ISBT HFS Quality Manual PDF

HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS 42 &
55 QUALITY GUIDELINES AND

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Issue Date: March, 2014
Revision: 6
HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS 42 & 55 QUALITY GUIDELINES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Copyright © 2014 by the International Society of Beverage Technologists
All rights reserved.
Portions of this document may be used in other publications by including the following statement:
‡ Original Source: ISBT (HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS 42 & 55 QUALITY GUIDELINES AND
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES, Revision 6, © 2014)
This document may not be reproduced in its entirety, except for the purpose of translating into another
language. Non-English translations must include the following statement:
‡ Original Source: ISBT (HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS 42 & 55 QUALITY GUIDELINES AND
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES, Revision 6, © 2014) The ISBT is not responsible for the accuracy of this
translation from original English source text. It is up to the user of this translated document to ensure that it
corresponds with the most current version of the ISBT source document.
Complete English-language documents may be obtained online from the ISBT at www.bevtech.org
Revision # Release Date Revision Notes

1 1994 Original
2 1999 See Revision History Page 144
3 March, 2003 See Revision History Page 144
4 April, 2006 See Revision History Page 142
5 October, 2010 See Revision History Page 140
6 April, 2013 See Revision History Page 140
7 March, 2014 See Revision History Page 142
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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BEVERAGE TECHNOLOGISTS
HFS QUALITY GUIDELINES AND ANALYTICAL

PROCEDURES
Table of Contents
Contents Page
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 3
QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR 42 AND 55 HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP .................... 4

Description.......................................................................................................................................4
Analytical Guidelines for High Fructose Syrups .........................................................................5
Rationale Definitions .................................................................................................................... 6
Other Considerations......................................................................................................................6
Silica............................................................................................................................................. 6
Microbiological Parameters for Non Carbonated Beverages ...................................................... 6
TRANSPORT VESSEL SEALING ............................................................................................ 8

TRANSPORT VESSEL CLEANING & SANITIZING GUIDELINES ......................... 8
PRIOR LOAD COMMODITIES ................................................................................. 9
STORAGE & HANDLING GUIDELINES FOR HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS ......... 11
I. Storage Tanks .......................................................................................................................11

II. Tank Accessories .................................................................................................................13
III. Pipes and Fittings .................................................................................................................14
IV. Heating Requirements .........................................................................................................15
V. Pumps and Meters ................................................................................................................17
VI. Receiving Product ................................................................................................................18
VII. Preventative Maintenance and Cleaning............................................................................19
VIII. Technical Information ..........................................................................................................21
IX. Typical Equipment Configurations at Bottler ....................................................................23
X. Troubleshooting Guide ........................................................................................................25
Refractometer Solids ....................................................................................................................26
Conductivity...................................................................................................................................27
Saccharides ...................................................................................................................................30
Color (CRA) ....................................................................................................................................34
Mesophilic Aerobic Plate Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane Filtration ................36
Yeast and Mold Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane Filtration ................................39
HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Page 1 of 144
HFS QUALITY GUIDELINES AND ANALYTICAL

PROCEDURES
Sediment ........................................................................................................................................42
pH ....................................................................................................................................................44
Taste, Odor, and Appearance ......................................................................................................45
Chlorides ........................................................................................................................................51
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ......................................................................................................................55
Acetaldehyde .................................................................................................................................58
Isovaleraldehyde (IVA) ..................................................................................................................62
Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) and Furfural (FFA) ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2-Aminoacetophenone (2AP) .......................................................................................................72
Floc Potential .................................................................................................................................79
Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) by AA/ICP with Ashing .....................................................................80
Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) by AA without Ashing ......................................................................84
Acetaldehyde and Isovaleraldehyde (IVA) ..................................................................................84
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................... 89
APPENDIX I – INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS TABLES ......................................... 91
APPENDIX II –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 42 .............................................................. 95
APPENDIX III –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 55 ........................................................... 116
Revision History.................................................................................................. 140

Issue Date: April 2013 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 140
Issue Date: October 2010 .......................................................................................................... 140
Issue Date: April 2006 ................................................................................................................ 142
Issue Date: March 2003 ............................................................................................................. 144

Page 2 of 144
INTRODUCTION
Quality Guidelines for High Fructose Syrup 42 and 55 and their associated Analytical
Procedures were developed by a committee comprised of representatives from both the
Beverage industry and the High Fructose Syrup (HFS) industry.
This document has been prepared to provide general guidance to manufacturers of

beverages and suppliers of HFS on the key characteristics for the quality and purity of
HFS as used as a food ingredient in beverages. Individual needs, however, may dictate
the application of other requirements which, should be agreed to by both the HFS
suppliers and HFS customers.
These voluntary guidelines are also intended to provide assistance to domestic and
international HFS suppliers and users in achieving compliance with certain aspects of
applicable regulatory standards such as Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), United States
Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
Affirmation 21CFR 184.1866, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), as well as some
local governmental requirements.
All manufacturers of beverages that use HFS are encouraged to use syrups that
conform to these guidelines. The use of HFS based on these voluntary guidelines will
assist all beverage manufactures in the production of uniform quality beverages.
The International Society of Beverage Technologists does not warrant the efficacy,
accuracy or completeness of these guidelines.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ISBT would like to thank the members from the following companies who
participated in the HFS subcommittee and contributed to the publication of the ISBT
HFS Quality Guidelines.
A.A.C. - European Cereal Starch Association Dr. Pepper Snapple Group

ADM Ingredion
Cargill Nutrasweet
The Coca-Cola Company PepsiCo
Carry Transit Silliker Laboratories
Corn Refiners Association, Inc Tate & Lyle
Vernon Transportation

Issue Date: March, 2014 Page 3 of 144
QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR 42 AND 55 HIGH FRUCTOSE

SYRUP
Description
The description for High Fructose Syrups is contained in Section 184.1866, Title 21 of
the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). High Fructose Syrups are sweet, nutritive
saccharides mixtures, consisting mainly of fructose and glucose. They are clear
aqueous solutions prepared from high dextrose starch hydrolysate by enzymatic
conversion of glucose (dextrose) to fructose utilizing glucose isomerase enzyme. HFS
can be derived from corn starch or other starch derivatives. The fructose content may
be increased utilizing chromatographic separation and/or blending under good
manufacturing practice conditions.
High fructose syrups are water-white to light yellow, somewhat viscous liquids that
darken at high temperatures. They are miscible in all proportions with water.
High fructose syrups must be manufactured, processed, packaged, and stored under
sanitary conditions appropriate to food products; and in compliance with all applicable
laws and regulations.
The analytical guidelines for High Fructose Syrups are contained on the following page.

Analytical Guidelines for High Fructose Syrups

Guideline HFS 42 HFS 55 Rationale
Solids 71.0  0.5% 77.0  0.5% FCC
Process Capability
Conductivity 70 mhos/cm Maximum 70 mhos/cm Maximum Process Capability
(represents ash)
Fructose (dry basis) 42% Minimum 55% Minimum Sensory Regulatory
FCC
Dextrose & Fructose 92% Minimum 95% Minimum Sensory, Regulatory
(dry basis) FCC
Color 1.15 CRA (x 100) Maximum 1.15 CRA (x 100) Maximum Sensory
20 ICUMSA* Units 20 ICUMSA Units Maximum
Maximum
Sediment 6.0 mg/Kg Maximum 6.0 mg/Kg Maximum Process Capability
pH 3.3-4.5 3.3-4.5 Process Capability
Taste, Odor, & Typical with no Typical with no Objectionable Sensory
Appearance Objectionable Taste, Odor, Taste, Odor, or Appearance
or Appearance
Chlorides 50.0 mg/Kg Maximum 50.0 mg/Kg Maximum Sensory
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 3 mg/Kg Maximum 3 mg/Kg Maximum Regulatory, FCC
Sensory
Acetaldehyde 80 g/Kg Maximum at 11% 80 g/Kg Maximum at 11% Sensory
Isovaleraldehyde 5 g/Kg Maximum at 11% 5 g /Kg Maximum at 11% Sensory
Solids (More study because Solids
of detection limit,
repeatability).
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2- 75 mg/Kg Maximum 75 mg/Kg Maximum Sensory
furfural, HMF
Furfural, FFA 2.0 mg/Kg Maximum 2.0 mg/Kg Maximum Sensory
2-Aminoacetophenone, 0.5 g/Kg Maximum (More 0.5 g/Kg Maximum Sensory
2AP study because of detection
limit, repeatability).
Floc Potential Passes Test Passes Test Sensory
Iron 1.0 mg/Kg Maximum 1.0 mg/Kg Maximum Sensory
Copper 1.0 mg/Kg Maximum 1.0 mg/Kg Maximum Sensory
Arsenic 1 mg/Kg Maximum 1 mg/Kg Maximum Regulatory FCC
Lead 0.1 mg/Kg Maximum 0.1 mg/Kg Maximum Regulatory FCC
Total Mesophilic 200 CFU per 10 g 200 CFU per 10 g Maximum Process Capability
Bacteria Maximum
Yeast 10 CFU per 10 g Maximum 10 CFU per 10 g Maximum Process Capability
Mold 10 CFU per 10 g Maximum 10 CFU per 10 g Maximum Process Capability

Rationale Definitions
Sensory: Any attribute that negatively impacts taste, odor, or appearance of

beverage.
Process Capability: Any attribute that defines a key parameter in a controlled process
and an important consideration in the beverage industry
Regulatory: Any attribute whose limit is set by governing regulatory agencies
Other Considerations
In addition to the standards listed above several other areas are being assessed
and debated throughout the world. As new scientific information, test methods,
and regulations become available; standards, procedures and/or test methods
related to these considerations may be required. Until these get incorporated into
ISBT or other publicly accessed references, they will continue to be addressed
independently within the respective end user and manufacturers organizations.
Some areas of interest include:
Silica
Under acidic conditions silicates liberate silicilic acid which, although initially
dispersed colloidally in the beverage, will be converted to silicon dioxide and
precipitated. This precipitate can appear as fine sediment in clear beverages,
forming a "tornado" effect on swirling the beverage bottle.
Microbiological Parameters for Non Carbonated Beverages

The ISBT microbiological guidelines used by the beverage industry to monitor the
sweetener manufacturing process are critical. These guidelines function as alert
mechanisms to signal whether microbiological conditions in the finished product
are within the normal range. When lot acceptance or product testing is
necessary, decisions to accept or reject material should never be based upon the
analysis of a single sample. Various factors including sampling method, sample
preparation and mixing, and laboratory technique may affect microbiological
results. Limits presented here are considered acceptable to monitor prerequisite
programs (which include GMP's) and HACCP performance. Individual bottlers
and suppliers should agree upon microbiological protocols including testing
frequency, test method, and accept/reject criteria.
The microbiological guidelines referenced mentioned below are intended to be

suitable limits for carbonated beverages (CSD’s). Special consideration should
be given to sweeteners used for other types of beverages (i.e. low acid, thermally
processed, non-preserved, or aseptically processed beverages), as tighter
microbiological controls may be necessary to ensure product integrity.

While there are many yeast and molds capable of spoiling non-CSD’s, heat
resistant molds (HRM’s) are the main spoilage organisms of concern because
many of these beverages are thermally processed/hot filled at 180ºF (82ºC).
Common organisms include Byssochlamys fulva, Byssochlamys nivea,
Neosartorya fischerii and Talaromyces flavus. Others such as Paecilomyces and
Eupenicillium can be heat resistant but are not commonly associated with heat
resistant type spoilage. Labs testing sugars for HRM’s need to be versed in mold
identification. These molds are airborne and common, especially in warm
climates. They may also be introduced to juice processing facilities and
equipment via contaminated fruit, concentrates or bases. They have adapted to
surviving chemicals and environmental conditions that other fungi cannot. They
have a higher osmotic pressure tolerance, which allows them to thrive in sucrose
and other sugars and syrups when moisture is introduced (condensate). HRM’s
have been isolated from tanks, tank filters, gaskets, corroded pipes, and delivery
pipes. Special attention must be paid to preventing heat resistant mold growth in
liquid sweetener systems. In warm and tropical climates, it is particularly
important to focus on the production facility environment. Understanding the
sources of HRM and how to identify and control them will prevent spoilage of
non-carbonated beverages with these organisms.
Low acid, thermally processed beverages can undergo spoilage by thermophilic

flat sour bacteria when held at high ambient temperatures. For sweeteners that
are used in low acid thermally processed products, consideration should be given
as to whether to include specifications for total thermophilic bacterial spores and
flat sour spores. These bacterial spores are a spoilage concern in these products
due to their very high heat resistance and therefore need to be controlled in the
raw ingredients. The organisms of greatest concern are Bacillus
stearothermophilus and Bacillus coagulans.
Although no limits are put forth herein for beverages, for reference the Food
Processors Association (FPA, formerly known as NFPA) has published
standards for spore-formers in canned foods and these are as follows
Total thermophilic spore counts: average of not more than 125 spores per 10
gram sample.
Flat sour spore count: average of not more than 50 spores per 10 gram sample.
Methods for testing for these types of organisms are available in the
Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th
edition, chapters 21, 25 - 27.

Alicyclobacillus (ACB) is an acid tolerant thermophylic micro-organism which as a

spore is very heat resistant and will survive the usual heat processes used in the
fruit juice industry. Information about this organism can be found in the
Alicyclobacillus Best Practice Guideline, published by the Association of the
Industry of Juice and Nectars (AIJN). This publication is posted on
www.bevtech.org under Resources and Industry News.
Other potential issues could be raised in the future and they will be addressed as
appropriate. High Fructose Syrup should meet the guidelines recommended by
ISBT and comply with any other requirements defined by local food regulations,
consistent with its intended use. High fructose syrups must be manufactured,
processed, packaged, and stored under sanitary conditions appropriate to food
products; and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
Transport Vessel Sealing

We recommend that transport trailers be sealed at all times with uniquely
numbered tamper evident cable seals. For more information, refer to Homeland
Security directive requirements.
Transport Vessel Cleaning and Sanitizing Guidelines

Refer to the WASH STATION GUIDELINES FOR LIQUID SWEETENER
TRANSPORT VESSELS located on www.bevtech.org, under Member Manuals.

APPENDIX VI
CHLORINE SANITIZER GUIDANCE FOR WASH STATIONS

Why Sanitize?
In the food industry we sanitize to reduce the risk of product contamination and
protect public health. Correctly applying an EPA registered sanitizer to a
properly cleaned food contact surface will reduce the total microbiological load to
a safe level.
What is a sanitizer?
A sanitizer is an EPA registered chemical that when diluted, in accordance with
the label directions will reduce the microbiological contamination on the surface
to a generally accepted level (99.999% a 5 log reduction) in 30 seconds. The
sanitizer used most commonly in tanker truck sanitation is Sodium Hypochlorite
(Chlorine).
Important Note (FDA and chlorine sanitizers): The food industry most often uses
sanitizing procedures. Regardless of the product, the sanitizing solution must be tested to
verify that the desired concentration is consistently present. Too little sanitizer, of course,
can result in unacceptable efficacy, while too much sanitizer can yield residues that do
not meet standards (FDA Code of Federal Regulations 21CFR 178.1010 Sanitizing
Solutions. “Sanitizing solutions may be safely used on food-processing equipment and
utensils, and on other food contact articles as specified in this section within the following
prescribed conditions: a) Such sanitizing solution are used, followed by adequate
draining before contact with food, b) The solutions consist of one of the following, to
which may be added components generally recognized as safe and components which
are permitted by prior sanction or approval (1) An aqueous solution containing potassium,
sodium, or calcium hypochlorite, with or without the bromides of potassium, sodium or
calcium. (c)(1) Solutions identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section will provide not more
than 200 parts per million of available halogen determined as available chlorine.”
Where do I find the correct sanitizer?

A chemical supplier that services the food processing industry is the best place to
purchase EPA approved sanitizer with the necessary label instruction to prepare
solutions that will effectively do the job. If you use chlorine (bleach) purchased
from the grocery store you will be risking the quality of product you are trying to
protect. Some grocery store brands do not have the proper label claims or
instructions and may contain scents and other ingredients that are illegal to use
on food processing surfaces.
How do I make up my chlorine sanitizer solution?

 First thing to understand is that is a violation of federal law to use a
sanitizer in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
 Look at the label and find the instructions for “Sanitizing of Non-Porous
Food Contact Surfaces”.
 Follow the dilution instruction needed to make up a 100 – 200 ppm
available chlorine solution.

 Prepare fresh chlorine solutions at the start of your shift and verify the
correct concentration using test papers or drop test kit.
 Do not use HOT water to make up the solution.
 Do not use scented chlorine sanitizers.
 Test the solution strength using an appropriate test kit or test papers.
Chlorine test strips will vary in the amount of chlorine detected. To obtain
an accurate measurement of residual chlorine select a test strip in the 0-
1000ppm range with 25-50 (or smaller) ppm increments. You can contact
your chemical supplier if you need help in sourcing the proper testing
equipment along with instructions on proper use.
 The strength of your chlorine solution will decrease over time. If the
solution strength falls below 50 ppm or is visibly soiled dump the solution
and start over with a fresh solution.
 Label your chlorine solution holding sinks, buckets and spray bottles
clearly as “Chlorine Sanitizer Only”
 Keep your chlorine solution containers covered to minimize contamination
and loss of chlorine to the atmosphere.
Safety:
It is important to use personal protective equipment when diluting and using any
sanitizer. Minimum equipment would include safety glasses and protective
gloves. Additional equipment may be requires based on the application method.
Consult with the chemical supplier to obtain MSDS information and instructions
for safe use. Consult with your site Safety Manager for proper personal
protective equipment.
Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with applicable regulations. Consult

your local or regional authorities for additional information. Refer to the product
label for appropriate disposal instructions for used containers.

PRIOR LOAD COMMODITIES

The following list is comprised of the generally accepted prior commodities
which, can be transported immediately prior to transporting a load of HFS. The
list was compiled through the joint efforts of HFS manufacturers and soft drink
customers and represents the best information available at this time. Presence
on this list indicates that data is available that demonstrates that the prior
commodity in question can be effectively and consistently removed from the
transport vessel using the cleaning procedures found in the “Wash Station
Guidelines for Liquid Sweetener Transport Vessels”. Individual customers,
however, should carefully review the items listed to assure that they are
acceptable. Other commodities may be approved with the express consent of
both the supplier and customer. Those found unacceptable should be excluded
by contract with the supplier.
The commodities found in the following table are recognized as generally

accepted prior commodities for sweetener vessels intended for use in the
beverage industry. If other prior commodities are used refer to the “Wash Station
Guidelines for Liquid Sweetener Transport Vessels” for the type of wash needed.
Prior Commodities Table
Clear, Non-Flavored Beverage Alcohol Liquid Sucrose/HFS/Glucose Syrup Blends
Citric Acid Mannitol
Glucose Syrup Sorbitol
High Fructose Syrup Potable Water
Medium Invert/ Invert Sugars Phosphoric Acid
Liquid Sucrose Liquid Dextrose
Liquid Maltodextrins Lactic Acid
Hydrogenated Glucose Syrups
Includes maltitol, erythritol, xylitol, lactitol
and polyglycitol (hydrogenated starch
hydrolysate)
If the HFS raw material is derived from an allergen source (wheat), a Type 4
wash is required. Refer to Vessel Wash Guidelines for details of the wash
requirements needed.
From time to time it may be necessary to consider additional ingredients to be

added to this list. Standards for consideration and inclusion of new ingredients to
this list shall consist of, but are not limited to the following general considerations:
1. The ingredient must be considered a food or a food grade commodity.
2. The ingredient must be freely soluble in water.

3. The ingredient must leave no odor in the vessel after it has been washed as
described in the “Wash Station Guidelines for Liquid Sweetener Transport
Vessels”
4. Chemical and sensory data should be assembled to support the idea that if
any minute residue of this ingredient were left in the vessel after washing
according to the requirements described in the “Wash Station Guidelines for
Liquid Sweetener Transport Vessels” such residue would have no impact on
the performance, sensory quality or labeling of a beverage.
Sweetener vessels may be considered as any accepted mode of bulk sweetener

transport such as rail cars, trailers, ISO containers, etc.
Proposals to the ISBT to amend current guidelines for generally accepted prior
commodities should be made in writing to the Executive Director of the ISBT and the
Chair of the Sweetener Committee. The members of the sweetener guidelines
subcommittee of the ISBT shall review the proposal against the established
considerations and determine if any additional requirements need to be met.
In general, the methods by which the subcommittee will determine whether the
standards have been met will be the application of the appropriate sensory and
chemical tests to the wash water and container after the wash has been
completed. Such tests shall be repeated to provide statistical validity and use
recognized testing methodologies (such as AOAC) appropriate for the given
ingredient. It is recommended that petitioners prepare this information for the
ISBT in advance.

STORAGE & HANDLING GUIDELINES FOR HIGH

FRUCTOSE SYRUPS
The following provides guidelines for the storage and handling of high fructose
syrups. It reflects current industry knowledge about the properties of these
sweeteners and the materials used for storage and handling. These guidelines
are not intended to replace existing specifications. All metric conversions are
approximate.
I. Storage Tanks
Tank Sizing
Liquid sweetener storage tanks are typically sized a minimum of 1.5 times larger
than delivered loads to ensure sufficient inventory. For example, based on a
typical tank truck or container capacity of 50,000 pounds (22,700 kilograms) or
4,400 US gallons (16.7 cubic meters or 16,632 liters) , the minimum storage tank
capacity suitable for truck deliveries is recommended to be 75,000 lbs ((34,000
kilograms) or 6600 US gallons (25.0 cubic meters or 24,984 liters).
Based on an average railcar capacity of 200,000 pounds (90,800 kilograms) or

17,600 US gallons (66.7 cubic meters or 66,528 liters), the minimum storage tank
capacity suitable for railcar deliveries is 300,000 lbs (136,200 kilograms) or
26,400 US gallons (100 cubic meters or 99,792 liters).
The need for additional storage capacity will depend upon production rates and
volumes, delivery scheduling, and length of time between order placement and
actual delivery.
General Construction
Please refer to the diagrams of typical sweetener storage systems in Diagram in

Section IX.
Horizontal and vertical tanks are recommended. The choice of which to use will
depend on the available space in the facility. Tanks with sloped bottoms will
provide the drainage that is required. The syrup inlet pipe may be located on the
top or side of the tank. A bottom inlet is not recommended.

