. The prestssiny ces saudi velop parabotely sexo 10 expression fon Wh) 2-18) vate” erasure to ee re unt s Gtanasine gener tte vanomisen ang Kato he veal pth 1D, of the member. a ical sso swith the ranemision lang, tha uncacked utile shee capac Voz ned tebe assesses wih ocuces tig tin Figure 26 Shear Compression Failure ‘The dosgn utimate shoo resistance of exraly cack section calculate sing hes mpi ston inte CPS Wy =(1-055 fly We BS MV rere father ofthe ofecveprestess ater losses fo he charac the pentessing tendons 1s thepormssitie shes stress in Pa 1, Tabe3.9, fhe Code 1M, Ie the moment necassry 10 produce 20 tess inthe concrete a tho effctve opi, evel. ray be eakcuaed as 0 sity wher the coneet compress stess due o active presossing re a ep and Gstance tom th cota and M are the ullmate shear fore and bending moment raspactvely a the section onsoad Ines, Vand Vs aways be dlerined an te soe of tha vais governs th shear capac ote precast un‘Bond and anchorage fallure “This mode of er usualy cczurs when he sab is subjects to heavy concentrated loads near "re auppor er when heavy lads are appa over rather short spam The flrs ato by 5 feral cack rexuting na ees of bond sound he prestesing toons cost uit snchorage Beyond he crackin the uncachod rein, Figure 27 shows tonal ses, tho Presressingtendons point, whore hres exua atexs tom pressing andSendng Iomontreachos ho feral tose eapaciy of fe concrete snd here theactons! VA, Is dueto re development ofc ena tresslnths tendon eting trom shear placer ef the cracked secon and 2 the section oul athe level of prsvecsing onsen a Figure? Bond And Anchorage Faure Then ves ofc be deere om he anche lle aloe shown n Figure 2.8. 7 ‘Sesto |, = transfer tenth to provise ‘lective. bond. fo. the brosrassngsone=9 124 loss of bond at ulimste load lhe Figure28 Anchorage Fale Envelope 4 Tranavers oad distribution and joint strength ‘pw vanversadstibuton one and point ods on procasthollow cre slab ges so senting moments nthe tersvereedcton of le unis, and i‘ ores nthe longi! os 2 vera Cceneraly, of0W core slabs ae manufactured wihout any tanavers bam enforcement excopt [birwremesh ro esstance puss. The Rexall fo tansverao bencng me ab fancescl dependartanihe ers sengh of oconcets. From atancv le exerenca gehees [Neuope and Ameren, such emison of ranaverse ctrcemont = hsied in hellow cave las, ‘Te etrminaton of hod tbo is goneray based ontaetrfrom theres! anlses using the ouing nesumpons oor nts are slnly supposed and 1.2 mid, 1 cancantated loadings nar and cing patel othe span of te ib, an 2 fbeunts are srovdod wih tassvere slo pont thom saparatng Fo" each ches Fou sts of ead cetbon cuvos are shown athe Handbook and thy cover ollowing casas ear loading in low core a or wth and wnat eonereotosping, ad pant logs mth span and 0298 ofthe Noor hau corel oping Anstey tha designers may apt be mre conteraive approach provide th Coden Pat ‘Sasso 822. aloe ood buon over an efactva mith whe i equiva ota of ho tel ‘th ofthvoeprocastunts ost tho spn on tor se of loaded sea For oor wh reno ‘arte opengl dstuton verthe tot whatnot ur psc une prt \Whonthoprocaet unis designed wth he ereloadscing doc on fhe veel enerin the joints ‘aenalneconsiereas bare wile zo soar fon ane ie Howse whonaneveres ou sunevay dtibuos or feats Iineloads are rose. tho verieal hear apacty me longhusa Jara nave o be ssossnd Estusod holow coo slabs havo a netua random susce roughness of up o about 2 mn deep Foeniaton. Ths surface I, however clneiied ar soot in tha Cade and & dean ula cheat sees ale of 0.28Nmm it permitad na aube 8.3.7 oft Code forth sear ans the jt However the vate appara eign when compared wth. Nin iterenoe 4 he deser ‘Should uss the owor value of 0.*Nin won dodging the average erzoflehea tess nthe lengua! ats 2 in rlerence 4 wich deat wth hallow oore for deagn species ‘n genera, ho verca and horizontal sheer espacty tthe tansrees ints ae ariel in design ovide thee nls placed and wel compacted. Afough FP stplatse mannan C20 concet, ‘eal practice ends to ast no jan opetar wih topping concrete wich ss nomraly spect with rsnum 030 mesg, 212 Design charts ‘The design chars onthe selection of holow core slabs fr dent eaing snd span are shown n Fue 28. “Trasvore load earbuton felors fr ne and pot lad on olow cote slab for with oF without “opp ao gion In Fgura 2109 2". The adusl design are depostion of presessng tens ay be detent etunon precast manufacturers a they sau be cnet in Beal Golgn oteDramas com 4 ~ Se er 7 wh \ fom ct of : = \ al VI NS ALS \ ing Ghart Based On Bending And Shear Capacity For Hollow Ga sab | Figure 2:0 Losd Distribution Factors For Linear Loadings in Hollow-Core Slab Floors Without Topping sossassosasoks: Spann) Seo SESSOSSORNSTS =m BBs Lond Distribution Factorye z Cp es eT es 8 ee 1S Spann) ine fe et $e posopOSSAESSoapSTENNDEDA © SAESBSSSNSEEES a TS a << es oe Bo PsP cs sb i Load Diiibution Factor Load Dsttton Factor Figure 211 Load Dstibuton Factors For Linear Loadings in Hollow Gore Slab Floors With Figure 2.12 Load Distribution Factors For Point Load In The Gente Area Of Hollow Core Slab ‘Torvings Floors With Topping,Load Ditton Fate Figure 213 Lood Distribution Factors For Ml-span Point Load At The Ege OF The Slab Fold ‘Without Topping gp sosign OF Precast Conerte Planks “zt cenerat sconce Boor planks have the advantages of smo soft fish, 9 fermwork an ry at te Tho planks ae id etwounsupportg mbes and used as prmane (a ets opiegconceto when may vary between 80 mae 200 mm Heke. fete formance, Po Mocas forse codered el tak ocak as consi. earls ar sul 75 rnc 10 mm hk arhough planks of 80 mm an 110 en lk Tete he mare, The cen of kash marly based on ensuoton aon0ny, and fromed metodo construction 2 pas canbe designed ether onary roeorod or posessod, Stel bar, meshes or fee anders sre paca inte pret unis gs Rex botam reformer Stel mashes Hes rny mcorporaiod the opeing concrete o sare bh as suc flan tes ea wal 03 1 re aorcnnon! ove be suppl ive abs are dengres sa continous ectio Mininm ge concrete rade fs gsnrally C35 for ordinary reread ana CA fr presbesse planks. thpteiherecuchon seo! meshes inne topingar ino prooat units, to planks are sly Aeshna os one ay spanning whet tian te tro way caps. ing te temporary inetataton sage, the planks ste dsigned 2s cimy supported wth an evapo par of toamaxmumof about mand mor 75mm and 100 rm ck prestressed Uisresectily For longer spars iemedlta ropa ae needs. Th oor of prope must be tin ro ces conaderaton. The park unis me ros cea! when tho sof weight of ne wet ono oppgis sted In ea-nelfit afi plark An alowanco of 5 kN of contucton [poi shouldpenealy be coraidered in checks doing he temporary sage Inte pomanent condo. ha ened stucoeree oping ovies tha congresion esszrce {hue enue rentance Inthe span provided by tne Boom resorang re o precvarang lors Th houging mont earch spor = rove by a pce meshes 222 Prestressed concrete planks Precast lanka pestraoed wih preersloned tenons ofer he sdvanlages of lenge uepropped San an the estanes io erang do hadi Tha plane are ususy designed to aoe 2srosaes, lass 3 stucues te appropiate or kor Unis wth heavy imposed loa, the use of dase S sees in he plane desian wil litte Gonsoing of taker une at thay wil be subjected to unbslarced elects due to eccante pestesing oc, ‘he delgn of prestressed plans is silat those inthe design of resvessed concrete and wo ‘Seng exarples are preven o uaale he varcus dsign cansieraton,2.23 Reinforced conerete planks The cesion offer ecistance an shea aos the us method for rinfrend conc Int maximum beng moment at m 1 moment athe tomporsy nsalaton sage det se wag concrete iy ata gen secon, the sree rxorcoren clued 3 As 2x08, 1 90g whore the ver am nthe prac ut linus moment dio nposeloas, ang he tf op, My he tal ren Am Rete 1 wear 2 th ‘orca! shears rar cia aster is lager eet support wid ortho oor sabe. ty, however, be criti here ae openings which red a etna wi te support ida shea reinforeement inthe form of saruos projecting above th precast nts maybe prone, roosssan, ‘Te ofet of font and ine losis considered inh same manner a in cast inst const, Interac shears chackos as pee cogs regurementsn Patt use 47, 224 Design charts “Two desln chars, Fiwes 2.14 and 2.1, are peesented at aids to the preninary sizing of presresad plank members x goreral sign puoaes, 4 Zz A, K Sean core top thickness = 86mm Plank conte: Grade 40 5.gmm diameter stress rolioved sane cororming fo BS 6896-1980, (Grace 270m tt folowing stand ‘Cun _| abn ce ~Guve 8 | 200mm cle Curve | [ure | 20mm1A S0L* 16. hn) ae purport dab dab) Coneretotpping thikaees «55mm Siomm diemetet sess releved (Grade 2700) at olowing sand Soa [euvea Tine ie [eure a | 200mm ce) Gur [Eoane o oom Design examples st Conerete PIAS vo: Unpropped Prestressed POSS lrkewin 23.8 Jan Exam om rates roca NS Em resrosset pres ega re pavsezcveste ao conotetppng evens ee cata ar 2 OLN Design loading Fines szoKne Same tome thea Soon | atte Matin quire: van ml ses 8 Preaassing tendons: oe fess TS 105 ime OK tl ae tases) = 275 ». conte unis 240 Nt ay {5 TSsNome sare Sasha atmtat 8 =r se anki tobe dosane a8 0 2 ste. “roe method of oneructn is norOPPe service Sess Desion 15 cafelate bending stresses at ination Loseing Dead oad uve ond (costcton) Momentat midepan fa Duo sf wont My 348x6%8 Tet mnmin extion? fo 25.64% 109 {1000 607) Sze nie 48 +150) x38 op an sft covet esi pian mvetea8 Due to and constuction (3000 x 87) 907 x 10'x6) rp and sft coeretesessin plank 6 Nom Figure 218 Prestressed Sold Planks (11mm)Caleulte effective prestressing force and einforeemant ‘tep2: Calculate bending stresses at service i: seo: Losing permis tons sess (Cass 2) al plank st (Pat 1, clause 4.343) Desdioad: tnahes 1204Nine sovees = OSOKNR {70KNIMP mo = uae noting eocenricy ofc of restoring e = me), the required efcivepestesing ‘ota > Sonim (Grose lnk ‘Amidepan moment M, = 3270x3610 P=(699-28)x 00x 1000x102 00 kN =S5.24¢0m Efecto prot ly = nf Top ane sft conereo sossinplank{, = 2 (6.002108 x6) (1000, 45) = Os x1075% 1969 Tr Nin 106 Nin? ‘Stop 3: Resultant bonding stress Hence hy "Pie $282 x 011046 ‘Ati span = 320 mim 7 se 99.6 sande a 150 (A= 967 mn) etal P, = 367 1046 1109 528 3839 kN ‘al concrete ares plank, = $839 10%(60 1000) + A : 480 Nin" 60 vn a0 paces At Installation (sw only) At Service Resultant "Note sve donates concrete tena seas on an ‘Ne denotes concrete compressive stress “ “eo at Bending Svessos Prostross Final Sree 49 Nin? < 0.4548" S22 Nm? ox Msximum coneete compression atiretace 0.26 Nin? 0:29,Step 6 ‘sup 7 Check midsnan concrete stressor doting instalation (sume takin immediately after transfer} * Maximum concrete compression = 12238 < 0.504, 128 Ninn? ‘Aiton “Total sore os ncusng cnetacton ie oe) “Ee 38128 1H TODO KD 4 = 1905 <1260(61..2:.1, Pant 2) Atservce “oa sone lad (imposed des ood + ood) qs it0e20 £370 SxS 10.9800 12 wee 1a tO0 Ke = hmm His272 360 (61.32.12, Par 2) ox ok ok imate Limi State Design ‘ioe Design for bending Atinstalation| Usmate UDL = 14x48 446% 1.50 Uisnate bending moment My, = 7303.58 = 178 18mm From Par clause 24.44 11 (1 Tea) a é 00-35 >= 1000mm 6 2188 VEER TO TORTOOD ABP AY | ar) (Concrete compression, F, = 048, 0x 328 Nin tinal stage LUtinate UDL = 14 1.704 16x20 = 550 eu Utinate bene momenta, 2048385 1000 «5.9. 10° IA fb = 10601287 135 x 1000 x10) fle = 1046 1860, nose Pan Table 44 fy = 0871, 20.95 0.88 60 S537 Nine? Total enon to be provided by prestesing tendon, 8.1 ktm > 46.5 KN 963.6 + 829) oK‘step 10 Desig for composite action refer to Section 23.4) | Tot norzonitfoce = 458.9 Nn contact wh 1000 Contac tena snus vege = 488.94 104(1000 x 1800) O25 New? 0K horaontal soar svves atta upporie 0252 = 050 Nir? lao eas than 0.60 Ninn Tabe 65, Part ofthe Cos. ence shee ton reinocement isnot naessar to ensure campos behaviour Design for vertical shear Vetagas ot +16%20)x382 =H ein 185 x 10% 1000210) 7 Nr <0. Nini) ox esign Ex son Cares ooh Detgn Wve lak 25 1M? pttnion ample 2: Propped Prestressed Precast Concrote Planks ‘101m thick presvessedprotensione plank simpy supported st 72 m and acting Jy wih 75 ren tek concrete topping. Al eho doug doa ae fo Be oe pr Design the planks are ob popped al mi-span dng ‘A. Serica Stress Design ‘step 1: Caloulte bending stress at instalation stage, Loading Deseiogd: pink saweight = O.NDH24 = 2.64 kN! ‘epaing roorkes = LapeNine hash Lie os (consti) =180iNnr ae gore oy, gman Loading a Intalio ‘encing Moment ‘Support My = 0259 © Dune DL ony thy =0925x444x3.6 ‘$m Top and ott concfete sess in lan, se? 49x 10x B10 x 1109 224.57 Nine Dupo DL ansconstneton he las * Zaszknmm Mh == 862% 10x 61000 110) SEAT? Ninestep? gl =Mg = 0.074 at 135m om end support & Dee loDL ony: My? =007 e444 x36 =403hcinm £4.08 10x 64100011") = 200Nmm | ». Due te DL and cansbucton fv load Mg? £007 x (4.44 + 1.50) x36" “Top and soft conte tress n plans, 393 108 610003 10) Calculate bonding stress at final stage Loacing Deadiead : Fishes Lise oad sioeinn & A Loading a Final Stage Bending Moment 208%7.21) Si. erm “op and soft ‘8406 rx 61000 25) 1134 Nien Mag = (104+ 1512) 1.95-420% 1.3612 ©5062 40m Te ana soft concote exes hn composi fl 30.62 x 108 x 610001 185) ‘5iop3+ Resultant bending stress At mid span ~ } Atinstaliation OL. only) At Service Resutant 3, AL1.35m from suppor: A Installation (OL. only) At Service Resuitant Mavimum conte tense eves atid pan 777A‘ep 4: Calculate etectiveprstressing force and reinforcement stop 6: Chock tresses a inttation Permissse one ssa plank som (sss 2) 1. ALPropping Support feoaet, =28Nmn conti of prostecsing fore fo plak conto = (r02)-38 an es oss bom Conca es lhe sft open at mics, * TIT=PAIA-PyIZ 928 “7 sa 0m 177 ~1 (1000 10}~, x20. (1000 x11") 28 Atinstaation Pratress Resultant P=2615kNin (ou. Construction LL) ‘Stresses tose prostess f= nly 0.75 (0.75 x 1080) [At 1.35 From End Support ‘048 Nia » Pe Heres Ae =Plly 25r x sono Use 996 sears 1200 (fh = 275mm i + . \ ‘ewale, =287-7 180m PUR | =-262Ninm oe se 2 Pyel% =4(Q87.7x20x 10° 6Y(1000 105) eet foe Resultant #285 Nm (01. *onsiicton LL) ‘Sreeece Resultant final concrate strossos Maxum sreaes ave at he proping port. a4 Masinumcomoression = TO2ENiw | pesign ample 4 Ful Section Precast Beam And Unpropped Construction asp procs osm in Design Example 3 thre no resticton othe beam depth ‘gop 1: Calculate utimate floor loading |As por Example 3, ultimate UDL 206KNUm siep2: Determine beam depth ‘sue baam wlth 500 mm Novatbeammowies n= S0n80 ‘ones. LDL on each beam mode 28h 20048 Lg Faure 2.22 and foning he ow ection inthe chat (hewn on the folowing page. he YEE GPbcam i about B28 mm a the erection at point. Inaing 7orm tick tops. he rl beam opis 900 mm whieh a easonadle beam dnerlon, ‘Aepl b = 5001, step? Caleulate main stot reinforcement (050.825 +045x2x05)x24 Amidspan, 14x 195 + 20x06) roa 1733.3 109 (500.2715 35) Reforo Figure 226, for ib, = 0.396, pf, =60x 10° pe” =0.021 Rs 1308 me Use 8752+ £720 (= 7680 me) pill, = 1.06310" be =00087 Re 21326 ne Use 5120 (8 = 1571 mm)‘Reinforced Cnerea Procasl Beane Design Ghar ~(belgn Example #) Design for shear links Ve(14x195+208x96)24 BKM ‘y= 8066 10500 x 715) 22 Ninn sue be 20% ofmi-span A, Ada, = (242-060) 50010 Use 271008125 mm fo 15 m bth ont (A Remaining ahr inks obo 27 Detaiting 97 x400) 0@g300 rn 25H “ypeal Seaton le Distbuton OF Shear Links >|Design Example 5: Sem Precast Beams And Unpropped Construction ‘he top A. Atinstalltion stage precast main beams which ae to be semtgracst and unpropped ding ieaiton are designs lo bohavecontnacuis a al singe The Sign concrete ad fry C35 Step 1: Calculate utimate floor lading Deed oad HC abs (oitod weight) 450 sume “Topping (75 rm th) ‘eo Nine Teta Bani ‘Alou Ive ood (consmucton) = 1.50 xNInt timate UOL = 5401+ 1.6L = 1.224NiMt ‘Step 2: Determine beam depth nd width ‘Assume boa wth 00 mm No of beam modes, n 500180 O08 DL on ean module nzaio Using Figure 2.22 (ee folowing aga for luton) whore the minimum semi-precest beam spin 625 me oF an unpogped costco, ‘Adopt b= 600mm, adh = 628 mm ad over bem deh = 800 mm as shown below = #| Eee | 8 7 8 (Compost Beam SectionStep 3 ‘Step 4 Beam sie = x08+045%2K04)x24 125M Aimibsoan Mo (Lax 1a5 41122298) x88 ‘0017 4sm $= 625 mm, 37520 mn Moa", = 10017 1097 (600.x590°* 35) Rete to Figure 225, or Mod, = 0.204, a m RS 506 me? Ke 24208 mm Use 5720 (A= 1571 men) AtService ‘Analysis of continuous beam behaviour under imposed de ‘rlequivalent ive load dueto sll weight of the sours and ve lod ana ead loxd Prashee = 120408 Serves O50 kum Peston 008Nin 270KN Tol deadiod == 270498 5 2892)0im Live eas 5x06 Euvolont ve load @a19) (125 +6498) = Se2e ktm Toa ve ons a0 1824 = BM The mament and hearin tal conan ae shown nthe fotowng page Distribution f Banding Moment [Aid Sheor (Types! ternal Saar) Span Mr = 790%N Neb, = 790 108 £00.x700" x38 eter to Fire 226, for iba, = 0.082, Ply = 28x10" "= Oooo Ag = 3185 TWA, = Ay (Fam SI69 3) +e Bees = 130 mi Use sTa2 +4725 (A, = 820" mm) Note:The above summation of A. tom Intalaten and fra tage for he mid-span ‘man steel may spoearto cnaset Rqure 22, Hower, tefl esut wil ba he ‘Gane cal cock secon analjls carta out tbo te iatalaton and tthe fralstage and ih he steal servcesteslimtos 096, (© 267 Nm, The auton Instop Sie Merb, = 106010800 «7008 35) eter to Figure 2:26, forts, = 0.077 fs = 0.00735 Rasen se sta (A, = 4021 mn)steps sep? ‘sep 8: 600 (25 + 6.2096) 4,041.0 (rotor 5.840 v= 961.9% 10%600 700) 281 Nine ex(8T22) = 00115 (600, reer gue 2.18) From Figure 327.5, = O76 Nine Ads, = (281-074) xs0u(0a7 x460) = bee ‘shear links for composts setion Suppor: contatlength , -02%84-02 rien Ads Ale sé400 Span: conlatlenghl, = 03584 OB A/(0454, xb, x09) (087 x46 416)! (045 x35x 800x089) 4521 <"175 mm Neutral avi doom, Hence horzontal hear orc, * 0.45 1:35 500 x 145.2 x 102 ‘Average hsontl shear sos in mipan, we Web 3 5 101600 2940) anim = \9Nine? (Table 8.8 Pat 1,8 6110) Support:A,/5,=278 (he greaterA js, of Sp 5 ant Step 6) {se 2710-100 nes or 15 m both ends ‘Span: wee nominal inks T10-200 ‘pis Bear Section Dietibton OF Shea Links| Oosign Example 6 : Semi Precast Beam And Propped Construction Re-design the precast beamin esizn Example Soni the btm 400mm deep sections prea The Bean ae tobe Bropped st 18 pont dur te tor sab etalon. The beam fet by ‘csr for continents bahavour athena codon, Topping concele used ie 695 concrta, Se a "peal Composite Section Propping OF Precast eam Caleulste prop reactions and check section strength Dead ass Selfwognt =04 x0.8x24 aie 5x00 = 4030%Nm Bxoe+osxo4x24 = ZagdeNm 5x96 = 1440%Nm AxDL1exLL = 1227540 sion tA and D axeOxt22 = 76OKN thebecwodxsar tao = gaan Propped reaction ot B and ¢ Dead nade tea 7822 209.9488 hebbsa= ie 1440, wai Sending ment n Propped 2 AtSence Step 2: Design for instalation supper: Me eM = 0. x05) x 12275" 87 3k Midst. £973 10 @00. 200° 36) a7 From Figure 226, pf. mi) = 098 10° ‘ 796 mm 0.08 (89) 12075 = 60.8 4th 628 nm? yi notated assumes = 796 rm? iop2: Analysis of Beem under imposed dosd andlve load and reverse prop reactions esd loa Phos = 12x08 Soniees =05498 Paniion = 20288 Live and= 5 x98 Euiatnt LL = (044.8) 271.22 Propeng rection P= ead nad (ony due ew af suc) s1s2ieum 3.501 = acim 480100 aN 200940) ending Moment a, ‘and Shor (ypies internal Beam)‘Step 4: Design of main tension stoo! i= 160 Nn Duro, = 180 108/600 x 70038) ons From Figure 228, ou 34. 