Stainless steel tanks must be equipped with standard flanged heads; horizontal
tanks should have dished heads. All corners must have a minimum ½-inch
radius, tank finish should be 2B or No. 4, and all interior welds ground smooth
and polished, with no snag finish or pits. Tanks should be passivated, inspected
and cleaned prior to being put into service.
Storage tanks located outside the building or in an unheated area must be

insulated to prevent product crystallization and to decrease temperature
variation. This could include insulating the base of the tank. Insulation applied to
outdoor tanks requires weatherproofing. Storage tanks located indoors may
require insulation or be equipped with adequate temperature control. The use of
insulation on indoor tanks will depend upon the heating/temperature control
method used. (See Section IV.)
Tank Materials
The following tank materials are compatible with liquid sweeteners:
Stainless steel (304L or 316) tanks are recommended and preferred for high
fructose syrups and other liquid sweeteners. Mild steel coated with a food grade
epoxy liner that can withstand high temperature (180 F or greater) and are pH
resistant can also be used. Recommended liners include but are not limited to
the following: Champion 466 FDA, Plascite 9133, Plascite 7133, Plascite
7133HS, and LCC 25H, and Devchem 755 and Amercoat 428PC. If lined tanks
are used it recommended that the lining be inspected periodically to ensure
proper condition.
Carbon steel, aluminum, 304 Stainless Steel and fiberglass lined storage tanks
are not recommended for storage of HFS. Carbon steel may release iron into the
product. Aluminum tanks may cause oxidation at the interface level of syrup
headspace by galvanic action. HFS may cause 304 Stainless Steel to pit. There
may be a leaching of curing solvents from fiberglass tanks into the product.

II. Storage Tank Accessories

The storage tank must be equipped with the following accessories.
A. A filtered, forced air blower system. The filtered, forced air passes through
the tank headspace, removes moisture, and thus reduces the likelihood of
microbial growth. (A UV light treatment system for the forced air is optional.)
1. The blower must be sized to keep the storage tank headspace dry
without removing moisture from the syrup, causing syrup to ‘dry out’. Air
flow should be sufficient to prevent condensation in tanks. Airflow of 60
cfm (150-200 m3/hour or 4-5 times the tank volume/hour) is also
suggested. For most storage tanks, this is equivalent to four tank
volumes of air exchanged per hour.
2. The air filter must be a HEPA-type and 99% efficient at 0.3 micron. The
HEPA filter life can be extended by protecting it with a larger micron
pre-filter. Filters are installed after UV lights (if being used) to protect
from broken glass if a bulb is broken.
3. The tank must be equipped with an air discharge vent, covered by a wire
mesh filter. A ribbon may be attached as an airflow indicator, although,
ideally, an air flow monitoring system will ensure that the unit is
functioning properly.
4. If using a UV system, warm air must be used to feed the UV system,

since air below 50°F (10C) reduces the effectiveness of the UV
system. The UV and air filter system should be protected from the
weather with rain covers.
5. If using UV, it is recommended installing the UV unit at ground level to

allow for easier access for maintenance. However, care needs to be
taken to ensure condensate does not buildup in the down legs of UV
lines. For outside installations, insulation of piping is recommended to
prevent condensation.
6. Connecting the UV system to an ammeter is recommended

for performance monitoring.
7. Depending on the lamp manufacturer, UV lamps must be changed every

four to six months to maintain maximum effectiveness.
B. An in-swing man-way or flanged man-way on the side for clean out and
inspection. If a vertical tank is used, installation of a top man-way will
facilitate inspection of the tank headspace.

C. A temperature probe located near the bottom of the tank and inserted at least
six inches (15 cm) into the interior of the tank for internal temperature
reading.
D. A sanitary sampling probe located near the tank discharge.
E. A sanitary level indicator such as a sight glass, diaphragm gauge, differential

pressure cell, or load cell. Sight glass tubes are not recommended for
outside tanks due to crystallization of HFS in the tube if exposed to
temperatures below 75F (25C).
Note: A sanitizing clean in place (CIP) provision is optional for sweetener

tanks.
Recirculation capability will aid with even temperature distribution and help to
prevent crystallization.
III. Pipes and Fittings

Piping and Gasket Material (Storage Tank)
The following piping materials are compatible with liquid sweeteners:
Stainless steel (304L or 316) is the recommended piping material for high
fructose syrups. Stainless piping should be heli-arc welded, purged and polished,
or joined by sanitary in-line clamp gaskets (tri-clover clamp type).
Carbon steel, fiberglass, galvanized, plastic, and PVC (CPVC) pipes are not
recommended for liquid sweeteners.
Recommended white gasket materials for liquid sweetener handling systems

include Teflon, food grade Tygon, and neoprene. Hose and tubing
couplings/fittings should be composed of similar material.
Piping
Piping should be separated for each sweetener type in use. Piping should be
designed to eliminate dead legs (ends). Sanitary butterfly or ball valves should be
used to provide positive cut-off where needed. A drain valve, or other provision to
empty the tank, should be included at the lowest elevation of the line to facilitate
system cleaning and sanitation. Tank inlet piping must be large enough to
accommodate desired flow rates for filling.

The tank discharge piping must be large enough to accommodate process demand
and to maintain adequate flow to the pump to avoid cavitation. The piping must also
be sized to account for temperature, viscosity, pipe length, elbows, and flow meters.
See Section VIII for Technical information of the physical properties of HFS.
In order to remove any possible debris or foreign material, the installation of an in-line
filter prior to the storage tank is recommended.
A piping design that eliminates all dead spaces is recommended. A drain valve
assists in sanitation of the piping system.
1. All lines from the receiving port through the meter to the syrup tanks must be
heat traced and insulated. Electric heat tape is recommended, but hot water or
steam tracing can also be used. The heat tracing must be thermostatically
controlled at the recommended storage temperature with separate zones for
each area where the temperature conditions may vary.
a. Using the correct type of electric heat tape is essential for proper heat
transfer, as well as for the safety of the pipe and insulation
b. Constant wattage heat tape, regulated by a thermostat, is the recommended

type of heat tape. Silicone/Nickel elements wrapped in a rubber jacket is the
preferred composition.
c. Typically, two feet (61 cm) of cable is needed for every foot (30.5 cm) of
piping to be heated. 10-watt heat tape is the most efficient type.
d. In those systems where CIP is used, electric heat tape will be subjected to
temperatures of 180 to 195°F (82 – 90C).
2. All heating systems should be limited in capacity to avoid overheating the syrup
in case of thermostat failure.
IV. Heating Requirements

Tanks
Storage tank temperature control systems are designed and installed to maintain
proper storage temperature. Temperature control systems should not be designed to
heat the product, since this could result in discolored or burnt syrups.
1. High Fructose Syrups require indirect heating systems to prevent dextrose

crystallization
2. The following indirect heating methods are recommended:

a. Jacketing around the base of the tank with hot water at 110°F (43C) from a
hot water heater may be used. Steam is not recommended, as inadequate
control will result in heat abuse and sweetener discoloration.
b. Electric heating pads may be placed directly along the base of the tank and
are thermostatically controlled. Pad temperatures should not exceed 110°F
(43C). An automatic emergency cut-off switch should be in place to prevent
heating elements from exceeding 120°F (49C).
NOTE: If heating jackets or pads are used, it is important that the syrup level
of the tank be maintained above the heating elements to prevent syrup
burning on the tank wall.
c. Bottom heating of the tank (horizontal or vertical) may also be used. In these
systems, the base of the tank is elevated to create a void for heating the air
space. This space is usually heated by steam coils or electric heaters. Indirect
heating should be applied within the bottom quarter of a vertical tank and
along the base of a horizontal tank.
d. It is recommended that all thermostats be kept secure. Costly damage could

occur if a thermostat is accidentally misadjusted.
e. Recommended Storage Temperatures (optimal storage temperatures are the

midpoints of each of these ranges):
Product Storage Temperature
55% HFS 80 to 90°F (27 - 32C)

42% HFS 90 to 100°F (32 - 38C)
Syrups stored for extended periods (over six months) should be evaluated
periodically for fitness of use.
Crystallization of dextrose may occur in High Fructose Syrups. Since crystallization is

a function of many variables including percent solids, percent dextrose, temperature,
and nucleation sites, it is difficult to define the exact temperature where crystallization
may begin. If the syrup temperature falls below the crystallization point (see chart
below), the dextrose in solution may begin to crystallize.
Product Approximate Crystallization

Temperature
55% HFS 75°F (24C)

42% HFS 85°F (29C)
If dextrose crystallization occurs, proper heating will solubilize the crystals. Agitation
or mixing of the sweetener through a mechanical recycle system will shorten the time

required to solubilize the dextrose crystals. Oil-free filtered air can also be used in a
properly maintained system.
For products that may crystallize, consideration should be given to using the product
pump to re-circulate syrup within the tank. If crystallization occurs, a re-circulation line
aids the rapid distribution of hot syrup evenly throughout the tank and helps reduce
color development. The re-circulation line should enter the bottom of the tank to
minimize air entrainment and foam development.
V. Pumps and Meters

Pumps
Since bulk trucks may be equipped with their own pumps a syrup-receiving pump
may not needed when receiving product by bulk truck delivery. HFS may be
transferred from a railcar to the storage tank by pressurizing the railcar using purified,
filtered food grade compressed air. Proper handling requirements must be followed
with using compressed air to off-load rail cars. Large slugs of air applied to the
storage tank can cause the tank to become pressurized. The following guidelines are
to be followed when using pumps to transfer HFS.
1. A positive displacement rotary pump, equipped with a food grade packing, an

internal bypass, and a pressure relief valve is required.
2. A positive displacement rotary pump, equipped with a food grade packing, an

internal bypass, and a pressure relief valve is required.
3. Pump size is determined by the required flow rate (gallons or liters per
minute), the piping configuration, the number of use points, and the viscosity of
the sweetener. The pump manufacturer should be consulted for the proper
sizing of equipment. Refer to Section VIII for the physical properties of HFS.
4. The pump should be protected by installing a perforated basket type strainer

on the intake side. Provisions should be made for the easy inspection and
cleaning of the strainer.
5. A magnet may be installed on the intake side of the pump.
6. A pressure gauge may be installed near the pump discharge to determine

pump efficiency.
7. Heat tracing and insulation are recommended for pumps that may be exposed
to temperatures below 70°F (21C). Refer to Section IV for heat tracing
requirements.
8. Under ideal circumstances transfer pumps should be capable of pumping

from:

a. Railcar and tank trucks to storage tank.
b. Storage tank to process room and all use points.
c. Storage tank back to storage tank for re-circulation.
d. Storage tank to tank truck and railcars.
9. Pumps must be equipped with stainless steel housings.
10. If using a pump to unload railcars, it is recommended that a separate pump

is used to transfer sweetener to the point of use.
Meters
1. Displacement, coriolus (mass flow meter), and mag meters may be used to gauge
the amount of liquid sweetener transferred. Since high fructose syrups have very
low conductivity values, proper meter selection is crucial to ensure accurate
metering. When using coriolus (mass flow) meters care must be taken to maintain
a full pipeline of material. Also, meters are subject to inaccuracies if there is
entrained air or air pockets. Equipment manufacturers should be consulted on the
meter best suited for a particular application. Refer to Section VIII for conductivity
information.
2. The pump and piping system of the syrup tank should be equipped with an
automatic cutoff (auto-stop).
3. The meter should be equipped with micro switches for pump starting and
stopping, and should have a two-stage start/stop to prevent hammering in the
pipes.
VI. Receiving Product
Recommended Trailer Delivery (upon receipt) Temperatures are:

Delivery (upon
Product
receipt)Temperature
55% HFS 80 to 95°F (27 - 35C)

42% HFS 90 to 100°F (32 - 38C)
A separate receiving port should be used for each sweetener. It is recommended that
each receiving port be clearly identified with a permanent placard. Receiving ports,
manways and all access points to the tank must be secured with cable seals or
padlocks.
Receiving ports and fittings should be maintained in a clean and sanitary manner. If
sanitizers are permitted, sanitize the receiving port and fittings with a sanitizer

approved for food contact surfaces. A sodium hypochlorite solution measured as 100
- 200 ppm free chlorine (the sodium hypochlorite solution must be approved for food
contact surfaces and be unscented) is recommended.
All fittings and hose ends should be stored off the ground. Hoses should be kept
capped and sealed to prevent foreign material contamination For bulk deliveries, the
customer typically provides a 3 inch male cam lock fitting to accommodate the 3 inch
cam lock female fitting. Equipment requirements should be coordinated with
customer, supplier and carrier.
In order to receive bulk railcar deliveries, a railcar adapter flange or cam lock fitting is
needed. This flange or fitting reduces the pipe size from 6 inches to 3 to 4 inches. A 3
to 4-inch brewer style (food grade) hose with a cam lock fitting is used to connect to
the flange and to deliver sweetener to the storage tank.
In line receiving filters or strainers should be inspected after every load for debris,
build up, or damage. Filters or strainers must be cleaned or changed if needed.
If samples are required, they should be taken in a sanitary manner. Sampling

methods will be determined by customer, supplier, and carrier.
VII. Preventative Maintenance and Cleaning Storage Systems

A preventative maintenance program should be developed and implemented for
pumps, gearboxes, motors, air compressors, pressure gauges, thermometers, air
blowers, air and product filters and any other product handling equipment that require
ongoing maintenance.
Examples of preventative maintenance items are below. Please note that the
guidelines in this example are minimum standards for storage tanks as well as for
implementation of the 72 hour wash process contained in the ISBT Vessel Wash
Guidelines
A. Tank airflow systems:
Daily
1. Verify air flow from exhaust filters to verify that the tank air systems are working
properly.
Monthly
1. Inspect intake guard and HEPA filters.
2. Monitor product for bacteria, yeast and mold from a sanitary sampling port.
Results must meet ISBT microbiological guidelines.

Quarterly
1. Change guard filters. Frequency may need to be increased based on

environmental conditions.
Every 6 months
1. If UV bulbs are present, unplug the UV unit and change the bulbs. This will
maintain maximum efficiency within the unit. Follow the manufacturer’s
instructions for maintenance and safety protocol.
2. (Optional, if entry to the tank permits). Take a swab sample of the upper tank
wall and test for yeast and mold. This should not be an issue if the UV unit,
filters and forced air blower are working properly.
Every 2 years (at minimum)
1. Change HEPA filter
B. Storage tank inspection and cleaning
The storage tank should only be opened for inspection, if necessary, to confirm the
presence of foreign material, product crystals, or microbial condition. If the tank
needs to be inspected and cleaned the following guidelines should be used.
Drain the storage tank to a level that allows for easy inspection of the entire tank,
including the floor. Inspect the inside of the tank for surface integrity and cleanliness.
Closely examine the roof and upper walls of the tank for any mold growth. This
should not occur if the forced air blower is working properly. If the tank is lined,
inspect the lining for chips, tears, holes, or rust. If repairs are necessary, contact an
appropriate tank lining contractor. Acceptable tank liners can be found in Section I.
If cleaning is necessary, follow instructions in the next section. If the tank appears to
be clean and free of foreign material, it is not necessary to clean it. Introducing water
into the tank may increase the likelihood of microbial growth.
Tank Cleaning
1. If cleaning is necessary, simply flush the tank and all lines with 180°F (82C)
water until all traces of foreign material are removed. Cleaning compounds are not
necessary. The tank headspace should be sufficiently dried before putting it back
into service. Use the forced air blower and the tank’s indirect heating source to
assist with the drying process. Flush syrup through the entire line to push out any
residual water. Stop when syrup flow is steady and uninterrupted. You may take a
refractometer reading of the effluent to verify that any water has been removed.
Dispose of syrup that was used to flush out the line. It is necessary to clean and
flush the tank following any welding or sanding work inside the tank.

2. Recalibrate in-line meter or mass flow meter after cleaning, using the
manufacturer’s recommended procedures.
3. Special tank cleaning circumstances should be discussed with your HFS supplier.
VIII. Technical Information

A. Conductivity
The conductivity for HFS is typically less than 5 micromhos/cm.

B. Change in Density of HFS at Various Temperatures
42% High Fructose Syrup (71% DS)

Temp Total Weight Dry Substance
°C °F g/L or Kg/M3 Lb/U.S. Gal. g/L or Kg/M3 Lb/U.S.
Gal.
15 59 1348.29 11.252 957.29 7.989
20 68 1345.41 11.228 955.14 7.971
25 77 1342.30 11.202 952.98 7.953
30 86 1338.82 11.173 950.58 7.933
35 95 1335.11 11.142 947.95 7.911
40 104 1331.15 11.109 945.07 7.887
45 113 1326.72 11.072 941.96 7.861
50 122 1322.16 11.034 938.72 7.834
Source: Pancoast, Harry M., Junk, W. Ray, Handbook of Sugar 2nd Ed., AVI Publishing Co. 1980
55% High Fructose Syrup (77% DS)

Temp Total Weight Dry Substance
°C °F g/L or Kg/M3 Lb/U.S. Gal. g/L or Kg/M3 Lb/U.S.
Gal.
15 59 1388.79 11.59 1068.85 8.92
20 68 1385.19 11.56 1066.46 8.90
25 77 1381.60 11.53 1064.06 8.88
30 86 1378.00 11.50 1061.66 8.86
35 95 1375.61 11.48 1059.27 8.84
40 104 1372.01 11.45 1055.67 8.81
45 113 1368.42 11.42 1053.27 8.79
50 122 1364.82 11.39 1050.88 8.77
Source: Corn Refiners Association
C. Specific Heat Values for HFS in cal/gm/°C or BTU/lb/°F

Product Temperature oF (C)
86°F (29C) 104°F (39C) 118°F (48C)
42 HFS 0.630 0.630 0.640
55 HFS 0.580 0.590 0.600
Source: (Torgeson, 1950, Handbook of Sugars, 2nd Ed.)
D. Physical Properties of High Fructose Syrups at Various Temperatures

Typical Viscosity (centipoise)
80°F 90°F 100°F 110°F 120°F
% Dry Lbs/Gal(
Product Solids 100°F) (26C) (32C) (38C) (43C) (48C)
42% HFS 71.0 11.15 220 165 95 70 55

55% HFS 77.0 11.46 760 520 360 240 160

IX. Typical Equipment Configurations


X. Operational Troubleshooting Examples

SYMPTOM CAUSE
Insect/Bee Activity   Receiving area not adequately washed down after
delivery.
 Insulation breaks.
 Leaking pipe connections / gaskets
Sump or Drain Odors   Receiving area not adequately washed down after
delivery.
 Sweetener leaks - Leaking pipe connections/
gaskets.
 Clogged drain.
 (Sweetener is source of high BOD – Need to
eliminate spillage)
High/Low Ammeter Reading   Electrical fault/grounding - UV Lamp requires
replacement.
Low or No Air Flow at Filter   Dirty/plugged electrostatic or HEPA filter. HEPA
installed on outlet instead of inlet side.
Interior Top of Storage Tank   Inadequate airflow.
Discolored/Moldy  HEPA installed on outlet instead of inlet side
 UV Light not Functioning
Sweetener Turned Amber or   High temperature exposure - Faulty heater
Brown Color in Tank controls/settings incorrect
 Age combined with storage temperature
Sweetener in Tank Turned   Low temperature exposure - Faulty heater
Frothy-Like/Crystallized in controls/settings incorrect
Storage Tank  Insulation Breaks around tank
Poor Sheeting Effect During CIP   CIP Ball or Rotojet partial plugging
 Air Filter seal voids/damaged filters.
High Microbiological Counts in   Delivery Trailers/hoses/pumps/ connectors
Tank inadequately cleaned & sanitized.
 Airflow low/UV Lamps not working properly.
 Sweetener load with high counts – Microbiological
testing procedure may not be correct.
High Solids   Evaporation of water from product
 Refractometer is not calibrated.
 Sampling error
Low Solids   Water addition to product
 Interpreting Refractometer Brix as Dry Solids
 Crystallization
 Refractometer is not calibrated.
 Sampling error

Classification: HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP ANALYSIS Procedure 1.0

Revision Date: March 2003 Page 1 of 1
Refractometer Solids
ABSTRACT
The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its
velocity in the substance. This, in turn, is dependent on composition, concentration (e.g., dry
substance) and temperature of the substance. When the solids composition and temperature
are known, the index of refraction is a measure of dry substance.
EQUIPMENT
1. Refractometer with a range of indices from 1.32 or lower to 1.53 or higher, accurate to
0.0001 unit. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use of the particular instrument.
Standardize using purified water and the test block supplied with the instrument.
2. Water bath. Operate at 20°C or 45°C. It should be sufficient size so that the refractometer
temperature is controlled within ±0.1°C of that prescribed for the bath (Note 1).
3. Light Source: Frosted incandescent bulb.
PROCEDURE
1. Apply sample to the prism face and close prism in minimum time possible (Note 2). Dilute
syrups are best applied with a dropper, while concentrated syrups are handled most
conveniently with a plastic applicator (a glass rod may scratch the refractometer prism)
(Note 3).
2. Read the index, estimating to the nearest 0.0001 unit, as soon as temperature equilibrium
is indicated by constant readings (approximately 3 minutes).
CALCULATIONS
If desired, obtain the percent dry substance of the sample by reference to Appendix II or III as
appropriate.
DISCUSSION AND NOTES
1. If the refractometer temperature is lower than room temperature, there is a tendency for
the prism to fog, especially at high relative humidity. Also, thick viscous syrups present
difficulties, which are best, overcome at higher temperatures where their viscosities are
sharply decreased.
2. For accurate measurements, particularly with warm samples, speed in application of the
sample and closing the prism is imperative. The process should take no more than 2 - 3
seconds.
3. Syrups must be completely free of all crystalline materials, which may interfere with
accurate refractive index.