10¢ 9 =00119 = 4096 rt Toa AL = Ay hom stp 2) Ag eb coa8 24 mm Use 7132 (A, = $628 mn) Seppe = 800mm, f= 800mm, = 700mm Nerd, = 1690 x 10 (200700838) From Faure 228, ply * 349.10 "= 00122 1 = 6852 ent Uso 6132 + 4735 (A= 6739 mn, marly under provided, OK) At suppen, V =1.0x (9p 1) + (S693) Oreo 10760 x 103600 x 700) (0-600, fort Figure 2:10) 286 Nieme (6732+ 725) = 678546500 x 700) p= 0587 From Figwe 227, vy, © 088 Nien? ‘A/S = 288-088) x 6000.7 460) 228 Design for composi action Svpnart‘Conaet with, = 600mm Conactlegth, = 02x84-02 Ade = Aly bsarae0 = oasxed 254m ‘Span: Contac eng Als = Aly 5242500 191 Provide shear inks for both composite action and shea resistance, whichoveris Support: Ay/s= 4.82 Use 2713-100 eine for 15 m tend span (AY.= 531) Span: As, 491 se 3740-150 fe inks for me-span (A = 208) Caan e a L ce aime he CI ‘Typea Beam Section Kath I24 Design OF Precast Coneete Cotumne “Tne dosign of precostconeret columns is simian approach to oso fr nt clus. The dhsign metnocs comeing oth code eaurrnets are wel ocinented a Most tarda Wee fapd i nt teefre, be elaborated further ns ston. In he design of praca concrete columns, the desiner shoud be conversa! wih the various Cnnocton metnas esd noning elumnteundaoncomio-clu aclu > bean Irordertoadueve he datos at bonsvou whch could be aher Moment or pa-conneced Pearielar atonon stoud be gan fo ensure at the connection Stale wi not oops the trust tty ofthe ling Inaction, ths our must have suse’ capecty to whens fare Fom busing du to tandems etc A summary of & value for braced ard wabratag falurmsin accorcance wah Part clause 8.16, of he Cac is shown n Figure 2.28, ln gracton, tf ery common le make ute of chain tho design of columns; a clbston of whi ‘Stounain 858110: Pare’ nts Handook. asi chat for ecangler andereula essa how wh 2% and 3% sel cnt for concrete grads, = 26, 48 an 80 Ni eepoctvOy ‘The onforement content repreces ayia ango nproast ium design, ‘To reduce te toa numberof design charts fr rctnguar or squao) cour, the chants ae rasta ora mm ae masa for 200mm #0 Tecmn dsp slum, The chans are appiabe for pincomacad and momen gid ening of tr 9 bracod or unbraced column rood sconces shown inthe hats rs om: {atu doegnacconticty suchas besm supported by co ao orien 200m, steal eccenticty eto cok sensemessefertas dateminadinPart clause. 3.83, cccenbcty duet framing moment in a moment ri clumebesm conecton whee he reontey eset an e'~ MN whateN Is (a ttl clun lad at he Sve! Blng ‘esidered forclunns undo bias bending, the enhanced bencng moment inal tbe minor er mao ns ‘hates delemined accord ws Pat. case 8.8.45 the Code. In usa the desion chart, he osowing stop may be oka: Sep 1. Deternine te lal utiale column fad, Nt the vel ing considered, ‘tep2, Dido Ny n hich i mulpeof mim module fr a asumed.ox gen column with np 2, Deternine th load secant as described ware. Itshoud be rote tha may ne aay Be possible obtain fe taming moment m= column Uses seh column sires s usd nthe anal, This, However, cannot be done before @ ‘ersnablocourn oxo. To overcome Bi ble, he cou usu ed byaeSUMIng “Sau of being steseos br nthe cluma whch ss gneray sen 8 lal cola age and coor clues 940m? “Teh grap ae shown ial he column design chon tom gues 230% 238 terrecangul! ‘uate coloms and gos 2.8 to 241 for eur coos, “Tecesign ctor cela cours low sma sporacch as thetforractengur columns xcept ihe wz oad expats are ven forthe auteur sea. Hence, Ste 2 nt dian procoes ‘some,I esshimie And p38 ‘Tiare B31 Retntorees Goncrote Pracast ReclanguarSquare Colin Design Gham For SL £ a Z Af i = CK LKD i 8 F 8 se g fs g g f¢ Re EF Figure 230 Reinforced Concrete Precast Rectangular/Square Colum Design Chart For‘atin and na Figure 33 fsnforced Concota Precast Roclangulr Square Column Design Ghar For y = eS essa ieee es naa eo een eaeS ‘arafieaeds ere eaten | ine) jure 234 Renfored Conerte Preset Rectangus/Square Galo Design Chan For Faure 238 enim And pe gures Reinforced Concrete Precast Reslangulosquare Column Design Ghar Far= "| py Figure 237 Ralnforeed Conoeto Precast Gr Column Design Chan For, SSN? And 20%Figur 238, Reinforced ConerateProsan Crcuar Colunm Design Chan Fort =AENan? Bnd "gue 230” Rowforcod Concrete Precast Creuar Colum Design Cha : Baoeet 3 =i al z ames “Aye on a ; SO Lee tT ey ai | | : IO, i 2 t r S “tt ¥ : = - — ‘Figure 2a0_ Reinforced Concrete Procaat Cray Column Dean Gran Fort =aaNiman™ Bnd242 Design examples ‘Design Example 7: Precast Concrete Column ‘ps Design OF Precast Concrete Walls 254 General Thorns of precast coneet walle canbe dents bythe type of bung in which thy are stole frame stucture : pracast concrete wale afe used 2s nontoad bosrng In ‘ras and may be designed prow stabi tthe Bulg “sper wal sites he precast wal are enforced, cantevered wats dosgnod to cary {he vriea! loads ane hotel, teal and ivplare forces They are used as slabling ‘Sano for the stucure and may comin te foro singe elements oF forming bowser Slaeoes orf chats named koe tame and shear wal bung both pes of walls ae provide, | precantconele als may ls be used ss noes beating partons to replace icrks 5 __omtve bei srface quay and inmost plestrng. ‘re tenes of recast wal vse om 125 nto 200 mm ands governor ty canage Betts ay cy unt Sa oder ony ner, ae ‘SrptualyJesqod ex ste element For er ala kay be ntston toassomaa ham Wyuna one win ive ring, Openings for corm, winows ord serene may be _.SShmodeted pron tik postions dont rst tw srr! est ad corny e he | Kau Tact pte iportar wren wo Senge aves the compose dopo ta ‘ic atenaneloodsaP tre Voc ond nora ree mtb conse openings Sone. ‘The consucion of box wal far sates ang Ht shas can be obtained fom incu wal ‘oreo tom complete or paral bor single bart ste igh | Theta aide range of solutions in jlating the wal. Those inde ‘Step 1. Determine the colin load fora 0 mm wide module = o0/s0 = “The cohen ood par SO mm wie module = 950018 A370 Step 2 Determine slenderness effect From Figure 229, value a braced cokenn wth condo at bath op abo 41. tu concrete and steele : geowors and bowen 2 reidedconmactone mae by fly anchored patos 4 8 tating 2 ee 0.7534000 4 hear kos wah or wthoutietaralng tet a ‘ "= S0e0mm. 5 simpler bodang i Minos Un = 3000400 ‘Tha design ces al he verte and rerizonal wali party cnsstf compassion torsion F1Be1,shortcokenn {16 shar ores: Deegn considerate are snow in Chaptr 3 cocion 3.17 mis Handbook 252 Design classifications of concrote walls Ferdesgnprpotes, CP 65 clasts ho wal hich ae defined as hav he length exceesna reartme hairticknes, io 1, reinfrcad core was containing 2 minum quan of stl as given in Part, clauses ‘Jo'band9.125. Theses lstkon no ocenint when detaminng in eran afte wale, ane 2. plain contte yal in Par 1, cause 3.04 where only minimum srirkage stool is provides. ‘Tho erengn othe wae bosod stay onthe comoression capaci othe cone. Inadsion, he wal sre asses as: + brace the was re supported lara by ors or oher cose was 2. unbraced the walls prove her nn stably, sch s canter wa, Addlonleccenety i a slondemess eet not ra Step 3. Determine load eccentrics ‘inc he colton canncton is morn, the load eccenlety tom faring ‘moment is eseulsiedta be ‘Stop4. Check adequacy of column size From Figure 2.30 (= thn = 2). the requted clue ong or column nado {571548 ane = 86 7mm aout n= Simm © EOGmm provide, Thartoe the cone sin 40 x 800mm with 79 reinforcement contents adecuste ‘The nals are conederad tacky Hf the slondemess ao, |e. Vt, coos not excaod 15 for bracee ‘wal ang er an uivacnd wal Other, the wal sr coated as sono.ee to 20k he 078 a ler 25 hs a 1h ‘Figur 2 Effective Heights OF Pin Walls “The sendeross its for enforced concrete wal ae genin Pat, Table 3.25 fhe Code. The “ec heh are detained by ar mathoss Usd fr caluPns ana m ezzorganca wih Pat {issue 28, Tables 3.24 and 3.22 fhe Cos, When the beams ah labs raneming ces 0 ta reorod conta wats re simply supporod the ofecivehoghs of tho walle fo eosoeced 7514 tet a2 20he ey 0784 F Ne ae 25la 2 "Smal for pin walls. Thase ate shown in Figure 242 above 253 Ditnbution of horizontal oad ‘ye age plan sttiness end stengh recast conceta was for he best soon to ‘Rasy respective rhe number of soveysina mull sure constucion, ‘The orzontl forces, which consist of the greater of ster to tinal wind foxes or 15% of ho TPS cood woth ote suture re ansteed by caghage acon ete Hoar 1 he toby walsin the manner shown Figure 243 (2) Continous Wan Vertieat Pane 4 = =, eta. | S (0) Wats nitferent Vertical Planes Figure 23 Horizons Load Wanaterin raced Suucture Amay be necessary consi up para n gable end was which donot cary ny sgrieant vical lace ‘The dstrbuton of heaotal loads between stlly wl elements Is ganerly determined by ho poston ashes othe wasn ne srr. hen te ouaon shaban oft wala ate Sieh hat ht corte of esitance cos closely wht carve ote mast ard tho geomet ‘acd of recompiled bung, estrone hoor lds proporiona to ke Soxral ‘tas the wal are more stat, Le, ts eight clog sos than thon, shear eto wil orem and th loa dtaton willbe tuncten ofthe shear snoss of te wall clon the Youngs maciue and shear madi ars emisr nal be wal he shos ofeach wal elon ‘hen proportionate soeand momenta‘, I.ofthe unaced scon tothe web res sectonal ‘ret prraly tate os 0% of ho ta wb 0 ie wal defection predonnany et_pehetanallosd on each wall secon can then be calc by means othe components inthe Toney dren. He= WB Toyo HESR Mgt Toy 20 canbe obsoried fom he stove that symmetcal wal yslam woare T= 0th dstibuton of ‘onal fons nh wall secdons wl thon be art ropertonal fhe moment neti ofthe aaa wal ‘etn Example is use sate he design mand cused above, Inglan cone wal, te Cod stipulate nPat 1 daue 394.7, atwnan hereautantecenty from a Porson ee goat: an 13 of he gh of ea tenes ho al lb |gnored andthe hovzotal ees sus be camad by to remahing wall Inimalorty ofthe buicings, tho wal re normaly renymmetica and trial tblty may nen {ie sonore inthe design The rion he wasn competed nyu can be deere ‘ine compor stirs wih sppropst str modeling. Inrtnay aa pherwsrd ae Sitios ust cry out approximate and simp manual clelauon lg determine the Porson ‘Sade det orson ee ‘The approximate design method (erence 6) assur hat 1. the or patois aii phragm, 2. therelatve detections fhe walt are proportional othe lancom th conti of fxr ay ana shear detections are ara compere with tess detections even though he cstbutn af orion leads may vary depending on whether he wal system Sehaviow Is recorinanty ‘enue, sear ora comtinatono bot. 254 Infill Precast Wali in Skeletal Frame Structure frees concole wal are cormorly usd as nfl wals batwoon framing damenssin 9 sll {ore stucure fo function a tty unl. Tho wate re assumes mao eat ay bullog ass rd tat boas between th wal paals ae coneldeed ap sopatata stucra laments evan ‘Rouph tne gop botwean them le routes soy The wal ae leo kum Yo be ee fom ‘Shutneous lane and ovo pane wind loadras ‘haji wals re gone destred as plain wale with ulin infrcamen to resist agonal Gesngin the gare and rata th mf shape of no panel parila athe comers: The (Gels trongihol tieconcrle le igoted whe destn “eben tia coneret walls and general design sence utjectadthoronal ads are edn reference 7 and ated in Figure 248, Figure 244 shows aval eysiom containing nnunbors of wal profes. The cnr ofthe stent rural ites (Eo the wal astm custo rom an sbirry reference pt O93 rein corinne sytem itn You's module Ef simiarin a he wal the Mesa lay Figure 244 Notations Of Wal System Subleced To Torsion ‘Tho ttl stnss ofthe wal systom inthe wo principal directions i delorned by hed, hen, ‘The contre of he shear xc ofthe wal system i: =H YAH YD, The esata horizontal ads denoted by Hand {oct atastance zy y fom the conto oe hear ore 3 “Tho torsion taking positive in anit- clockwise deco, I gen by TH “Te torsional sronath oF to inavual wal systom can be detrmned by means of the fouls Lez end? 2/108 (©) Stresses in Pane!“Te ultmete hoor forces are roeletacby # agonal compress strut ass the wll pane Ag ‘Te taxle Fame ceforme under horizontal oedinge, compress foes ae rans te Ieciodcomersofhe prety nariocs shes stents. The vansmssion fcc: overs agonal “Smpressve se sta comers ofthe penl occurs ovo" an extended contact length. This gas ‘ostothe afore widhotne compressive stu The wa ofthe compress sts aso dependent ‘Sie relative stesso he wal poral ana the ming eure, and onthe aspect rai of he fara. Ar oppr bond widow ray general be uses nth dos loge wh conseston, ‘St svengt reduetion aie fo stndemess eect “he contact longs between panel ac raming laments may be akan 9 wan ams = 051 veh elu eZ and 2 aE ttan 28,(86.10) ther E, = mou for inf antame respectively { laksess efit wat = moment ofinerta beams or cous whichovers lesser ‘thei on pare! = Slope of iagons! Sets then ver by ‘concrete compression fr assued fo 690, 6 m pli wa From Fou 245, the strengn of te compressive cut, Rf ven by R, 2031, x0cwxt ond = R005 6 ois, Ut Ite stondermess rato w/> 12, the accordance to Par 1, clause 8.84.45 ofthe Code, Sf x0.4W x{t-125,-20) 03 (2500. 75 <0 9 eqs by Par 1, cause 3.8.4 the Code ‘Suntan ©, 4 o, nto tho exprsesion R034, xOsW xt [084 yt /1250) ‘tthe com, te ilrace ulate shear stossee between the pans and taming beams and CGonrnns may adopt 0.48 Nien a Pat, las 837 ofthe Code fr plan surfaces witout (Guolatone Tha’ va eat joan compression sa wat a soar. Hoee, Robo cos 8-045 08%) ‘ny residalnorzontal shoei akon up ether nate reinforcement anchored ino beam and ‘ral panel o by mesranea tong or weing of anchored plates. The val resiual shear ‘riod by the Beavciom comet. “The beang under the comer ofthe wal should be check again he weakest interac joing comet by a Reenpsastosy “The design on plan wal n skeletal rame erucire ustatod in Design Example 45a ‘255 Cantilever precast conerate wall ‘centlevr pros! Coote was ae usualy provided ac enclosure fe staroasos and it shat. ener despre ax contenonalreerced concrete was wih spec emphassoneconnacon ‘avert! and nonzsta as oft wae fre vans of comprescion teen ane oat foes “oa wal may fen ono of flowing mexes as shown in Figur 2.6. Shar ap at ho horizontal ar verte oisifte was are astebled tom separate unis frdvhen Uns grater than eee Fleur tension fire under lege overtsning moment ard ight oad stuston fe Fleanl compeesson ftire dv 0 comtinod axial foros ané mores, uu Fire 248 Faure Node OF CantoverPrecaat Concrete Wale “The desig of he wallace ou athe uate iit sto luseaed in Figure 247, st Figure 247 Design Principle OF 7 Cantilever Precast Gonerete Walls ‘Tha cone compresion forces under combine Seton ef axa oad and moment are gv By F,= 04S, x09 xt Under ioc 451,209 x:- 087A, md M Fug“ 04sg-NtG-nZ) 20.54, 0.97 «4s —Dasp)-NIB-hi2) steed 063) Na) Tranter ensontorc F, ces the nt ostedconnedtons using grote pe soevee, sting ‘ad woking may bo uted4 Uriraced wa a nS0S(t- 26,)0r b mye 0S%t-25,.-2e, ‘hehover smal, ‘ohere = achalresutngraneverse lnc eccentty 120 or 20 en, whichovars seater, suiting taneveres load eocenitys the lop ad bet fhe wal rospecivaly. abn, 3 (6 = addon deecton cus to slendrress effect = Krzscorwnere ithe eecive hag oe wal 2.58 Vortcal oad capacity of proeast wall ‘One ofthe primary strstr uncons of wal to cary the verte ats othe foundation, Fon ‘stuctia vewpdr he walls. canberogordd as cous of ule The bereten esa 1 such columns under ail oad of axa oss wih eocornes are death ost slander erature on eructral design and set of column dosgn chars canbe found SOTTO. Pats These clon design charts can be apd othe datgn of. ety see pcas eorad, va In ow to medumise buns, pln procast wale maybe used duet the simply ne wat ‘aanectons aswell he ierent large earying capac of he wats bases on corre alone, Howovor a aoaut of he na of sci rnfroement npn walls th vec! oes capo an be reduce crastcalyH the wal is subjected lo excesho Roxural trae esoes renting ‘Tom ransvers load sos, ‘These eccenrees may sie om 1. the floor laments wit unequal pan or win tere design losdngs on each se ol he wat 2. specal support tings othe oo elements 3. vara msslgnment ring she verieal plane ofthe wall anols _ngular rotations ol he eno the oor ela wich nods moments athe top en Salto of the wa. ‘The magniud oi transverssloadacconetes agen Pt 1, eso 2 94, ofthe Code an isuaratod Figure 248 er the folowing cases 1. toads rm the foor 22d tom special supporting 3. rate londe 287 Design charts ‘The dain chats for stocky and lence raced pan walls ae shown in ures 249 and 250 respectively The was ae asoumod to be pconroctod athe for lves, Seong (eyes ada Figure 248 Dosign ld Eccniciios in Wale Foran usraces wal the econ oat vertcallads andthe momen de toltral loss are ‘coneidred when clean ta Yeauanl secon Minimum design tansverse ecaniy e¥20 oF 20cm, whichis greater. ‘The veil load caring capac of lin wale cleus using the olaming equstins 1. Stocky braced wal 14 S0.%(-28,) 2 Stender raced wat NSO 1.29, 20,tr . —— i = a= 2 g = ae q 5 vist = = i i 2 eRe SSCS 2/2 1f "CTS EASA 2 Le i i BASES ; i | Ss. SS ‘ i a = S SN i Ceoss SSS \ 080 aS} = 4 ‘ois Cotign Lead Exxon ey) Figure 2.49 Uiinat Vrical Load Gapeclty GN) Of Plan Stochy Braced Wala REIS) Figure 21 Unimate Verica Ln Capacity Of Brace Sender Wale (150)258 Dosign examples Design Example 8: Distribution of Horizontal Loads Note Allwals tobe ofthe some thexnese 1. Contoid of wal stitness Using 25 mlong wal as reference and witha memento nei, the tase of wale tS ‘ad he conto of wal anes ae caloutod ee elo won te) | ve 50 728 [100 “The conta of wal tines aM 20 he a0y101 v =3 al 1a 2 Talon trom horizontal ood “akg ant-lcoise a8 poeta Pen x (5-5) ob, 3. Torsional strength of indviduel wall sections Ele Gea, Oia? BI ate eae xa aise ors9r pistibutton of horizontal forces Hy <4 IH TOY Hy = lH Tour xa) ‘betting = 0,3, = 2h = 10, Hence He 878 10% = 1A) Hy He cypr © a7ax WG, -5)xH, x4 01 1 4045, ° 0204, vata, 2‘Design Example 9 nfl Procast Walls ‘The bling i 60 m ong ands ace atbth ands wt init wats between the amin beams rg alomns: Determine hernia tines of th fl roast concrete walls she fe sey provide tbl tote buldng, Us, = 36 Nim fore wats or ame, Daign wed posture O75 180m Coneck interface shear stress cok netace 3 = TET ATEN ee €= 271M? 400 400012 22109 x08 mnt 378 : : Gn =a Be 5 Tie 629 10°» 9000) i id Tet : i "| ‘Contact length « olen sno =04sot Rg 1.48 1964.2 226 x 10%in 190° poeeia e300 Residual verti shear ot rele by beamealumn connection "9008 -204.)sn 10.38" ‘95 4 (ia). 2. eam intertoco Roos R048 «0.5 x 2000228 x 1°¥0 19.96 420240» 300518 oK W =36-08 Ww =N@0"+30 «astm © ston'ai85i4 #1935) 1. Maximum ukimate horizontal forces acting at second storey pe frame H =14x075x(96+96+967)x602 ssx05ct {Use 225 mm tick an precest wall 4. Chock Beating Stress ; 22S ae Rano <0.6t,(0.511) 3 £3005 kN Rysine = 008 sin 10:5 fake oat, (0suy ‘Compression capacty of agra sur R, =O x0.4w x 0.04 (9/1280) 0.3535 10.1 Bode 0.9 = (64080971250) x 10° kN 401-2847 x 10K nimum wall hckness requked 300.5» 8431-2947 x 105 ‘Selig he quart equation t= 205.6 mm Slendemess rato» O75wt O78 x osaa208 6 (0x95 «05x an00 228 x10" 19000 > 986 BN oe 225: tick iain coca wal is adequateDesign Example 10: Braced Loed Bosrng Pain Walls Chock hater te itera 150 ren Pick plain val BE a he at trey 9 braced bug ig {Sdequte to cany an ulate wal oad of 800 im an theo ds shown nth pe Den Design coertesrngt ist, = 25 Nin 4. ond eccentricities ForspanAB:N; = maximum scion =26.64Nin minimum easton = 10m ForspanC:N,= maximum reocten —=44.4kNim Design dead load (untactored) DkNmt Trimim veacton = BOK Tole (factored) = 0KNIn? 1. Calculate uitmate design oad (per metre length) ‘Case 1: maximum floor load ests In minimum foad eccontiity| Maximum design ubimatolead = 14x60+18x40 He ein ies Minimum design ubimatoleas = 10x60 6 NB oN = 8okNim $30 _ 4426.8) 6 500+ (466+ 286) a 2 Vertical floor reactions Coe | Forspan AB: maximum ‘loocrescton = 148x382 IE 266KNin Use e,= 200mm le mintrum foorreaclon = 60x36 ‘Case 2: maximum loadin span BC, minimum load in span AB, result in maximum le 108 «Nim Toad eccentricity le Forspan BC: maximum florrescton = 14.86.02 a 44a Kin 6 N+EINAND ‘minimum foorrescton = 60x80 150 (424-108) 180 KNn 7 eat Smm<20.mm see, 201mmEccentricity rom slondomess effect ete wal neg "pes he 250 mm thick wall AC ina singe storey, wbraced buldig fe the foot aang ane —_PeeSh nd load shou in tho fur low. The deen conerat song, = 35 Nin |i a6onitsa — = 2i> 18 or beacnd wal ene, adstona ccenicty 0, 4 to slendemess lect ha to be considered = 12725008 = Sn 2500 «150 = 345mm Tota load secant Load econ rom ors 20 mor both cages 1 and2 Hance tha walle designed using "folowing loads and as econ DN = 500-7444 + 266+ 50 eight of al at midstory aight Ssrigetaxoigxadetd 580.1 kNim = 346m Vertical oad eareyng capacity For braced sioner pian walla Py 509i 520,-26) 50.3% 36(180! 