Conductivity
ABSTRACT
Passage of an electric current through an electrolyte solution involves the migration of charged
species (i.e. ionized minerals and organic acids). Conductance is the measure of the current
that results from the application of a given electrical force; it is directly dependent upon the
number of charged particles in solution (Note 1).
Conductivity of finished products and process samples is determined by measuring the
conductivity. The method is applicable to samples containing minerals primarily composed of
sodium and chloride ions. The method is applicable to all carbohydrate solutions; particularly
those free of colloidal or particulate matter and can be adjusted to 28 % solids. (Note 2)
EQUIPMENT
Conductivity Meter or Bridge: Equipped with an appropriate conductivity cell or probe, temperature
compensated, (Note 3). Conductivity is read directly and corrected to 20 °C depending on the
manufacturer
REAGENTS
1. Special Distilled Water - Standard laboratory distilled water that has been deionized and carbon
treated to yield a resistance of 18 mega Ohms or better. For best results, the water should be boiled
just prior to use to remove dissolved gases that might contribute to conductivity. Do not allow the
water to set, exposed to the atmosphere, for more than 1-2 hours before use.
2. Potassium Chloride, (KCl) Calibrating Solutions (Note 4) –
0.01 M:
a. Weigh 0.3728 ± 0.0002 g of potassium chloride (KCl), previously dried (Note 5).
b. Transfer to a 500 ml volumetric flask.
c. Dilute with special distilled water to volume and mix well. The specific conductivity of the
resulting solution is 141 µmhos/cm (Note 6).
0.02 M:
a. Weigh 0.7456 ± 0.0002 g of potassium chloride, previously dried (Note 5).
b. Transfer to a 500 ml volumetric flask
c. Dilute with special distilled water to mark and mix well. The specific conductivity of the resulting
solution is 276 µmhos/cm (Note 6).
PROCEDURE
Standardization
1. Rinse the conductivity cell or the analysis vessel to be used with a quantity of standardizing
solution.
2. Discard the rinse solution and fill the vessel to the level specified in the manufacturer's
operating instructions.
3. Attach the cell or insert the probe (Note 7) into the vessel. If necessary, adjust the
temperature compensation control to match the temperature of the solution.
4. Select the correct range and adjust the calibration control to match the specific conductivity
of the calibrating liquid (Note 8).
5. Verify the calibration by determining the conductivity of the second potassium chloride
solution or commercial standard. Values should be ± 2 of the stated value; if not, repeat the
calibration procedure.


Conductivity
Analysis
1. Adjust the sample to 28% solids using special distilled water. If the sample is below 28%
solids, it can be read directly also noting the solids level actually used as is.
2. Rinse the conductivity cell or the analysis vessel with the special distilled water and twice
with the solution to be analyzed.
3. Fill the cell to the level specified by the manufacturer (Note 7) and adjust the temperature
control to correspond with the temperature of the test solution. Select the proper range for
the sample type and measure the conductivity.
4. Conductivity - Record the value obtained from the conductivity meter or bridge as specific
conductivity, µmhos/cm at specified solids level.
CALCULATIONS: None required
NOTES
1. Specific Conductance, K, is the quantity determined in direct conductance measurements.

It is related to the measured conductance, as follows:
A
L = K
1
Where L = Conductance = [resistance (ohms)]-1

A = Conductor cross sectional area, (cm2)
l = Conductor length, (cm)
(L is the conductance of a cubic centimeter of liquid)
The ratio, A/l, has a fixed and constant value in any given conductivity cell, and is known as
the "cell constant". Its value is seldom determined directly; however, it is evaluated by
measuring the conductance of a (potassium chloride) solution whose Specific Conductance
is reliably known.
2. The scientific community has not reached complete agreement as to the ideal solids
concentration for this measurement however, 28% has been fairly widely adopted as the
most appropriate concentration.
3. Samples measured on instruments without temperature compensation capability must be
analyzed at the exact temperature specified for operation
4. Alternatively, commercial conductivity calibrating solutions are available at modest cost. The
conductivity meter should be standardized with solutions approximating the conductivity of
the samples being tested. Samples with a specific conductivity of less than 50 µmhos/cm
should be determined on a meter that was standardized with a solution no higher than 75
µmhos/cm.
5. Dry reagent grade potassium chloride for 4 hours at 100°C under vacuum or until a constant
weight is attained.


Conductivity
6. Millisiemens per meter (mS/m) = Micromhos per centimeter (µmhos/cm) / 10

7. Most modern instruments are equipped with probes that should be inserted into the liquid
according to a specified depth. Consult the manufacturer's reference and mark the probe
in some obvious way so that all operators insert the probe to the same depth.
8. In general, most modern conductivity (conductance) meters measure specific conductivity
values directly. Conductance - resistance meters and many conductivity bridges provide
both specific conductivity and resistance measurements. Specific conductivity
measurements (µmhos/cm) may be reported as read; however, if resistance values
(ohms) are obtained the "cell constant" must be determined for each standard using the
equation in Note 1. Average the two results and use this value to calculate sample
conductivity:
Cell Constant
Conductivi ty =
Sample Resistance
REFERENCES
Corn Products Standard Methods of Analysis, Method C105 Conductivity, 1999.

Corn Products Unissued Progress Report and Generated Tables, B. Pence, 1980.
Corn Products International: Moffett Research and Development – Analytical Method A153,
1973.
International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis: Methods GS2/3-17 and
GS1/3/4/7/8-13, Conductivity Ash. 1994.
Corn Products International method CPSMA A92 11/00


Revision Date: April 2009 Page 1 of 4
Saccharides
ABSTRACT
A corn syrup solution is passed through a metal ion-modified cation exchange column. The individual
sugars are separated by molecular exclusion and ligand exchange. The eluted sugars are detected using
a differential refractometer and the resulting peaks are quantified against an appropriate standard with the
aid of a modern electronic integrator.
SCOPE
The method is applicable to all corn syrup, including those containing fructose, corn syrups and starch
hydrolyzates prepared by acid and/or enzymes conversion (Note 1).
EQUIPMENT
Liquid Chromatograph: A liquid chromatograph capable of accommodating a 22-31 cm temperature-
controlled column and equipped with a constant flow pulseless pump and differential refractometer
detector with attenuation capabilities.
Integrator: A computing integrator with calculating and recording capabilities, compatible with the voltage
output of the detector.
Chromatograph columns: Prepacked cation exchange columns (calcium or silver form) are
recommended. These columns are macroreticular polystyrene sulfonate divinylbenzene, 2-8%
crosslinked, 8-25µm particle size. Examples of acceptable columns are: Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87C for
separating DP1-DP4 saccharides and Aminex HPX-42C or HPX-42A for separating DP1-DP7 saccharides.
Guard column: Protect the analytical column described above by inserting a deionizing precolumn
available from chromatographic column manufacturers.
Chromatographic column Heater: A thermostatically controlled metal block heater accommodating two
columns, capable of operating at temperatures up to 95C (±0.5C).
Sample Injector: Use a loop injector having a capacity of 10-50 µL. Rheodyne-type, or equivalent, is
recommended for manual injection, use a precision sampling syringe, 100 µL capacity.
REAGENTS
Solvent: degassed, purified water (See appendix 1) should be filtered through a 0.22 micron membrane
filter prior to use; maintain at approximately 85C.
Carbohydrate Standards: Recommended sugar standards are as follows: fructose; dextrose; maltose
hydrate; maltotriose; acid-converted 42 D.E. corn syrup or a maltodextrin of about 10 D.E. (Note 3). When
applicable, the purity of a given standard sugar should be determined using liquid chromatographic
analysis (Note 4).


Saccharides
PROCEDURE
Column conditioning:
Install chromatographic and guard columns, begin pumping solvent at 0.1 ml per minute, bring
to operating temperature, increase flow rate to 0.5 ml per minute, and allow to equilibrate for 45
minutes.
Approximate operating conditions: The parameters listed below may be modified, depending on
equipment used.
Instrument Parameters
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/minute

Column Temperature 85 degrees C
Detector Temperature 45 degrees C
Detector Attenuation 8X
Inject standard or sample of known composition. Following throughput, examine chromatogram

and adjust integrator according to manufacturer's instructions so as to obtain the desired
information.
Standardization: Prepare a standard solution at 10% solids using sugars of known purity (e.g.,
fructose, dextrose, maltose, etc.) that approximates the composition of a sample type on a dry
basis. Dissolve the appropriate dry weights (±0.1 mg) of each standard sugar in 20 ml of purified
water contained in a 50 ml beaker. Heat on a steam bath until all sugars are dissolved; then
cool and quantitatively transfer to a 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume and mix. Freeze
the solution if it is to be reused.
If a corn syrup or maltodextrin is used to supply a DP4+ fraction, care must be taken to include
all saccharides in the standard calculation.
Compute the dry basis concentration of each individual component in the standard solution
according to the equation below (see example of the calculation):
Sugar Component, % Dry Basis =
Component Wt.
Dextrose Wt. + Maltose (DP2) Wt. + Maltotriose (DP3) Wt. + Oligosaccharide (DP4+) Wt.
Standardize by injecting 10-20 µl (about 1.0-2.0 mg solids) of the standard sugar solution.
Integrate the peaks and normalize. Sum the individual DP4 responses from the normalized
printout to obtain the total DP4+ normalized response.
Area Correction Factor (ACF) = Know Concentration, d.b%
(for each component) Measured Concentration, Normalized, %
Compute the integrator response factors for each component using the following equation:
Integrator Response Factor KF = Component ACF
for each component relative to dextrose Dextrose ACF
The KF for DP4+ should be listed as the default value and used to compute higher saccharides.


Saccharides
ANALYSIS:
Determine the approximate dry substance of the sample. Dilute the sample, by weight, to about
10% solids with purified water (See Note 4). If injecting manually, rinse the syringe with the
diluted sample a minimum of 4 times prior to injection. Inject the appropriate volume of sample.
Following manual injection, rinse the syringe with warm purified water, allowing air bubbles to
scrub the walls of the syringe.
CALCULATION
When an electronic integrator with calculation capabilities has been used with the appropriate
KF values, the results will be computed automatically (Note 5). List the individual results
obtained for fructose, dextrose, maltose and other DP2. Combine the results obtained for
maltotriose and other DP3 and list the sum as DP3. Sum the remaining results and list the sum
as DP4 +.
When an integrator without calculations capability is used, the chromatographic results may be
calculated as follows:
List the individual areas for fructose (f), dextrose (d), maltose and other DP2 (2), as well as
maltotriose and other DP3 (3). Sum the remaining areas and list the obtained sum as DP4+. Use
the equations below to compute the concentration of each component. Report as under
Calculations.
% Component = (Component Area) (Component ACF) (100)
(AreafxACFf)+(AreadxACFd)+(Area2xACF2)+(Area4xACF4+)
NOTES AND PRECAUTIONS
1. The following sugars and/or sugar groups may be separated by this technique;
approximate retention time relative to dextrose as Rg is given in parenthesis: excluded
peak through DP (0.42-0.68); maltotriose (0.77); maltose and isomaltose (0.85);
maltulose (0.91); dextrose (1.00); fructose (1.23). Sucrose elutes with maltose and
isomaltose, and these three disaccharides are rarely separable by this method.
2. The composition of the acid-converted syrup is estimated by determining the level of

each saccharide shown for a given dextrose equivalent (D.E.) in the Corn Refiners
Association, Inc., Critical Data Tables. The dextrose equivalent of the syrup should be
determined according to the Corn Refiners Association, Inc., Standard Analytical Method
E-26. The syrup and maltodextrin are commercially available and approximate
compositions are obtainable from the supplier.
3. The best accuracy will be obtained when the dry solids and saccharide compositions of
the standard and the sample are about the same.
4. Generally, only one calibration is required per day. When a given standard is analyzed a
second time (on a given column having the same resolution), average the two sets of
ACF’s and use the average.


Saccharides
5. The following is the calculation performed by the integrator.
List the individual areas for fructose (f), dextrose (d), maltose and other DP2 (2), as well
as Maltotriose and other DP3 (3). Sum the remaining areas and list the obtained sum as
DP4 +. Use the equations below to compute the concentration of each component.
Report as under Calculations.
% Component = Component Area X Component ACF X 100

(Area f X ACF f) + (Area D X Area D) +
(Area 2 X ACF 2) + --(Area 4+ X ACF 4+)
6. Preparation of Corn Syrup Standard

Standard Spl. Wt. d.s., Spl Wt. G. DPI
Constituent As Is. g. % d.b. % Wt.(g)
Dextrose 4.4966 99.97 4.4952 99.61 4.4777
Maltose 2.5193 94.87 2.3901 0.19 0.0045
Maltotriose 0.3159 95.52 0.3018
Maltodextrin 2.7240 95.41 2.5990 4.05 0.1053
Total Wt. g 9.7861 4.5875
Wt. % Carbohydrate Distribution 45.880
Standard DP2 DP 3 DP4

Constituent % Wt.(g) % Wt.(g) % Wt.(g)
Dextrose 0.31 0.0129 0.08 0.0036
Maltose 98.62 0.3643 0.49 0.0117 0.40 0.0096
Maltotriose 95.07 0.2869 4.91 0.0149
Maltodextrin 3.72 0.0967 4.26 0.1107 87.97 2.2863
Total Wts. (gm) 2.4749 0.4093 2.3144
Wt.% Carbohydrate
25.29 4.18 23.63
Distribution
Analytical Methods for Saccharides E61 supplied courtesy of the Corn Refiners Association


Color (CRA)
ABSTRACT
When light passes through a colored solution, certain bands of the spectrum are absorbed while
others are transmitted. The relative amounts of the various transmitted spectral bands provide
the visual effect of color. By using the spectrophotometer as a source of monochromatic light,
the intensity of the transmitted light can be measured by means of a photoelectric cell and a
sensitive galvanometer. The galvanometer response at various wavelengths when compared to
distilled water may be interpreted as a quantitative measure of the solution color.
EQUIPMENT
1. Spectrophotometer: Bausch & Lomb Spectronic® 100 or equivalent
2. Sample Compartment: Multiple Sample Compartment
3. Tungsten Lamp: Replacement lamp assembly
4. Rectangular Cells (Note 1): 2 x 4 cm.
REAGENTS
Potassium Dichromate Solution, 0.005% (Note 4)
PROCEDURE
1. Fill one of two matched (Note 2) and cleaned (Note 3) cells with water, the other with
0.005% potassium dichromate solution (Note 4).
2. Place cells in sample compartment so that the light beam passes through the 4 cm length,
with water in the rear position.
3. Close the cell compartment door and pull carrier knob out to place water in the light path.
4. Set the mode selector to % T and wavelength at 450 nm.
5. Adjust balance control to read 100% T. Push in carrier knob to place chromate solution in
the light beam and adjust the 450 nm wavelength setting to obtain a % T value of 53 ± 0.5%.
Use this setting as the corrected 450 nm wavelength for all subsequent readings.
6. Discard the chromate solution, thoroughly rinse and then fill the cell with sample solution.
Replace the cell in the carrier and switch to the absorbance mode. Adjust balance control to
read zero absorbance with water. Immediately put the sample cell in the light beam and
read the sample absorbance.
7. Set the wavelength to 600 nm, adjust balance control to read zero absorbance using water
and then determine the sample absorbance.
CALCULATION
Color (CRA) = (A at 450 nm - A at 600 nm) x (Dilution factor)

Cell Length (cm)
Report values to no more than two significant figures.


Color (CRA)
1. High fructose corn syrup samples are usually low in color. Spectral analysis of these
sample types require that a path length of at least 4 cm be used in order to accurately
measure sample absorbance. The instrument used must be capable of accommodating a
4 cm cell.
2. Cells filled with purified water and having transmission values falling within 0.5% of each
other at 450 nm are considered matched.
3. Cells may be cleaned with detergent and warm water. Iron stains may be removed with
dilute hydrochloric acid, and grease films with cleaning solution. Use of abrasives, or
prolonged contact with hot water or strong reagents may cause damage.
Cells should be dry and free of fingerprints on outside surfaces through which light passes.
Unduly cold samples may cause condensation to form on outside cell surfaces.
Introduction of air bubbles will reduce light transmittance, although if motionless, will not
seriously affect color values.
4. Potassium dichromate (0.005%)
Dissolve 1.000 g of National Bureau of Standards (NBS) potassium dichromate in water,
add 5 ml of 1:3 hydrochloric acid and dilute with purified water to1 liter. Dilute this stock
solution further taking 50.0 ml up to 1 liter with purified water.


Mesophilic Aerobic Plate Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane
Filtration
ABSTRACT
This method describes procedures for determining the mesophilic aerobic plate count in
granular and/or liquid sugars. Pour plates use the diluted sample mixed with an agar medium
and then incubation to achieve a count. Membrane filtration uses the diluted sample filtered
through a sterile membrane and then media added and incubated to achieve a count.
SAMPLING
Aseptically collect at least 50 g or 50 ml of representative samples in sterile containers.
EQUIPMENT
A. Pour Plate Method
a. Autoclave at 1210C
b. Incubator – 350C +/- 10C
c. Bottles for culture medium
d. Petri Dishes – sterile 150 mm diameter
e. Graduated Pipettes – sterile 1 ml and 10 ml
f. Water bath – at 470C – 480C
g. Colony counter
h. Erlenmeyer flasks – 200 ml
i. Bunsen burner
j. Balance: sensitivity to 0.1 gram with 1000 gram minimum capacity
k. Weigh boats
l. Stirrer hot plate
B. Membrane Filtration Method
a. Membrane filtration apparatus which includes 2 vacuum flasks and vacuum tubing
b. Vacuum pump
c. Sterile 0.45 micron 45 mm or larger diameter membrane filters (monitors are disposable units)
REAGENTS/MEDIA
a. Distilled water
b. Plate Count Agar or equivalent; follow manufacturer’s instructions. Cool in water bath before use.
c. Sterile diluents: 0.1% Peptone Water, Butterfield’s Phosphate Buffer, or ¼ strength Ringer’s
Solution in 90 ml volumes.

a. Sterile distilled water
b. Total count broth or equivalent in 2 ml volumes.


Mesophilic Aerobic Plate Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane
Filtration
PROCEDURES

1. Aseptically pipette 10 ml liquid sugar or weigh 10 g granular sugar into 90 ml of sterile
diluent.
2. Shake vigorously to mix.
3. Dispense 10 ml each into two Petri Dishes.
4. Pour 40-45 ml of molten Plate Count Agar into each Petri Dish and swirl to mix.
5. After solidification, invert the Petri Dishes and place in 350C incubator for 48 hours.
1. Aseptically pipette 10 ml liquid sugar or weigh 10 g of granular sugar into 90 ml of sterile
diluent.
3. Prepare the membrane filtration apparatus.
4. Pour entire sugar solution onto the membrane filter in the filtration assembly.
5. Turn on vacuum and filter the sample.
6. Rinse the filter with approximately 20 ml of sterile diluent.
7. Turn off the vacuum.
8. Add 2 ml of Total Count broth.
9. Invert the dish and incubate at 350C for 48 hours.
10. Note: An alternative method for this broth method is to use Plate Count Agar and
aseptically place the membrane on the solidified agar surface in a Petri Dish and then
proceed with incubation as in step 9.
CALCULATION
A. Plate Count Method
1. Count the number of colonies on both Petri Dishes and divide by 2.
2. Multiply this average by 10 to determine the CFU (Colony Forming Units) per 10 g or per
10 ml.
1. Count the number of colonies on the membrane filter.
2. Record results directly to determine the CFU per 10 g or per 10 ml.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Positive and negative control samples should be tested at the same time as test samples to
validate the sterility of the equipment and media and also to validate that the media supports the
growth of appropriate test microorganisms.


Mesophilic Aerobic Plate Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or
Membrane Filtration
This test method simplifies the testing of sugars by eliminating the Dry Sugar Equivalent in
liquids. The results obtained from direct testing of a specified volume of liquid sugar is easier
to comprehend than having to make a calculation to convert material to a dry basis. The
results of the number of microorganisms obtained from this test are whole and practical.
REFERENCES
ICUMSA – International Commission For Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, 1994
Cadbury Schweppes Global Beverages


Yeast and Mold Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane Filtration
ABSTRACT
This method describes procedures for determining the yeast and mold count in granular and/or
liquid sugars. Pour plates use the diluted sample mixed with an agar medium and then
incubation to achieve a count. Recommend to use pour plate with higher colony count
samples. Membrane filtration uses the diluted sample filtered through a sterile membrane and
then media added and incubated to achieve a count. Recommend to use the membrane filter
method with low levels of microorganisms.
SAMPLING
Aseptically collect at least 50 g or 50 ml of representative samples in sterile containers.
EQUIPMENT
a. Autoclave at 1210C
b. Incubator – 250C +/- 10C
c. Bottles for culture medium
d. Petri Dishes – sterile 150 mm diameter
e. Graduated Pipettes – sterile 1 ml and 10 ml
f. Water bath – at 470C – 480C
g. Colony counter
h. Erlenmeyer flasks – 200 ml
i. Bunsen burner
j. Balance: sensitivity to 0.1 g with 1000 g minimum capacity
k. Weigh boats
l. Stirrer hot plate

a. Membrane filtration apparatus which includes 2 vacuum flasks and vacuum tubing
b. Vacuum pump
c. Sterile 0.45 micron 45 mm or larger diameter membrane filters (monitors are disposable units)
REAGENTS/MEDIA
a. Distilled water
b. Malt extract Agar or equivalent; follow manufacturer’s instructions. Cool in water bath before use.

a. Sterile distilled water
b. M-Green Yeast and Mold broth or equivalent in 2 ml volumes.