12520-24348) 590.046» 8601 Nm 180 rm thick plain walls adequate ® Tele 08 Calculate utimat design vrtial load (per mare tnath) (Caso maximum design ood = 14x80+ 1844.0 ‘Case 2: Dead and wrt cate: Oead,iveandwind = = 1.2160+ 40) 20KNim 2. Vertical load and moment at bottom of wal, ‘Wied moment i shard between two was Momontperwell “Oysx32082 Tm ‘cave 1: Vertesioad = 14.8812 +cat wlghtof wa dogs taeozsxax3 =608 kim Winsimement =o Case 2: Vattcsloas = 84x82 + sa weight of wal 252+ 44 025x24130, 20.4 kN sacar 24min = 12.0% 60 + salt eight of all 360% 12x028%24%80 S78 kN Windinement = 1.2347 20KNmim ‘Case 3: Verte ossa Load eccentcies | Vertical load and wind moment case 20,2417 nm (Case2:Toal moment =Ne, +24 ‘sisi Resutanteccenticty es N Eesx 10604 Case 3: Tota! moment 3109676 . Stenderne EFoctno walhoight 4 ‘ational ecco 0, ‘Vertical load carving capacity ‘The vrteal oad carving capacty ofthe unbaced concrete plan wale mat of theo ny 0.3h(t-224) BintsOtft 260-26) By Inspoctn, he oad carving capsety i van by ta sand expression which is ppl atthe cast of he wal £03 x 38(250 -2 41.7 -2x324) (0589 WN > 688 WN ok $0.3 x 35(250-3 893-2324) 260.3 atm> 50a kN ok 503 x39(050-3x 764-2224) 4102 kam> sre kN ok 250 em thik pln walls adoqus Mt DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS 3.10 an 312 313 314 315 316 317 Gener Design Citra Design Cniaratins Menfocing Considers ConsrconComidertns Types OF ins ‘Shor Fieon Design Nod Sto ion Reerng On Concrete Feinfred Conse Ctl infra Core Nib ron Hel ea ‘tel Seon aes Wilding Of enforce Bars Shor Key Cmecion Coke Bote Comin eaacion Of Frcs WlCHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS 34 General CConnectons form he mos ta pat of precast concrete canton, The ingenuity of engineers theoretical eoncaps and design equoon fr various pee eteomnerton. The owsndge prea enrtruton and design parte those tom Uk, Contineral Europe and Nor Amada fe wel ‘Iscominatoa rough ts pudlestionoftechncal repre, essary paper, dosgnhanbooks ana Poaucl esinintermatn. However, an uniain’ sig engioar fas consterabl problems ‘hen tng forthe nacessst formation to begh his din npoeastconucton. One of te aims ofthis port ofine Handbooks herefre, to bngogethar he wie and vanod design methods Uaodn te Industry fore beni of evaryone ent pees or obvous rossone, present omplat ovriew of lth exiting eons on hence only cen practons are nese 32 Design Criteria Connections must meet a vary of design and performance ctl. A atstacory connection aig enuld, ough ese deang, neu he laulng consraters 4. aconnection muse abo fra th ultmate design orcas ha duct manner 2 jrocat components oe manulscured eraromsesy. easy to handle an snp to eect 3. talrencesformanutostuing and fot ereston must nt eoparage and aaversey fecha ‘Stonded stucural peanut ote components inservice 44. thetel appearance of thojohnt must satsy te, dureby and visual equrements 33. Design Considerations 334 Strength ‘Aconseston must rai to frees 0 which wl be ebjocte dregs etme. Some of hese {Btcos such os hove cousad by dosd and Wve gravy leads. mac, earth and watt pressure fe ‘bvios, Some ae not eo eppatent an il ten ba velooed. These ar foros cased by ho ‘erat of volume changos inte pocast components and those requires i matin Sab. “loitarengh maybe catgorse by he ype fares hat may be nsseed ah a compress, tonsio, seay, fora and tion, ‘Aconseton may have shigh dears ofresitane tone type ferstut ihteor ro resetanes {banca While scknoulesing the extence team rcs, he deszrr shou nol oes on conection which woul rect evry conesbio fooss ater eouten wuld be to ula ore ‘han ene peo fro achive the ovral ecu 2.2 Ductiiy Ducky ste ality cfs connecon to undergo lage deforaton who flu. Deformations ‘rossi tatepen the re isd ae lime iro othe etal mateals sadn tne conto Ducat bung ame i usualy associates wih moment resistance wth the Bena tension ‘apsaty rose bythe reinoring bos osu tel section, Tne tat ate may Be {00 otheruptureofrntereng tare, cucing of corceo tefabureo anes clas ombeaeed 3.33 Volume change ‘The combine shortening eect duetaceepsvinkage antenperautredusons indies tne stroceas nb procastcorponons, Tho sostos must ba accounted fern te connection cough By ether roving sess rebeve dell uvesaned ji rb proving sional einer ‘Slot roi tonal force n 8 rosraied int {44 Durability “jposes soon 8 connecten should be peodcaly inspected and mlniainos.Evdorco of farsi susuaty eWiied vy corrosion 0! expoad tcl alment, casing ae spaling ites, Comporens which ar exposed to weatho” shoud have te sie! slemerts odeqatehy Sart in oor oF ft, Pahoa, glansod ot using saris ste sectons. 4435 Firerosetance _coanectons which may be weakened by expoaure oie shoul protected by concrete a grout, ceteed or spayed wi foe testance motrsts. The conmecions shou be poloced the creetmaes os hol exod fo the components and te Balding ame, “34 Manufacturing Considerations asm economy of precast coneete constuction is achlaved when connection deals ae ep Pinte oe posse and they are designed wir adoquste poromarce fo facie easy Ted eaten The foloning manulectirng corderalons shoud ented | Avoid congestion — whace large quany of reinercing bar, embasded plats, insets, ‘dekute, eto are roca, congeston ls nate. Won this our, stay the aes In ooston isingltge aa ravings, Use acs pile! sass and dmansins of toa ar, Dates, eons, bole, os, insiad of ie representations. lotion shouldbe focused on Eros atieh may note renfren a 9 result! minimum bending rao eforcing bare ‘ay benecontaryoiereae be precast conponeris so avo congestion ado ensue tha sue rom lf for cone to bo placed without lean ay Ponaycarbs 2. Aakd portation of fons — projection such 2 corel, ibs, or sate bars which recure ‘tng bough hs foms are det ans coal o place. Whace posable, toto projections rou be loos al ha tap surace oto components wn casting covert 3. Minimise embeded tems embecdd ems such a nants, contr, pa, whied fosure rer posiboning and becurefxng ae lator ane consuming, They shoud be ptt @ mira, 4 Aid operatone ater tpping he fom —operatons uth ae recuired at sipping tbe {Srmeuot a speci ceaning fishing sang on pojeng lel omens shod be avoided \ahanover poses. These oprainerequre ational handing, ded labour (tn wth Sled wade) and stra working space. 6. Atow menutacurng tleranoes -demensona tleancis which ate more stingent than ‘haus standards ave cielo achieve. Connaeson requrng cose ing ports wh tle [Povaion er fel adusmoris should be avoced 5. —_Usestancardsems whersverpossible, embeded tomscf ses ats, ot so sctons ‘cle shuld bo standardised Theme shou be avaiable em mevo than one spp. ‘Standards on offs wit edice eros made and wil erhanco and rnrow producti 7. Useropotive ela —utis ilar connecton deals 3& muchas posse evenfney may rosufin ght overeig, Repeated Jo of sin datals wil lvoe fewer rodcatons and form ety 8. tow aterawes - menutsetiers should te alowed to propose atornatve methods and etary prove the design requomon's re met Aung afemative soluions woud ‘Sonera provide more seanomieal snd baer proving comectonsf 35 Construction Considerations Hoist ecupment nding operation may conte exon costo precast cons ‘The design of connection shuld neti he components fo be le, se ard anced fe stores! posse te. This wil mean Bt porary shorn, ying Guy topes, Bearing ae levaing shins en cher looss attschments uch as args, bok nua eh ses shat ben lass ‘or made avalible a sho nace pcr tong The follwing la at tme shou be consis ‘he desig to mptove on the ercton ct procs comaonent, 1. Allow for fod exjstment- esi of connectons shoud avid des for pte tin he fd: Carin amount of fet adustmertcnould be alowed by means of overetehelue bos snd dows, hima, wedrg ana gresding 2, Recess or works ~ connactons shou dad and planed low cce862y ar ‘wrkingand sient oom foe pm. Fe example, wrenches rege nwa slg ‘cfr bo tighening,Woring under he dockn an vetoed pasion shoud be wollen, 3. Repemtve and standard deta connection dots shoud be standardised ard repeated as ‘much as posse, Connoctonsrequring special ils such as walang. restos sha be reduced so as to make the consurton more economies. 4. Robusiprojectons —projctons fom precast components such 8 reinforcing bas, bos, soe sectors seid be robust and raggeain enero whstand arog de oharing ‘Tweadsonpojctng bos shld eased and grasa fo protect epaet Semage ad 5, low strnaties ~ precsst manufacturer snd eractrs should be alowed to propose aterabve methods and deta not anpated byt designer Ta would ofan oat ‘more aconoial and easy ecton of precast components : 26 Types Joints 161 Compressive joints Comeressive forces con be transmit baweon aacent precast components dec beater trough ermediste mediam such es ints mot, toe cance, bean pes oath: boat ‘omens Det cose between lements shout only bo used when gest accrecy in manutactrng an ction is sehieved end whan tho boat stesso ae smal usualy lose than D2, Pare tention hauls be oven inthe reiaicerent doting of he precast components When ge ancete covers requ io acuowe a igh fe ang or when gh sng seu! bar a arse benaing ot are uso I's more common and sdisable to uso itomadiste beddag mari or det Yensmisson of compression foros teen procast trans a tte wit nays te auace moguls se {pining sreces. Cemerfatous mata cuch as ly mortar fe cncetecr uty ae ato ‘sed nth ons between load bearing laments n cola nd wato‘es wel efor bear ec fer elmer, The nominal hckness is abeut 10 30 mm formers and grout and 30 80 Fortine concrete, The beddg is usa wit reiiring bats The rod of fhe‘ pracpted By crushing ofthe mortar ost a Ba procestcomonentsin coos ih ‘Athough the moray, rout of cont Isa high canned stat under predominant lane ‘tress conditions end shoul achive oompresive aang higher nan slow Sea seers normaly used causa tha edges of te osc tend I spall Of This wl ocd ts ronson ‘teas dition. The stuaton canbe eracertatodby pos workenansh,slenoel col, Spurious bending roments and sheer fores. noth factor who ads to odo o jt regis shen there's a great erence the lsrogponaebewoon the ees tera ord the precast concrete which may rau oelsed convacion, irl irae sess ood seiog {orcas a show n Figur 3.1 This ofectmay become important nen ho joni tucknes ier, ng lamers which uly carat of astn ste sctons opts wh conring Lr care ured wan ge consonance ret be ranked “ 4 ») 9 ® exc aneer hough compress Jat having an esc mh 3) ess than he precast onl procast greater thn procast 1). (ct th Yesced bressth Figure 2 Vertical Taner Of Compressive Forces are no ext design equations the Cade to detain he nt Seat nena io Znavorion fe meron aoe, Te Cav, howevr iggeas hPa cluye 3.0 at ‘Stain te conmssve angio be mortars are oh corre eat shoul Sete rato! 4 there of tains corel ignnng the rao any ning components, tra ear thay tte carne re, 1 Tiotte aca conac ea “antsy elernce 8 ropated hal he hosing eapcty of unervrad mrar ot can be ‘State om nel —en ere, seeker coneto compressle strength of either the jit mata or he precast Campenes acon to he ont 1 = raustin Sasorrcing the rapped a content Fora preestcamgonent pled onto © mortar bed 1,20:. For the case of ont infil ater tho ‘components a place ‘is =. ery packed mortar act =0.9or calla! pouring morar‘The efsts of int geometry andthe aiteron quality. condoms betwen ate mised extra Under version oss are efaced te expresion ig SE 8 emer sa wee =the ‘ut, sane eomgesee song of naar an acest corgonenteapecly 751 ate cubes are tees © 1.0 coos gr cat an testa ati oft wit ta ee kn Worx were xs he ofoctvecompasson longth he jant unde ecconre loosing. a ‘ay bo noted from the above sxotesions that a design sess of Ot, (or Ot, wichove lower) 9 Pat, clause 2.34 ote Code maybe adopted asthe bestngcanschrer reo proved hat ‘Wea ae botwoen 8 and 10 ‘he diference in erengthaotcon the mara an the ‘mar than 25% In proto, nth te above tea are generally sted . precast component doe not fr by ‘Soft being materials such as nooprone pads ate also ued o even ot trace rogues. The {heknges oe Bearing pads may vay tom 2 mimo 20 nm even rere. The agar Ciclo Used to alow dspacements ae talons a orto rds foce Wllp st Me sone Shown in Figure 3.2 ) Horzontl at Figue 32 Leading Condition Ai Boning Pode ce — byovetan 4.62 Tonsil jonts reas ay ranstred between conte elements by means of vious ys oot Tete ce afich ar ancnore no each oof be olronts a ta nt we corruty achieved ying of sll ars, dowel set, bring orweiang as showm mn Fgue S. w 2) Tene cet by apeng ramercement and dowel action —] Sem owen a Tene int by ating a w Anchor sate Tonto by wong SSTepatecapsy ta crmn cab deri at organ doen «byte anchorage capcty, Te ars ntl scored by bonang song erforang ars {jmane of es snchorope davene. emai: Forth rans of ens force uch as verte face enon inne ec coupe ofa set lundar moments, ono ofthe populer meleds isthe grout pge soeves wth sate toney. ‘elforcemert The methad movee an annulus meal ut wh» garetr os eos 20 to 20g larger tan te ar dare: prosted Yom acorcnent ob ied -Te bars ered Mo hy ut nd ruts ban ected Breugh hol ate base. Aone, he gr hay be place ‘gly goung In eh casos, ha duct must evened ta proven mon ofa pocket Th |Spped rentrcement can e ace ana singly or smite by Io ios of he duct Arf ‘era! lapping, te transfor of ovas between bore can be veuloed lo conta of ses conpresive dterin tes. Towra focine ce arf supe a aces Delo Boling i uses extonsivey to tense tansie and shea fees, Achorges such as bots, hed Seckets and captive nus ae alae oho eat fhe pats which se anchored ee orca Uns Toleranoss are proved using overied holes tha comeing memos, : ‘Wildng is used to connectbetween projection tem ajacet rece components. The connection Isher made deter vn on ntarmadte pace, 3.63 Shear joints ‘Sheer forces tween abjcent precast concrete camponents can be tansfemad tough bond. irorco jen hon, inerlocking by sheer Keys, covel acon of ranserse sol bare rr, welding or by one mocranica moans ‘Seas transi by bond uelwen procast nd inst elements is posse when he shear ses fon. iis not necessary to dlbertay cughen the sraos tsar of prcost uns beyond he a ‘eat sh whieh maybe slpfoming,extusoh or lane fish, : ‘Sher waneby shan ten agus ne presence ca perma nal camsresse oe ‘The force may ase fom permanant gravy lade, by srestessng oF amity me By rolfocament bar placed across hee. ~ of . apa i - samored by contact stesees nthe core which suite lgticant banding determin inthe a errr teeta Fi Sa een apo on tr dota he soo tects Te walt rms wlio eae ay roc. nstcan provi spting reformer found te Sows arty J end na! to oy or oma ta cempanem.Cortines aon by hoe ion and ter on canbe obtanost the cows ae Sood by bend oroyon anchorages {6 Flexural and torsional joints ore cg a fn atonal int an anes eresovedino tenon and compression [eeon. Te pncsoin th comecton dengntbaeton slang of tenocamen been toon meena ct overapping, Dating or weling ao dcanoed arr nthe case of us euig true ina proces cranentis rete yee coupes it suppor. The crags vashmed bo benang name ne spporing mete. 137 Shoae Fltion Design Method —Syear eons avery useful and sme mothod in connection design as wo ante appestn {eine Jos of compost stustures A bale assumption the concepts tals creck wi form a ‘puter ure plana where dec shear esses are ph rat sca planes of weskress Raed wun constuction, Propapston of ti cack nhtsad by duce stool enoroment bees sooss the etc. Th trsondeveiopes by hee shar ficken rrtorcement wl rove ieee nomelte tho crack sane as shown in igure35. te shea con cstcirt at he eack {roce's m the reaatancs fo the sear force Dra oe cack Ve gen as v = osm au Hoarty) —69 a ali of sear eon coecent fx vaeus surtaoe ‘condone ar shown Inte ale Below ference 1. ‘Sharkey fort ante of shea ores betwcenelemenls are obtained by cast int con ‘or grout Js between te elomerts wth surface catltions, Under tho acon of shea, the shear key at 2s mechanical locks that proven ercant si the hese, |When sive! bars orrods ae placed across the jin, shear forces canbe transfered between elements by dowel acon ae shown In gure 34 The col I lodad by shear ate [et interac ani Tipe of Surace z (21 Applied shear Sot unvestedconcoi Werace o7 [Artclyrooghened or casttatd suface | 14 a Monat concete 7 “able 34. Shear Frieion Coafiions For Various ConereteSuracos ) Stress distribution In the concrete. igre 3.4 Shear Transfer By Dowel Acton (taence 3) 1 thre is an ppd ore ating normal he ack ne TAPLT TILL, | meen won 64 © Saree Sac tek Figure 38 Basie OF Shaw Friction Design ietnodtie tanon A =winemroeny 1e36 sows boaing are hare eercemenis rove aces the polenta veel and a gua nduonby etal oad Vand heaton 6. swlt0arh 9) —asi 28 Stale Fltion ‘The maxim foe resulg for ena evan ofa movements can be deter by No =ay on. . GH + wore Y= design vera! fores —T © sta costs of icton N= norzontal tional sistance EL ie errno ‘The sac cooticionts often rw shown i Tle 32, The coaflents of tion are for dy Ts] condton andthe values shel be reduced by to 20% or molt contre, Won fo ba ‘feponded non for supp tempera nade at consteton, the cores shoul che seo factor of etorece 9) Materials » Elastomers pads w ssl or ooncoie or Concofo coer aa Cone tse! Oa ‘Stal steel (ot te 025 Hardboard ts cence a8 Laminated cotonabrictoconereia | 08. ‘uitsoymer pls (rn se) o cone 12 {Hutioopmer esc (emooth to coneeie | 04 Table 32 Stale Coeficients OF Fetion OF Dry Materia (ference 9) (21 Polenta haaetal ac 39 Bering On Concrete a ‘Te ectv Doar aoa fora srucural member may be delerined sed on he weaker oft Coe vn bearing surtaces and usin te ulate conto basing svess a Tolowe lorena ‘Prenton ersten 1. droct baring without tedsng or beans pads Figure 8 Shear Fiction Reaforcemant AI Poor Gracks At Baring A 2 whintomesiosbeasing igre 28 Shear Fiction Ral 5. wh asin staal baring plas Beacng using tee pang may be designed using steses interment between (1) ad 2) {9.1 Horizontal shear tion enforcement ‘The tozonta shear ition eorcomentin que 36a is eeu as flows ‘When bearing siressosoxcood th above ina, isforeament if be pone nthe bes} A= YeIlO5TI 1 — 153) ‘270g Reinfrcemon my bs detained sing the shear can design tho : where Vy = Visas 8 6° Shearing angle (assumes be 209, k= shear ton cooicent {f= Ghorectete srangh oPhoniona shes fon ‘etrcoment“Te average shear stress, the ince rack plane is given 08 we =Via 8) bw — 0a andy €¥, wher = 0.8, or Nin, hienaver i small TFN is tense force Ag =NI(087 6) ey, Because ofthe uncartaty of te exact locaton of tho crack, the horizontal hese ict Fenlrcomentshoulatleasthaves bla onbedmentlengihol4tmesthe wisonencheagh value 3.92 Vertical shoa retion reinforcement Potente horizon crack nay be ome asthe ane anchorage assembly asthe tendency ‘o've pated horizontal out ofthe mame, Th equ veal sheen afecareg aces the normal cack can be clelated 3 Ay HOBTEG(A +A (O87) on whore fy yield suength of vrica! enforcement " fe he AL TASAR IE — Sears used for agonal tension reerorcement can be considered tt 3A ‘The average shear ses. along the hazoral eck sane gen ee wy S087.) 