Yeast and Mold Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane Filtration
PROCEDURES
1. Aseptically pipette 10 ml of liquid sugar or weigh 10 g of granular sugar into 90 ml of
sterile diluent.
3. Dispense 10 ml each into two Petri Dishes.
4. Pour 40-45 ml of molten Malt Extract Agar into each Petri Dish and swirl to mix.
5. After solidification, invert the Petri Dishes and place in 250C incubator for 120 hours.
1. Aseptically pipette 10 ml liquid sugar or weigh 10 g granular sugar into 90 ml of sterile
diluent.
3. Prepare the membrane filtration apparatus.
4. Pour the entire sugar solution onto the membrane filter that is in the filtration assembly.
5. Turn on vacuum and filter the sample.
6. Turn off the vacuum.
7. Rinse the filter with approximately 20 ml of sterile diluent.
8. Add 2 ml of mGreen Yeast and Mold broth.
9. Invert the dish and incubate at 250C for 120 hours.
10. Note: An alternative method for this broth method is to use Malt Extract Agar and
aseptically place the membrane on the solidified agar surface in a Petri Dish and then
proceed with incubation as in step 9.
CALCULATION
Pour Plate Method

1. Count the number of colonies of yeast and mold separately on each Petri dish.
 Yeasts are opaque, white, green, yellow or pink.
 Molds are fuzzy masses called mycelium, which can be almost any color, often
found in white, white with black, brown or green spores.
2. Count all yeasts on both two Petri dishes and divide by 2. Multiply this average by 10 to
determine the CFU (Colony Forming Units) of yeasts.
3. Count all molds on both two Petri dishes and divide by 2. Multiply this average by 10 to
determine the CFU of molds.
Membrane Filtration Method

1. Count the number of colonies of yeast and mold separately on the membrane filter.
 Yeasts are opaque, white, green, yellow or pink.
 Molds are fuzzy masses called mycelium, which can be almost any color, often
found in white, white with black, brown or green spores.
2. Count all yeasts on the membrane filter and record results directly to determine the CFU
of yeasts per 10 g or per 10 ml


Yeast and Mold Count of Sugars by Pour Plate or Membrane

Filtration
3. Count all molds on the membrane filter and record results directly to determine the CFU
of molds per 10 g or per 10 ml.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Positive and negative control samples should be tested at the same time as test samples to
validate the sterility of the equipment and media and also to validate that the media supports
the growth of appropriate test microorganisms. Confirm all microorganism types recovered
microscopically to verify that they are yeast, mold, or bacteria.

This test method simplifies the testing of sugars by eliminating the Dry Sugar Equivalent
calculation in liquids. The results obtained from direct testing of a specified volume of liquid
sugar is easier to comprehend than having to make a calculation to convert material to a dry
basis. The results of the number of microorganisms obtained from this test are whole and
practical.
REFERENCES
ICUMSA – International Commission For Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, 1994
Cadbury Schweppes Global Beverages


Sediment
ABSTRACT
The syrup sample is diluted with hot purified water and the insoluble material is collected by
vacuum filtration on a dried and tared filter paper. After drying and weighing, the insoluble
material is identified by microscopic examination.
EQUIPMENT
1. Filter Paper: Whatman No. 1 or Schleicher and Schuell No. 597, 5.5 cm diameter, is recommended.
2. Funnel: A sintered plate Büchner funnel constructed so that the filter paper lies flat and covers the
entire filtering area is necessary. A 2.5 inch diameter coarse porosity, stainless steel funnel is
satisfactory if the inside rim is turned down so that it is flush with the sintered plate. The funnel is
attached to a large filter flask connected to a vacuum supply (Note 1).
3. Stereoscope: A wide field, binocular type instrument, with inclined oculars providing magnification in
the range of 15 to 45 x, is recommended.
PROCEDURE
1. Center a 5.5 cm filter paper (Note 2) on a sintered plate of the funnel, apply vacuum, and
wash the paper with portions of hot (about 80°C) purified water1 totaling about 200 ml.
2. Place paper in previously dried and tared aluminum or glass dish equipped with cover, and
dry 1 hour in vacuum oven at 100°C.
3. Remove from oven, cover dish quickly, cool in desiccator, and weigh.
4. Weigh 500 g of syrup in a 2L beaker, add 1L of hot (about 80°C) purified water, and stir
until dissolution is complete. Center the prepared filter paper on the sintered plate of the
funnel, moisten with water, and apply vacuum.
5. Filter the solution immediately, rinsing all residue into the funnel with water, and wash the
residue and filter paper thoroughly with portions of hot (about 80°C) purified water totaling
about 200 ml (Note 3).
6. Place the filter paper and residue in dish used originally, and dry one hour in a vacuum
oven at 100°C. Remove from oven, cover dish quickly, cool in desiccator, and weigh.
7. After determining residue weight, carefully transfer paper with residue to stage of wide-field
stereoscope. Moisten paper with a few drops of water to avoid residue loss and facilitate
viewing. Using magnification suitable for identification of residue particles, examine entire
paper and note residue particles (Note 4).
CALCULATIONS
Sediment (mg/Kg) = Residue Wt. (g) x 1,000,000
Sample Wt. (g)
Using the stereo microscope identify and report nature of extraneous material if present.


Sediment

1. A coarse porosity, fritted glass, Büchner funnel, having a capacity of 150 ml and a nominal
disc diameter of 60 mm, usually operates satisfactorily. The actual disc diameter is about
57 mm; the outer edge of the glass frit is fused and insoluble material does not escape
around the edge of a centered 55 mm filter paper. The outer edges of the glass frit can be
painted with two or three coats of an epoxy or polyester resin if necessary.
2. The recommended filter papers are white which facilitates microscopic examination of
colored extraneous material. Some residues are white and are difficult to distinguish from
the paper background during visual examination and identification.
3. Perform analysis in a clean atmosphere to prevent contamination in airborne materials.
4. Generally no discrete particles or extraneous materials are observed. Extraneous material
is here defined as any discrete non-syrup or foreign material found on the filter. It may
consist of contamination from processing equipment or materials, or airborne
contamination. Long experience facilitates visual identification of most residue particles
isolated by this procedure.


pH
ABSTRACT
pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration and is determined by measuring
the potential difference between two immersed electrodes.
EQUIPMENT
1. pH Meter: An instrument with both pH and millivolt (mV) readouts, equipped with glass and
reference electrodes, temperature compensated, of measuring pH values in the range of 1
to 10 (accurate to 0.01 pH unit), is recommended. Satisfactory instruments and electrodes
are available from several suppliers (Note 1).
2. Stirring apparatus: A magnetic stirrer is usually preferred. Connect the chassis of the stirrer
electrically to the ground circuit of the pH meter. An additional ground between the syrup
sample and the pH meter ground circuit may be necessary to minimize erratic readings
caused by rapid stirring.
REAGENTS
Standard Buffers: Two buffer solutions having known pH values of 4.00 and 7.00 (@ 25°C) are
recommended although other buffer solutions having known pH values of about 4 and 7 can be
used (Note 2).
PROCEDURE
1. Standardization of pH Meter: Standardize pH meter with two buffers at pH 4 and 7 according
to manufacturers’ instructions.
2. pH measurement of sample: Place sample to be measured in a clean beaker, and stir at a
rate sufficient to achieve a slight vortex at the surface of the sample (Note 34). Immerse the
properly standardized pH electrodes into the sample. When the pH reading is stable to ± 0.1
pH units (2-5 minutes), report the pH value to the nearest 0.1 pH units. Under certain
conditions it may take up to 15 minutes to obtain a stable reading.
3. pH should be read at the same temperature as the buffer.
1. A free flowing junction electrode, such as an Orion 81-72 or equivalent is recommended.
This type of free-flowing sleeve junction is especially designed for measurement in general
pH samples as well as viscous or colloidal samples. The junction can be cleaned easily
between measurements; pressing down on the cap allows filling solution to flow through the
junction, carrying away any contamination that may interfere with measurement.
2. Both liquid and dry stock buffers are commercially available and can be used with
confidence when handled according to supplier’s instructions.
3. The pH electrodes should be calibrated every day in accordance with manufacturers’
instructions. This assures that the pH electrode, and pH meter are functioning properly
before any measurements are taken.
4. Do not dilute the sample. The apparent pH of the sample is dependent on the solids content
of the sample.
5. In cases where the pH reading is not stable after a reasonable period of time, one drop of a
saturated KCl solution may be added to stabilize the reading.


Revision Date: January, 2010 Page 1 of 6
Taste, Odor, and Appearance
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this method is to determine the acceptability of HFS (High Fructose Syrup)
samples for use in beverages based upon taste, odor, or appearance attributes. The method is
applicable to the analysis of both HFS 42 and 55.
Human senses can often detect contaminants at levels too low to be reliably measured by plant
instrumentation. As a result, a rapid taste and odor assessment of HFS used to prepare
beverages should be carried out in order to ensure satisfactory finished product sensory
performance.
The intent of this procedure is to identify off-tastes and odors, as well as appearance defects,
from High Fructose Syrup by comparing the sample to a known reference (previously
determined to be acceptable for use, and to be free from any sensory defects).
It has been found that tasting High Fructose Syrups “as-is” or diluted in water is inadequate for
identifying common off-tastes and odors. The simplest preparation method that mimics behavior
of HFS in a soft drink requires two steps:
1. Dilution to 11 Brix
2. Acidification to pH 2.5
Using this sensory protocol, if a sample of HFS is judged to be the same, or similar to the
reference sample, the product should be rated as “acceptable” by the panelists. However, if the
test sample differs significantly in taste, odor, or appearance from the reference sample, it
should be rated “unacceptable” and rejected.
REPRODUCIBILITY AND ACCURACY
A sensory panelist must be able to repeatedly and consistently identify controls and calibration
standards on a blind basis. A sensory panelist should be able to differentiate between a control
product and an off-note (or unacceptable) product at a minimum accuracy rate of 80%.
Panelists incapable of obtaining this accuracy rate should not be used.
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

IMPORTANT: All equipment must be reserved exclusively for taste, odor, and appearance evaluation and
should be stored in a clean, odor-free environment to prevent cross-contamination.
1. 5oz plastic cups with lids
2. Balance with 1000 g capacity (0.01g)
3. 10 oz (300 ml) glass beverage bottles with 28mm EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Alcohol) lined caps (or equivalent
jar with Teflon-lined caps or PET containers with the capability of containing 300 ml of liquid and EVA
lined caps).
4. Graduated cylinder able to contain 250ml liquid
For Bottle by Bottle Method
Adjustable pipette to deliver 93L of 85% phosphoric acid
For Batch Method
1 gallon glass bottle and caps (optional, for batch method only)
Pipette(s) capable of delivering 1.4 ml of 85% phosphoric acid


Revision Date: January 2010 Page 2 of 6
REAGENTS
1. Distilled/de-ionized or treated water meeting the following criteria:
Alkalinity <15 ppm (as CaCO3)
Hardness <25 ppm (as CaCO3)
Total Dissolved Solids <50 ppm
Chlorine Not detectable
Taste and Odor None
2. Food Grade Phosphoric Acid (85%) . See Note 1.
3. Standard HFS sample (control/reference sample), previously tasted and approved. This sample
should have no sensory defects as judged by a minimum of 3 panelists at the receiving plant. You
can hold the syrup for up to 1 month at room temperature (20C  3C / 65F  5F) for future
analysis.
PROCEDURE
IMPORTANT: Sample preparation must be carried out in an area free from odors. Perfumes or
colognes must not be worn and care should be taken to ensure that hands are thoroughly
cleaned with an unscented soap. No food or drinks (except water) should be consumed for at
least 30 minutes before performing the sensory evaluation. Panelists should also refrain from
smoking for a minimum of 30 minutes. Personnel experiencing nasal congestion due to cold and
flu should not take part in sensory testing.
For flexibility, two procedures are described herein for sample preparation: a Bottle by Bottle
method and a Batch method. The Bottle by Bottle method is to be used when each sample is
prepared in its entirety (one at a time upon receipt). The Batch method allows for a base
solution of acidified water to be made in bulk, and to be used to dilute the HFS samples as
needed.
Method for HFS 55 – Bottle by Bottle

1. Pour 250ml distilled water into a 10oz-glass bottle or jar with a Teflon-lined cap.
2. Add 42 g of HFS 55 (@ 77.0% dry solids), to yield an 11 Brix solution.
3. Add 93L of food grade Phosphoric Acid (85%) to the bottle.
When working with phosphoric acid, proper safety precautions should be taken (i.e.
wear safety goggles, latex gloves, etc)
4. Seal tightly and shake well.
5. Perform sensory evaluation within 4 hours of sample preparation.


Method for HFS 42 – Bottle by Bottle

1. Pour 250ml distilled water into a 10oz-glass bottle or jar with a Teflon-lined cap.
2. Add 45.5 g of HFS 42 (@71.0% dry solids) to yield an 11 Brix solution.
3. Add 93L of food grade Phosphoric Acid (85%) to the bottle.
When working with Phosphoric acid, proper safety precautions should be taken (i.e.
wear safety goggles, latex gloves, etc.)
4. Seal tightly and shake well.
Method for Batch Solution – to yield 1 gallon / 15 bottles
Acid Stock Solution
1. Weigh 3.79 kg of distilled water into a 1-gallon bottle.
2. Add 1.4 ml of food grade Phosphoric Acid (85%) to the bottle. Mix well.
When working with phosphoric acid, proper safety precautions should be taken (i.e.
wear safety goggles, latex gloves, etc.)
Test Sample Solution Preparation

3. Line up 15 – 10oz glass bottles (or jars with Teflon-lined caps).
4. Place 250ml of batch syrup from the gallon bottle, into a graduated cylinder. Transfer this
measured 250ml of syrup into a 10oz glass bottle, or jar. Continue filling other bottles in this
manner.
5. Cap, store, and label the 15-filled bottles in the refrigerator (@40F) until ready for use. The
maximum storage time of this batch solution under refrigerated conditions is one week.
Bottles not refrigerated within 24 hours should be drained and disposed of.
6. Upon receipt of a HFS shipment, add 42 g of HFS 55 (@77.0% solids), OR 45.5 g of HFS
42 (@71.0% solids) into a 10oz-glass bottle, or jar previously filled with syrup.
7. Seal bottle tightly and mix.


PROCESS FLOWCHART
BATCH METHOD (1 gallon, 15 bottles)
Weigh 3.79 kg of distilled

water into 1 gallon jug
Add 1.41 ml 85% Phosphoric

Acid (food grade)
BOTTLE-TO-BOTTLE METHOD
Mix well
Pour 250ml distilled water

into 10oz glass bottle or jar Fill 10oz glass bottles
with 250ml of syrup
Add 42 g of HFS 55
@ 77 Brix or 45.5 g of Cap and store in refrigerator (40F) until
HFS 42 @71 Brix ready for use
** maximum storage time of base syrup --> 1 week **
Upon receipt of HFS shipment,

Add 93  L 85%
Phosphoric add 42 g of HFS 55, OR 45.5
g of HFS 42 into 10oz glass
Acid (food grade)
bottle filled with base syrup
Seal tightly and mix
Evaluate appearance
(neat and diluted)
Transfer to sample cup
Swirl and evaluate odor
Evaluate taste


PROCEDURE – EVALUATIONS
NEAT/”AS-IS” SYRUP APPEARANCE
1. Obtain sample from shipping container using aseptic sampling techniques.
2. Observe sample by holding it up to the light, looking for signs of turbidity (a signal
that the shipment has crystallized).
3. Unless re-heating capability exists at the plant, the shipment should be rejected if
crystallized.
4. There should be no evidence of foreign particles, materials, or sediment.
5. The visual color should be classified as colorless – light yellow.
DILUTED/ACIDIFIED SYRUP - APPEARANCE
1. Examine the appearance of the sample HFS solution prepared above, using a good light
source (i.e. a Sylvania ‘daylight’ fluorescent source).
2. Evaluate appearance.
3. The solution should be transparent.
4. There should be no evidence of sediment, foreign particles or turbidity.
ODOR TEST
1. Pour the sample prepared above into a plastic cup. Cap sample with a plastic lid. Samples
should be evaluated at room temperature (20C  3C / 65F  5F) and within 4 hours of
preparation.
2. Take cup in the palm of the hand and gently swirl (do not shake) the cup.
3. Bring the cup to the nose and sniff the sample.
4. Evaluate the odor.
5. Record any gross off-odors detected (compare sample to reference HFS sample).
6. There should be no off-odor detected.
TASTE TEST
1. Take a sip of the sample. Samples should be evaluated at room temperature (20C  3C/
65F  5F) and within 4 hours of preparation.
2. Roll the sample over the entire surface of the tongue.
3. Expectorate sample into “spit cup”.
4. Evaluate taste (compare sample to control/reference HFS sample).
5. Record abnormal tastes or gross contaminants detected. Rinse mouth with water before
evaluating next sample.


The following attributes can be used when describing High Fructose Syrup:
TYPICAL ATTRIBUTES
Attribute Neat/ Undiluted Diluted and Acidified
Appearance - colorless to light yellow in color - colorless
- thick and viscous - clear, no turbidity
- clear, not hazy, no foreign particles
Odor - odorless to slight sweet smelling - odorless to slight sweet smelling
Taste N/A - sweet, clean
TYPICAL DEFECTS
Attribute Neat/ Undiluted Diluted and Acidified
Appearance - Hazy appearance indicative of - Turbid
crystallization - Presence of yellow color
- Turbid, opaque, dark yellow - Opaque
Odor / Taste - Fruity - Fruity
- Grape-like - Grape-like
- Fermented / Cheesy - Fermented / Cheesy
- Sulfur/Skunky - Sulfur/Skunky
- Cotton Candy - Cotton Candy
- Burnt Sugar - Burnt Sugar
- Ash, Cigarette - Ash, Cigarette
NOTES:
Phosphoric Acid must be no older than 6 months


Chlorides
ABSTRACT
Inorganic chloride in High Fructose Syrup is determined by direct titration with a standard silver
nitrate solution using potassium chromate as the indicator. High chloride levels may have a
sensory impact in beverages as these chlorides can pass through the process into the treated
water.
SCOPE
The method is applicable to all corn syrups, finished sugars and other clarified
starch hydrolyzates, containing more than 10 ppm chloride.
EQUIPMENT
1. Analytical balance accurate 0.0001g.
2. An automatic titrator or a precision 10ml buret with subdivisions of 0.05ml or less is
recommended.
REAGENTS
1. Silver Nitrate Solution, 0.05N, Dissolve 8.495g of reagent grade silver nitrate (AgNO3) in
purified water. Dilute to 1L and mix thoroughly.
2. Potassium Chromate Indicator: Dissolve 10g of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in purified
water, dilute to 100ml and mix thoroughly.
PROCEDURE
1. Conduct a blank titration on 150ml of water used for sample dilution.
2.
3. Weigh accurately 50g of high fructose syrup (Note 1) into a beaker or flask.
4. Dissolve sample in 150ml of purified water.
5. Add 1 ml of potassium chromate indicator and titrate with standard silver nitrate solution until
a faint reddish coloration is perceptible (Note 2).
CALCULATION
PPM Chloride (as is) = [(ml of titrant consumed - Blank) x (N of titrant) x (milliequivalent weight of Cl-) x 106
g of sample
Where: N (Normality) of the AgNO3 titrant = 0.05
Milliequivalent weight of Cl- = (35.457  1,000) = 0.035457
PPM Chloride (as is) = [(ml titrant – Blank] x 0.05 x 0.035457 x 106
Sample Wt. (g)
1. Sample weight selected for analysis should be such that the sample titrated contains not
more than 0.035 g of chloride ion. Suggested sample weights for crude and refined corn
sugars are 10 and 50 g, respectively.