6.19 vahore |b Sembocmontient othe horizontal sear cto ‘eoccement ana oa ‘The ssigner shoud noe thatthe uve of casein soe ems i rifrced ond bescng of precast componenis as those shown in Fig 36 may enl Nigher pce costae ‘Smpcate manufacturing procossea, Unless necessary te orterred maltod ooo ‘end bearing should ado oaped reforcemart ae shown in Figure 37, The design fhe looped rinfreament i simian approach a cutned above ‘gue 37 Conerete Bowing Wi Looped RelforcomentDesign Example 1: Reinforced Conerste Bearing Design the en Rearing of a precast beam 400 x 600mm dese which ssubeced ean tna ‘oral reacton of = S00 kN and ahatzntt tension fares of X 1OOKN, The Seam rst hk ‘leat he supper. The design eancele cube svength for Sot Bass on supports embce faa Nine lau beow shows general etl of he ond baring wih he horizontal shear con soe weided ta ast om plata the bos 1. ettectve bearing with Soe plats is used as bearing forthe beam at he suppor Aste earn lt isnot cain ‘he design othe utimate concrete teary seat taken as OS, nie spon marbel Assuming ang of te plataL= mm, eect wit) of Bearing w V/O6Kx £500 x 107 (0838 x 00) ‘mn ‘adopt w= 100 mn Fox the most ral vrteal shear rack, the safe assumed tobe flushed with be bes ‘dine, “Horizontal sear fiction reinforcement . ‘esas Gack Determination of, a From equton 28, he soa ion ste es perpen oa ino erica . coe - AL = WORT) 7 Mo vies ee 6 20 217 (root coer) ‘hy £5003 10 (067 400 «1.7 x028 20%) : 782 ne crac sna an ang 0 70° the sat! ena con enon ce esse Vqvrcaly, Lacs ploneperpendeuar'o fhe razon reer son ‘oom : A =Agcoee : = 782x028 20" 735mm Note: The ove tans to show te detemnaton ono shear ston rlforcemont {ojos a poaneal eran rom fret paneple. The eacustars can i Tac bo ‘Siopfed ty dec cloaatng A= VRO.ETS)Determination of Ay gh oaoral Fores A Boating ‘Rosoking the free N a the lve © horzona shes on renorceent which ie 85 mm shove the boar sof Noe Nqva-aize9) whore zis tho lover arm of tension steal 1 contol of he compcestve Block, Assure conservaiey = then N= 25m (nro-0.20) 125% 100 (600/595 -0.20) S152 KN Ay = 15x 1094087 x40) Athy = 795+287 = 2 me? 257 mi) wali to to Beam end las 4. Chock ulimate shear stress From equaton 3.9, he average shear s1055 Vi long the cack pare we = Vtano vom 500 105 an 20° (400x100) = 455mm? ve = 0a 35 = ATANImm> yy 0% ‘Vertical shear Weton reinforcement ‘The vor enorement, A, S108 pte norzoa ah ‘Sauaton3. 9 + rks clelat omn Ay = (het Ad bat = 608 me ‘The A tobe checked agains shear inks provision. the shear Inks povsion is ss than Athen provide A check meee natn of 120, str at horizontal erack face = 14x25 90 0 nme 100 = 080mm ee ‘votoge shear sss vat he horizontal crack oc is ealstod using equation 3.13 We #887 A (OXI) = 0.87 £46 01! (40 x 1080) 056 Nine’ < 472Nrn 0K OEE ele ty epee,340 Reinforced Concrete Corbet oxo 3.8 austate the detintons of rere corset ctl in acardanc wth the Godan Part use 82.71 Figure 38 Definition Of Gorbel Reinorcod concrete cota may be designed ater by 1. Stan systam 2 Shear con metho 340.4 Corbel design by strut and ti force syst ‘Tha dason of rented concrete coral my assure a akut on te fore ysion a6 shown Faure, ay pie "| 7 “lal rc | cose Fore Diagram Stn Diagram Stress Diagram Figure 39 Strut And Te Force System “Jp dese may fon he flowing sep: Shear at suppor face “Th inimum dept of eorbelsdetermines tom . vied ¢ 268, i oe Ware) 01 ». vies & a2 vib 19 wher, b sequal to 0.8L, or Nin, whichever is smaller, ‘Strut and te foreos From Figure 3.9, these and te ooes are Served 25 “Tension te forces: Fete Roos FeTevae e169 ‘hares th horizontal ore sting the suppor Compressive strut forces 451, (093.008) 408026088 em Derivation of 2s Vase From aquaton 37, V = 0406t, 6.608 Bh cape ang = one vy 20405102 aa a1Sunssutng x= (4-294 eaten 2.1 andrea tems wil es nh ton “simpities expressions. mee ¥ 0 ta aKt 216) © (neo? From equstin 3.1, a grash orto detemining a 2 shown in Figur 2.10. Figur 40 Char For Bearing a Pr 1, ause 5.2.72 requ hatte rosstance provided to horse i rc should rte est than cnet ofthe design veri! losd ann the absence of enor orn reas FeeVia/2) Vesa res) f WF, ©05K, thn a) eee — 19) 2d 2a ay substutng equation 320 nts equation 319 ha = 0981-2046) ean Eqaton 3.7 provides the Boundary below whieh Ff takon as = Vi2 Stet stresses From the san diagram in Fgue 39, sme abetting «= 0.0088, x =(4-21045,1,=6 and E,=200 tino the above saution, fe eno sae ean oe cakates f= 700 ld -0.55)/(1- 26) 2) 92) ‘to main oslo eeoroement maybe considered anchored by 4 aldng oa ranvere bro equal song or i Senng tha creo forma oop ‘Ta nh goo ofthe corbols with orchorage of alooroement using mthod (3) or (0) andthe lave posioang cf bearing plats or Bodsng ar hosted nF 3.1, ‘Shear rforcemant, equtec, must rt be es then 50% of he maln terlon stool sea fara const of hon! Eke located wit th upper 29 ofthe etectve dep ofthe cabo | |8) Wielding of vansverse bars ‘igre Bi Rocha Rasa Pelion Fang Pte RE ~ pesign Example 2 Corel Design By Strut And Tie Forces Systm ‘exon 2 reintoroad concrete corel lo supp veri! tna aed V = 500 KN and an utinate lft frce of T= 50 Ta corel eprectod for 3clumn GOD x 400 with wid 420 ry A 198 mm fom the face of te cluna. Bearing pet fuss ans bot vertical an (Sel load the core Asura cove oa loa 35 mm and f° $8 Nm? 1. Corel geometry 1 Assumatensonbar = ¢16 coe F810 Boating wth {ng of ating with |, = 650 mm Maximum boorg sess" = 064, Wah atbeaing, Ww =VID8, I, 500 x 1008 «35x 350) e250 sayw 585mm Length a caba (assuring loop ersonreinfrcemert) Longin of crbel =3,+ 050+ 2 cover» ys * foun * Beira of mal stl (48) fo osx6s s2xsseto rib eants = 22S mm, say £200 mm Dept of crt Aue overall ep of corel he 4adran and wth be flowing dimanions n= 200. (167 5 2001800) Sorimm>n2 ox 1d =400-98-8 2 a5tam> a, ok © Chock shear sess vevites 500 10¥400. 367) So Nmme «Ov, ox 73 irre‘The ol cimonion af the cel ae shown below: gin OF Gover 2. Corbel enforcement a. Maine tet Chock itF,> V2 Fromequation 321, vl, =036(1-2a/6) we Sease awh, = 3.805 0.400 <0.158 Hence design fr miu tension Teta tneon fre i te b, Chock soe sons From equation 3.1, Y__ottayayayt 8) (ears esse ity 040 aA =028 “Sutettang wh, = 010 nd 2/6 = 0:28 into the equation and rearanging tem, ‘he following qacraticequaton fr 2d stained (Wo? 071818) + 0.0227 = 0 Benak _Aiomaivly, 24 may be obaines direct fom te graph in Fire 29, Sunsutsng 28 ~ 0883 ro equaton 52 ‘y= To9(0.683 -0.65)(1 0.689) Daim Provides 6716 (A,=1207mn=) (Check boring srs witin ben Tene force per bar eget A rumborsofbar * Ane = (2006 x(to2a207) aaa Meru bend raise Fe 1260) ° a a, = (400-9538 1695: fF ezaite x 40 «(1425 180) (2 38) =sinm Bm say = 6mm pos assumed ‘Sheer rks = 100A /b8 400 2071400 957) sons From Tate 3.0 Pa ofthe Code vy, 2087 Ninn? Emancad vy =24W/a, 2451 x0.67/100 sayeoeh, Henee 79 Nin ‘Snaarevess y= 500% 10/00 x35) =350Ninm <0 No shear inks needed, Bu orovite 25% ofan etal for ‘confinement purpose a wo a= fr bing fe an see. Ln ae 0251 0.25% 1088 2m Provide 2murbor oT 10 nk (eae) OK 0K() Alternative reinforeement detailing ‘Corbet Reinforcement Declan Using Stat And Tie Fors Sato 4.102 Corbet design by shear ition method es of ctl by shea ion mato inva th invasion of several potential erack re eehisratest Hare 1. Ina sesoated ontrceret each oTbe eek plane by rate lows | usecase eng) and ail son tbe cel proton Prove erat ‘Roush ane, (al onsen) 2 Otectsheorsicatel jon uthmeinmantar fom hina core rooted Provide Shor aon ana 4. Dagoa! tron n orl. Prove shear in einbecemant Ay 4. sled ang, Provide A and A, and ensure anchorage ofthese stl s seioved Figure 342 Potent Gracka ln Govbel ‘Therenorcomantcalovatsabovele nt cumulatv ule grate othe ierent consieratos, ‘astaad nthe shear ton design motos the everogs ches sos at any creck plane must bo tees than or aqua io 0 xf, oF 5 Nimans, wrschover is smal. “The roamantby shear fein design mata i eset as bolow 1. Flexural and xi tension stet Floralstel: A= Via/3)/(087% Peale! Ay # Mhsz-d/2+1)/ 067)) Assuming 2= 068 then 25 x(a!) /(0879) — 625) 25T x(h/d-02)/(0874) 62‘hoe shoar at junction wih main member _pesign Example 3: Corel Design By Shear Fiction Method 2 yor : the coal Design Example 2 using oar ition design method. Adopt the cot A sav _ Resear < i 3 Sort and aon! dean pra ‘ : 500 xN An = Revi iosmy — am en ‘A fsas in equation 3.22 above. A shouldbe stb untormy within (29) of eat ‘5p and minimum Ay =D5IA, +R) Bearing on corbe “Te design approach descrod in Secon 3. {= eoNine fo al toa bars xara an axa tension soe! From eqiaton 323, A s128v 908743) 2.28 S00 10x 1004087 x60 x 357) 2437 em From equation 3.24, Ay #12802) 1125350 10{40067 -0.2)(087 x 460) Nia om? Atay = S81 mm? 2, Direct shear at junction From equation 3.25, 2 A sev (oor) A, 22500" 1043x087 x480..7) 20 nen From aquaton 326 Ay = Lxvstostiyn) 3 500 1083 x07 x 460%1.7) 2245 0m Ag = 14k mmfasin above, Requed tal tel re Rothe ses A 22453. Bearing on corbel Incined Crack At Bearing From equation 3.8 ard reshing inane crack plane vertically A sumer 1 500 x 100.7 x 4601.7) 8 ne From equation 3.8 and storing te ial forcato Be A, evel Then Ay 21257 (hid-02)1(0874) ach (tjabove, A = 16 mn? AS Ay £79514 S479 mn 4 check average shear strossat inclined crack plane at bearing = ¥tco8 9 bh) 500 1006 20° x 400» 3039) 38 Winn < Ov, = 473 Niet Stoel area eaelatad fom 1103 Lo Mac &, = 735 m8 Max AL teem? Act Al, 879mm use S718 (A006 Be Mae ky 9285 me Check Minimum, =O (A+ Ay) 15 as Hes) imme use 3T10 (Ay AT, 2 legs) and space then at (27) in he eat ‘The checks fr corerat baring sess for T16 tars are inate Desig Example 2. TT") ese shot & mi ne ease a —— a Soa gsr (b) Alternstive Reinforcement Detailing (Corba Rainforcomant Designed Using Sho Fiction Methodse [es 5.41 Relnford Canerete Nib eirfored concrete nibs ars shor carieerpojctios tom wats columns or beans to provide sippor for for elements, The nibs ao usaly les han 300 mm dap wi & reer onthe ‘fective depth. igre 313 Musto hens a! aesonof vertical aad ane eves a eg Inaccordanca wah Pa 1 use 828.1 of he Code ‘Ths conereto nts aro dsignd as casievr sab where mamas be stake os —@an (@)Uncrarered edge (0) Chanered ego (©) Bootes poe Figure 315 In Conarte Nib ‘Te dsionconzato ee opt sou be sient. ‘The main tension reicfrcement maybe anchored in sna manner a in ob, The sie of main ‘ansionsleal shoud be lees an 12 min amen pf aol the polon ches rks with the ni, Vericalrinforcement consisting of inks shouldbe proved inthe member om which te nt ‘oj. Me reforcoment sho be dig to cay te vertical iad on he Fer soltd loads na continous ri, he ofoetve wish ooedcepesa may asume io be sta 45" engine of far ae shown m Figure |r saa] Ma 4.4] aa la Aa ns rs ee eee ae Figaro S10 Eecve Width In Doaign For Single And lie Une Conds Om ross v, may be enhancod by factor 2A. A nthe lab desig, tho Design Example ¢ Reinforced Concrete Nib Design the reinforcement nthe nib ofa beam suppoting muici ulimst in loads of 50 KN at [’Smsscin, The oadod wih fs 126mm tens ToD mm wide an 180 mee wih 15 on ‘homfores at autor edge, Coette mortar uted ss bod maria ACopt sign conte ‘Sain, = 35 Wn ang coneot cover = 20 mm The ibs desaned as isles sing tn lod using an eect thb, b= 2xr350108 = 35mm 1200 rm 4. Main tenslon test a = 160-15+20+5 4 = 90-90-58 Sm Moment, M = Vx8, foxbar 51m 85x 101/05 115) Mine 2 = 0946 AL = 85x 10" (087 x460x0.9164 115) 186 mm? For pacts asos, eb seta be ufo ploat neni wh 10-10 (4, =785 min) 2 Check bering sress within bond Tone ore per 93r Fer D871, xa!) 087.460 78 (498/785) x 102Mioimum Bening radius Vertical inks within beams Vacalineeee A, = V/@ 2 Sei losr x20 ‘at “Te rqurd scl inks asin adliton to ay ther inks resting ser forces inthe beam = 386mm v= vis 1505 104995 « 115) SONI 0.8% (Ti0-100 ce) 0.9Ninm* Emancod Detaling 1342 Beam Half Jlnt “Tm design of beam hl ons evlves he ivastipton of sveral potent rack planes which ae stated Figures 3.19 ane 10 respecte teen o-€" eel a 7 wenden Vetcaltrce Ty orzarat reo Figure 3 75 Rainforcament And Force Resisting System In Boam Ha 0}InFigres 3.5 ae 3 4 “re rinorcament as dteminad tom 1) 10 (6 ove sot cumulative and shoud be ‘a th grater), 2) (5) (6) ‘Reeth greater of 28) ihe greater af 3215) the delamination of reinfrcment inthe Seam half joints based onthe shea con design “shot Tho veineremant score sock of the poleil cscs Is calelated as fla a4 : i, (a Scharrer a ee overeat ce (@) Force resisting sytem oF eerie S15) Figure 1 Ampative Raforcaren And Fors Rasising Sytem in Boa Fa Join thorenfrcoment fe aoe the cock lane consired i std a8 blow ‘Flexural (cantlaver Sending sn axa trson athe extend en. Provide inforeemont A, (ona) ar, {al torsion. Det shea att juncion wth main member. rowide shear ft renorcernent A, and Be Diagonal trson at e-entant comer Prod shear ion ronfrcament Ay, Diagonal tension in halle. Pode reinforcoment Ay Diagoal tension n main member Provide A an A, wit fal enlonanchrage beyond the otra rack plana, Incined shear cack ot beam halint Desig. Provide A ar A., eter Secon 3.9 when Invosgatng patna haconcal cack tthe beaing.altnough lke apnea not ck aia Relnforcoment as in Figure 3.15, locus an xl tension stl Fleur tel, — 028) Asie tanion tal A, suring 2 AL =128v(@,)6) 0871) — 0) Ay =125N(N/4-02)/(0871) eat) Doct shear atoint junction — om xVHO8Ta) 62 xvit0sta) ox Apleabin omuation 3.29. -Asshoul be unlorly ditto witha 24 of he al jin dot “The maximum shear sts the ent jncton ie determined as v= Vb, Ye 08 Mh 5.0 Nin whenever i smaller Diagonal tension at re-entrant comer A, =w0sr, —p9 ‘Based en shoo roton design mahod A, shout be Ay = VOSTI a ‘ue tohigh tess concentration tthe e-ertantcamer= 1.0 shuld be conservatively ‘dopted at re-enbant commer eck ano ing at half lat Relero Secton'3.frthe design of shear etonrenforcerent ai ie hain bearing8.122, Reoforcement an Figure 3.48 {The atorsvereecoment inthe foe rss etm gue 246 cals on 1. Axial tnsion stest ‘Assuming 2 =0.84 Ay =126N(hid-02)1(0871) as inequaton 3.01 2 Diagonal tension at reentrant corner Adopting = 1.0 Ae V0.8? e089} wheres he argo batween th ago terson and, pesign Example 5: Beem Hatf Joint cine beam hao shown nthe figs below fr an imate vor! reaction V= S00 KN ae esirats horzora tencin of N= 100 KN. Dotan coneole cube suengih sf, = 6 Nn ae (Se50 Ni ral st Vaee Assuming z= 0.8 tay A, = ———— Valo (ear oar | 3 & np repzepnace Renforcoment a Figure 3.15 | Flour aa tension ste From eqn 330 uae) 03r Ti exo 1's 25/939) /(087 480) Fate From eaten 391 Aa = 125W 4-02) (087 2 1s foo 1 (600/85-02 (087 400) Zeta At R= 1950 mt». Direct shear at joint junction From equation 3.92 b -Zeviemnp 2 100% 10107 40) 259 mt From equation 3.38 1 = roan oie (0 = esto 01087 4400) = AT ©. Check shea tress atoint junction v= 500% 10°F 400 x33) = 378 <0, = 475 Nine {4 Diagona tension atr-entrant corner From equation 334 A, = vi087, = 500% 108/(087 x 400) 21200? Bearing at hatjoint Refer to Desgn Example 1 whee A, ry #7022 mn {From (a)t0 (0) he greater value ofA yg Ay Ay 8 adopted RRs 1960 mm? Provide 3725 welted to boating plato at boams en (A, = 1473 ma Bh eatT mt PrBee 2 umbete of T3 ( ege = 51 en) Bi Ay =1248 8 Peas 1310 bags = 1827 mr) Alternative reinforcement asin Figure 316 From equation 3:31 Ay =125Nin/4-02)/(087%) 1.25 100 10 (400/'385-02)/(087 x480) =310nm 1, Diagonal tension at r-entrant corner From souation 3.35 ee ne Varo Geer Oona 125500010 Nae BP Oar x48 5 21031 me? © Bearing at halfjlnt Ala Dosign Example, A, +A, = 1022 mm 4 Adopted steel area BOKER, = 1022 ‘Use 4720 but weld to catin sel late at beam end, (Area = 1257mn) = 800mm {Uso 6T20 weed win T20vansvero bar atthe beamtoptoanaure elective anchorage4.13 Sool Sections Insets Figure 47 Examples OF Sratarl Sisal inaar Connectionaa. ‘Stoo inserts cst in colurma Le a ittttf A i stale epearty Figue 878 Distribution Of Fores In alum inert Fgure 9.18 sboms a ste inset in column faded on oe ss oly wth an embeded enah [Lian the stance delve he apoed ead V and ro ofocve bearing edge beng L The ixrouton loath of corerete Bearing sess ic define as over Ly and Ly Te uma ncata beanng sree 0, (avee524, Pa). “The folowing equatone canbe derives y geomet yea — (938) Recove forse verteaty: V2 08.L.S Sea {aking moment sbou pont x: BUCO SL 214) S635) Combining the above equations and afer rearorgg Veoatbal, 639) whore cm [to2L LP ML fleot —e4) “The vsatons of wth are shown Figure 3.19 alow ‘Figure 349 Vriavons OF VOIR, “The casey of he ers maybe inereased as shoun In Figure 3.20 by: 1 welding aeons anges othe nse oincoase the ofecbe bearing width, and welding verze enforcing bars tothe sto socton ‘side (a) Weldea orange to ns be i rEeee REE Oe 2 The sta section is determines by Serer =8e MevxL, 7h were », i bug fate soon 4 = doph and ceness of sae eb respoctvely 7, = plastic socton mods of sta seat, {shorn ee aan aden ere sn dy no 18 pormenr oft sec tu emt Sont aves shou ve st tee ‘ausinPar i csse’ 2 Blt Cone ong suloston comission nde ee ‘eon ow leno Nap < 026 048) where 2p= porieter of tal scion ‘{ = esi ptinetor bord srese por unt engl f sel secon Wine resutartbon aes enced ing ves, "ewoleata in secten to Heveve he pron resto ec sor enorcing bar ox For nsors instal net to th to of clue, he tearing reltaceof the column concrete ‘othe upward force onthe inert cant be rales upon, This force obo fy Tesco Wetingrirfrcng brs tel srs wis anchorage lenginto hs clue cones ‘elow he inser The design fore forthe bars gen by SOME yeeros mnae Le Making ‘Design Example 6: Steet Insert Cast In Columns Designs cohen seatinsor to suppont avril timate load of 300k The column inert re Savina 00800 squsre column with, =35 Nm Alea check the adequay of he set Shon fan uimat Borzoi! fore of 200 ki cst he auppen. Concrete cover = 36 mm and fio! song ecoe cechon p= 27SNin t ee i eo i 1 fective bearing wisth of insert Uasoses Fromequaton 340 or rom Figure 3.19, 0279 Hence minum effete bearing wath of inst requd fom equation 3.396 b =vmatnty 300 10108 95 x0279 x41) 2. Stel section forinsort Moment M=000.135 405 hn Shear vy=ao0uel Norco Fore, N= 200M Plast secten modules requires 2 Mo, 03 x 18278 10) Siren OK >. Minmum 4x requis 090, = 500. 10408 x275) “816 mn axt Meru sta res requle under tension area = Np, £200 104275 «10%, Siem1132 Stel inserts eastin Beam ‘Stel setn inserts uted in basm conection may genealy const of {2 wide Range sexton Soo pate wth welded bearing anges, ane © exposed section on beam ep sustain Figue 3.21 below “ry 284146 43 Ham Fsocton 2.25674 an» 147 om! Re seer> 1 3.ont = 260 mn, t= 7300 t= 1808 mm > 1818 me RR gz 4. Chock moment an tension ieracton Section capa formement— M =275x 567 410° Sass en Seaton capac fortension N= 275x55% 10" LE TNS PLY Hence terecton AOSi156 + 2001619 #026019 reer) OK | Column inset design i governed by shear. Sacto sedate ©. Chock bearing capacity b= 467 mm 95:2 men «xe ax bearing capacy ofinsat veostnaly Jarabe 187 x0.272x 418 x 10% era > 2088 0K 1 Check bone tresses nm ah sre a “Tot permet of ts! section is bout 1095 mn Total contact area beeen tcl secon ond coneele = 1095 415. 