Chlorides
2. Since the end point is difficult to detect, it is expedient to observe it over a white surface.
End point detection is facilitated by running the blank first and then titrating sample solution
to match the blank.
REFERENCES
Standard Analytical Methods of the Member Companies, Corn Refiners Association,
Method E14, Revised March 28, 2006.
Analytical Methods for E14 Chlorides supplied courtesy of the Corn Refiners Association


Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

ABSTRACT
The sample is diluted and treated with sodium hydroxide to release sulfur dioxide. The solution
is then acidified and the sulfurous acid determined by titration with a standard iodine solution
using starch as an end point indicator. This method applies to high fructose syrups that contain
sulfur dioxide at levels below 20 ppm.
EQUIPMENT
1. Microburet: 5 ml capacity (Note 1) with 0.01 ml subdivisions and a tolerance of + 0.01 ml.
Fisher Catalog No. 20-105A, Fisher Scientific Company, 1600 West Glendale Avenue,
Itasca, IL 60143.
2. Stirring Apparatus: A magnetic stirrer is recommended.
REAGENTS
1. Sodium hydroxide solution, 1.5 N: Dissolve 60 g of reagent grade sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
in 500 ml purified water in a 1000 ml volumetric flask. Mix, cool and dilute to volume.
2. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 2.0 N: Dilute 55.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (96% H2SO4, sp g
1.84) to 1 liter with purified water. Cool and adjust concentration to obtain a titer of 15.0 +
0.2 ml against 20.0 ml of the 1.5 N sodium hydroxide solution, using a phenolphthalein
indicator end point.
3. Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, 0.1 N: This solution is available commercially from various
vendors. Boil 2.5 L of water for 20 minutes in a 3 L flask. Close the flask with a vented
stopper while the water cools to room temperature, protecting vent with soda lime or
ASCARITE absorbent.
Weigh 49.6 g of reagent grade sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O35H2O); transfer to
a 2 L volumetric flask and dilute to volume with the carbon dioxide-free water. Store in a
siphon bottle with vent protected by ASCARITE or soda-lime absorbent. Reagent prepared
in this manner has a shelf life of two months or more.
Standardization:
Weigh 0.18-0.22 g of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (dried for 2 hrs. at 100C) and
transfer quantitatively to a 300 ml iodine flask. Add 100 ml purified water, 8 ml hydrochloric
acid (37% HCl; sp g 1.19), and 10 ml of 20% potassium iodide (KI) solution. Titrate with
sodium thiosulfate solution until the yellow color almost disappears. Add 2 ml of starch
indicator and titrate drop wise, while stirring, to disappearance of the blue color.
Normality (0.1) = (wt. K2Cr2O7, g)(1000)
(Titer, ml)(49.032)
4. Iodine Solution, Stock, 0.1 N (Note 2): Dissolve 40 g of potassium iodide (KI) in 200 ml of
purified water in a 1000 ml volumetric flask. Let the solution come to room temperature, add
12.7 g of resublimed crystalline iodine (I2), stir until completely dissolved, add 3 drops of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (37% HCl, sp g 1.19) and dilute to volume with purified
water. Mix thoroughly and store in a glass-stoppered alkali-resistant, amber colored glass
bottle. Standardize as frequently as necessary, so that approximately 25 ml of the iodine



solution is equivalent to 25 ml of 0.1 N standard sodium thiosulfate solution using starch
indicator for end point detection.
5. Iodine Solution, Working Standard, 0.005 N: Using a 5 ml Class A pipet, transfer 5.0 ml of
the 0.1 N stock iodine solution into a 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with purified
water and mix well. Make fresh daily.
6. Starch Indicator Solution, 1%: Slurry 10 g soluble starch (Lintner Starch, available from Sigma
Chemical, P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Missouri 63178) in 50 ml of cold purified water. Transfer
quantitatively to 1 L of boiling purified water and stir until completely dissolved. Cool and add 1 g of
salicylic acid preservative. Transfer to a suitable reagent bottle and store in a refrigerator. Discard
after one month.
7. Phenolphthalein Indicator, 1%: Dissolve 10.0 g of phenolphthalein powder in 750 ml of ethanol and
dilute with distilled water.
PROCEDURE
1. Accurately weigh 100 g of corn syrup into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask; weigh 50 g if the sulfur
dioxide level is more than 8 ppm.
2. Add sufficient purified water to bring total weight to 200 g (Note 3).
3. Mix the syrup and water until the solution is homogenous.
4. Cool to 10C or below (Note 4).
5. Place cold sample on a magnetic stirrer and stir at a rate sufficient to produce a small vortex
at the solution surface.
6. Add 10 ml of cold 1.5 N sodium hydroxide solution and stir for 15 to 20 seconds. Add 10 ml
of starch indicator solution (Note 5) and 10 ml of cold 2.0 N sulfuric acid solution; titrate
immediately with 0.005 N standard iodine solution until a light blue color persists for one
minute.
7. Perform a blank titration using 200 ml of purified water and all reagents.
CALCULATION
Sulfur Dioxide, ppm, = (Sample Titer, ml – Blank Titer, ml) x N Iodine x 0.032* x 1,000,000
Sample Wt., (g)
* Milliequivalent Weight of Sulfur Dioxide = 64.07

2 x 1000
1. It is recommended that a 10 ml microburet with 0.02 ml subdivisions and a tolerance of +



0.02 ml be used when analyzing samples containing more than 8 ppm sulfur dioxide (Fisher
Catalog No. 20-105B).
2. The 0.1 N stock iodine solution may be standardized against arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
(National Institute of Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sample 83).
Dry Primary Standard Grade arsenic trioxide at 105C for 1 hr. Accurately weigh dried 0.18-
0.22 g arsenic trioxide in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Dissolve in 10 ml of 1.0 N sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and add 75 ml of purified water. Add 10 ml of 1.0 N hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and 20 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution. Add 2 ml of starch
indicator and titrate with iodine solution to appearance of first permanent blue tinge.
Normality = (wt. As2O3, g)(1000)
(Titer, ml)(49.6)
3. To provide the best potential for detecting the visual end point of volumetric titration,
constant volume is recommended. This eliminates variation due to inability to detect the end
point consistently.
4. Starch indicator sensitivity may be lost and conversion reaction may occur under alkaline
conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to cool the sample solution and keep all reagents at a
temperature of 10C or below, in order to maintain stability.
5. Some sources recommend as little as 1 ml starch indicator solution; 10 ml is recommended
in this procedure to assist end point detection.
REFERENCES
Standard Analytical Methods of the Member Companies, Corn Refiners Association, Method E-
67a, Revised January 22, 1999


Acetaldehyde
ABSTRACT
Acetaldehyde is released from the syrup by treatment with dilute phosphoric acid and heat. The
liberated acetaldehyde is then measured using a head space gas chromatographic system
equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results are reported at 11 d.s.
EQUIPMENT
1. Gas Chromatograph: A single column gas chromatograph equipped with a head space
sampling assembly and a flame ionization detector is required. An integrator or computer
should be a part of the system (Note 1).
2. Gas Chromatograph Column- Packed: A 6’ x 1/8” stainless steel column packed with
Porapak S, 80 - 100 mesh.
3. Gas Chromatograph Column- Capillary column: 30m x 0.53mm Supel-Q PLOT from
Supelco, part # 25462 or equivalent.
4. Sample vials, caps, seals and crimping and decapping tools (Note 2).
5. Autopipetor: Units capable of reproducibly delivering aqueous solutions to within ±0.1%
(Note 3).
REAGENTS
1. Chromatographic purity water. Purified water is recommended (Note 4).
2. Bottler’s acid: Weigh accurately 12.2g of 85.0% phosphoric acid into a one liter volumetric
flask, dilute to volume with distilled water and mix thoroughly. Adjust weight based on actual
analysis of phosphoric acid.
3. Ethylidene Glucose Stock Solution (5.62ppm) for Calibration: Accurately weigh 56.2mg of
4,6-0-ethylidene-D-glucose (Aldrich catalogue #E3275-4 or Pfaltz and Bauer catalogue
#E11450) into a beaker, and transfer to a one liter volumetric flask using purified water,
dilute to volume. Then prepare a 5.62ppm solution by diluting 100ml of this solution to one
liter with distilled water. Store capped in the refrigerator.
Safety Precautions:
1. 85% phosphoric acid: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and
wash before reuse. Use only in a well ventilated area. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on
clothing. Do not ingest or inhale. Use only in a chemical fume hood. For more information,
consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
2. The vials and seals used in this method are rated significantly higher than the 30 psig
pressurization during analysis and the pressure generated during heating at 100°C during
hydrolysis of acetaldehyde adducts. However, care should be taken during heating to avoid
superheating and violent bumping between vials or the sides of the heating vessel. A wire
holder for the vials and a shatterproof screen for the heating bath are advised.
PPE Required:
Safety glasses with side shields


Acetaldehyde
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS
GC parameters for packed column

Note: As these parameters are instrument dependent, the values below are indicative.
- Column oven temperature: 130°C.
- Injector port temperature: 200°C.
- Detector temperature: 200°C.
- Gas pressure (column dependent): helium 25-35psi; hydrogen and air, for maximum
response (H2 = ~ 40ml/min, air = ~ 400l/min).
GC parameters for capillary column

Note: As these parameters are instrument dependent, the values below are indicative.
- Column oven temperature: 100-130°C.
- Injector port temperature: 150-200°C.
- Detector temperature: 200-275°C.
- Gas pressure: He 10-30 psi; optimize hydrogen and air or maximum response
PROCEDURE
Standardization:
The following instructions are for 20ml vials (See Note 5 for 9ml vials).
Standards (See Note 6)

1. Standard 180µg/l acetaldehyde: Pipette 1.5ml std ethylidene glucose (5.62mg/l) + 1.5ml of
1.0% H3PO4 + 7.0 ml H2O into a vial. Cap immediately.
2. Standard 120µg/l acetaldehyde: Pipette 1.0ml std ethylidene glucose (5.62mg/l) + 1.0ml of
1.0% H3PO4 + 8.0 m H2O into a vial. Cap immediately.
3. Standard 90µg/l acetaldehyde: Pipette 0.75ml std ethylidene glucose (5.62m/l) + 0.75ml of
1.0% H3PO4 + 8.5 l H2O into a vial. Cap immediately.
4. Standard 60µg/l acetaldehyde: Pipette 0.5ml std ethylidene glucose (5.62g/l) + 0.5ml of
1.0% H3PO4 + 9.0ml H2O into a vial. Cap immediately.
5. Standard 30µg/l acetaldehyde: Pipette 0.25ml std ethylidene glucose (5.62mg/l) + 0.25ml
of 1.0% of H3PO4 + 9.5ml H2O into a vial. Cap immediately.
6. Water/Acid blank: Pipette 10.0ml purified water + 0.5ml of 1.0 of H3PO4 in a vial and cap
immediately.
Daily Calibration Check

Once a calibration curve has been established (see calculations below), a 60µg/l acetaldehyde
standard prepared in the same manner as standard 4 above will be analyzed daily to check the
calibration. Expected results for this standard should be 60ppb ± 5ppb.


Acetaldehyde
Sample Preparation: (20ml vials)
For HFS 55 with 77% d.s.

Using an analytical balance weigh 1.5g of sample into a vial. Add 0.5ml of 1.0% H3PO4 using
an automatic pipette. Add 8.5ml of purified water using a dispensette or pipette. Cap
immediately.
Note: all vials need to be mixed thoroughly. To insure complete mixing, check for striations in
sample.
For HFS 42 with 71% d.s.
Using an analytical balance weigh 1.6g of sample into a vial. Add 0.5ml of 1.0% H3PO4 using
an automatic pipette. Add 8.4ml of purified water using a dispensette. Cap immediately.
Note: all vials need to be mixed thoroughly. To insure complete mixing check for striations in
sample.
For samples with other % d.s., the sample and water amount must be recalculated. For a
77 x 1.5
sample with a % ds the amount of syrup to be weighed is: g;
a
77 x 1.5
the amount of water to be added is: 10 - ml.
a
Incubate all vials, standards and samples, in a boiling water bath for a minimum of 60 minutes.
Place samples and vials into the headspace auto sampler. Analyze samples using conditions
as described under "Instrument parameters". (NOTE 7)
Inject sample via headspace autosampler and measure peak height or peak area of
acetaldehyde.
CALCULATIONS
The concentration of acetaldehyde (A2) expressed in nanog per gram (ppb) of 11 d.s. sample,
detected after heating at 60°C for one hour boiling, is obtained by the following:
Acetaldehyde, ppb (11d.s. basis): Make a calibration curve (linear regression) using the peak
height/areas of the acetaldehyde height/peak in the standards and the concentration of
acetaldehyde in the standards. Calculate the level of acetaldehyde in the unknown samples with
this calibration curve.
The calibration curve uses the standard formula of Y= mx+b generated by the instrument
software where:
Y= peak height/area
x= nanog per gram acetaldehyde, 11 ds basis
m= slope of line
b= the y-intercept


Acetaldehyde
NOTES
1. Automated head space gas chromatographic systems are recommended. PE

AutoSystem XL GC with an HS40 XL headspace sampler or equivalent.
2. Seals give off various volatile impurities, and should be selected to minimize
interferences during acetaldehyde measurements.
3. Autopipetors such as the BrandTech “Dispensette III”, available through Fisher Scientific
are recommended.
4. Purified water must be used to prepare all reagents and blanks to avoid contamination.
5. With 9.0ml vials, water blanks and acetaldehyde standards are prepared using 5.00ml
total. Samples are prepared using one-half the amounts stated in the test for 20ml vials.
6. Dilute solutions of ethylidene glucose (molecular weight = 206) hydrolyze under the
influence of acid and heat to generate an equimolar amount of acetaldehyde (molecular
weight =44). Thus, a range of standards are prepared using equal amounts of 5.62ppm
ethylidene glucose and 1% H3PO4 diluted to 10ml, sealed in head space vials and
boiled for one hour to produce the desired µg/l acetaldehyde.
7. If equilibrated syrup samples are not to be run within three hours after boiling, vials
should be refrigerated. Also, if the number of vials used significantly drops the
temperature of the boiling water bath, the timer for the one hour equilibrium time should
be started only after boiling is re-attained.
8. Attenuation of chromatog may be necessary to keep the A2 peak on scale (retention
time should be approximately 1.9 to 3.0 min, depending on column and flow rate.


Isovaleraldehyde (IVA)
ABSTRACT
The objective of this method is to determine accurately the amount of isovaleraldehyde (IVA), also
known as 3-methyl butanal, in HFS 55 and 42. Isovaleraldehyde has been found in HFS and
shown to adversely affect the taste and odor of beverages.
IVA is released from the syrup with the aid of dilute phosphoric acid and heat. The liberated IVA is
then measured using a headspace gas chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization
detector. Results are reported at 11% DS (dry substance). The method is applicable to the
analysis of HFS 55 and 42, as well as process streams. The lower detection limit is 2 ppb (ng/g or
g/Kg) IVA for capillary column and 5 ppb (ng/g or g/Kg) for packed column.

A. GC chromatography system:
1. Chromatography software for data management-HP ChemStation or equivalent
2. HP 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with flame-ionization detector, or equivalent
3. Tekmar 7000 headspace analyzer, or equivalent
B. GC capillary column: 30m x 0.53mm Supel-Q PLOT from Supelco, part # 2-5462 or GC packed
column: 6’ x 1/8’’ stainless steel with Porapak S, 80-100 mesh, from Alltech, part # 2710PC
C. Headspace GC vials (20 ml), caps and septa (Tekmar part # 14-5818-043, or equivalent); and
crimping and de-capping tools.
D. Volumetric pipettes-1 and 10 ml, 10 L syringe, and 500 L MLA pipettor with tips, or repipettors
capable of reproducibly delivering aqueous solutions to  0.1%
E. Laboratory glassware-1000-ml and 4 x 100-ml volumetric flasks, 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask
F. Analytical balance,  0.1mg
G. Steam or boiling water bath with wire basket for holding sample vials
REAGENTS
1. HPLC-grade water (Millipore reverse-osmosis system), or high purity distilled deionized water
2. Isovaleraldehyde, or 3-methylbutanal (Acros, 98%; Aldrich, 97%)
3. Methanol, ACS certified (Fisher A412-500), or equivalent
4. Phosphoric acid, 85% (EM Science, Aldrich) Bottler’s acid: Weigh accurately 12.171g 85%
Phosphoric Acid into 1000-ml volumetric flask, dilute to volume with distilled water and mix thoroughly.
5. Potassium chloride, 99% (Sigma, J. T. Baker) Saturated KCl (potassium chloride) solution: Weigh 100 g
KCl into 250 ml distilled water and mix. Let it stand 30 min prior to use.
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS
Gas Chromatograph Parameters-capillary column
1. Column Oven Temperature: 190C
2. Injector Port Temperature: 220C
3. Splitless Injection with constant flow mode; pressure 2.8 psi (see Note 1 )
4. Column Flow 2.0 ml/min; total flow (HS unit + column) 4.4 ml/min; linear velocity 21 cm/sec.
5. Detector Temperature: 220C
6. Make-up Gas flow: 25 ml/min.
7. Run time: 10 min.


Gas Chromatograph Parameters-packed column
1. Column Oven Temperature: 180C
2. Injector Port Temperature: 150C
3. Carrier Flow: 45 ml/min
4. Detector Temperature: 180C
5. Headspace Sampler Bath Temperature: 80C
6. Vial Pressurization Time: 30 sec.
7. Injection Time: 5-10 sec.
8. If the packed column is saturated, then bake column and detector at 240C for 4-6h.
Headspace Sampler Parameters for Tekmar 7000-capillary column

1. Platen Temperature: 80C
2. Sample Loop Temperature: 85C
3. Sample Loop Size: 3cc
4. Transfer Line Temperature: 100C
5. Carrier Gas Pressure: 6.4 psi
6. Vial Pressurization Pressure: 2.7 psi
7. GC Cycle Time: 10 min.
8. Vial Equilibration Time: 60 min.
9. Vial Pressurization Time: 0.1 min.
10. Loop Fill Time: 0.1 min.
11. Loop Equilibration Time: 0.1 min.
12. Injection Time: 1.0 min.
13. Mixer: ON
14. Mix Time: 2 min.
15. Mix Power: 2
PROCEDURE
A. Isovaleraldehyde Standard Solution
1. Stock:
a. Accurately weigh ~ 500 mg of Isovaleraldehyde into a 25 ml volumetric flask.
b. Dilute to the mark with methanol immediately to minimize evaporation of the IVA.
c. Calculate the IVA concentration, correcting for its purity.
2. Working standard:
a. Pipette 1ml of stock solution into a 100ml volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with
deionized water.
b. Pipette 10ml of diluted solution into another 100ml volumetric flask and dilute to the mark
with deionized water. This solution should contain ~ 20 nanog IVA per L.
Methanol stock and diluted aqueous solutions have a shelf-life of 5 days and must be
refrigerated during this time.


B. Isovaleraldehyde/HFS Calibration Standards
1. Obtain a batch of 77% DS HFS with non-detectable level of IVA to use as control. Check
HFS batch using the “Sample Analysis” procedure prior to use in the calibration standards.
2. Label 5 headspace vials 0, 20, 40, 60 and 100, corresponding to the ng IVA to be added
(see Note 2).
3. Weigh 1.5 g of 77% DS HFS into the vial labeled 0 (see Note 3).
4. Dilute the contents of the vial with saturated KCl solution to a final weight of 10 g.
5. Add 0.5 ml bottler’s acid to the vial, using the 500 L pipettor.
6. Cap and seal the vial; insure that cap does not rotate with modest hand torque. Shake
thoroughly until contents of vial are uniform.
7. Weigh 1.5 g of 77% DS HFS into the vial labeled 20.
8. Dilute the contents of the vial with saturated KCl solution to a final weight of 10 g. Gently
swirl the vial to dissolve the HFS.
9. Add 0.5ml bottler’s acid to vial, using the 500L pipettor. Swirl vial again to mix in acid.
10. Using a 10 L syringe, add 1 L of the working standard solution prepared in Step 2 of Part
A above.
11. Cap and seal the vial; insure that the cap does not rotate with modest hand torque. Shake
thoroughly until contents of vial are uniform.
12. Repeat steps 7 through 10 for the vial labeled 40, substituting 2 L working standard
solution in step 10. Cap and seal vial as described in step 11.
solution for step 10. Cap and seal vial as described in step 11.
solution for step 10. Cap and seal vial as described in step 11.
15. Place all vials into a boiling water bath or steam bath for 60 min.
16. Using thermal gloves or large tongs, remove vials from the bath, cool to a safe handling
temperature and place into the headspace sampling unit.
17. Subject to HS-GC using appropriate conditions, running from the least to the most
concentrated standards.
18. Plot peak areas obtained for IVA for each standard vs. nanog IVA added. (See calibration
plot, page 8)
19. Calibrate every time standards are made. Calibration should be good for 5 days. It is
recommended to prepare extra calibration standards to use as daily checks for later
analyses within the 5-day shelf life. Calibration standards can be made ahead of time and
refrigerated, but must be used within 5 days.


C. Check and Blank Samples

1. It is recommended to analyze an HFS sample with known IVA level daily to track method
and instrument performance over time. Prepare using the “Sample Analysis” procedure.
2. For packed column analysis, running a blank water sample daily is recommended to
check for column saturation. Prepare by adding either 10.5 g blank water or 10 g blank
water plus 0.5 g bottlers acid into headspace vial and proceed to “Sample Analysis” step
#4. If extraneous peaks are present, then column needs to be baked. Refer to
“Instrument Parameters” section.
D. Sample Analysis
1. Weigh 1.5 g of 77% DS sample into a headspace vial. (see Note 4)
2. Dilute contents of the vial with saturated KCl solution to a final weight of 10 g.
3. Add 0.5 ml bottlers acid, using the 500 L pipettor.
4. Cap and seal the vial, insure that caps do not rotate with modest hand torque. Shake
thoroughly until contents of vials are uniform.
5. Place into boiling water bath or steam bath for 60 min.
6. Remove from bath, cool to a safe handling temperature and place into headspace
sampling unit.
7. Subject to Headspace Gas Chromatography (HS-GC).
8. From IVA peak area, determine total nanog of IVA in the 11% DS sample solution using
calibration curve. Express IVA content as ng/g at 11% DS or alternatively as g/Kg.
CALCULATIONS
IVA (ng/g) at 11% DS is calculated as follows:
Total nanog IVA in the 11% DS sample solution /10.5 g
Example Calculation:
A series of IVA/HFS standards at 0, 21, 42, 63 and 105 nanog IVA/10.5 g solution were analyzed by HS-
GC. A plot of IVA peak areas vs. nanog IVA yielded a calibration curve with a least squares equation y =
a + bx where
y= IVA Peak Area
x= total nanog IVA in the Solution
a= 82.77 [intercept]
b = 13.572 [slope]
correlation was 0.9874


From the calibration equation the total nanog of IVA in the sample solutions may be calculated
Total nanog IVA= (IVA Peak Area) –82.77
13.572
A sample of 77% DS HFS was subjected to the HS-GC procedure and the IVA peak area was
found to be 504. Total nanog of IVA in the sample solution was calculated to be
Total nanog IVA= (504) –82.77 = 31 nanog
13.572
IVA (ng/g) = 31 ng/10.5 g = 3 ng/g = 3 g/Kg.
Reporting:
For final HFS samples, report ng/g or g/Kg IVA on 11% DS basis. For process streams,
report at solids level of sample.
SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
A. Isovaleraldehyde: Flammable. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Avoid breathing vapors.
Causes skin irritation. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water
and seek medical advice. For more information, consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
B. Phosphoric Acid, 85%: Corrosive. Contact with the liquid can severely burn the skin and
eyes. May be fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Inhalation may cause lung damage. For
more information, consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
C. Observe all safety precautions from the manufacturers of the chemicals and equipment
used in carrying out this test procedure.
NOTES
1. To assure low dead volume in the injector for use of capillary column install a 0.75mm ID
SPME injection sleeve in the injection port (Supelco part number 2-6375,05).
2. These values are dependent upon the amount of IVA in the spiking solution.
3. To prepare calibration curve for other HFS products use the corresponding syrup and adjust
the sample weight to obtain 1.155 g of dry solids.
4. If HFS dry substance is other than 77% DS, use amount of syrup to obtain 1.155 g dry
solids.
APPENDICES
A. Isovaleraldehyde calibration curve
B. Example Chromatogram of HFS using saturated KCl solution, 3.9 ng/g @ 11% DS


APPENDIX A: Isovaleraldehyde calibration curve
Isovaleraldehyde in HFCS by HS-GC(KCl Added)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nanograms IVA in 10.5 gr solution


APPENDIX B Chromatogram of HFS using saturated KCl solution, 3.9 ng/g @ 11% DS
Isovaleraldehyde in HFCS by HS-GC(KCl Added)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nanograms IVA in 10.5 gr solution

Classification: High Fructose Syrup Analysis Procedure: 13.0

Revision Date: March, 2003 Page 1 of 3
Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) and Furfural (FFA)
ABSTRACT
The analysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF) and 2-furfural (FFA) is important for assessing
the quality of nutritive sweeteners. HMF is a dehydration product of ketohexoses, while FFA is a
dehydration product of ketopentoses. Both can contribute to off tastes and odors in beverages
when present at elevated levels. HMF and FFA are analyzed by HPLC using UV detection on a
C18 column. This method is used for sugars and high fructose syrups and is not suitable for
caramel-containing beverages. Caramel may contribute 20-30% to the final HMF-FFA
concentrations. The reproducibility of this method is 5%.
HPLC chromatography system:
• Chromatography software for data management-Waters Millennium or equivalent
• Solvent delivery system-Waters 600E or 515, or equivalent
• Autosampler-Waters 715 or 717 WISP, or equivalent
• UV detector-Waters 490E or 2487, or equivalent Waters C18 10 m Bondapak HPLC column, 3.9 x
300mm, part # WAT027324 Waters C18 guard column or Guard-Pak holder with Guard-Pak
Bondapak insert (part #WAT088070)
• Vacuum filtering apparatus and 0.45 m membrane filters Orion 420A or SA 720 pH meter, or
equivalent, with stirrer and stir bar
• Analytical balance,  0.1mg
• Luer-Lok disposable syringes and 0.45 m syringe filters (i.e. Whatman Puradisc, polyethersulfone
membrane)
• 6- 1000-ml volumetric flasks, 3 x 50-ml and 2 x 5-ml volumetric pipets, 1-L glass eluent bottle, other
glassware as needed.
REAGENTS
• HPLC-grade water (Millipore reverse-osmosis system), or distilled water
• Potassium phosphate monobasic [KH2PO4] (Mallinkrodt, Aldrich)
• Acetic acid, glacial (EM Science, Aldrich)
• Methanol, HPLC grade (EM Science, etc.)
• Sodium hydroxide solution, 1N (J.T.Baker, Mallinkrodt)
• 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (Aldrich, part # H4080-7)
• 2-Furfuraldehyde (Aldrich, part # 18591-4)
PROCEDURE
A. Eluent preparation:
1. Into a 1000-ml volumetric flask, dissolve 4.49g of potassium phosphate monobasic with
HPLC water. Fill to volume with HPLC water for a 0.033M solution.
2. Pour contents of flask into a 1.5-L or 2-L beaker, then add 250 ml methanol and 25 ml
acetic acid. Place stir bar into beaker.
3. Adjust the pH with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution to pH 3.5.
4. Filter eluent through 0.45 m filter and degas by sonication.
HFS Guidelines and Analytical Procedures
Issue Date: October 2010 Page 69 of 137


Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) And Furfural (FFA)
B. Sample preparation:
1. Tare small beaker on balance, then weigh accurately approximately 1.0g of sugar
sample into beaker. Record weight.
2. Add HPLC water to beaker to about 8.0g. Record weight. Mix well until dissolved to yield
about an 11 Brix diluted sample.
3. Filter sample through 0.45 m syringe filter into HPLC vial, and cap.
C. Standard preparation:
Since aldehydes such as HMF and FFA have high vapor pressure, they must be weighed
rapidly to avoid error due to evaporation.
2-Furfural:
1. Accurately weigh about 0.100g 2-furfural into 50-ml beaker. Add enough methanol to
dissolve and transfer quantitatively into 1-L volumetric flask. Fill to volume with HPLC
water, and mix well. This yields approximately 100 mg/L FFA.
2. Pipette 50 ml of 100 mg/L solution into second 1-L volumetric flask. Fill to volume with
HPLC water, and mix well. This yields approximately 5 mg/L FFA.
3. Pipette 50 ml of 5 mg/L solution into third 1-L flask. Fill to volume with HPLC water, and
mix well. This yields approximately 0.25 mg/L FFA.
4. Tare small beaker on balance, then pipette 5 ml of 0.25 mg/L FFA into beaker. Add
HPLC water to 10.0g to yield approximately 125 g/g FFA, or 125 ppb. Filter standard
through 0.45 m syringe filter into HPLC vials, and cap.
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural:
5. Accurately weigh about 0.200g HMF into another 50-ml beaker. Add enough methanol
to dissolve and quantitatively transfer into fourth 1-L volumetric flask. Fill to volume with
HPLC water, and mix well. This yields approximately 200 mg/L HMF.
6. Pipette 50 ml of 200 mg/L solution into fifth 1-L flask. Fill to volume with HPLC water,
and mix well. This yields approximately 10 mg/L HMF.
7. Tare small beaker on balance, then pipette 5 ml of 10 mg/L HMF into beaker. Add
HPLC water to 10.0g to yield approximately 5.0 g/g HMF, or 5.0 ppm. Filter standard
through 0.45 m syringe filter into HPLC vials, and cap.
HPLC PARAMETERS
A. UV detector: 283 nm (0.01 attenuation)
B. Flow rate: 0.8 ml/min.
C. Injection size: 35 L
D. Run time: 12 min.
E. Quantitation: either by area or peak height


Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) And Furfural (FFA)

CALCULATIONS
Base all calculations to either area or peak height. Do the following calculations for both HMF
and FFA.
Response factor = ppm (mg/Kg) in standard

area or peak height in standard
In diluted sample, ppm (mg/Kg) = area or peak height in standard x response factor
From sample preparation section B, weight of diluted sample is approximately 8.0g, while
weight of sugar sample is about 1.0g.
wt. of diluted sample x ppm (mg/Kg) in diluted sample = ppm (mg/Kg) in sugar sample
wt. of sugar sample
REFERENCES
Pancoast, H. and Junk, R., Handbook of Sugars, 2nd Ed. (1980), p. 54-62.


2-Aminoacetophenone (2AP)
ABSTRACT
The objective of this method is to accurately determine the amount of 2-Aminoacetophenone
(2AP) in 42% and 55% High Fructose Syrup (HFS) by HPLC. 2AP is an impurity found in high
fructose syrups (HFS) which can impart an off-flavor (grape-like) in beverages containing the
these types of sweeteners.
The method is applicable to the analysis of 42% and 55% HFS and their associated process
streams. 2AP is separated from other UV absorbing compounds on a C18 Reversed Phase
HPLC column and is quantified with UV detection at 220 nm.

A. High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (Waters or equivalent)
1. Solvent delivery system (Waters Model 515 Cat. No. WAT 207000 or equivalent)
2. Autosampler (Waters Model 717 Plus Cat. No. WAT 207144, with at least a 350
microliter loop installed, or equivalent).
3. UV detector (Waters Model 2487 Dual Wavelength Absorbance Detector Cat. No. WAT
081110. Single Wavelength Noise Level less than  0.35 x 10-5 AU or equivalent).
4. Data handling system (Millennium32 version 3.05, or equivalent chromatography data
software).
5. Analytical balance (0.0001 g)
6. pH meter and standard buffers (pH 4.00 and pH 7.00)
7. 100 ml volumetric flask
8. Seven 1000 ml volumetric flasks
9. 1000 ml glass beaker
10. 1000 ml graduated cylinder
11. Vacuum filtering apparatus equipped with 0.45 m size disposable filters
12. Eppendorf pipette, 0.5 – 1.5 ml capacity preferable
13. 2.5, 5, 10, 25 ml volumetric pipettes
14. 0.45 m syringe disposable filters (0.45 m PVDF 13 mm filter, Gelman Cat. No. 28143-
938)
15. 10 ml size disposable plastic syringes with luer lok for filters
16. Screw cap vials
17. Metal rack
REAGENTS
A. Water (HPLC or distilled grade)
B. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), Burdick & Jackson, Cat. No. 015-4
C. Phosphoric acid 85%
D. 2-Aminoacetophenone (Aldrich, Cat. No. A3,780-4)


PROCEDURE
A. Reagent & Eluent Preparation
1. Acidified Water for Mobile Phase - 0.1% of 85% Phosphoric acid in HPLC grade water.
(Add 1.0 g of 85% Phosphoric acid to a 1 L volumetric flask, dilute to volume with HPLC
grade water. [pH ~2.5]).
2. Acidified Water for Sample Preparation - 2% of 85% phosphoric acid in HPLC grade
water. (Add 20.0 g of 85% Phosphoric acid to a 1 L volumetric flask, dilute to volume
with HPLC grade water. [pH ~1.55]).
Mobile Phase Preparation for Single Solvent Delivery System
25% Acetonitrile Mobile Phase (eluent):
Add 250 ml HPLC grade Acetonitrile to 1000-ml graduated cylinder.
Add acidified water (0.1% phosphoric acid) to the 1000-ml mark.
Filter through 0.45-m size disposable filters in the filtration apparatus and add to eluent
reservoir.
Mobile Phase Preparation for Multiple Solvent Delivery System
25% Acetonitrile Mobile Phase (eluent):
Add HPLC grade Acetonitrile to reservoir A.
Add acidified water (0.1% phosphoric acid) to reservoir B.
Set eluent flow to 25% solvent A and 75% solvent B.
Safety Precautions
1. Acetonitrile: May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin. Contact with acids
liberates poisonous gas. Flammable. Consult Material Safety Data Sheet.
2. Phosphoric Acid- 85%: Phosphoric Acid is a corrosive chemical and contact with the liquid
can severely burn skin and eyes. May be fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Inhalation
may cause lung damage. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
3. 2-Aminoacetophenone [551-93-9]: Harmful if inhaled, in contact with skin, or if swallowed.
Irritating to eyes. In case if contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and
seek medical advice. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
4. Observe all safety precautions from the manufacturers of the equipment used in carrying out
test procedure.


B. Standard Preparation
1. Weigh 1 drop of 2AP into 100 ml volumetric (14 – 25 mg). Record weight ± 0.0001 g. Add 25
ml of Acetonitrile (to solubilize) then dilute to volume with HPLC grade water and mix. This is
the first working solution (140-250 ppm) and should be protected from light (i.e. wrapped in
foil) and refrigerated.
2. Calculate volume of solution needed to make 200 ppb in 1000 ml of solution. Using the
Eppendorf pipette, transfer this amount of the working solution to a 1000-ml volumetric flask.
This is the second working solution.
3. Calibration standards should be made up in 1000-ml volumetric flasks, and dilutions made
with calibrated volumetric pipettes. Recommended concentrations are 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 ppb.
These are made by taking 25, 10, 5, and 2.5 ml aliquots of the 200 ppb working solution
made in step 2.
4. Use 10 and 20 ml aliquots of the 0.5 ppb standard to make 0.1 and 0.2 ppb standards,
respectively, in 50 ml volumetric flasks.
C. Sample Preparation: (In-Process and Final 42 and 55 HFS)
1. Weigh 1 g of sample into a 4-ml screw cap vial. Record the weight ± 0.0001 g, then dilute to
3 g with 2% Phosphoric Acid in water. Again record the total weight to  0.0001 g.
2. Filter through a 0.45-m filter into an appropriate autosampler vial and seal with Teflon-
faced screw cap.
3. Place samples in metal rack and heat them for 5 minutes in an air oven set to 100C.
4. After heating, remove samples from oven, allow to cool to room temperature, then place in
the autosampler for analysis.
D. Sample Preparation: (Process Waters and Condensates)
Filter through a 0.45-m filter into an appropriate autosampler vial.
HPLC PARAMETERS
A. HPLC Operating Conditions
1. HPLC Column: C-18 reverse phase, 4 m (Nova-Pak C18 , 3.9 x 150mm, stainless steel, Cat No.
WAT086344 from Waters)
2. Guard Column – XTerra RP18, 3.5 m, 3.9 mm x 20 mm (Cat No 186000646 from Waters)
3. Guard Holder (one-time purchase) – Cat No. WAT046905 from Waters
4. Flow Rate:1 ml/min (analysis rate), 0.05 ml/min when idle
5. Column temperature: 40oC
6. Detector Wavelength: 220 nm
7. Detector Sensitivity: 0.01 Absorbance Units Full Scale
8. Detector Offset: 20 mV
9. Detector Autozero: Autozero on Injection
10. Injection Volume: 300 L
11. Injection Interval: 10 – 15 minutes
12. Data Delay: 4 minutes (optional)


Calibration
1. Inject 300 microliters of Calibration Stock Solution. Record daily response factor (RF) of
2AP.
2AP RF = Area Units of 2AP peak/ Conc. of 2AP calibration stock solution in ppb (g/Kg).
Analysis
1. Inject 300 L of sample solution. Enter the syrup weight as the sample weight and the final
(total weight) as the dilution factor in the chromatography data system.
2. For process waters and condensates, inject 300 L of the filtered sample, using sample
weight of 1 and dilution factor of 1, entered into chromatography data system, as above.
B. Integration Parameters
Assumes retention time of 4.956 min.
1. Peak width: 30
2. Threshold: 5
3. Minimum Area: 0
4. Minimum Height: 0
5. Set liftoff: 0.5
6. Inhibit integration: 0 – 4.5 min.
7. Valley to valley 0 min.
8. Inhibit integration 5.6 min.
CALCULATIONS
All calculations are carried out by the chromatographic software, however all chromatog need to
be inspected. Manual integration is often needed.
Example Calculation:
Amount 2AP ppb (g/Kg) Found = Area of 2AP peak x dilution factor
2AP RF x Sample Weight
Reporting:
Report ppb (g/Kg) 2AP on syrup ‘as is’ solids basis and condensates on ‘as is’ basis.
NOTES
The retention time for 2AP is approximately 5.3 minutes with a guard column in place. The
retention time might vary when preparing new eluent.
All solutions should be refrigerated and kept out of direct light. The working solutions are stable
but should be made fresh every month. Calibration standards should be made fresh weekly.
APPENDICES
Example chromatogram for 2-Aminoacetophenone standard
Example chromatogram for 2-Aminoacetophenone in corn syrup
Example for 4-level calibration for 2-Aminoacetophenone.








Floc Potential
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this test is to determine the potential of floc problems occurring in beverages
during storage for 10 days. The formation of a floc (feathery or snowflake-like sediment) in
acidified sweetener solutions of high density at low pH has caused problems in beverages. The
cause of the acid-floc has been traced to residual constituents from the plant, which is not fully
understood. Floc-like appearance problems may also result from the coagulation of beverage
components.
EQUIPMENT
1. pH Meter
2. Buret (approximately 25 ml capacity)
3. 1 L Glass container with cover
4. High intensity light source
REAGENTS
1. 2 N Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
2. 0.1% w/v Sodium Benzoate
3. Carbonated water (about 4.0 volume)
4. Distilled Water (DW)
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare 1 L of 54% solids solution. Following the instructions below
HFS Mixing Instruction

42 700 ml HFS and 305 ml DW
55 633 ml HFS and 374 ml DW
2. Add 5 ml of 0.1% w/v sodium benzoate solution and adjust pH to 1.5 with 2 N H3PO4.
3. Cover the container and let it stand undisturbed for 10 days at ambient temperature.
4. Shine a high intensity light on the sample and rate it as follows:
Negative: No floc when using the high intensity light

Slight: Very light floc when using the high intensity light
Moderate: Light floc which is readily apparent when using the high intensity light
Heavy: Floc which can be observed without using the high intensity light


Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) by AA/ICP with Ashing
ABSTRACT
Trace metals (copper and iron) in high fructose syrups are analyzed by either flame atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP).
The sample is ashed by wet or dry ashing. The resultant ash is solubilized and diluted. The
solution is aspirated into the instrument that then atomizes the sample, enabling atoms to
absorb/emit radiation specific to each element. The amount of absorption in AAS or the amount
of emission in ICP at a specific wavelength is proportional to the concentration of the element.
The concentration of the element in solution is determined from a calibration curve of known
reference standards. Detection limit of this method is 0.5 mg/kg.
EQUIPMENT
1. Vented Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with gas controls, assorted burner heads and hollow
cathode or electrode discharge lamps. Source of clean compressed air, acetylene, and other required
gases. Equipment should be well maintained with good response per unit concentration, e.g., 0.200
abs or above for a standard copper solution of 4 g/ml. Use oxidizing flame for copper as well as iron
analysis. Adjust wave length to 324.7 nm for copper and 248.3 nm for iron. Adjust slit to 0.7 nm for
copper and 0.2 nm for iron.
OR
Vented Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometer system capable of simultaneous or
sequential determination of elements. Peristaltic pump used to feed glass crossflow nebulizer. Liquid
or compressed Argon, Nitrogen and compressed air if needed. Suggested operating parameters:
warm-up time (plasma on), 30 min; exposure time, 5 seconds; integration cycles, 1 cycle (2 on line
exposures, 1 off line exposure); forward power, 1.1 KW; reflected power, <5 watts; sample uptake
rate (w/pump), 0.8 ml/min; observation height, 16 mm above load coil (optimized for Mn). The
operating parameters may be different for different equipment, use manufacturer’s guidelines to
decide these parameters.
2. Muffle furnace, Sand bath, Heat Lamp (for dry ash); Hot plate
3. Acid washed quartz or platinum crucibles (for dry ash)
4. Acid washed (Note 1) volumetric and Erlenmeyer flasks, pipettes and beakers.
REAGENTS
1. Metal free water: deionized or 18M ohm resistance
2. Re-distilled or ultrapure conc. Nitric acid
3. Certified AAS and/or ICP 1000 g/ml standards for copper and iron.
4. 10% HNO3


PROCEDURE
Sample Preparation
Dry Ashing without programmable furnace

1. Weigh 10 g of sample in a quartz or platinum crucible.
2. Include a reagent blank for each set.
3. Place samples in a sand bath under a heat lamp on a hot plate to pre ash treatment.
Increase the heat gradually.
4. Place samples directly on a hot plate when those are charred and dry. (Additional 10 g of
sample can be added for total of 20 g for AAS analysis).
5. Continue on hot plate till the charred sample shrinks away from the sides of the crucible.
6. Place the sample in a muffle furnace at 525C till a white ash is formed.
7. Allow the sample to cool and add 1 ml of 10% HNO3.
8. Transfer sample quantitatively to a 10 ml volumetric flask, make up volume
Dry Ashing with a programmable furnace
1. Weigh 10 g of sample in a quartz or platinum crucible.
2. Include a reagent blank for each set.
3. Place the sample in a temperature programmable muffle furnace at room temperature.
4. Raise temperature to 75C over a period of 1 hour, and then hold the temperature for 1
hour.
5. Raise the temperature to 525C over a period of 2 hours, and then hold the temperature for
3 hours.
6. Allow the sample to cool and add 1 ml of 10% HNO3.
7. Transfer sample quantitatively to a 10 ml volumetric flask, make up volume with deionized
water and mix.
Additional Steps for Lower Detection Limits by AAS analysis
1. Ash each sample in triplicate.
2. Dissolve each sample in 10% HNO3.
3. Transfer each ashed sample quantitatively to a 10 ml volumetric flask, make up volume with
deionized water and mix.



Wet Ashing
1. Weigh 10 g of sample into a 125 ml Pyrex beaker/Erlenmeyer flask. Add 50 ml of conc.
HNO3. Let mixture sit for about half an hour with occasional mixing so that sample and nitric
acid mix.
2. Start digesting on a low temperature hot plate (around 100C) until foaming subsides.
Gradually raise temperature up to 350C and continue digestion until solution in the
beaker/flask is about 1 ml. Sample solution should be clear and colorless (or light straw
yellow).
3. Allow the sample to cool.
4. Transfer sample quantitatively to a 10 ml volumetric flask and make volume with deionized
water and mix.
5 Include a reagent blank in each set.
Standard Preparation (Note 2)
Analysis using Dry Ash:

50 g/ml working standard:
1. Place 5 ml of 1000 g/ml Certified Standard solution of copper/iron into a 100 ml volumetric
flask.
2. Add 10 ml of 10% HNO3 solution and make up volume to mark with deionized water.
Calibration Standard solutions:

Prepare calibration standards of concentrations, which are in the optimum sensitivity range of
the instrument. Suggested concentrations are 0.5 g/ml, 1.0 g/ml, 2.0 g/ml and 5.0 g/ml.
1. Pipette 1, 2, 4, and 10 ml of the 50 g/ml working standard solution into separate 100 ml
volumetric flasks.
2. Add 10 ml of 10% HNO3 solution to each flask.
3. Make up volume to mark with deionized water and mix.
4. Include a reagent blank with standards.
Analysis using Wet Ash:

50 g/ml working standard:
1. Place 5 ml of 1000 g/ml Certified Standard solution of copper/iron into a 100 ml volumetric
flask.
2. Add 10 ml of conc. HNO3 and make up volume to mark with deionized water.