456428 me? A.Distiuton of feres in th inser i tsa a Figure $2 (2) (an the meth of fanatss may bees fous, Wide ange section ge 3.28) we design and force dstbuin of wie Mange sacton are sito column Toss thawninFgve’ Honore nan cour mers ar na et col abv and tlow fo eat rent he btn pseu. Tobe ‘Sneha ha tong stele ttt Ot and te cps othe aot sven ™ v=04t,bol, 145 @ oe MILL Figure 322 Dison OF Frees n Beam sare The daigor shoud furor orcure at |. the bressth and depth of the stal inserts should nat exceed 419 of the respect reads sn deph ate concrete bas | tlotesing bar are provided btn honor ane cusr baring forrest ‘uty the earng forces generated, The provon of sel area may be detemined {5 npat wt wldod Aangos not blow. Irhoronlal ces ace presen, he bond stress rend the section paimetr shuld not sxceod 0.254, abn bo colar nese deca b, Plate with wold angus (Figure 3.22) ‘The mathod of anise of plat wih welded anges insert ay be as boon 1. Resolve th forces vereaty veost,bl, — tae) 1 Tating moment about x MULE) OF ete bile #08. — wan From te stove equations, Lan be caloatd fom: (ber bil Lat +058) — a8) | hanger system consisting of te! stirs ist be proved et the mer and utor Boarng plates. Tmo ara o he sta roqured maybe enor seoing pat: A,,= 0860871, — 649) Couerteang pate: A,, = C8b{ (ls + LH087%, — 620) ‘tf import to ensure tha tha mals fonson stein the bean uly anetored at he beam ead o preven shear lense o”sher bond flues athe Beam suppor. ‘The dimension of and shouldbe propotonato the respective bearing forces Le. 4487 (+ LM 59, ‘t hotzontltarsion fras are present, the bord sess must be checked as deserted eaterDesign Example 7: Ste! Pato Insert Cast in Beams Desig the soa pat wth bearing Ranges stan inset suport vera timate resco roe thebeam 0! 800 AN ang at 10 em fom the eam ar. The besm 2 given ae 30600 re (deep and conrete strength, = 3 Wn The ltmate yl sersh oh tal pit ep, = 275 im is determine ha aseoprite potion of thence win te bea doh iy ig Tong, = 150mm, Ly #125 mm and L,= 125 mm as i. Than om equation 3.48 artyeLily =Lyl 051) 12s famed = 125r50-+05x 125) Le 24625 a heck 2x, +L 2xr25+ 125, 2 Decign of tet pate a shear Requted section fr shear songth 10.80, = sax fo asi275) Bending LUbiats bonding moment Mt Plast ection modu required Z, =, 2891092751109) 68cm" Using 2 numbers of = 15 mm hick tos Requies minum § — =sfi636x 10x42 15 78,28) d= 15000 Bearing flanges design ‘tos lao incor ere spaced st 70mm. Contac bearing peste = 08, Reaurod Bering fargo hicks (e/9xa78 =08x30x708 1 = 14, say = 18 mm he (Chock welding Tension pul ou force permm nn =0.8x30x50x 107 1.20 Nm Use =6 mm fet weld ‘ld ctanath = 2x6x216x 1092 1.82» 129 Nino ok Sos patnset = 2numbers of 150% 1Smmthick lala. The plates re as shounin he ‘ire bow Reinforcing bars to resit bearing forces Atinner pata: A, = 0.8. /087, 330 100 12540.87 x 460) 0 se 13 sup (6 es) = 788 mn) Atouer pla: A, = 081, L2 + L)0874 820% 108 (128+ 1251087 x460) = isn se 119 supe (1210s) (= 1882 me)5. Position of insert, 6d, (+ Li olds Prebyn2s u “Te nal inert poston sa shown inthe dealing Tale Positioning of insert a ee sat L-| Links over bearing pl 3433. Exposed sections ‘The exposed secon neers are commonly used in bearto-bea connection when ‘avsssany token th tral Das halon Ae row inFlgure t,t exgoaedSetons ‘nay conse of eter wide lange sets 0: plates wt nforeng Ears wold i he sas {Sprite tanson and comrosson rectonsinasegle cantlver beam Behsvout The Ince assembly llbe ombted evenly coer: ‘The bestng pressure cea tthe far end ofthe nse conserva gnaed, 2 ay eloatauste setae pale eralong or trace raring There may io be pal orl Ices of contact atthe neriace batween the beam suracs anc nee. eau of eh -Reforing te Figure 3.220, th tension and compression rescbons provided by th enorcing bars may be oahod simpy 36 Imercomprosson © =VxL ly es) (er esion Tevee — 6s) ‘Tho rocng bar re clelted 25 Tonson and eompensionstoo!A, = (or ©) (0.876) 11 iment to ensure thatthe welding i capable of developing the ul stent ofthe rainforang bars which are ofl anchorage absent ant Tho boaring sess win tha bonding ads of he bare has tobe checked against ica concrete bearing fase ‘Tho choice of and so enrol othe designer, boar nin ha hetero ratio of ity the haar the reioreamant needed In fh lal orST EET ss Design Example 8: Exposed Stoo Inserts Castn Beam Design an exposed sta inset ate eds ofa prcast bea subjected to an utinate reaction of 180.0, The semi procas! beam denon fe 300x200 and cots srengt is = 40 Nir ‘The overall Bear depth Is festcted to «50 mm. The ulin 1. Geometry of insets Assuring a ilo of cantlovar to insomal apn of 13 wl retina tnsion of 48x V anda ‘comorassion of 1/3 x In fe einforeng bars. Tra goomaty athe her shown inthe shove ue, 2 Tension and compression forces Teagxy 201 200-160 3. Reinforcement dest a. Borintersion Tension =200KN A =T/087, (9480s 500 mint ‘Sey 4 numbers of T13 wlth 2 bars welded fo ech side ofthe ne (A, (Choc erion anchorage “Tonsio fre partarF, = 08714, 097 deo x 132% 10° ‘The anchorage nai of stag bare wil exces he overt ban dap of 500mm. Theatre, ‘bond wil bo provided ine anton ba. (checsbearing stress iin he bond Foe Me Beaing sors = ts — Ms _ re Tze) Minimum p= Eh 12000 ° Es ‘Assuring pate hiekness of neers =35:rm araste Hence miner bonding rats 28 ADI x [t+ 2140 (240) Bern Corression ‘Compression force in bar, = £0 48 A =Car, 50: 103087 x460) 25 nm Use 2 numbers of 13, cna on eseh es of nse. (A265?) ‘check compression anchorage Fore pererr, 50 CComeression anchorage requred 60, 23.98 Nine = 28x 10x 133.98) Provide, = 200mm ‘toe inser design ‘inate bering more “ Paste stcton modus reaured 2, Rest height of pt to 100 mm du to cover requ o shear Inks, ence to seis x10 xart00 31mm, say¢= 38mm Note: When t> 16mm hick, py should be 266Nimn?. However, he adopt tikes of ‘asm ean vain hs Ce.Check shear Plat thickness under shes fr dxt = Vie, 1 9 150% 1006x275 100) Simm = 38mm Wilding dosign of too! bare Mavimumtensontoce = 52 8kN parbar Wold tenth cvaie = 100mm Welssteraeqaes S280 “Ty 4mm let weld on bo ede of he bar Woldng srengtn povided — = 0707 x4 x215x 10°x2 "22am > 0528 kNinm Provide contruous wong of 4m fil wal on at ides of tho ba. Force Transfer By Welaing \Woling for he purpose offre tansor between reinforcing bars or batwoen bars ad tho tet cecaone Is pormitog under Part, daune 78 fhe Code Provced te sie re wodble aed fuilaleseteguards and tecniques are emoyed, wen i 9 pactzal mood wo aceve the feeoransfor otwoon connactona precast consuston ‘her are to ype of welts, namely but an let weld. Guat wee maybe considered a tong sa ho parent slot se long ca ul ponetaton for tho ool is achevad The size of ut wel foci by ksthvost ichness ands the safer vaus of. two raters bong omed gue 5228 shows sor peal buat welds between bore andotersel satan, File welds s9 more ‘eran usd a hey do nt requre special sutace teparation ft enfercng bar or lates 4nd a tortor choaper than but wale Figure 3.24 shows toms typ! wees between fore and otter sta! sections, The strength of fst weld given Py (oat bickness) x (untengh) x (design shear rss) Be S07 tg ong ep, 7xS "Pe ese) ‘io 3.3 shows the doson cent or lt wel, stating [ sige sang pra ong RN maa Terdea | Gates | Gade Lepimgn "em, EO) est) eH) ES pte stm est _| = rm [oseH6N tam? | ase Bbninn? fn, ©2T8 i? i om ori ‘a7 Bn — 0.753. 0.883 0.963, | a 6 0.903, 4.071 1.155, i) 128 14a {530 ¢ | | 10 ts yas 325 ) 7 = ae nT za Zi | senmmnmennen *e Zoster Zeer ie 2708 fare sa 0 Soo 2780 2.050 2 sai aur 208 zs 3768 ae ae tee) Eeeomy ete cong cae | Sate 50 sends a ‘able 3.3 benign Sngth For Fiat Wold Forweisngbewoen einocng bars or eorng bat i tel eetone th reader may refrto (dines on wot design Ham the list xin of ANSHADYS B.4- Stucaura Welding Ca, Rettorcng Sie= 0.2 fom ANSUAWS D1.4 (1992) igre 824 Tplel Fler Woling448 Shear Key Connection ‘Sheartoycomnacions may beunssinforced, When te elements aro prevented rom moving apa Under steer cading, usualy by moans of anvocaing es open stn feos shown ‘e336 iste shown at er eee ean Eat a» hose of roiocnd Figs 25 Faire Nodas Of Toit Concrete Shea Roy Pure 3.25 useates the tare modes of hear ay joints which are 2, Glagonal racks cross the ot 5. crushing ane enzaring of corr of tho ear, dct sheng cracks paral the in. and . —stppage odlocasn a he ntact os ‘The diferent alse moses of shoar keys are dependent on the compressive stengh othe in concrete, surface adhesion and toning srengt lhe contact suraces and the pote o hake In gneral. the mode of falures in (a) and (takes place in arm shear keys having 8 8 and te kay capac eno ly mobsed (fare ocr when a> 30 Depending on ruber fey thoes tng on singly ow deat vel oar V canbe obtened as showninFagroaze Figure 28 Foren Shar Koy Jot ‘comereecon force perpendicular the slope face of th ay: Fo = Veo 55) ‘Sling force paral ote hey slope: Fes Vane (8) “The eclstance othe ses force Fy gan a3: Fe = OMe = Osp HV cosa -esn her the sear eon cootlet. Wen fy excaods the coral estas by shea! ison, Shear tition eoroement sto be [Povided ore oa Fy, Relnloceman seals asm accordance wi he Code 1(08nx0871) ‘Vous of may b obanas rom Table 3.1. In genera tmay be taken as 1 for shear ky jit and Ais hen sii as: y Aer sry ess) 2:46. Column Base Connection 2.46: General Coun o foundation conneton can be achaved through one ofthe fokowing moans 2. base pla connection 5. outed ppeceeves Colunn to elumn connections an pinps, far to clu to foundation connectons an ‘matods 2} and) above are ost common adopled in racton. The conection by pipe seve [Sexpained in Secton 38. 11462 Socket connection ‘nockt connection, he praca columns ar had ly to the foundatin andleadsaretansite byskntctaninine sce! andy and beanie common lo rousten te sueces oom shear ‘aj a tho sis ofthe sock o” cous nerd to entance Bs tar of nial fod by shear egg Inthe car org over moment ete he clu eioyomant tere, ho ‘lum bars exencng into the socket must be uly arcered by bord o: ober rears. The bars ‘raybe hocked shar ons forth purpose redcng fe dpi ofthe socket. Anal MKS a ‘ko requredin he precast count rei he bursingpreseare gonesledby enaboarhgtata. Faure 3.27 shows two variation ofthe socket eannocten in pactce. The socket ay ao bo recat when oo condon slows pad oaing designInca socket cast using a box shutr The clearance gp between the socket wal and coum shout be a east £0 fo 75mm al rund Sr esse a satng or concratng ts wel 15 aon for enstuction tolerances. The socket walle may bo usad ip aus precast or na ground teas of flats. In general, the rural foor maybe 200% S00 rior rebar above the socket Arn of 40mm root doth shouldbe slomod at he Doom otha soca oye te Ae (©) Socket within footings cap (2) Socket above fotinginle cap Figure 27 Socket Connection ‘uring erection, the precast clan ests on packing places an ¢ wedge nto positon using inbor Pieces aa shown In Figure 3.28, Atomatvely,eskenn props at otogansi dtectone maybe weed Figure 328 Timber edging A’ Column instalation ‘Te ssn carte the col, dowel may be provided at tn base of te sockot The design of he socket connection may adopt ho folowing sop: (ference 1) 1. Support reactions -Referng to Figure 3.29 arotton othe coum inte sacks under moment shits the support eae ‘ionat he ceurinbasefam the arene tovars th ge, The rsutaresctonatse bake ray be ssaumad aac! at a Stance af rom th clu crt Ina ‘Figure 329 Disibaon Of Forces Column Boakat From Figure 3.28 the folowing forces may be derives Horizontal force Hy Moment about paint A C+ Nal) + Hy 19h = Hy x0. + phy xa +Rla2 + 96) ‘Support rene at course ‘Substitng It the above uation and ator waranging He = (= 0.172N + 0.004) / (0. +0204) — 58) Inte height ofthe soeketie taken 09h 150 ond igrvigtetop 0.1 (assumed coverzone) of the aakatheight he elective column emibsment long avon 25 heogetsa le.a=070 For emoot column fac, te aeticent of clon = 0.3 used and substi @ = 07a land 1 0.3 io equaton 350, the floweg simplted expression for haizortal fr H, Is hte He = LIAM ON .03Hy — 1880)Horizontal force H, By equlbriam H —esy Vertical reaction R Resone veicaly — 26a) Hence knowing Ho, Mand M, Hy, H and Ran bo cleus. Reinforcement in rocket “Te ng reinforce at H vel i eaeltod rom ag= Hy! (0874) — ss) Ring reinforcer Hy vel clots orn ‘ane He R)(0.875) — 050) ItuRis greater han H, no sng renorcementis nooo. ‘eral enorernant A, in the Socket alate athe ower evel using he mment MeN Hh — (209) Schematic einerment nthe sockets shown in Fue 330. Figure 230 Type Socket Rerforoomen Dlaing Column eenforeement in socket ‘To reduce the pth of the socket, he main column reinorcemant in the socket may bs [Upped win oped bers Nereran reinforcement al he lower endothe column shoud be Avs H4s(oert) “ical coun renforcerentin he sock is shown a Figue 3.31, inn te socket depth, th clu secon shuld be designed for shea using Hy Ee of Ineroasosin conta shear caacly ou xa eomeression may before. Thee shou be ‘etonal strip nthe eroeadod aur ao wil moro he Pa scl bar anenorege. The "ras il aco ac a reinloreament or barsting ores athe tue ue ose verte oa. “Tha omaunt of supa to be provdod (assumed tobe unto dtbutd) for busing oft maybe eacubod tom HN crabi 67, Pan 1, cP 65) sonN 0s) to i HE p a gue S50 pea Rantocenent ‘Sockot dimensions ‘Te folowing cnsderatonshave been commonly usodin he dnsnsioning an design ool seks 2. segth a once In sockat 263 1 srngth of concrete forthe socket gap C35. ©. nigh sockat shouldbe a << .Sa her asa greaermonsion fhe cokmn the minima wal ices ofthe socket = 0.18 + 70 (rn) where the emailer © cima sat con cootcent 103 emeom sua) 20,7 (roughened sce)Design Example 9: Socket Connection For Column Designs eolurn sacketconnacton a the fundaton whic is aque to support 2200 x 200, (0 pocast cour sufecadtoan tro anal oad ot = 1000 KN, a momont of M = 100 NI an ‘2 otzonial fore of Hy = 75 KN. Determine th mam sang of tho ni Cover ocala tara = 5 rm and to foundation bars = 50 r, Te clunn i seco th 4716 ae wih Bre Riogs0 ce = ips 4. Socket dimensions a. Socket dept hoetse 53300 0mm ‘Ao 40 mm toot depth, hence veal socket pth 30 50, 90 mm, say 00 mm Lbiatetond strass in tanion anchorage ForT'8, tenson archorape (oaray! xm) (087 «480 «20%)/ (354 16) 245210 ‘Archorage OF Calan Bare ert of socket ‘h2452 +0.1h4 cover 452004 482 095 = 58am, say 540% Moning Omen oot pth atthe baso the eal depth of th sockets 5404 2. Socket waltnckness| t =0180 + 70 018x300 + 70 "irom, 2 125 mm ‘he cenelon ofthe eockat or shown below 25, 78 15, te, Te Fe vs as Pit at Bs) a Elevation Plan (oar Socket DimensionsForces in socket Horton force Hy Hee AMY 018 18H Ja xeon 24) - 0153 1000 + 1.08% 75, Detar rr siaea Hien ree H, Hitt Hy id's sana Varia! maton R RNa {ooo ax 1383 ase eia Wtie Racing at reba = 288+ 200mm 3 Relnfrcemant design socket. ing reframe oH ee sryner, esrovosr 480 1 Sto B70 8a A Ring reforcement tH evel No ng reiforeament i theoretically requted but noverles prove 3710 (6 eg). Vera enorcomentn socket wal DosknmomertM, = M+ Hah “s = 100475 x0.54 rertts Lover ambotwentte seesaw = =700-70-70 = wya97 at) ‘e TapsflgeaT 460500) earn us 10 oz re) coh wal. Use Usp brs fore anchor. ‘Cotri tiforcomantin socket |. Bursing Relnorcmant He = oN 81 1000 = How, Aa = 0x 104087 «260) = a8 mnne cour LUnks R10-480 in cokmn (A = 523 mim) are sdequste, Ik Ens reinorcoment A = HyOsTh, = 633% 10.97 x 460) {Bonn AT 16use 16 Ii, Check shear at cote base Max sneer force = Hy = hom 0.96 Nin? eros 1.98 Nin > 0.96 Nin ox ‘Strnath of fils R = ss85i 500 200m 858.5 x 101200 200) 180 Nim? From cause 82:34 th concrta grade oft, 3008 "= 281 Nie, say in. C35, ‘Reiarconent Doing3163 “Two canny laige than, fushos or rai tha than tha columns, the ples must be prot hotalpgavaniing. Base pte connection Coun base ites con bo sed when 8 maantcarneton a ead The bee sear iin Sector onde anions urn over n even. une socket ose poe Sever eSSnetora vac ear tie dvlop th ncnssary tng, clunns Sonnsion con szleve mnie sity when wes ciate fensnt, The dc sng oa patos ate han eel oF OU Fodscvy bon on scan rarer co bas lle tos are shown n Figure 332. Tho oun base pes may be sts must be sing tase pata on ot tes poco ome pees based more on work "he coum denen n eases where base plates oo IST (l agetcroson by canto haunching, eco 0: Figura 332 Golan Base Plats Connections (aoronces Sand) ‘The bse pss are feo tho coum se relnoremant weldeato the plates Adon inks are Unvaly proved to roi! bursting pros, Helsing down bts ar oton spect to ba ether grade 4.8 or 88. The lang of bls steuld be Aostnedin sezardance wih te ating forces. The end oft bts may be hooks, -ehaped ot tad ‘nina ple ypcay 0Dx 100x9mm tncxta noses pu outenpachy Consnedenarerent Inthe form atts round the ts is recommends and solo be ies an 4 monbors oF 8 ks {80 mm nest th topo he at. ‘Tho ines ofthe baseplate depends on re overhang projection fame column ae, Ns subjected to blacal banding fom te recurs compress foros ang on tho curace, Fortis eaeor he ‘ratong pojcton ix nomaly Ute o “00 lo 125 ama inimam pacer fretting an [erosion curpoces. Hols inthe piste ao normal vorsod to fal constacton sting out and Drosucon lrancss In genata there shuld bean al rousé gap af between 1016 TS rm betes {a oagos of re bot and pit el Figue 3.38 shows the cgibuton of frces a a column bse pat cannectn Figura 333 Force Distibaon in Cola Bane Pie“he folonng steps may be uses cali the bae las tienes Reso orcas vertically Neaatpe-T os aha =eomrossive stress block 5th Moment abou cenvtne of conprossve sos block = M(a2- 12) (8-8 +22) 1808) ‘susttuing equation 267 no 368 and pting M=te, te foloning spied exresin ‘eonanod. (11 oF- 211-1 ) + 5 NOHO. SH | ba) = 9 ‘om which ana henes Tan be cael. 0) 1 qlt> N04, hen Tis oie an he area of olng down bats can be cles ‘rom “The thickness of the column bac plate maybe obtained ung pss analy ds the grater of \taensoncomeenson ste 1 eR, 1 Sond ntonson sie v=o) cree " fel 6, Pe 85 $850) Pe Laer 2 Nr fr gtd 48 ad EG NT ie ‘overhang beyond cohamn face 5 Boeotetmeencowos obo and ote bar ir gl-< 0A, han Tis negate and the ave austons ae ot aks, The ara “pfies othe folowiog —er No tbe 4 yd =1- 2a = under ha combines_ are the unfoiy touts concrete compresive steak on Grn ane ate rogues plat thickness = avon by a Va on on em ad =4-2esd 2422 to000 8 128300 mm From equaton 879, N =f 1, = 1060 x 10450000) 2867 Ninn? From eouatin 3.75, he plate thickness 1 eR sng grade 9 tel plate, 9 #275 Nin ad = 100 1 SOUR) © xb tan%276) =2hom - Use = 25mm ‘Design Example 10: Column Base Plats Connection ‘Deeg coun nase plate crnaction fo 300 300m pecs cairn subject oan liste ‘alead = 1001 andaaent = 100KNM. Use rade 48a pt an gen Aone “ry 500500 plate wth 100 mn overhang al round om the cola fee, From equation 3.67 (asd =i) +5 Me + 058-8) ab) =0 2M = 100mm 500mm ‘¢ =S0mn fa 240 Nin (a9? -2(4 50800) © 5 x1000 (100 +05 500 - 50) 10 (0 x 500 x 5009) =O a? 180N8)+03 =0 ws) =0.106 11 (0.4) = 100 10 (0.4 40x 500500) =025>0.190 eres tre eno tension inthe lag down bos, eve te design ving equation 374 _ Pale sz = 500 500 25 me tk _ Now: soe! plate thickness 6m, he requ late {Weknees shouldbe recalled ving = 265 Nine? “The adopted pale = 251mm, however sl vas Iheabove eaeutons (Cota Baas Pie47 Connection OFProcaet Wale Precast wal panels re usualy single-storey igh pans which ae connected each other ao ig tho for slabs. Tho connerons are an ingrt part of he srt cuppot cyt fr vera ‘uly ded and ve load as wel as for he Fansor of hotzodl sane totes forthe fos. ‘Slap action, gre 3.34 usta toilet osuling jot foes eto fom era on ‘eer ree. Saree RRR BRS, Figure 18 Extoror Forces And Jar Force Sytem rforonoes and) ‘Tro are Mo pip type offen nprocast wat panes 1. vera forthe purpose of tanning vertcalesearfres fram one wall eomponent 2 {he net wit minimum ete mavemant 2. ona wale Noor and wal eundatin jin fr he ranstong of compressive oslo ‘3 shear fom one component oe oer 3474. Vertical walloint Verte! wal int may be formed by 1. conoentiatng onthe reinfrcement crossing the [erat tho too and batom of tho wal pale vite te suctral oor depth. The rforcamert serves as stvcura be and peodes iii eagle Io preven the wal pal rom separaing. Soe igre 3.5 2. embossing ne eagesetthe wall panels wn casolatns or shaarke) wichact as mechanical Tocks when the panes defo under ea oan. torch rerforeeront rjctng ram ‘ha edges of th panels ard rureng long hoa ars as shown In Figure 3.35b ray aso De inoxporatd, heen pace nay ed wh concer Gr 1 rect wang 33] [al] ial 2) ong with makeup pooe Figure 335 echnical Comnecdon hn Vorieal Wal Jon (etoroncee Sana) ‘3 mechanical connoctrs which const of cacti anchorage devices I the walls an steal ‘Staton costing the ont As shown n gure 3.38, tho ra connection se nommaly mae OY boating or welding Tho connections are stay located at Me urper aa ower regan of De Wal jn. The pecharicelatsomios a everuallyencaved wit concrate for proacion Seninl exposure weather ore igure 3:8 and 2.36 enw ne ferences between each ofthe above ets.3172 Hortzontal waljoint ‘Hoteotl at ints ocur at fot wt a learn oe udaon| care Te pine ces to be tated a he cman ae etenany cen Po ae ‘norma to jon — compressa inae Hezrtal int oreo shewr Vora sta ae = veal hae ependcuer lj —careossive and tna rom for saphagm acton ad ben resco tom famingacSon lhe wal ln oor Saba : a Figwe 337 Explode View Onin Foo To Wal Copmcion Bs ‘Various Connection Forces (references § and 9) id ‘cepacy of hejoint ans vertical loads depands on 8 number o actors: ‘compressive strength font coneete and wal panels ‘ato ded wih to wal Teeness| ‘too load wth jt exes “pling stengiy of wal ends an Jor corereta onfnomont of pint coneete {ensllstengh of mechanical connectors “he noon load rane epacty wl dopendon 1. shoat eon restores 2 retona resitanceatintfaco 3. _hodzortal shear suena of mechanical comeciors Deganding on the floor lenis and thor sporting dtl, the hoientalointmsy be constucted fertnuous or wth comocions at slated atone In scentrwcus join, her are, gener hee basi pes of deal 2 shown In Flue 3.38. 