Calibration Standard solutions:
Prepare calibration standards of concentrations, which are in the optimum sensitivity range of
your instrument. Suggested concentrations are 0.5 g/ml, 1.0 g/ml, 2.0 g/ml and 5.0 g/ml.
1. Pipette 1, 2, 4, and 10 ml of the 50 g/ml working standard solution into separate 100 ml
volumetric flasks.
2. Add 10 ml of conc. HNO3 to each flask.
3. Make up volume to mark with deionized water and mix.
4. Include a reagent blank with standards.
Elemental Determination (Note 3)
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

1. Prepare a calibration curve (concentration Vs absorbance) at wavelength (UV range) of
324.7 nm (Cu) or at 248.3 nm (Fe) with oxidizing air-C2H2 flame. Adjust slit to 0.7 nm (Cu)
or to 0.2 nm (Fe). Optimize flame parameters in accordance with instrument manufacturer’s
instructions.
2. Assay sample solutions in similar manner. Determine copper/iron concentration from
respective calibration curve.
3. Repeat standards at the end of the run and more often if necessary
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy

1. Prepare a calibration curve (concentration Vs emission) at wavelength of 324.7 nm (Cu) or
at 248.3 nm (Fe) with background correction (high side).
2. Assay sample solutions in a similar manner. Determine copper and iron concentration from
respective calibration curves.
3. Check calibration of the instrument after every 10 samples by analyzing calibration
standards. If reanalysis of calibration standards indicates that instrument has drifted out of
calibration (>3% of original values), recalibrate the instrument.
CALCULATION
Copper/Iron, mg/kg, as is =
(concentration, g/ml) x (Volume ml) x (Dilution Factor)
Sample Weight in gms
1. Glassware should be adequately cleaned. Clean glassware should be soaked in 5% HNO3,

overnight and rinsed with deionized water.
2. Standard solutions should match in composition of the sample solution as closely as
possible.
3. Follow Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) by keeping concentration of the sample solutions
within the range of the calibrating standards


Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) by AA without Ashing

ABSTRACT
Trace metals (copper and iron) in high fructose syrups are analyzed by either flame or graphite
furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sample is diluted and aspirated into the instrument
which then atomizes the sample, enabling atoms to absorb radiation specific to each element.
The amount of absorption at specific wave length, is proportional to concentration of the
element. Concentration of the element in solution is determined from a calibration curve of
known reference standards. Detection limit of the method using flame atomic absorption
spectroscopy (AAS) is 0.5 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg for the method using graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS).
EQUIPMENT
• Vented Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with auto sampler, gas controls assorted burner heads
and hollow cathode or electrode discharge lamps. Source of clean compressed air, acetylene and
other gases if required. Equipment should be well maintained with good response per unit
concentration, e.g., 0.200 absorbance or above for a standard copper solution of 4 g/ml.
OR
• Vented Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a graphite furnace, an auto sampler, a
background corrector, gas controls, hollow cathode lamp specific for copper/iron and other
accessories required for optimum operation of the instrument.
• Acid washed volumetric flasks and pipettes, beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks (Note 1).
REAGENTS
• Metal free water: deionized or 18M ohm resistance
• Redistilled or ultrapure conc. Nitric acid
• Certified AA 1000 g/ml standard for copper and iron.
• 0.3% HNO3 (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer)
PROCEDURE
For Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
1. Dilute copper/iron standard solution in different volumetric flasks with 0.3% HNO3 to provide
a final concentration of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/ml (Note 2).
2. Dilute 100 g of High Fructose Syrup (HFS) sample to 500 ml with 0.3% HNO3.
3. Pipette 50 ml of the diluted HFS sample into each of five 100 ml volumetric flasks. Treat as
follows:
a. To flask 1, add 50.0 ml of 0.3% HNO3 (Blank)
b. To flask 2, add 50.0 ml of the 0.1 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.05 g/ml).
c. To flask 3, add 50.0 ml of the 0.2 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.1 g/ml)
d. To flask 4, add 50.0 ml of the 0.5 g/ml standard solution(final conc. 0.25 g/ml)
e. To flask 5, add 50.0 ml of the 1.0 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.5 g/ml)
4. Determine absorbance for each solution at wavelength (UV range) of 324.7 nm (Cu) or
248.3 nm (Fe) with oxidizing air-C2H2 flame. Optimize flame parameters in accordance with
instrument manufacturer's instructions. Plot these against the added copper/iron
concentrations. Extrapolate the resulting straight line through zero absorbance.


Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) by AA without Ashing

5. The intercept of x-axis gives concentration of copper/iron in the diluted sample. Multiply this
value by dilution factor to obtain the concentration of copper/iron (mg/kg) in HFS sample.
For Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
1. Dilute copper/iron stock standard solution in water to the final concentration of 1.0 g/ml by
pipetting 0.25 ml of stock standard solution into a 250 ml volumetric flask and making up
volume with water. (Note 2).
2. Make a 10% w/v solution of the HFS sample in deionized water.
3. Take five 25 ml volumetric flasks. Treat as follows:
a. To flask 1, add no standard (Blank)
b. To flask 2, add 0.125 ml of the 1.0 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.005 g/ml).
c. To flask 3, add 0.25 ml of the 1.0 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.01 g/ml).
d. To flask 4, add 0.5 ml of the 1.0 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.02 g/ml).
e. To flask 5, add 1.0 ml of the 1.0 g/ml standard solution (final conc. 0.04 g/ml)
4. Make up volume to mark in each volumetric flask with the diluted HFS sample (10% w/v
solution).
5. Standards and samples are placed in an autosampler and analyzed by GFAAS.
6. Switch on spectrometer and follow manufacturer’s instructions to adjust and enter all the
required parameters for optimum performance of the instrument. Example of some of the
parameters which may be required to set or adjust are as the following: lamp current (4 mA),
slit width (0.5 nm Cu; 0.2 Fe), wave length (324.7 nm - Cu; 248.3 - Fe), time constant (0.05),
measurement time (1.0 second– Cu; 3.0 seconds - Fe), background correction (on/off),
measurement mode and other parameters. Insert platform into graphite tube, position tube
in atomizer head, and set required temperature program for the furnace. Record
absorbance, if any, of graphite tube and auto zero.
7. Use autosampler to inject 10 L (Cu) or 20 L (Fe) (or the volume suitable for the
instrument) of blank, calibration standards and samples into graphite furnace. Inject any
modifier, if required. Start temperature program and read absorbance.
8. Determine copper/iron concentration in sample solution from respective calibration curve.
9. The standard calibration procedure (preparing standard in diluted HNO3 or water instead of
diluted HFS sample) may be performed if matrix interference can be ruled out.
CALCULATION
Copper/Iron, mg/kg, as is =
(concentration, g/ml) x (Volume ml) x (Dilution Factor)
Sample Weight in gms
1. Glassware should be adequately cleaned. Clean glassware should be soaked in 5% HNO3,

overnight and rinsed with deionized water.
2. Standard solutions should be made fresh every day the analysis is performed.

Classification: HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP ANALYSIS Procedure: 17.0

Revision Date: October, 2009 Page 1 of 5
Acetaldehyde and Isovaleraldehyde (IVA) (Gas Chromatography)
ABSTRACT
Isovaleraldehyde (IVA) and acetaldehyde are released from the syrup with the aid
of dilute phosphoric acid and heat. The liberated compounds are then measured
using a headspace gas chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization
detector. Isovaleraldehyde and acetaldehyde results are reported at 11% D.S. for
finished sweeteners. It is important to keep the headspace volume the same or it
will have an effect on the final concentrations. Because of this, the volume of the
preparation vials is important to maintain.
SCOPE
This method is applicable to the analysis of finished HFCS, 95 Dextrose, and
most starch hydrolyzates (Note 1).
EQUIPMENT
1. Single column gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization
detector and headspace autosampler (Note 2).
2. Capillary GC Column, Supelco Supel-Q Plot fused silica capillary

column (30m, 0.53mm ID), or equivalent.
3.Sample vials (20 ml), caps, seals and crimping tools.
4. Repipettor capable of reproducibly delivering aqueous solutions to within ±

0.1%.
5. Analytical balance capable of measuring 0.0001 g.
6. Transfer pipettes.
7. Steam or water bath set at boiling.
REAGENTS
1.Ultra-pure filtered water (Note 3)
2. Phosphoric Acid Solution: In a 1 L volumetric flask add 500 ml of Ultrapure

water. Then add 12.171 g of concentrated phosphoric acid (85%). Mix
thoroughly. When mixed, fill to the mark with Ultra-pure water and mix.
3.Blank syrup standard (Note 4)
4. Isovaleraldehyde spiking solution: Accurately weigh 107 mg of 98%

isovaleraldehyde into a clean 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume
with Ultra-pure water. This is Stock 1 (1,050 ppm). Pipette 1.0 ml of
Stock I into a clean 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Ultrapure


water. This is Stock II (10.5 ppm). Pipette 1.0 ml of Stock II into a

clean 100 ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Ultra-pure water.
This is the Spiking Solution (105 ppb).
5. Acetaldehyde spiking solution: Purchase a certified solution of 5.62 ppm 4,6-

0-ethylidene-D-glucose or weigh 56.2 mg of 4,6-0-ethylidene-D-glucose
(Aldrich catalogue #E3275-4 or Pfaltz and Bauer catalogue #E11450) into a
beaker, and transfer to a one liter volumetric flask using Ultra-pure water,
dilute to volume. Then prepare a 5.62 ppm solution by diluting 100 ml of this
solution to one liter with Ultra-pure water. Store capped in the refrigerator.
GC AND HEADSPACE PARAMETERS

GC Parameters
1. Injector port temperature: 150°C
2. Detector temperature: 250°C
3. Oven temperature ramp profile:
Table 1 – Oven Temperature Ramp Profile
Step Ramp Rate Next Temp Hold Time Run Time

°C/min (°C) (min) (min)
Initial 50 0 0
1 7.5 190 1.5 20.2
4.Gas pressure: 45 ml/min H2, 450 ml/min air.
Headspace Sampler Parameters for capillary column

1. Carrier gas (He): ≈20mL/min at 12 psi. This will provide passive
pressure/flow to the GC.
2.Needle temperature: 125°C
3.Transfer line temperature: 125°C
4.Oven temperature: 80°C
5.Pressurization time: 0.7 minutes
6. Injection time: 0.3 minutes
7. Thermo time: 60 minutes


8. GC cycle time: 23.5 minutes
9. Needle withdraw time: 0.5 minutes
PROCEDURE
Standard Preparation:
1.Prepare five vials with caps.
2. Weigh 1.5000 ± 0.0050 g of blank syrup into each vial.
3. Pipette purified water, the spiking solution of acetaldehyde and IVA, and
phosphoric acid into each vial in the quantities shown in Table 2. The
phosphoric acid is added last into each vial.
4. Immediately cap the vial and crimp it tightly. These vials should not be left for
any period of time with stock solution in them unless they are capped.
Sample Preparation:
1.For 42 FX samples, weigh 1.6000 ± 0.0050 g of sample into a vial, and to this
pipette 7.9 ml of deionized water, then 1.0 ml of phosphoric acid; cap and crimp
tightly. Table 2 summarizes the 42 FX sample preparation.
2.For 55 FX samples, weigh 1.5000 ± 0.0050 g of sample into a vial, and to this
pipette 8.0 ml of deionized water, then 1.0 ml of phosphoric acid; cap and crimp
tightly. Table 2 summarizes the 55 FX sample preparation.
3.All vials are then mix thoroughly and then placed in a boiling water bath for 60
minutes. The samples are then transferred to the headspace analyzer and are ready
to be analyzed on the GC.
CALCULATIONS
Results are calculated using a 5-point calibration curve. The calibration standards
consist of the blank syrup and each of the four prepared standards. The blank is
subtracted from each standard and then a line equation is created with the corrected
standards (x-axis is the standard concentration, the y-axis is the peak area). The
concentration of components, expressed in parts per billion of 11% D.S. finished
product samples, can be determined by the following equation:
Y= mx+b where:
Y= peak area



x= concentration of acetaldehyde or IVA in ng/g (ppb) of 11% ds syrup
m = slope
b = y-intercept
Tables
Table 2 - Combined IVA/ Acetaldehyde GC Method Standards and Sample Composition
Syrup (g) Purified Acetaldehyde IVA Spiking Phosphoric

Water (ml) Spiking Solution (ml) Acid (ml)
Solution (ml)
Blank 1.5 8.0 -- -- 1.0

Std # 1 1.5 7.6 0.2 0.2 1.0
Std # 2 1.5 7.2 0.4 0.4 1.0
Std # 3 1.5 6.8 0.6 0.6 1.0
Std # 4 1.5 6.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
55 HFS 1.5 8.0 -- -- 1.0
42 HFS 1.6 7.9 -- -- 1.0
Table 3 - Combined IVA/ Acetaldehyde GC Method Standard Concentrations
Standard Acetaldehyde IVA

Concentration Concentration
(ppb) (ppb)
Blank 0 0
#1 22.9 2
#2 45.7 4
#3 68.6 6
#4 114.3 10

1.Sulfur dioxide levels in excess of 10 ppm may interfere.
2.Different GC’s and headspace units may use different parameters.
3. High quality water (over 18 mega-ohms) must be used to prepare all reagents
and blanks to avoid contamination.
4. The blank syrup should have low or non-detectable levels of IVA and
acetaldehyde.



5. This method typically reports slightly higher acetaldehyde results than CRA
Method E-1.
6. The variability of IVA and acetaldehyde results obtained from this method are
similar and typically better than those reported from methods ISBT 12.0 and
CRA method E-1 respectively.
REFERENCES
1. CRA Acetaldehyde Method E-1. CRA Method E-1 “Acetaldehyde”:
Revision Dec. 19, 2006.
2. ISBT Isovaleraldehyde Method 12.0. “Isovaleraldehyde (IVA)”: Revision
Analytical methods for E1a Acetaldehyde and Isovaleraldehyde supplied courtesy of the
Corn Refiners Association.

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOLIDS
Augustana Research Foundation – Tables based on model generated by Augustana
Research Foundation, 1983 under sponsorship of the Corn Refiners Association.
CONDUCTIVITY
Adapted from methodology provided by Corn Products International 2003. (Revised
March, 2007)
SACCHARIDES (LIQUID CHROMOATOGRAPHY)
Adapted from Standard Analytical Methods of the Member Companies of the Corn
Refiners Association. (CRA Method E61, Revised 4/1/09)
Analytical Method for E61 supplied courtesy of the Corn Refiners Association
COLOR CRA
COLOR ICUMSA
Reference ICUMSA method GS2\3-10, 1998.(Revised 2007)
MESOPHILIC BACTERIA,YEAST AND MOLD
Methods developed by the ISBT Quality Technical Committee 2003.
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENT ICUMSA
Reference ICUMSA method GS2/3/9-19
pH
Adapted from a methodology provided by A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Decatur,
Illinois. 1983.
TASTE, ODOR, AND APPEARANCE
Adapted from a methodology provided by the Pepsi-Cola Company 2010.
CHLORIDE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Refiners Association. (CRA Method E67a)
Analytical Method for E67a supplied courtesy of the Corn Refiners Association

ACETALDEHYDE
Adapted from a methodology provided by A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company 11% DS
Method, 1985.
ISOVALERALDEHYDE (IVA)
5-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-FURFURAL, (HMF)
2-AMINOACETOPHENONE, (2AP)
FLOC POTENTIAL
Adapted from a methodology provided by the Coca-Cola Company 2003.
COPPER AND IRON
Adapted from a methodology provided by Silliker Laboratories 2003.
ACETALDEHYDE and ISOVALERALDEHYDE (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
Refiners Association. (CRA Method E1a, 10/9/2009)
Analytical Method for E1a supplied courtesy of the Corn Refiners Association
ARSENIC
Reference the Food Chemicals Codex, Seventh Edition.
LEAD
Reference the Food Chemicals Codex, Seventh Edition.

APPENDIX I – INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS TABLES
The solids and weight per unit volume are two of the most important characteristics of a
carbohydrate system. They provide the user with information necessary to formulate a
finished product to exacting specifications. In most manufacturing operations, these are
determined by indirect means, e.g., °Baume’ or °Brix for reasons of cost and speed.
The properties of any carbohydrate system are dependent upon the components and their
concentration. Since high fructose syrups exists at various fructose levels, and as new
density models become available, it may be necessary to update the relationships
between the primary properties and the conventional secondary means of measurement.
The revisions to the RI-DS tables for this publication were synchronized to the CRA (Corn
Refiners Association) RI-DS Software Version 3 available on the CRA web site at
www.corn.org. Under contract from the CRA – John Rasche created the ISBT2 table
generation software applying the same algorithms used in the CRA RI-DS Version 2.
Reference notes for the ISBT2 table generation software are included in the Notes section
of this publication
Two detailed tables are included (Appendix II – HFS 42, and Appendix III- HFS 55) which
contain a great deal of physical data about each syrup. The HFS 42 table ranges from
0.00% to 75.00% solids in 0.1% increments and the HFS 5 table ranges from 0.00% to
80.00% solids. These tables were generated using carbohydrate and ash profiles which,
reflect the typical profiles seen for HFS in North America (see pages 52 & 76). Tables
using other profiles can be obtained using the CRA RI/DS Software.
A description of columns found in Appendices II & III is as follows:
Column 1: % Solids in High Fructose Syrup.
Columns 2 and 3: These two columns demonstrate the relationships between solids and
refractive index at two temperatures, 20°C and 45°C, as described in published work2.
Columns 4 and 5: °Brix reading refractometers will yield low results for high fructose corn
syrups. For example, in HFCS-42, a °Brix refractometer calibrated according to the 1936
ICUMSA (International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis) relationship
would give a reading of 69.76% for a solids of 71%. Even though the 1966 ICUMSA
model is better for sucrose, it still provides erroneously low values for high fructose corn
syrup.
Column 6: True density values (in g per milliliter) are based on published work (Notes 3 &
4).
Columns 7, 8 and 9: Apparent specific gravity (sp. grav.) in air is the ratio of the mass at
the indicated temperature to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same
temperature. Example: Water at 20°C weighs 8.322 pounds per gallon and a syrup sample
has a sp. grav. of 1.35022 (20°C/20°C). Therefore, one gallon of the sample (71.00%
solids ) at 20°C would have a total weight of 11.237 pounds (1.35022 x 8.322 = 11.237).
Solids weight would be the total weight multiplied by the decimal equivalent of the %
solids. In the example, pounds of solids per gallon would be 7.978 pound.
Column 10: This column gives the °Brix corresponding to the solids in Column 1. This
clearly demonstrates that the use of a °Brix hydrometer for the determination of solids will
yield low results which become pronounced at high levels.
NOTE:

Columns 1-10 are the same for the HFCS-55 tables as described above for HFCS-42
tables. Values for HFCS-55 may be substituted in the examples shown in Columns 7, 8
and 9 for calculation.
ISBT2 Table Generation detailed notes
Note 1 Equation for 1936 Brix - Note that RI (20 C) = "k" when Brix = 0
Refractive Index = 1.33299 at 20 C for water (from Augustana correlation), therefore Brix
must be -0.01 to match the RI at 0% ds.
' Constants for 1936 Brix
k = 1.3330046
a = 0.00141706743
b = 0.0000075179262
c = -0.000000126654291
d = 3.90525886E-09
e = -4.5583986E-11
f = 1.90330858E-13
' Refractive Index at 20 C from 1936 Brix
RI = k + a * Brix + b * Brix ^ 2 + c * Brix ^ 3 + d * Brix ^ 4 + e * Brix ^ 5 + f * Brix ^ 6
Note 2 Equation for 1966 Brix - Note that RI (20 C) = "k" when Brix = 0
Refractive Index for 0 Brix matches the RI calculated at 0% ds from Augustana correlation.
'Constants for RI from 1966 Brix

k = 1.33298731
a = 0.00142935392
b = 0.00000517183404
c = 2.33200854E-08
d = -4.10680669E-11
'Refractive Index at 20 C from 1966 Brix
RI = k + a * Brix + b * Brix ^ 2 + c * Brix ^ 3 + d * Brix ^ 4
Note 3 Density of water (0% ds) is 0.998204 g/cc at 20 C from several sources:
1. Perry's - Chemical Engineers' Handbook - Sixth Edition (page 3-75), from "Tables of
Standard Handbook Data, Standartov, Moscow, 1978"
2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, College Edition - 48th Edition 1967-1968,
The Chemical Rubber Handbook Co. (page F4) from Thiesen, Scheel and Disselhorst
(1900) and the absolute value at 3.98 C by the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures (1910).