4. inmate ji 2. wos o oon joint plo ar deseo “Te elated cannacon can be ued pipe soeves, dowels or mechanic! connections wth ‘ide plates ana bal {Mortar oint 2) Wedge or 3) Platt or open int Sosa jai Figure 338 Difeven For Of Rovzontal Wal Jom L173 Vertical load capacity of joint concrete or mortar “Themarar joint chap, spl nd he mst wey used continuous haizontal pn conneconin| pecan al conetton, The mortar may ba nfl callie ry pasted form and ls ether Prured or packed in he ot space befor or afer the was ae eee. The js oe usally Uveintrces “The strength of the marta at depends prmaycn the relive steng(end hance theese ‘eaponse) of he mora are Woo as walls tha dmeonlons ott Under vera loads tho Jontmay fa! inane ofthe mannsre ne shown a Figure 31 “Te wet lad caps of he mortar joint may te determined citer by spulatns in Par 1 ‘dausa 5.36 a he Codd ory oer approaches as given n Secon 88.1an a i a # Fa Es FE or wade oplatrm otal vais shown nFipwe.38a snp design metodo det ‘he voreal eae oazaciyof ts prorat wall panes utined nthe SBI Drecon 15 = Dany Bling Research nate 1861 (ference 6) 5 “Tha design maths assumes he cccrrence of ep fale nthe wl pane conalo as shoun gute 3.39, Th verteal erostoe ar assumed ioe une dts ver tne anal why ‘and tho wd fej cone, Inthe midwertesserton ofthe wal anor svete, ‘cosine form of compressive ssa ath ap and ont sess il further down. Tha ‘raxmum varcvese sresse nthe wal pons oncrt, denoted sf lated oe Yea ‘ompresive svesses, by fe simple relationship. A= -800/2 a9) rarer tt )Ferce ante ___b) Sheer amid en alt eal Figure 389 Sirens Systane in Honzonal Wal Joint Fit wil acura equa othe teste strength of he concrete tense strength of the cencretsf conservatively takon be 10% ofthe compressive srg, than tha vert led ‘aoacty por unt lange a wal panes ealeltos oy esow From equation 2.78 Ge 24/(4-t/t Assuming = Ogg OZ (Tht Where fete finder compress strength oh wal pana The vera! Kia carving capacty per unt ng ote walls gn as: Pact 2h t/t) xt oath gous 251, ada y(t am | ‘According to releance 8, equation 3.77 fs vad up om compressive fale ofthe wal pane! when ‘ne compressive suesses nthe al pale each 0 75t feguvlent oO.) Hence ny <08x¢ us suming 3474 eolated connection ‘Typical examples of slated connection in recat walt aro shown n Figure 3.0, Since al freot sa concavaiad afew pois, epoca atenlon must be taken to esi that he concent feces atthe conection can be sala dspersedo tne upper ad lower wal panes Sa rat ‘einrcament inthe form of sups o ops shou ba sealed the mode Wnty of "anne th wall panels to prover siting, bursting ad spaling of concrete In cantor shear walls subjected to overturning plane moment tha mament canbe rested Ino tension and compression fre coupe. Th ein fre cans eae by grote ip sone, ‘dowels, colt, ots o* wale pats connecion. Sm stabs may a te apliod 19 Me ‘compression eee as in ost cases, he moran i reverse SATS Structural tes in walljoint ‘ctr! vertcal ans norzons nage es canbe incerporaed i he ot deli ane some ‘plea samples are ssoun in Figure 3.35, 3478 Implone shear capacity ‘Theimplane shear capac in voto nc horzontl wal its wih smoot or ast surtaces canbe ‘eorrined bared onthe parmebla utimate svar stress values ven st Bat auoe 62.7, {nce to folowing condone 1. 023Nimnéin the absence of comocesive forces aces ho on 208 Nnméwhen hjantis ur compross.on under at dsignconstions. The compressive force maybe generates rom gral dead an iveloado arial rested by reformat nce sors the ot ‘The inplne shear capacy ls nly val provid the nts ae prevented rom opening uo. “= lel ert te a) » 5) Vertical ducts and lapping of tos by grouting Simple dowel pin connection for horzonal shear forces only ©) Mechanical botng of vercal ie reinorcement 6) Welded jie Figure 340 lalated Connection In Wall PalaCHAPTER 4 ILLUSTRATIONS: ON DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS(CHAPTER 4: ILLUSTRATIONS ON DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE BUILOINGS 44 Introduction ‘The prince and mthoss of desgn of precast concrete members and thot connactons a= cxprossd n earl captors are domenatatog nts chapter by be design of « T2storey aes book and 20-stoey resident apart. ‘Ta srucual stom ofthe offes tock s based on soll frame conising of a ameae of Caius boars an eae. The skeletal fames ao tne most commen seucual system aue the | ‘vantage of grestr Neill rte buaing space arangenent ans ueton. They ar is he Frost demanding ofa procae rates because ofthe area corset of tray fren Snd movements ohe strecurl conporets as comoared io cast rity srucures tipo ‘Bungrstand th sie efets ofthese ree ans How toy are Seng wranteed tough > copes srucre “ho residents apartnentsconsbuctod using cast peetrestad ft plates and procast ad bearing wats, I's an effin sucha eytom ints type of ule a8 compared wh 2 lll proces auton. Inihetotoning paps, ha pecenen caleltons trie desin prox coluns oars savas, walls and ter consectons fave been selected fo Hustle as mary ab posse ofthe oes af ‘ealgn na buldngprject for when caelatons ray have tobe prepares, The drawings And ‘alates proved arelusvave examples and they enol landed be sufi corsius, {orto cba te necessary autory fo canst, abuling othe ype and sz conlsred “Typleal product detalso shopaawsgs are aso shown fo: each pe ofthe recat components being consiored. The layout and posoriaton ao for Mustatve purposes ard wil be erent etneen manutectrers. 42 12Storey Office Block 1. Project Description ‘The bulsngisa 12.sorey fc ockin mix commer development comeing carats, hopping mets and service apermont. |Atypleal oo of tha bllng messuing 24 m,.72: wlth 8m bing din bath rections IS thown Figure 41. The design foorto oor Naight 3.6m Staeaose, cores and lotr bulingsorces such as ots, ANU, MBE nana ae esl 3 eh on ft foot rich ae tobe cat ns 2. Design Information 1 Codes of Practice 18S6399 Design Loan for uling cPas ‘The Structural Use of Concrete (PS, ChepterV Wire Lose >, Materials ‘conerate 30 for eppng walls and toe in-e wors abe peat rsa ebm nolo cre sos Se 42250. is rescore 2): Zeon mon ye Set errant {J Nom re serene ©. esd loads ‘Concrete denty 24 ei Prion, tishes an servons 75 wim ‘Bice 30° kNimineovaion Figure Typical Flor Plan4. Live toads (Ofc, sateases,contors = 3.0 ke Litotty, AAU rooms = SOKNIMe ‘oset = 2.0 kN Structural System Precast construction is adoptod from tho sooand stooy Upward otk aavartago cf the ropue bing gre and emp lua ayut THe arse Fom arse Ato C a rom Jt Fare, hover, cast msi duo to rope, Noor openings and wala-tghtess coradarelons Beside acting a oss beaeng wale, sateate wets an ft core sso kncon asain restore supersnucre. The wae ae 300mm hick, casinst andar ed mackie stevery Noor, ‘The recat components cans ef holow cove lab, bears erlunn nd tarease fights, 3, Hollow cor slabs Tho dotgn of holow coro ibs (218 mm tick) is based on class 2 prossod cancrate strut wih mrumur 2 hours es ating. The lle care sla at cal wih C50 cancel. cn unt (12m pomial wate detgned 2 simpy supported wit nominal 120 mm soeing ste supe, Restart stosses are chockod at senvcabity ant press ranser, Designo the lab Iscariod ut by te specait suppie b, Precast boame 535mm deeo ful procastbears ar usodn he cfc are. The beams which are wrapped hing consrction are sealed Grey onto eau crbais and are dosignd os simply Suppor stucures t the fina stage. Tome cacng the topping concet te appara Ste placed rertorcemerts provided as shown ithe ype dean Fire 4.2 ©. Procast columns ‘The cokmns ae $00 mm: 700 mm ar are cas 2-streynhoignt ih bas plats connection every arrte oor They ae designed 9 pended a he ulumats kite ‘The base plate comeston Is designed with moment eapacy to enable the counns 1 bonave as 9 2toray igh canter. Ti st facta oor inetalon works whic a ecorredoutwo soorsin vance anal ted or aay ne time in he conuien 1 te offs block. The use of bare psn connecton wil emits heavy conn prope ard ‘oouina caer ances conetucton se Aral 30 nn gaps cad inthe desan ot the colimnto ums eanecton noe to potidesufcen elernces fr henson of insatyrelafercamont at tho beam support ragiona. The gap will ba filed wih (650 em sti gout seh clu east with reinforced cone corals in he tection of te precast ams: Tho corals ae provdod wih 25 dowel bare welch are uses to prevent toplng of Oe roca! Beans when Ne hollow cae sate are lad The depth af te enrol desgnedobe fncsalodvsualy win the al cel space tthe ns! state, al cours ae considered braved in both decors. 4. Floor dlaphragm action and structural image 8 lyor of te a. Tho Slaw fic sores ae stra oor Hes arder fo sally Dw Iggy es requirement undor tho bung robusess design considerations ‘The nal oor stuctur wil behave as aril lapeage wich transmits horizontal oad 2 tno tabling corsa each ena a th fe zope) Four 42 Types Columafcotumn, (ip) Between connectionDesign OF Precast Components Design of hollow ore slabs Nettengh et teow core ab = 8000 ~ 500-100 £7400 nading DL = Toping (8 mm ek) = 1.055424 2155 ium? Imposed = 475 kNime UL = 8.00 kame rom Figure 2.9 of Chapor 2.215 mm thik hotow core sab is adequate. Acts! design of reseesing reinforcement willbe furnished bythe produce” eth sabe, ‘Suppor reinforcement ‘Abou the als et dosignedas non composte and simply suppoted tena ooee ‘eifovenentsiculsbeplacecin the topping onerela ove he suprertinrceto mines ‘face cracking anc ito crack with, The alton suppor reorient may bs Called 98 ou 4 Lend OL mses) = 175 kNine ws soar x75 16x30 2 adn o8age 208957 25x74 2 Roma bos zse68 2 Bn Boos 2 Blam A= mos,» 330° 1687480205 am Use 10-2006 (A, = 309 nm) a Same ypiea comeacon deals of hollow core slats athe suppart and betwoon aris 8 shou Fes 431045 Usinate oad ‘Support moment i i O i { A soon} || ane : ee om sto oe racatboanFigure 44 Tpleal Joint betas Between Hollow Core Slabs Domeh —_9@aoiee 8 Design loading a=DL (eam) = (0x Hollow ore eb footed wi) = veeog = ue Design utimate as = Limi state dosion |. Bending moment ‘Atmidspan Mt = oF i8 Hace x73 2198.21 o22+ozisx0sx2t= — a72KNim 289x75 2167 in Does x288, ‘2aaknum s75x8 100M Tota = SEBT HN aoxe 24.00 1m s.axs.a7 + 1612400 4180 «Nin Figure AS Typical Holow Care Sabalin Su Sabe Dots Precast Beam Sectionn=535 nm 6525-75 2480 am b= 500mm Mis) = 786-2 1600 460° x45) sores: From Figure 225in Chapter 2,p/ly = 53x 10" A Provide 7132 (4, = 8629 mi) Pil =n. 40408 R460 ment Protide 8116 (8, «603 me nto fate as show boon y= 43083104800 480) a7 Nin ‘uinmum tel © be proves the beam endo proven ond i fis vos, os 430.8 x 100.87 x 460) foresee lame From Figure 2.27, nChoptar2.v, = 0.59 Ninn? Hence Ads, = (187 050) x500(0387 x 400) ‘eo Provide T10- Telefe 14 mot ence. (0.20 (As, 200 180,06) N1Amtom beam end, V = 4308 1180414 = Been \ = 285.6 105 (600 460) = rene ‘Ada. = (118-059) 800 (0.87 x 460) o7 Provide 710-200 inks (Ay, = 0.78 > 0.71 fre ering mide pan, Interface horizontal shear Atbough tb oping is considered nonstructural. ts prudent 0 cbck thatthe should bo osepuraton afte tapping fom te precast beam alle srace Al ma-span, compression onerated nthe topning cones Compression Forco =85t, bet a8s% 98 x 500 x68 x 10° 25580 500 mn os 388m ‘Average itrace horizontal shear sees, “= 436x104 (500x $850) 0.28 Minm® 2x02. 0.8 ie tic i ee than 0.55 Nien Par 1, abe 55, CPS or e-est urace witout ks. Hence ha toppng layer should no separates tho itacs ‘Suppor reinforcement ‘though the nears ae designe as snot supported shucties, ts aviaabe to place ‘aatonal reroremant over ho super fo provotexcoscve cracking whon the boame folate the suppor uncer serdoe led, The saena sel maybe calelatad slows DL mecees) — #175x8 = 140KNm Contac with mang ook w x8 =240KNim Uninatooading = 14x 140+ 186x240 = 48cm Support mornant = 0.080F 008500473" 2473 te A =MVOsT,2) 2 =o8n A, $2473 1010.87 480%08 x60) = 1287 nn? Provide 4720 (A= 1257 mm over the suppart as shown Figure 42 Deflection ‘At ié-span, Mr = 796240, rad = Taba x WPI (600x480) 723. (9184 XM wl eo) (5/8) 60 (6188 5629) oso Non From Pat, Table 3.1, CP6S he modionon factor‘ tension etarcement «0.75 andor cempraeaenranforcmart= 1.06, Mimo d= 7300/(20.x0.75x 1.08) 50.460 ok a=1 nd bearing effective bearing eimissble utmste Searng tess fom Part cause 52.24, CP 65 ost Foss = Yann ‘oven cut surface nagulates athe beam snd ctl suas, provide 100450 8 mm thick neoprene pad athe bear supe. ‘Contact pressure = 490.6 107(100¢50) = 9B Ninn 18 inn? Ti Shear etion staat ox orzo shear ction stel is eacutos as A, = VIB, assuming consensivey j= 10 = 008 «Apher x48) SD Soren Prove S Sleeps s9co atte bea eck a son. (A= 1207 [Shock minimum ber bending radon, “Torsion force pe bat "0.7 x 460201 x 10 = aoa ‘Acudtanente pr bry, = ad toraanr nt ‘ Bom Mum = Fe 2190311260 gusta sro Pesta aadkoy ete x 2 Bam soy = Sm Production Betas “Typical proucton dats of he procact am ate shown jn Figure 48, » Figure U6 Production Details Of Pravest Boum (77 Savy Ofco Bloc)©. Design OF recast Column -Atyplcal story hgh precast column is shown nique below Figure 47 Typical? Story High Precast Cohrmns Design loading er too Dilbeamns=(@8x032+0215x05)x24x7.3 = 6RTHN hee. Qohiod woip) = 2694 75%8 74K topping" 0.088 #28 x8..8 oe 5K Impose deadiosd = 175x8x8 "20KN fal walght=0.7 x05 x24x36 S020 fare! = 0.2625 4050512042 in ear Lo = axaxe —=1920KN From roto 2" storey (12 aes, tal column oa (above 1 tray): Dua as07x12 — =s7684te LL (oteraducton) = 16204 12x05 =115208N timate ava oad = 14x57684 + 16x 11520 99100 KN ‘Column design A columns ate braced and pinned at te ot About minor a, le = 30001600 ar2e18 Columns ae consiered as sh ours. From Patt, equation 38, CP 88, N =04GA, +0755 Ne saaidein fe 250Ninn? [Ag (9819.0 10% 0.460500 x 700)/(0.78x 460) 2261 mm Provide 1252 (A, = 880 mn, 2.8%) ‘Check bearing capacity of column section in contact with baseplate “Te ulate bearing sees al nerfca wih sella = OBL, (Pat, clause 52.3.4) Pate sce = 450,500 Hence crac tearing capscty = 08x 50x80 x 650% 10% Siro ia 99100 WN Stel enforcement need nat be provided rom the sta la ino he clu seoColumn to cohumn joint Vertia joint strength Lon tween col fo col ig 60 mm hiek ands embeced 16 nm Below the fs ‘ral shurtira love (Figute 2). aes onthe lower cour sect, te ltmate bearing ‘toss for baddod bearing = 08, (caus0 5234), Assuming non hin rout eregth, = SON “otal bearing seat = 0.850 700800 x 102 100 RNS OOH AN oK “Tha ston nas plate connection at tems oor seo provide morbent capac forthe Sabi of wo sory cantiever cour ath isaiion stage. The tessa connection Is designed to allow for precast components lp be installed two strays ahead of @ Complete or Th column aro unproneedin oder fo acho fat ialiton and minimise ‘sto cbstucton by prope. The desgn ofthe bave plato cannocion needs o conde ere ‘oad combinatons to a0 abe tthe roses! seeare. n ccoréance wt the Code, ‘he folowing led combinations are conser (Case = ulead and constuction ve loads HaDU+ Bue Cate? = fildead + constuction fve + win or nbonaloa) N2(OU+ LL sw) or 12 (DL LL) + Notenal oad {ul oad wine (or notional iad Teous myer (OL) Notenalioas ‘Te deign whloads considera cic! and softs ae il fl fom te expeed {ans of he baa and clumperpenctie oe wing drecton. Ths wi be les then he ‘ola aed of 188 ds ond ‘The base pate connection is be checked in both he major and minor colin exes nd {aking into account the cour senders ee: By inspection, the ost cri! sreses wate place at he eg columns nthe st floras thers yo be minimum aval loos wth maximum overuringroment ena Nencs ‘mesma lana ocean the bots rng the omar sag. The rene of oo sg {0 he edge column hour Figure 48 [Afra eck on he connection shouldbe made io esi that continuous vertical es re ‘rics hough te clu en ana ereughos th bulleg Mat ‘Axa column oad pe oor DL:Beams = (08x092 + 0.218x08)x2x7 32 = s0KN Holo or slab Goniad wogh) = "28047 5x4 mri Topping = OUBSx24x4x8 = 00% co UL (eonatution) = 1.848 = 4600N ‘Notional horizontal oad Por toot Hs 1.53 1885/00. 5 1 ag at hp of ho oor Bendng moment at pont Sn Flee 8 5x (2018 +6615) =26.1 tim 8 soem 3 8 5 "Figura 8 Loaings A Edge ColmaDefloction In steno column (art, clause 3.2.3, sesuming K=1.0) floc caumn neo a1 Fefering othe re Body force eagram ne base pate and using free and moment equtum condor, the gonera expression for liven By. (oa? —2¢4— ra) +5 + a2 a alors bonding b= 450, = 650, Minor avis bending: » 650, = 450, att, =22x6005 389 m Ataris say regone70rx(aten x 10x07 "il non eae i oting dom b's hen rrr Aninearais ing SG ERO SEM LOX Coldest ra oc be hte own ne ow sane “passinePx(amyox08 a es are ADL 1.6L 2(DL+Ly> 140L ‘Additional moment at point 3, M= Nay, # a.) Notional Load | __Notional Load a . ea | w (eae S]y | tier | wnor | ar | acer | war | Minor Bi is(s[ sss [5 7 a. iB) | wa [os | oo | ow a8) |] + + ie : Bes | om | oa | os | as | mm + FF gsi [ifs [> ee | Pan Hug | Ely | soo | cor | sz | me | ona | os q £ wa | ots | oe | ones | coer | ona | oo7e ‘ [we | ate [ees ss [| _ + or Wily Taare il Fe boy frees te rar Fe etme re creas Ft ESAS RISES one Free Body Forces in Bare PlateDesign of holding down bolts Ther sno tersonin te bolts whore the coum bens about nor ass. The maxim tension in bending about the major aus isn Cas | wih T= 263-7 ¥N. 3 umes of Oaks are povoed pe face of he colum, hen the tnstn evlpad in ach be Te 39370 Bot ora A, requires 21.2 10840 87 x40) (Use T32 bes wah 24 res, Tho ol et tonne = 0.8242 A Soezrmm?s 300mm? OK From equation 49 and Tale 3.28 in Pa tof the Code, the ulinate anchorage bone! seee8 aot Bot pormotor = ms x32 = {05 mm Tension = 121.240 ence anchorage length |, = 1242 105(0.59x 100) ‘Say 1, = 400 mm Design of baseplate ‘lock-out pocket for bot = 160 x 160% 150 height at re caluna fae, Cente ofboth age one Boke es 100-110 = iam ‘Based on compression si ORT, a= 60485 = 135m P= 285 rm (grada 43 sto, Hence ts \OBXSOYTERTROS 2 Sane Based on tension de suming ae Pikress> ene) 1 Te 3637KN bo ato SEIT TORSO IT 247 mm Nnivum pao thickness =515 mn, Hoover, thsis consis excessive isad, 4 numbers of stifener ples are adtod‘ocsspate he coreresion rom the See late ats coe soraon ot Ihetop ofthe bocca Toaleompression = 041,07 (Reto case 1 for voi) 50450 1089 10" = 990; kN irom sifner plate hcknoss = 989.1 x 10414 195x265) Say te 9mm hi Design ottop platen Blockout Piaaie Hinge Stor Pate Using laste anal, ho work dane oad wre aD 15012 04x 50% WO 150/2 = 2i0x10 Enocyy sport n paste hinges = Khe +2440 Me tie My put x100)/4= 385° es Py = 265 Nm Hence 435.285 x4 175 = 2.10% 108 t= NEO HTB SEH EB) = 206mm say t= 20mm ‘Adogt: Basa plato = 480x880 25mm hex Vera stone = 9m hick Top pao at leicout= 480 140 20 mem thieIL Anchorage of base pte to column, b. Relatorcement ‘Tension per boit = 121.2kN | SE an enwaeson eae | Pro 16 (= 00, en tn ver nto) a tx 2101-28) E to the base plate. ta aon etal fhe baseplate ae shown othe fowe below Wy = 3.18/80 = 0.063 —— a Ja = 125 /275=0.484 Saas f" Hence (xd ~ 0 866i) + 00276 =0 zie=0859 soe | ‘Stee stress = 200 (ald 0.55) (5-284) ae ‘200 (0895 -0.85)/ (10833) a = 509 Nine Eth Fo = Vxaye a cote 4908 x 125 (0.839275) Boca 2354 iN> VE ato Fut, 88.10/08 ‘Sane Pats Dea 64 mm Ih. Vertical ereauirement Mair axl ood per Noor 1.0s..4807 +0:39% 1920 Provide 19 Loop (6 lags A, #786 mn) a 25 en W Check bearing stress within Band Vora to reintorsomont A= 568.1 x 10%460 eee © 1255 mm % loser Tia, F, = 23841568 (x730) ‘etal rovion et (oot es) = 962 x6 F162 = 2472 mm > 1235 men? OK Minimum bending dues = + 17 20/8). a “oa provision of wold bar to bat late F = 3620N ane casem © 1609 mm > 1298 mt oK ero ‘erica colun e requirements satsactory atthe clin fe com ont. P= 9423 10'4(1 2(0925) (194250) Sem 4 Design of corte! oT User = 5 7 = eer sre ® Check shear stress Mod 4308 1074500278) = 343Ninne ©O0,,. * S68 Nine? aot max vz S00 Nii? 0Kr | i, Shear inks Emances No shea inks needs Detain feos sas shown boon coo Bae za rm) Sell t Elev Bending radius (Carbel Reinforcement 5. Production Details ‘The production details f atypical recast clurn ae showin Figures 49 and 4.10. {2 Sorey Ofc Blok) Figure 49 Mow betale OF PracaatD. ProcaetStaease Flight EE | 7 ca PRECAST STAIRCASE FLIGHT Design Date: conerle 245 Wen? oa ign vied Stet wa DesignLine Load = 2.0 kN? Consider par metre width of stairs Slope lenge of stars aaa 3027 m Woiht of waist pls stops = (0159x2997 +0.25x0.150 120) x24 "3.82 kim s0xa49 1047 kin taxtogee1ex roar 2450 ve Load Utinate Leas F 1. Beading Reinforcement ‘Assuming ne eect resin at support: ‘timate bending moment at nig-span a 3 4650x9496 189-25-5 423m Figure 40 Reforcement Detals OF Procat Galunn (2 Storey Ofc Bock)= 220mm = oss om) = 0968 > Nain Use T1080 2 Defietion ” sot e10t oe 000% 1207 135 BBA! 8 a8 4281529 = 24Nmn Tanson modton factor . = 0554 ao 20 0.8 + nit) ara Taos 35 1022, Pat, CP 68, base spanGopt ato of sakease ight = oss ‘ ‘Sr Tepavepn ey co 145 x5 = 105mm 120 mm Mina otto 2 Design of supporting ibs Ranctonatnepucng ate = 4502 23tum er Ban Senn morrtstenion = H=Vxa, Bao onca tain 88-20-8 ecg Se ao i 2 + ossfoanr i > Gia) 4 Tara + 05. "1 925-Gasitoon 7) = or oe 2 etm a = ere ars 0x68 = 8s we RE@IED Ge A, = 188mm)‘check anchorage osm, (0.87% 35028 x 10° 0010 inirum boning ass x 14 2teia)| We 61mm sor AON? 1 = 6amK0 x 1+2(6180) proses = ‘check shear “00070 0:32Nint 188 FOO x70 x 100% = 07m = oe wo)" 20" w) = 1s ae % casrm"® ve = 28 cons aonroy" (assy 284 (oan on)" (430) = O77Nmn! > 032Ninn {Chock hang-up reinforcement oa, = 2225x10 Oar 250 = t02mnin Fer practal sas, provide at every bending RB reinforcement looped RS at hanger soo ae aboveNIB REINFORCEMENT DETAILSFigo 842 Would And Reinforcement Deals OF Provan Flight (12 Story Ofce Blok) Design OF Structural Integrity Tes Basic design data: Total numberof for 22 ‘Average UDL ceadioes §— = 485.4(6%8) = Tela Average UDLIveloas = 30k asi to force i 249, boearia 268 n> un Hence f= 604Nim 1. Horizontal tes (Pat 1, cause 3.1235) a Periphery ties Desgnte forse = 10%, nan Steslawa A = 60101460 210m b. Into os (case 1 There = 0.026713, = 4) Fi, =o02e7175 +3.0)%60%80 21358 eNm Case 2: Te fre = 4.07, = 6018 Hence Case 1 govens Using stl mas a for fs, Ae 188 OS Use D6 mosh (06,@ 100 cle bath ways, A, = 289mm) wt te 5 rm hick topoing. This poWces automatically te requles quay of oor ts nthe ober ‘iron asthe spans between the aye are simian bath recon, © Column tas Intra ctumns ate by D6 mesh in both eects and all ca columns are Suomi od as ho adjcan Norse eae stu, Hence ony eage clams ‘Teed be check Caset: — Tleface = 20F i, /2.5 ose toa) xe slain (cos62: —Teferce = 394 af tena axal clu oad ‘812 tte column all las for edge colur is consenaivelyestatad {atoning for ria} be 05 x 87684 0.331 11520) x26 sha 34 Hence eorce = 34201:3100 287A ‘Therefore Case 2 governs the desi. ‘287 x 10"a60 280 me nim ove rm by wth ‘The D6 mesh is anchored tote sevimate beams and hens no separate edge olin nozotle ae requred 2, Vertical es ‘Thavertcaltenn he coun hove been considera ne deol nn ji conecn43 Residential Block 1. Project Description “The project consis of four ck of 9 esdental aprons wih basement arpats. “Thee ae our watson each oe which nclies acorn passenger is an Wo ‘Tareaes Forfa oor eshte piel at's.2m er doom station, ony pial or ‘trucurleytom & retorted ti assumed 9 cay al aera oad. 2 stuctural System Te skucuralsytam showninatyical jokin awed 13 once of eatin crested {at aate of peal 175 nm tucknes, Tho oor wipporiod bya series of prcast ose ce ree ne es eso gapeng etal pope oe propper nice peers eee ee ica ce anne ee ee nes ae cans , Se er a te trans scat } Sean at na Senco eho A 3 ain tmeton ill anariores ty Frichos = 1.20kNim* a Beam 2 aT la ice He = f co te onmt i 4. Design Of Precast Was For design kesatio, ony Wn Figue 4.13 conser. The precast walls 250 men {hie 3 mlong ane dosgned 3s braced stucure wth preconnecton at efor levels ‘Thowal is erecind wine 2 mmihihorzona ont when 0 be gould, Verteal bs fan {auncaton ort ae prose al teas along th wal eng Loading: “oa sali oo area card bythe wal determine 0 be about 25m. eed fad Foor sw 17812628 = 105.0401 Beans Bo xOdDon(O+ 1841) xM= 15K Finches S128 = daw chai 100 mm bie) = 303 5.0254 14m an Precast walla 128 x33028126 ‘SLi ve oas 19x25 = 2758 Above 1 storey ‘oa timate dead ead “Total utimate ve oad wih 0% ve ln educion = 1 6x37.5x30x08 Saou 4331 9x 908 19958868 Tot 2 Ha89.8 Sey N= 14840 48. a= a840i3 ©4087 Kin Figure 019 Typical Flow Layoutb. Vora oad capacity Enoctve wat height, = 1.0, = 40x (82-0.175) =2n2em Slondemess ration = rat “Th wal is considered shor wall unser Par 1, clause 3.8.1.3. CPR. From oquaton 42 (Part, clause 3.93.6.) fhe Cada, he vertical oad capac is glen a iq #085LA, “O87A, y= 4967 Hin Ae (4967 x 10° 0:38.48 x 1000 250) (067x480) 2278 mim Per taco» 1638 min Use' T6125 perface(A = 1675rin) © Vora! structural ies Vercal force perfoor = 105x394.9+039x976 2280816 Tension soot ores A= 3609 0480) 278 me Use 3 numbers of 720 (24, = 943 mn wih on t wath endothe wal nd one number a the mica section Horizontal ont capacty Joint thickness © 20 nm Peimistible concrete compressive sss Pan 1, clause 52.04) = 06, [Net ara fr vertical cadenster (Par, louse'S 3.6 ofthe Cova) = TEA, 24947 km ans n=0etxa7oR, Minimum cance erongth oqueed fa the joint: {= 4947 x 0/(08 x07 x 10003250) es Nine Use = 45 Nin a it Connection det ‘Some tical connection detas othe wall Wand too ar shown in Figure 4.14 to Faure a6 1. Production details ‘Typical production deta forthe precast wall WH ae sown in Figue 47, igre 414 Typical Wal Floor ot arieo use zero (ert toqzoce |_| a Stren i = Le teaa| | or‘x20 lapped wh sted pe 250 he precast wal ‘3005 corgated oe 250 320 a | 20 ihren ine Fear ead oweriat to) 00 Beam den Bean rencanent 10 Laing Seana Note: Sab bars not anew for ety Figs 78 Verio Toe Figure 436 Typieat WallBeam Joint1G eee | : tH ‘igure 447 Mould And Reinforoment Oot Of recaot Wal (Resin Bloc) CHAPTER 7 PRECAST CONCRETE- ASSEMBLY BA Gener 5.2 ins Used Segopore Project 5.3 ints Used nEropeon Couns(Chapter 5 PRECAST CONCRETE ASSEMBLY 54 General ‘A complete satel evaaton of etsrcaed bugs incides the fotowing phases: ‘vload assessments 2 formula a model ofthe man ecto system 3. coveripton of ina pats 4 eesign of sructural members 5 design af connacione Constructo arwings fora petbriatod baling pojact wil ormaty consist of artes) Skeiznes, modular deals, general mockardauing, produc dauings and assent Seas, For designers not ami wth refabicated bully designs, hare willbe consdrabia contusion wih te Slecton ofthe apropiato methods of joing sed canmoctons ot proces componente ‘a the excapton of some conan ones, ti cevelopmen of connection dels ofan oe rojcto project basis. Event samodstalsmay be aactnd'o varices modeatora ss seared by tne fret cwucirl and architec requrements Despite he ferent manners in hich a conection dlall may ba exculed, he ype oi ts ‘must al te folowing raqaremerts {comply wit edoing seuctural membre 2 economy lala 8 manulacureg and roc temniques 4: ae of assemtiy and spexsal construction 5 inl aestis ontappeurncos ‘Tete are basicaly te dfeentyse5 connections used in graces! concrete sutures namely, the cast n-te jt incuding gruted pipe sleeves, mechanical ont oy beting or walina ro combination of both. Generaly, te cast ato types the cheaper! andi fia wel othe Statsranshp already avalabeon he bud ste Doted conracone ore easy sacs it Sonali and unit abou, whores wang operations cal ors Iourr spoilt terms of exciton, bolted and welded ares normally need closer sporvsion sd hgh: daily contr ‘This chapter ores an aversew fhe various joining sn connsctonsof recast components which may asst the designer and archoctm he design of ptarcsad uldings. Th Stale ‘eprccor 8 coss-socion of some ofthe proven fochnigue ued lay reset tng, public housing, commercial snd ndustal buns. As hela consieton eis fray ‘ew to precsal constuction tctiquos, a slecon of connection dtals om overseas ae ace Includes to prove readers wh ade specmum of the camocton echnstne, ‘The detais shuld be used a quid inion of 20a design manual mist be emphasis tat he ‘sporsibily fra proper connection ufling al relevant partamance roqerrota rests wis he ‘Sutra designer and tne achtoctworting often in close conslaton ite proceso oe onrectr nan ietegrted approach during he desig, developer obcaton and sonstucron ofthe pecs buiangs. ‘52 Joints Used in Singapore Projects “Tho abo below shows companion of canectn andoiing dea conor usedn Sngagore ‘hase deals have boon used various peje uch ab pat resident bulge publeNoeng, Commer and nuit! bulge, "pes OF os rT cea | | ele al ait lid] BL a eh) a oui = | SiabiPtank suse | asta |Th rd FigueltteSupGsmsen FigueSivolow GareSiabto Fgures3 Wolow Gove Spy Notiow Core Stabs Shp Jone Dea Beam! Pronk Connections te 4, Tebeam 4. Lstape T10 or R10 st COD Prop 2 Une 2 stoatmoeh Steet mesh 3. Steel mesh 3. Concrete topping 2 ‘Roboteer to +. Ped wal 3. Concrete teeing 4 Hole eore ia fengoer cosion ; 2 Bomm ry pack under 5. Hatow coe ab 5. Foam ereemenieans Hook 3, Plan . ‘otra! wat 8. Shoat links stucurally out 4 Beam 3. Baovorred requles) 5. Halow coe sab 4 Relnercomont (rom PC vol 5. Prank 5 lest oping Figs 87 Pink And Exeral PC Wal Paral Fiqnetavoiowcawtan‘FgueSEbeanMolowGare gue Se nots Sap Senin Sass So Maslow Core Sb 1. Rehoremeritoongaers 1. Stes mezn ee gue 58 Prank Ana Wok desin 2 Remora 44. Renoramento 1. Sandleement menar or 2. Necprene sp (ocean Sraneers coach ousng 3 Bere beam 2. oer te 2. Shearinks oo 2, Selman 4 Raton re ob 4 PORC bam 2 Stes mass 5 Bron 5: Siesimess 5 RC aay © Pst 4 Peo wat 8. Cone tring 1. Rantorsmenin urs 5 Bowel bre 4, alow ere a0 & Hotow core sa 1 Cone pina 8. 2tmmrecars in beamDO ee aS ian Figure 9 tata Example For ColamniStamp, Colm {Column And CotmiBem Connection + Plocap 2. Links oop ound stot bars 3. Castine conte 4 leaty beam bare 5) Couimmstelbartoestendatove feorfergrutedpipe ‘ox conection 6, Steal dowel fre aaety ‘Stages of Construction ‘Const foundaton end a sorey RC work roc precast columns (Grousrg af can base {und seas beams snd Not ss ements (Castine RE work {unc precast bess and oor ss omens Castine RE work onmopar Figure 510 Boted Colurm Bare Connection 1. The ap Isto be formed by seating precast clurn onto hiram pats (wits ine adjusting tat cured down te leweetpoaton ‘Tampiste o psion bois Ground ls Srouing Nts ana washer panes Bese are Base pte (rocased fom celurn fe) Precast cou Bers welse a baseplate Column bars PhscapFigure S12 Coan Bon Comscon Wo Corba 3 4. Precast beam : 2. Conn and plato wit navzoa wold basin PC beam Figure S71 Conon Connection With Corel % Goeth geal age craters coe Ec boam 3 44 Sie welding to provont sam teoping 5. Naoprone sip 5 Shear troton see 2. Hato! lop at beam ends 8. Precast cour 3. PCbeam 1. It plod einorement 44 Corte rntorcement io enginaers design : 18 Bend up beam relrtoreament © Pecstunn : Upper feorprocst clumn 8 Colum bare 7 10. Phe seve 1. Bend beam reforcement 11. Starr esr bar om ler precast colina 8. Insts roinfrcement 3 12. 25 tek powshane grout 9. Column ks 13. Cour tn a 1a Inet concreteeter To Figur 579 Typical Section OTA Precat Bulg (Socion And Bets Pigures 4 To 520) ‘sis typ section of precast concrete suture fora doit. The precast members cont ‘alng tore clan andeear wheats patton vals Acontleve beans coped Hoa ee tna cor ution cotrn ee, Hollow eat Sas are used as nea 0 a ans poted pesos anus nesporaing permetar bears se wsed al the corr. Srvc a ec wal oe procost wn srowectura tutes widow al, copings. roa cat componerts fe siete prconsted bth vortealy and harzortaly wi the ae outed jon a est Yom tick conctot topping Iwoughout he Noor we ‘ST onver ognhe to prove the necoseary stuciura acon resist horzontl feces. 5 Figure 514 Pecte Beam Ana Pek Wh Suacs Sippar Figoe 51 terol Foor Yo Conor And Parton Wa ‘Connection fo Foor eet ins conecete Rebar rom posse plenk Cantor beam rom precast rane, te ‘Steet mash Precast wal Drypack cement mortar Remloresmentts ‘sngneer design Conretetpping (5m ‘tr Bowel ar Corugoted pipe soeve (tobe grouse)Figure 5.16 Precast wat Backer a Drypack coment mortar Renieromen!| ‘Cone topping Precast hallow cre sab ‘Open orzo one | Precat wal 2, Catling rltocement {Glacod on ste) 3 Precast caturn 4. Roioroomenti engineers eaign Pnstoring Calusa wal into be tactinsts 1. Recass nwalforplatorng Figure S96 For To Bera) Wat Connection ‘Figure 517 Conan To Wal Eennacton aTy Figure 322 isiatiauon OF Wal Wih Spliced Sleeve Connection] Jerourns Procedures for connecting internal walls using pi 8 pipe 2 Levoing blocs are paced 8B, Loner th uaper member ino geston ©. Grouting ofrerzota ont Fipwet@ GohanniExeral gue S10 Calan To Colum ‘Wat Gonnection ‘era Jot Stab Beara 1. Precast wat 4+. coun 4 Procedures for connecting external walls sing pipe 2 Roworcomentio 2 Werke cateliaions 2. Brack amant mete sleeves Snaineers design 3 Gretng 5. Cons renforcomert 1 Covating block's paced 3, Precast column ‘oonghesrsdesan EE. Loverthe upper mame ita postion 4. Cotienngrantrcoment 4 Constte topo F Grong of arcana ont (Glace on st) 5. Stoimosh 5, Solan and wat ito 6 Hotow cor ab becastinst 7. Procest beam ©, Backer soaSas ivi my cual pant Watorightness seating a0 Aluminium of stainless Stel faring Backing Sealant ormense Balle sip Decan aap Figur 524 eit Details Ot Abang Exes PC Wa Pc wal pana Recess prof for be ap Bate stip cling Sealant ort Diane ne verted at = Rare Figure 5.25 Open Drained Joint * Figure 8.26 Closed Joint “The oe ard openjonts have bothbaon succesfully usedo ensure Wterighinossinshojpints of precast wal panes ‘Tho elsojointadopis acre sage solng using eth: polyshide mastic oelicane slants 0 {roventhe pensation of ian wate: The apn tnt rac a 2-apocoag eta rarely ant frtecion bate anda esr hight ees Water paren the hon atte wll ranedavay in {ho arscace between the 2. Mos faluos i close ants involve aging, lass of surtace adherence or elastiy of he selon atrial Fer good paernce, tis ncaa tbettoe 16 nate the flowing 4. good workmanship preferably by specias 2 ood salt mate with covrct proportioning or ron anit mata 5 Sule amt mensions wih enough walt an spt for proper ing 4 Yegular and pain et ga to enero good autacn ahorence 6 sooleroul be set bak tne jot protectin ars wostor sleet ‘Tha wetertghnes of open int depends ecaly upon he eleven of aight seal at the ‘ar ofthe Jt Damages so ta fel may be ue to tbe moversent ofthe Wal pele, foe of Sthorones a sig sesanto droping ato the morta o” young. The sso forte may tise fom inadequate end stoppages wei cave he ba alot of he eto om simole ‘ardalkm Compared with cose jr the placerert of open joint seaing features scared out Curing ns recon the pals, iste nacissary check ath oer arco forbarain e ‘djing panels un evel paral! ooach ota Wo it. Afurherdisvantage ote a0 fine eft teeta fo repoc! sd maintain te Jat pacuary at to rreacons ofthe Fiona! and vere ort, Ropar of leaking ints isa deat Doopte hese shortcomings, ‘he open its ae oss expend othe wear han cose jr and movemert oft pans does ‘rot gnarl sic he efecienses of ns Mes! open se ound 9 veel toute serdon53 Jolnts Used In European Counties The dealsndcated nh al blow over th most cammonly adopted tetra in European counties Fo exteral ts facades, the tuo stop Open pape chaean. [Ee ] silat]. ltlaleli See ee ale EP PE 7 Septet _ “Te 4. Column with castin assay bl the top 2 Column wi cas stoo pats ad eos he bot ‘3. Groutng wb coment mete 44 Assembly bo win aut “The simply supped cote temporal placed onthe a assembly bal tho grout wi ranami tne eamoresson fre,4 Column wth protucing bee ath op 2. Sippor shine H] 2 Solemn carted pon at toton 4 Grouting wth coment mer 5 Comugated pe 8: Protusing retxcoment be 1, Cota with prording rebar th too 2. Suppor chime 3. Colum with protcing bars athe bation + Selandweled sar proudng tam eens oe cerent mar steerer suporeoy te shims, ‘ter tisig then eco ea os ‘Aste main enorcement bars ae welded ogee he (oncdoed a resvined, ‘colure se 3 ec endesFigure 538 Colanw/SeamiFioor Planed Connection Figun S37 Secon 1. Coura wih assent Bota the op 1. Catan wth assembly bot 2 Precast barr 2. Beam component 5. Holew ere aso 3 Hallow coe san {Colin with se! plate support ae e088 2. Calum nt trey 1+ Column with assembly bots thet & Growing wih amet 5 eo ren 2. Gatun wh sts plate at bo bat . Recess Section shows vert freasbeng 4 Grouting wih coment mortar anomie via the cans Zon, 5. Stoel pat waldas to cum bars “Ts four assambing bls athe embeded sto ale form a fixessonded cor,id tho assembly otal shows. noimacaumnocokn Fontana wo smpy stopores beams. 1 i Section M : | gore 9 ColanniBean Connection Wiis Ss Jong And | Tooped are 4. Gau wharcor inset a the op } 2 Sel plat suport : 8 raat beam ath rocuing sirape | 4 Dowel serene in ea 5. fest coer or grouing Thetwo baams arrestin bythe ue of rotuceg ‘tre ae otong couseasagaaasadeda tet awe sat euageqaeessecees Figure S47 Color Bear 1. Cola wth cobs and ance et th wet 2. Boaemae soa er neoprene 3 Beam wen supe 4 alumna it catia Column wit cast set pate and rovusing dowel at he op Reload neoprene ruber bearing ‘Beam ath dowel malas Grosted dowels coonecton Nemareatedeonnacon Figure 5.2 Half Joint Columneem Connection 4, Colin wn erle andeastin dowels 2, Precast bean ath ha ot 5: Grouteddowestelecomacton 4 Dowel petacing rom sure, “otholet.amovable baring is shown; the igh, xed bearing fevsed,a | 1 t : i reset TT ; 5 tai [a Tel Pepi 7 |e pe oT a Aa ei Gal Foes = &§ 8 & Figure 543 Column-Beam Witnslomentand Figure 5.44 Edge Column’Beam Shear Continuly {Connection With Moment And 1. Catan wth anchor insert ste coolia 2 Sioa boar pte 4. Calurn wth cooe nc castin dost 4 Bear wih ptotusing sbrupe and rare at 2. Sloe bearing pte {toto 3. Bea wit strups and protruding ebars 4, Weltesconnacton using ste! angle tore 5. Reiorcoment bar 4, Welded connscton 6 Ie conse or grouting 5. Rainforcoment aro bat 6: ins oanaete or grouting “Te booms can be connetes to bat he botom an op by strupe aking bars welding 2 SSG ecg Section Figure 5.45 ColumnvBeam Connection With Temperary Stee Section Supports 1. Gatun comzonent wth anchor incr 2 Stee ange bat to column 15 Beom wh embedded tel sation 4: Connection ung prorung strups and reinforcement paced on ste ‘5 Casing on ste InFlgue 5.45, a combination of emrar na psnenentclunn beam sizes sho Fisttbe anbesed uel role Sls suo ate ‘Stu an oan bat ake over.Figure 8 Secondary To Wain Bean Connection Prostessed man bam win anchor incr athe top ‘Secndary bea pus wit pong sp Dowel sowed nto eat Strupsowe connection Cat at jont| ‘The comecting debs sre cheap ardeasyoexecut. ‘igure 547 Secondary To Man Tali Connection 1, Prosressey beam 2. Secondary bear 3. Dowel pretuag fom beam 4 Gruted done ee connection Wit house of beam halons, a more assthet sliton hasbeen obiedSection H | Figure 549 Ha Jot Connection m Bear 1: Ban wt aint 2 Cantowored beam 4 Souettoe connection, hetbeam joint “Two hatibeam ons nave tbe considered. Figoe 549 Secondary To Main Bran Wf Joi Connection 4, Preaueased main boar “oclecrana he oi constuction eight, double cores can be usedt # q # % # if ee Figure £50 Beam And Holow Core Sab Convection 1. Beam wih snchornsers at op 2 Halow cove slab 4. Dowel screwed incor 44 Renfercmantin sla jot ‘Suimets concrete grouting Figure 8.51 Beamt.c.siab ‘Nprecel bes 2 Hoon core sab 2. Stipe probudng fom te tp of beam 4, sot rlorcement 5. Casing on ste Figure 552 Beam. Sinb {Precast boom 2: Halo core sab 5 Dowel nine 4. Jomrariaroment 15 Casing on te Figure 553 Beam. Slab {Precast beer 2 Hallow cre sb 5 Dowel mins 2 Looking atrups 5 Casting en sie Figure 551 snows modi sis and ruta zone, Figure 5.82 uses nom fnodua sian. Both solsion rest Shader easton jot Figure 556 Beart. stab {Preca\ bear haveing T 2 Hallow cave san 5 Anchor inca 2 ont rforcement cee ito 5. Casting on sto It tmpartant to anehor the joint feiforsement fo, fer insance, ge teams,Figs 85 Bear-Plnk Precast bears Pronk Reinforcement rotusieg ‘Gretna rota "epoing Figure S58 Bean Pan “The combination o presse nd cas inst sructres aves god opportunities for he ansralon force nthe man struct! syste Precast eam Plan Stipe protudng ‘rom beam Reinorooment| paced on ste aetna ‘suctal ering ‘Figure 557 Beam And DosbioT 4. Bear: inverted T 2 Douwe Fs 5 Smuctiral ping ermal he double T-lbs re produced wh eastn sta patesin tho ribs for {inet gga on im prong ste apt Bee SsFigure 48 Beam Double T 1. Facade boom er frame cr facade) 2 Sructral opieg Figure £60 Beall 2. Bsa piacodin th wall plane ct syrmety 3, Beam pared perpeniousr toe wal ‘As double T's. are normally long-soaneing Jatnts rostral asin Figure 528 Beam Double T 1. Boar halfnvridT 2 BeubleFan 3. Seuctral toning WELDING ATTOP Figre 561 Bean 03a Bearing Wall 1 Wat ‘The boar assombly could const fier domet ol, or rap {ra waldadcomnecon oe shown Seton 1 Stee! studs atthe top ‘te edge boam eal provide beter anchor ge of te stat ing. onStee! Profiles Figure 868 Beam-clasang Stoel Profiles Figure 3.6 Bear-Clading Figure 5.65 1. Edge beam 2 Plank 5 Cladcing 4 Stuctuat oping “The cicking componenis fre fod tothe beam by Stel andes anatotre foot flab usngerbeated see! Sections locked 10 the Strctural ops, Figure 566 1. Edge beam 4 adding 2 Src tooing The lightweight cledang Shown an be fastened 12 ttoboamandtnehed cor Slab using steel angle profes. i | } | i i | Figure 857 BearsPanal ‘Connections Statcaly determinate connections should be thosen I posse. Load feacions are shown go 3 response to panel weight Set niet presare, Figure 568 Beamrecade 1. Ege beam 2 Pink 3. Fecade 4 Sioctral topping Yerical forces are arses trough th dizi int Heriot {ores are card by he stellate ord renorcoman anchorene Figure § 69 Beam-Panel Supports ‘Schama Soluions for sostoing ont 1K Panels aofstonod to for sab 6 Sons re placed at fear slab snd baa . Grose watson panel us beam oi 1. rool on panes plus beam ang .Crbels on pane! ps sie! raringFigures 5.76 And 575 HC-siab- Plank 4. Hallow ore 2 Pane 8: Looking rinfrcomnt system Figure 872 Poe 4. Reinforcamanin bust! Figure 871 And 5.72: HC-SabH..Siab topping 2. Beam, wal or rae To create struc ontinyn the loo ala etry, is nportanl to anchor int enon 4. Edge of CS who ois A sccring mera 4 Looting rebare ard owas int j ilsimparantto rentorossrutral joins, fornetance 3s shown wi itracion ‘between dows bem, enrsment em sa et and'eckng Sar crewed bivines.Figure 5.76 H.C-Siab-DoubloT fea as vere T Procael o satin stu members ‘oirtresforcemant anchored tse Double sab component Stet topping Figure 77 H.C.Siab-Doublo T 1, Double T68 component 2 Hallow coe sab ' 5 Steal archorin ge othalow core sab 4 Stuctral epg ‘Normal, the dole T-supprts secured by @ welded connection. Snstal Cont botwewn afore pos oF abe f bined by cast insu siuctrl {oppingancheod to precast member, 5 Figure 578 ‘ ‘ A 4 Figure $78 HG Slat-Loed Besring Ws sad bearing wat Holow oor sab, oad bearing support ‘Sib pt rerteveement Dowel serewod i lel incert, Figura 79 HC-Sinb-Losd Gearing Wall sad bearing wat Holow core tab, oad beating support Sb int bart be lakes nwa ort Dowa! sowed i stet nse Ratio core si, nomad Baring spoon Crossing reinforcement bars ar locked ogethrin th walla ot, Wl in not storey (anys ShonaFigo SEH SabCleading 1, Hotow core sib, nomoat beating eae 2. Cadcng component 5 Steel ange tated Io hlow coe lb ae adding 2 dont mater “Tho sab components bon enored along he 2g taba) ‘otal = wo ns nonzero rom the adsng. Figo S81 HC SabFacnae 1. Hoow ot ib, nontoasbearng edoe 2 Facade 2. Stee enchor late {4 Edge beam rentorcerent in halo core lab Facade weight transmit athe hon acade ji The facade © aneSored for rorona res sng toe las Hoed toe oer sab srt Figur 5s PanicDocbeT Figures 5.82 And 5.83 4. Supgoring wall or beam 2 Plone 5. Ratrorooment protusing tom psn 4, Locked bein jit Stuer topping igure 582 shows the connection Sg the non bearing 896 nile Fite 6.63 te connection Setween planks and supporting ‘momter Prot vanoreument Sara fom the clarks are to be Conmecied an locked naynteast Ite togetor wih tho structural ‘einred eppng. Figure 5.4 4. Double Flo 2 Plane 4 Welds connecton 2 Stuer ping Nema, stole re catin por {12im along be edge of doubles. Proc eben pranks could beweldedtothepltes and covered ‘rte toi | |Flour 5.85, 2 Plane 4 Stuur taping Joint rinforement lacked to assem ea Proruding rebars fom panks are locked using font raorcement and assembly ots om tho wal Figure 5.36 2 4 ‘Structural topping on parks (lading component Stel ange ates plan and dng As the clecing i ght he Stoo! angio must o6 pred onion fren, Figure 57 ‘Sutra topping on planks Facade componer: Vorecttarce are vanamited tom facade to facade. wheroas rozora loads go tom assy Bol via cast stool insert 10 inforsement In tne stu ‘oppig Figure 5.86 2 6 ‘outa asin see late Prording saps ennocsing soe pete Stuctual pang Section 1 | Figure S48 Double Pond Bamrng Wal Figures 4. Supporing Wa 2. Doubie he nia 5 Siu ping Wald connacton between wal and sibs together withthe Srucural topping eked t Be Fine ceatsconinty he Nar Sb sce, Figure S86 Plank Gadsing Figur SBT Plank Fovade Figure S00 Dabo Feds Figure 5.90, 1, Double, he 2. Cladng compononts 5. Comectng set bar ‘The lasing components are pace ontop af each oho horizon ores Gre transmitted to the foo" sla ‘uote va tel anchors Figure 58 DouboT Figure S51 Doub FFacaae Figure 5% 1, Facade components 2 bauble 5. Src tpaing ‘The oacade itis waded A recess te late over te ribs ‘lowe the double T fo rola at the spentFigure 5.92 1. Sol precast wat 2. Caste ont 5. Remeron aa i int ‘Sketch A shows the standrcees vertical Joint between tw W Components with cestellates Vortcal ees. SkaichB shows = "shaped walleonnocton wich orm reinforod lie the l= ‘Shapes wall connecton shown Stetenc Figare 598 Load Bearing WalrLoad Bearing Wal Tonal Joins 1. Load bearing and tracing walls 2. Conse jtetwean was arden slebs 4 bated conection 4 Gaon reframe bars 5, Welded connection In Stach F, the assembly tot fom the tensile connection to the ‘oxt wall Sketoh G shows relnorcement Sar pacss-on ste In Srugted pipes Prorusing cars are welded tagober 8 Skot H ‘slowing one forces oe Vancmitod rm walt wa Figure 5.93 Load Bearing Wal Figure 5.96, tae Bering Wa 4, Wa ampere {. Sinan wa component 2 ai nant 2 Grouting wit coment mara ‘A dacing components re normaly fastened oot sla, he tact be cesignes ore soured and “Te hoon walto-wal jot Shown 2 lnple concrete it ‘sth ase Doe | fre. gure s93 : ‘igure 596 Losd Bearing Wale ining Figue 557 4. Faced wal 2 Flor abaruere 8. Geng 1. undone 7 2 Stee ange to fcne ceding 2 Hatow sass erica! roe a beaten aloced donee 3 Pane Conrecton atetep of ecg, Maio re 2 Scr! oping SFotanamited ie fear aod va teal anchor The wal-to-waljint ia often connacod to sab slurs 2 ‘rel Reinforcement ars fom Eajaining membore ao locked ‘sing te svete png. Figure 87 ond Bearing Walt addingFigure 5.98 4, Facade wat 2 Pan 5 Stancardees toad 4. Jomtinoreament 5. Stustralopnng ‘Theassombiyboti‘aooses 4nd wails at a connecting Aovioo between the facade ‘ompanents nd te seta ‘poi. Figure 5.99 4. lasing components 2. hing poi, any 3. Somartignt ine 4. arty open Gang jit 5. Sota int When designing the jonts between cladding cxmponens, Kis important 10. know provating mae conations fed. movements inthe fladlng, Figur 5.100 4, Facade component 2. Fang po, any 3. Groutng wth oamontenar 4. Party open facade ot 5. Reinforced. costeliates cone one Normal, the teeadeoi is eeignod according ee Wo Step paneple: Altigninoss ide. and watertightne (ute. Figure 5.100 shows oneree joint insize and an ‘open fen or 2 recprone sp Ssanouise protection gan Soran ‘Figure 335 Lod Boarng Wal Facade Figure £101 Bean Frame onnections FE Figure 599 Cladding Cadaing Figure 5100 Faceae Facade Figure 5.104, 2. Bean paced in rae pane orsymmety {3 Bean lace perpenetar frame Figure s.102 1. Frame 2 Beam ‘Aosmal dowel son ls how wth enforcing steps owe raw suppor aoa Figure 5.103 2. Boom ‘oget the components tushed, the whole with of te ame used 88 supporting ares. A fowei-hole.conaaction is Figure 5.105 Figure 5.104 H.C-Siab-Frame 4. Frame 2 Hallow core ab 5. Ralroramont in lb int © Dowatscrowesinoinser ord grouse Figure 5.105 H.C-Sab-Frame 1. Frome 2 Hallow ore la 5 inorsereat in lb it 4 Grout jant with tosking Stowe! ar bars 65. HES. nonlosd bearing 000 To two vertical sections in Fig 5.104 ard Figure 8.105, Stow how cnt rm slabs S10 fs ablaineg using joint ‘etforcement or provuson of component.4. Frame 2 Hoon coves 2. Plane 5. Protuding rebar casing on ste “Te connection fs bla supa the plank andar Horontal Figure 5708 Double Frame Figure 519 Load Gaaring Wale 4. Frame 1. Standardised wa comoront 2 Double Fab 2. Frame, bea an clue 43. Welbesconnecton 5." Rentoead casted ot oes ‘This norzorta section shows the use Cestin soo plates intame andinceemak= oma ough vars an bth the Itpossble to erecita 3 weld supporing ar Fare clu, ‘onneatn 3. Castinsits cartes ob 1 ough joint Ie abe x6 horzontal ae we a Figure 5417 Ciadcng Frame Figure ttt 1. Frama comenent 2 Plone 4 Giada 4 Steet ane 5. Roba pretrsing tom ceaddng ‘Te lang is fasted at he top uang a steal angle dove iat he boom ving rebar fo be cast nfo the suctual ‘eppig Figure 5.110 2\ Cladding cormponent & Sehjent matail 4. Venta spaetreoprone “The connection consisted ony (25.2 cman Al forces are Figur S12 Facade Fame Figur 5.112 5. Facade 4 Castnataon 5 Stet ooo ‘Salt woot rom facade components Is annie det fom facade to facade, Morzontal cee goto he floor eb suche ‘ig assembly bot tal ate and deveFigure 5.13 and 5.414 Frame: Frame 4. Thapes fame 2. Vehaped ame ‘two-dimensional oad-earng and bracing fame sytem canbe ceated by using T- and Vesnaped trame Eorponenis. The Tshaped lames ‘Sones ongtucaly whe the V" Shaped romes ste placed nthe transverse dren, Fig 5.13 shows herentrced and renforcod by catin sist lates, Faw ans Fague et i 4. Coen wth column hess 2. Narow planks orbs 5 Planks orton sibs Figure S115 Cohan Pan Precast butsngsystoms without beams may ese problems due to very srl support areas ‘ewoen las an cones, Figure 5.115 providos@ soluion tots A column head suppods he araw abs, which a8 fn ‘ui, supports by the man floor ateFigures. 6.121 ang | | Fi 5.122, have. beon designed fo siinate oldorgges. end to ‘ow tomperature ‘take dd gue ST6Coumn Cading Figure S117 Cokuma Gadaing : 1 Coens 4. Cladirg components 2 Gedaing 2 Sloat bar waiged to the : 5. Gas stat ate aang components 4 Stel ang wold topato 8 Reioycenent cast in 8 Dowslaeaccemby bet Precast ageing components he mover an she sates Yertcat movemant can take Spa form pa! for eat Dlacoattotoperthecleding Shy ewuctoe, Eomponents, Vedic and transmted via the welded Sool coeoton Figur 5178 Cokin Facade +. Cladaing compenent 2 Castinat ooume Precast cladding ie used ae shuterng Ina skeleton mai sucue, Ibadand check on emparste movements in the balcony Faas BO) Fae Tae 4. coum eampanena 4: Beam ortane 2 Sacory son 2 aca ob se 3 Saft bearng, fr Instance 4 dont con neon 4, Bowel-ole connection &tawiejee Tenperaize movers btwean Tho designer must ensue a Senge and sat have Wo Be tovnd tater othe veal conaate. Figua S121 HE STab Balcony Si 4. Bear, tame o wa 2, Hoon ore lab 5. Balony sib 2 Embedded steal ection 5 Lostng trap proving fom 6, ertcalsuppet Tiga SARC BS ‘Si 1, Beam, fare ox wal 2 How core sla 5. Batcny ab 4 Stepan cam o nb 5: Dowel mb ps king stip 8. Veteel suppor Figure S105 Load Bean wees al Baeony tab 1 wa 2. Balcony slab 3. Cast stool ate 4 Sofie matarat Figure $123 shows wo movable Supports in. a wal.baleony ‘Connection, whereas Figure 5.128 ‘Shows one fa and one movable peat Figus S774 toed Bearing WalBatany Sab 1, Bazony ith aadsupsor 2. Balcony slab wth mavens spoon 4. Boam, ame or wal 2 Pink 5 Balony sb wih nibs 2. Bearing, for instance, ooprene 5, No wih protruding ‘eintccement 6, Stuur! epping ‘The balcony slab is Grssoredea roc ended Ir Figre 5 125Section Figure 5127 Gatcony Sab Balcony Sab 1. Facade wat 2 Hotow cove sab 3. Baloony ame’ 4. Balcony slab locked tothe assembly oti ih ac, Figur 5126 Load Bearing Vat Balcony si The assembly Figo 5.128, 0 how tno aleany abs fan shat the suport area on top of wa each hawrg the flit, ‘Figure S125 Beam Balcony Parapet 1. Balcony boom 2. Balcony slab 3. Balcony parapet 4 Stiup-sowel somecton “Te tlcony sabe se simply supported on the kame whichis Tha parapet festned othe tp and bot of he beam component 4. Loss bearng wal 2 Baloony parapet 2. Balcony sab 4. Resombly bots ‘Tho assomby bos wih os ow temperature movements ‘fom to waht hand parapets take placa, but go nt allow ‘movement om a parapets ‘helen Figo 570 Load Boning ‘a 1. Loss bear wall 2. Balcony slab 3. Baleony paraoet 4. Neoprane basing 5. Bolle casin see nse “Temperature movements inthe papel have tobe considered before cosa he parapet entFigure 5151 Boom Siareare 1. Landing component 2. Fag component 5 Loose siege 4 Supporing ste! studs 5. Batted connection between fn wianaing Figur 513? Load Boarng ‘Wai-Stareare| 5 PPrvrasser ea oe i teseceac cleats eon eters, Figure 530 Loed Boning WalsStarease Figure 5.138 Haietaan jas areusadbetween (Snags and ht. Figure 5.134 1. Lead baring wal 2 Landing componen 53. Supper nib. 2 Salt material, for instones neoprene 5 Tabegrutee Figures 5138 and 5.194 ae both elated tothe atease stom shown here which uses shallow ot sb as lacing ade normal ss pista a ight component.Figure 5136 3 Figue 557 Zn Generation Figure S15 Gotum-Gatann Socket 1. Botom plate ‘Socket wat Ring rereroament Vere! sts Sie plate alaced in coment mortar Prcast clan compenart, {Casing on she Figure 6198 areGeneration | Thocolamnsscketcoutbecastenale oritcaukbe produce : '@. | as pocatconpanert, Te ecurn canbe desgnod oe 8 | fed ended coun, Figures 5.136, 5137 and 5.138 Column Sockets 1. Thekcastan ste socket walle 2. Brocas eck '3. Tan aston ate socket wal wth rough sraces 4 Precast coun wth ough suraca 5 8 Castistu rough int fing ereroament ana stirups Precast clu socket wh ory thin walls an fins 1, Procaat alm wih costae suface Figures 5.136, 5.137 end 5138 sow te development of the column sock fom vry sold concele bees caet ats ‘mor ht recat sure ih thn walls suppored by irsREFERENCES Singapore Stead on Cove of Practice For Sbuctr!Use of Conrta 0651909 Systam Bulng we Large Poel, Vo, 1070 én Intratcnaede a Préconana (199) FP Recormendtons| Paring & Dean of Proaat Canal Stucures, FP Carmi on Peatcaton, SETO, Iretton of SrucurtEngnears, London, May ration Intrationatde e Pron" (130) Fp aocammendatons,PocelDestossas Holo Coed Fars, Fi Commission on bressoreston, Tomas Toto, London 9. Prosssos Conte nt (192) Basi Handbook heaton, PC Chea, USA, Dann ButtingRsoar ete 1981 Sat redion i, Siauity of Pate Stee, Methods ana ais an tt ub Story Precest Concrete Fras Stucurs,lackwot Sloe Lt, London, 1056, seat, SMI ('960) Novartis Loadeap Canpresslen,Pretaizao of ence Sucre, ertonal Sera, Delt Unversty of fochrobay Del Uiverty Press, Oc, 17-180 Procoat Prestecsed Cancer Desgn Meru 2rd Eon, 1088 Stans Bygpatorstringsinn (Dai Bullng Research st), SSI" Reppan 9 (1970), Keyes Shot Joins Teta Rassarch Caio Finan Rerearh eros 310 Comectins and Jos Btwean Precast Concrete Uns sooo, Noverar 1965) Instn of Stuctul Engines (1078) ‘Skuta nts n Precast Caren, sa London, gest pS Pras Corte ne (1980) Bean &Typeal Osta of Gernactons for Precast and Practosced Gono, 2nd Eaton, PC, Chg, USA Feraton Intatonle dea Préconvate (1988) FP Reconmendaitons Denno uasnorey Prosar Conte Stra, Thomas for Condon, 27 eh Standard ain 1965) Sura se Of Saco In ulin, BSI BSSOS0, Londen “FIP nae marge wih CER Cort Eur naan on) oom he FI (Fan Intratonle dy Seon FIS ecto 3 se Portal 68 Snereand aera oa 2re7 a(t a sae