Density of water (0% ds) is 0.99823 in the ISBT 42% fructose table (published 1994). The
notes on page 2-1 for Column 6 indicates "True density values (in g per milliliter) are
based on published work (Notes 3 & 4). These notes are a paper by Wartman, et al (1984)
and Maxwell, et al (1984), both in J. Agric Food Chem, 1984, 32, pages 971 - 979. The
definition of a milliliter was changed in 1962 from the volume of 1.00000 g of water at its
maximum density (3.98 C). The
absolute density of water at 3.98 C is 0.999972 g per cc, therefore a milliliter before 1962
was 1.000028 cc. In 1962 the milliliter was changed to a volume of 1.0000000 cc, so
absolute density was the same, whether expressed in CGS units of g/cc or in the alternate
units of g/ml.
Absolute density of water at 3.98 C is 0.999972 g/cc
Relative density of water at 3.98 C is 0.999972 / 0.999972 or 1.00000 g/ml (old definition)
Absolute density of water at 20 C is 0.998204 g/cc
The relative density at 20 C is 0.998204 / 0.999972 or 0.99823 g/ml (old definition)
The referenced papers in J. Agric. Food Chem refer to ml and density, but do not talk of
either relative density or absolute density. A paper titled RI-DS (Refractive Index - Dry
Substance), Program and Tables for Commercial Corn Syrups and High Fructose Corn
Syrups, Copyright © 1989, Corn Refiners Association, Inc. refers to the DOS program
diskette. In the Appendix is an equation for "Density of Water (Gildseth, et al.), labeled
"Useful Water Relationships". This equation is from a paper, Precision Measurements of
Densities and Thermal Dilation of Water
Between 5 C and 80 C, Wayne Gildseth, Anton Habenschuss, and Frank H. Spedding,
Ames Laboratory - USAEC and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa 50010, on pages 402 - 409 of Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 17,
No. 4, 1972. This paper shows the "density of water, g/ml" as 1.0000000 at 4 C, and
0.9982336 at 20 C. These match relative density for water, where the ml is defined as
1.000028 cc before it was changed to
1.00000000 cc in 1962.
Note 4. The equation relating "density" with Hydrometer Brix below, used a constant "a" of
0.99823167, very close to the relative density of water at 20 C. The density at 0% ds in the
ISBT table corresponds to relative density used before 1962 and matches the "a" in the
Hydrometer Brix equation. The new CRA tables solve for Hydrometer Brix by converting
absolute density (g/cc) into relative density (ratio of water density at 20 C divided by water
density at 3.98 C) before finding the value of Hydrometer Brix which gives the target
relative density.
Equation for Hydrometer Brix, assumed to be relative density (g/ml), old ml definition
Constants for Relative Density from Hydrometer Brix
a = 0.99823167
b = 0.0038542614
c = 0.00001306968
d = 0.00000005690123
e = -1.793526E-10
Relative Density at 20 C from Hydrometer Brix
Relative Density = a + b * Brix + c * Brix ^ 2 + d * Brix ^ 3 + e * Brix ^ 4

REFERENCES
1. Physical Properties Tables (1983) “Invertose” High Fructose Corn Syrup Corn
Products (a Unit of CPC North America)
2. Wartman, A.M., Bridges, A.J., & Eliason, M.A. (1980) “Refractive Index – Dry
Substance Relationships for Commercial High Fructose Corn Syrups and Blends”, J.
Chem. Eng. Data 25, 277-282.
3. Wartman, A.M., Spawn, T.D., & Elaison, M.A. (1984) “The Relationship Between
Density, Temperature and Dry Substance of Commercial Corn Syrups, High Fructose
Corn Syrups, and Blends with Sucrose and Invert Sugar,” J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984,
32, 971 - 974.
4. Maxwell, J.L., Krutz, F.A., & Strelka, B.J. (1984) “Specific Volumen (Density) of
Saccharide Solutions (Corn Syrups and Blends) and Partial Specific Volumes of
Saccharide-Water Mixtures”, J. Agric Food Chem 1984, 32, 974-979

APPENDIX II –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 42

Refractive Index Ref. Brix Density Sp. Grav. Lbs/US Gal Hydrometer
Solids (20 C) g/cc (Air) (20 C) Brix
% 20 C 45 C 1936 1966 (Vac) 20 C 20 C/20 C Total Solids 20 C
0.00 1.33299 1.32985 -0.01 0.00 0.99820 1.00000 8.320 0.000 0.00
0.10 1.33313 1.32999 0.09 0.10 0.99859 1.00039 8.324 0.008 0.10
0.20 1.33327 1.33013 0.19 0.20 0.99897 1.00077 8.327 0.017 0.20
0.30 1.33342 1.33027 0.29 0.30 0.99936 1.00116 8.330 0.025 0.30
0.40 1.33356 1.33041 0.39 0.40 0.99974 1.00154 8.333 0.033 0.40
0.50 1.33370 1.33054 0.49 0.50 1.00013 1.00193 8.336 0.042 0.50
0.60 1.33384 1.33068 0.59 0.60 1.00051 1.00232 8.340 0.050 0.60
0.70 1.33398 1.33082 0.69 0.70 1.00090 1.00270 8.343 0.058 0.70
0.80 1.33413 1.33096 0.79 0.79 1.00129 1.00309 8.346 0.067 0.80
0.90 1.33427 1.33110 0.89 0.89 1.00167 1.00348 8.349 0.075 0.90
1.00 1.33441 1.33124 0.99 0.99 1.00206 1.00387 8.353 0.084 1.00
1.10 1.33455 1.33138 1.09 1.09 1.00245 1.00425 8.356 0.092 1.10
1.20 1.33470 1.33152 1.19 1.19 1.00283 1.00464 8.359 0.100 1.20
1.30 1.33484 1.33165 1.29 1.29 1.00322 1.00503 8.362 0.109 1.30
1.40 1.33498 1.33179 1.39 1.39 1.00361 1.00542 8.365 0.117 1.40
1.50 1.33513 1.33193 1.49 1.49 1.00400 1.00581 8.369 0.126 1.49
1.60 1.33527 1.33207 1.59 1.59 1.00438 1.00620 8.372 0.134 1.59
1.70 1.33541 1.33221 1.69 1.69 1.00477 1.00659 8.375 0.142 1.69
1.80 1.33556 1.33235 1.79 1.79 1.00516 1.00698 8.378 0.151 1.79
1.90 1.33570 1.33249 1.88 1.89 1.00555 1.00737 8.382 0.159 1.89
2.00 1.33585 1.33263 1.98 1.99 1.00594 1.00776 8.385 0.168 1.99
2.10 1.33599 1.33277 2.08 2.08 1.00633 1.00815 8.388 0.176 2.09
2.20 1.33613 1.33291 2.18 2.18 1.00672 1.00854 8.391 0.185 2.19
2.30 1.33628 1.33305 2.28 2.28 1.00711 1.00893 8.395 0.193 2.29
2.40 1.33642 1.33319 2.38 2.38 1.00750 1.00932 8.398 0.202 2.39
2.50 1.33657 1.33333 2.48 2.48 1.00789 1.00972 8.401 0.210 2.49
2.60 1.33671 1.33347 2.58 2.58 1.00828 1.01011 8.405 0.219 2.59
2.70 1.33685 1.33361 2.68 2.68 1.00867 1.01050 8.408 0.227 2.69
2.80 1.33700 1.33376 2.78 2.78 1.00907 1.01089 8.411 0.236 2.79
2.90 1.33714 1.33390 2.88 2.88 1.00946 1.01129 8.414 0.244 2.89
3.00 1.33729 1.33404 2.98 2.98 1.00985 1.01168 8.418 0.253 2.99
3.10 1.33743 1.33418 3.08 3.08 1.01024 1.01207 8.421 0.261 3.09
3.20 1.33758 1.33432 3.18 3.18 1.01064 1.01247 8.424 0.270 3.19
3.30 1.33772 1.33446 3.28 3.27 1.01103 1.01286 8.427 0.278 3.29
3.40 1.33787 1.33460 3.38 3.37 1.01142 1.01326 8.431 0.287 3.39
3.50 1.33802 1.33474 3.48 3.47 1.01182 1.01365 8.434 0.295 3.49


Solids (20 C) g/cc (Air) (20 C) Brix
% 20 C 45 C 1936 1966 (Vac) 20 C 20 C/20 C Total Solids 20 C
3.60 1.33816 1.33489 3.57 3.57 1.01221 1.01405 8.437 0.304 3.59
3.70 1.33831 1.33503 3.67 3.67 1.01260 1.01444 8.441 0.312 3.69
3.80 1.33845 1.33517 3.77 3.77 1.01300 1.01484 8.444 0.321 3.79
3.90 1.33860 1.33531 3.87 3.87 1.01339 1.01523 8.447 0.329 3.89
4.00 1.33874 1.33545 3.97 3.97 1.01379 1.01563 8.450 0.338 3.99
4.10 1.33889 1.33560 4.07 4.07 1.01418 1.01603 8.454 0.347 4.09
4.20 1.33904 1.33574 4.17 4.17 1.01458 1.01642 8.457 0.355 4.19
4.30 1.33918 1.33588 4.27 4.27 1.01498 1.01682 8.460 0.364 4.29
4.40 1.33933 1.33602 4.37 4.37 1.01537 1.01722 8.464 0.372 4.39
4.50 1.33948 1.33617 4.47 4.47 1.01577 1.01762 8.467 0.381 4.49
4.60 1.33962 1.33631 4.57 4.57 1.01616 1.01801 8.470 0.390 4.59
4.70 1.33977 1.33645 4.67 4.66 1.01656 1.01841 8.474 0.398 4.69
4.80 1.33992 1.33660 4.77 4.76 1.01696 1.01881 8.477 0.407 4.79
4.90 1.34006 1.33674 4.86 4.86 1.01736 1.01921 8.480 0.416 4.89
5.00 1.34021 1.33688 4.96 4.96 1.01775 1.01961 8.484 0.424 4.99
5.10 1.34036 1.33703 5.06 5.06 1.01815 1.02001 8.487 0.433 5.09
5.20 1.34050 1.33717 5.16 5.16 1.01855 1.02041 8.490 0.441 5.19
5.30 1.34065 1.33731 5.26 5.26 1.01895 1.02081 8.494 0.450 5.29
5.40 1.34080 1.33746 5.36 5.36 1.01935 1.02121 8.497 0.459 5.39
5.50 1.34095 1.33760 5.46 5.46 1.01975 1.02161 8.500 0.468 5.49
5.60 1.34110 1.33774 5.56 5.56 1.02015 1.02201 8.504 0.476 5.59
5.70 1.34124 1.33789 5.66 5.66 1.02055 1.02241 8.507 0.485 5.68
5.80 1.34139 1.33803 5.76 5.76 1.02095 1.02281 8.510 0.494 5.78
5.90 1.34154 1.33818 5.86 5.86 1.02135 1.02321 8.514 0.502 5.88
6.00 1.34169 1.33832 5.95 5.95 1.02175 1.02362 8.517 0.511 5.98
6.10 1.34184 1.33847 6.05 6.05 1.02215 1.02402 8.520 0.520 6.08
6.20 1.34198 1.33861 6.15 6.15 1.02255 1.02442 8.524 0.528 6.18
6.30 1.34213 1.33875 6.25 6.25 1.02295 1.02482 8.527 0.537 6.28
6.40 1.34228 1.33890 6.35 6.35 1.02335 1.02523 8.530 0.546 6.38
6.50 1.34243 1.33904 6.45 6.45 1.02376 1.02563 8.534 0.555 6.48
6.60 1.34258 1.33919 6.55 6.55 1.02416 1.02603 8.537 0.563 6.58
6.70 1.34273 1.33933 6.65 6.65 1.02456 1.02644 8.540 0.572 6.68
6.80 1.34288 1.33948 6.75 6.75 1.02496 1.02684 8.544 0.581 6.78
6.90 1.34303 1.33963 6.85 6.85 1.02537 1.02725 8.547 0.590 6.88
7.00 1.34318 1.33977 6.95 6.95 1.02577 1.02765 8.550 0.599 6.98
7.10 1.34332 1.33992 7.04 7.05 1.02618 1.02806 8.554 0.607 7.08


Solids (20°C) g/cc (Air) (20°C) Brix
% 20°C 45°C 1936 1966 (Vac) 20°C 20°C/20°C Total Solids 20°C
7.20 1.34347 1.34006 7.14 7.15 1.02658 1.02846 8.557 0.616 7.18
7.30 1.34362 1.34021 7.24 7.25 1.02698 1.02887 8.561 0.625 7.28
7.40 1.34377 1.34035 7.34 7.34 1.02739 1.02927 8.564 0.634 7.38
7.50 1.34392 1.34050 7.44 7.44 1.02779 1.02968 8.567 0.643 7.48
7.60 1.34407 1.34065 7.54 7.54 1.02820 1.03009 8.571 0.651 7.58
7.70 1.34422 1.34079 7.64 7.64 1.02860 1.03049 8.574 0.660 7.68
7.80 1.34437 1.34094 7.74 7.74 1.02901 1.03090 8.577 0.669 7.78
7.90 1.34452 1.34109 7.84 7.84 1.02942 1.03131 8.581 0.678 7.88
8.00 1.34467 1.34123 7.94 7.94 1.02982 1.03171 8.584 0.687 7.98
8.10 1.34483 1.34138 8.03 8.04 1.03023 1.03212 8.588 0.696 8.08
8.20 1.34498 1.34153 8.13 8.14 1.03064 1.03253 8.591 0.704 8.18
8.30 1.34513 1.34167 8.23 8.24 1.03104 1.03294 8.594 0.713 8.28
8.40 1.34528 1.34182 8.33 8.34 1.03145 1.03335 8.598 0.722 8.38
8.50 1.34543 1.34197 8.43 8.44 1.03186 1.03376 8.601 0.731 8.48
8.60 1.34558 1.34211 8.53 8.54 1.03227 1.03417 8.605 0.740 8.58
8.70 1.34573 1.34226 8.63 8.64 1.03268 1.03458 8.608 0.749 8.68
8.80 1.34588 1.34241 8.73 8.73 1.03308 1.03499 8.611 0.758 8.78
8.90 1.34603 1.34256 8.83 8.83 1.03349 1.03540 8.615 0.767 8.88
9.00 1.34619 1.34271 8.93 8.93 1.03390 1.03581 8.618 0.776 8.98
9.10 1.34634 1.34285 9.03 9.03 1.03431 1.03622 8.622 0.785 9.08
9.20 1.34649 1.34300 9.12 9.13 1.03472 1.03663 8.625 0.794 9.18
9.30 1.34664 1.34315 9.22 9.23 1.03513 1.03704 8.629 0.802 9.28
9.40 1.34679 1.34330 9.32 9.33 1.03554 1.03745 8.632 0.811 9.38
9.50 1.34694 1.34345 9.42 9.43 1.03595 1.03786 8.635 0.820 9.48
9.60 1.34710 1.34359 9.52 9.53 1.03636 1.03828 8.639 0.829 9.58
9.70 1.34725 1.34374 9.62 9.63 1.03678 1.03869 8.642 0.838 9.68
9.80 1.34740 1.34389 9.72 9.73 1.03719 1.03910 8.646 0.847 9.78
9.90 1.34755 1.34404 9.82 9.83 1.03760 1.03951 8.649 0.856 9.88
10.00 1.34771 1.34419 9.92 9.93 1.03801 1.03993 8.653 0.865 9.98
10.10 1.34786 1.34434 10.02 10.02 1.03842 1.04034 8.656 0.874 10.08
10.20 1.34801 1.34449 10.11 10.12 1.03884 1.04075 8.659 0.883 10.18
10.30 1.34817 1.34464 10.21 10.22 1.03925 1.04117 8.663 0.892 10.28
10.40 1.34832 1.34479 10.31 10.32 1.03966 1.04158 8.666 0.901 10.38
10.50 1.34847 1.34494 10.41 10.42 1.04008 1.04200 8.670 0.910 10.48
10.60 1.34863 1.34509 10.51 10.52 1.04049 1.04241 8.673 0.919 10.58
10.70 1.34878 1.34524 10.61 10.62 1.04090 1.04283 8.677 0.928 10.68
10.80 1.34893 1.34539 10.71 10.72 1.04132 1.04324 8.680 0.937 10.77


10.90 1.34909 1.34554 10.81 10.82 1.04173 1.04366 8.684 0.947 10.87
11.00 1.34924 1.34569 10.91 10.92 1.04215 1.04408 8.687 0.956 10.97
11.10 1.34939 1.34584 11.01 11.02 1.04256 1.04449 8.691 0.965 11.07
11.20 1.34955 1.34599 11.11 11.12 1.04298 1.04491 8.694 0.974 11.17
11.30 1.34970 1.34614 11.20 11.22 1.04340 1.04533 8.698 0.983 11.27
11.40 1.34986 1.34629 11.30 11.32 1.04381 1.04574 8.701 0.992 11.37
11.50 1.35001 1.34644 11.40 11.41 1.04423 1.04616 8.704 1.001 11.47
11.60 1.35016 1.34659 11.50 11.51 1.04464 1.04658 8.708 1.010 11.57
11.70 1.35032 1.34674 11.60 11.61 1.04506 1.04700 8.711 1.019 11.67
11.80 1.35047 1.34689 11.70 11.71 1.04548 1.04742 8.715 1.028 11.77
11.90 1.35063 1.34704 11.80 11.81 1.04590 1.04784 8.718 1.037 11.87
12.00 1.35078 1.34719 11.90 11.91 1.04631 1.04825 8.722 1.047 11.97
12.10 1.35094 1.34734 12.00 12.01 1.04673 1.04867 8.725 1.056 12.07
12.20 1.35109 1.34750 12.10 12.11 1.04715 1.04909 8.729 1.065 12.17
12.30 1.35125 1.34765 12.20 12.21 1.04757 1.04951 8.732 1.074 12.27
12.40 1.35140 1.34780 12.29 12.31 1.04799 1.04993 8.736 1.083 12.37
12.50 1.35156 1.34795 12.39 12.41 1.04841 1.05035 8.739 1.092 12.47
12.60 1.35172 1.34810 12.49 12.51 1.04883 1.05078 8.743 1.102 12.57
12.70 1.35187 1.34825 12.59 12.60 1.04925 1.05120 8.746 1.111 12.67
12.80 1.35203 1.34841 12.69 12.70 1.04967 1.05162 8.750 1.120 12.77
12.90 1.35218 1.34856 12.79 12.80 1.05009 1.05204 8.753 1.129 12.87
13.00 1.35234 1.34871 12.89 12.90 1.05051 1.05246 8.757 1.138 12.97
13.10 1.35250 1.34886 12.99 13.00 1.05093 1.05288 8.760 1.148 13.07
13.20 1.35265 1.34902 13.09 13.10 1.05135 1.05331 8.764 1.157 13.17
13.30 1.35281 1.34917 13.19 13.20 1.05177 1.05373 8.767 1.166 13.27
13.40 1.35297 1.34932 13.29 13.30 1.05220 1.05415 8.771 1.175 13.37
13.50 1.35312 1.34948 13.38 13.40 1.05262 1.05458 8.775 1.185 13.47
13.60 1.35328 1.34963 13.48 13.50 1.05304 1.05500 8.778 1.194 13.57
13.70 1.35344 1.34978 13.58 13.60 1.05346 1.05542 8.782 1.203 13.67
13.80 1.35359 1.34993 13.68 13.70 1.05389 1.05585 8.785 1.212 13.77
13.90 1.35375 1.35009 13.78 13.80 1.05431 1.05627 8.789 1.222 13.87
14.00 1.35391 1.35024 13.88 13.89 1.05473 1.05670 8.792 1.231 13.97
14.10 1.35406 1.35040 13.98 13.99 1.05516 1.05712 8.796 1.240 14.07
14.20 1.35422 1.35055 14.08 14.09 1.05558 1.05755 8.799 1.249 14.17
14.30 1.35438 1.35070 14.18 14.19 1.05601 1.05798 8.803 1.259 14.27
14.40 1.35454 1.35086 14.28 14.29 1.05643 1.05840 8.806 1.268 14.37


50 1.35469 1.35101 14.38 14.39 1.05686 1.05883 8.810 1.277 14.47
14.60 1.35485 1.35117 14.48 14.49 1.05728 1.05925 8.813 1.287 14.57
14.70 1.35501 1.35132 14.57 14.59 1.05771 1.05968 8.817 1.296 14.66
14.80 1.35517 1.35147 14.67 14.69 1.05813 1.06011 8.821 1.305 14.76
14.90 1.35533 1.35163 14.77 14.79 1.05856 1.06054 8.824 1.315 14.86
15.00 1.35549 1.35178 14.87 14.89 1.05899 1.06096 8.828 1.324 14.96
15.10 1.35564 1.35194 14.97 14.98 1.05941 1.06139 8.831 1.334 15.06
15.20 1.35580 1.35209 15.07 15.08 1.05984 1.06182 8.835 1.343 15.16
15.30 1.35596 1.35225 15.17 15.18 1.06027 1.06225 8.838 1.352 15.26
15.40 1.35612 1.35240 15.27 15.28 1.06070 1.06268 8.842 1.362 15.36
15.50 1.35628 1.35256 15.37 15.38 1.06112 1.06311 8.845 1.371 15.46
15.60 1.35644 1.35271 15.47 15.48 1.06155 1.06354 8.849 1.380 15.56
15.70 1.35660 1.35287 15.57 15.58 1.06198 1.06397 8.853 1.390 15.66
15.80 1.35676 1.35303 15.67 15.68 1.06241 1.06440 8.856 1.399 15.76
15.90 1.35692 1.35318 15.76 15.78 1.06284 1.06483 8.860 1.409 15.86
16.00 1.35708 1.35334 15.86 15.88 1.06327 1.06526 8.863 1.418 15.96
16.10 1.35724 1.35349 15.96 15.98 1.06370 1.06569 8.867 1.428 16.06
16.20 1.35740 1.35365 16.06 16.08 1.06413 1.06612 8.871 1.437 16.16
16.30 1.35755 1.35381 16.16 16.17 1.06456 1.06655 8.874 1.446 16.26
16.40 1.35771 1.35396 16.26 16.27 1.06499 1.06699 8.878 1.456 16.36
16.50 1.35788 1.35412 16.36 16.37 1.06542 1.06742 8.881 1.465 16.46
16.60 1.35804 1.35428 16.46 16.47 1.06585 1.06785 8.885 1.475 16.56
16.70 1.35820 1.35443 16.56 16.57 1.06628 1.06828 8.889 1.484 16.66
16.80 1.35836 1.35459 16.66 16.67 1.06671 1.06872 8.892 1.494 16.76
16.90 1.35852 1.35475 16.76 16.77 1.06715 1.06915 8.896 1.503 16.86
17.00 1.35868 1.35490 16.86 16.87 1.06758 1.06958 8.899 1.513 16.96
17.10 1.35884 1.35506 16.96 16.97 1.06801 1.07002 8.903 1.522 17.06
17.20 1.35900 1.35522 17.05 17.07 1.06845 1.07045 8.907 1.532 17.16
17.30 1.35916 1.35538 17.15 17.16 1.06888 1.07089 8.910 1.541 17.26
17.40 1.35932 1.35553 17.25 17.26 1.06931 1.07132 8.914 1.551 17.36
17.50 1.35948 1.35569 17.35 17.36 1.06975 1.07176 8.917 1.561 17.45
17.60 1.35964 1.35585 17.45 17.46 1.07018 1.07219 8.921 1.570 17.55
17.70 1.35981 1.35601 17.55 17.56 1.07061 1.07263 8.925 1.580 17.65
17.80 1.35997 1.35616 17.65 17.66 1.07105 1.07306 8.928 1.589 17.75
17.90 1.36013 1.35632 17.75 17.76 1.07148 1.07350 8.932 1.599 17.85
18.00 1.36029 1.35648 17.85 17.86 1.07192 1.07394 8.936 1.608 17.95


18.10 1.36045 1.35664 17.95 17.96 1.07236 1.07437 8.939 1.618 18.05
18.20 1.36062 1.35680 18.05 18.06 1.07279 1.07481 8.943 1.628 18.15
18.30 1.36078 1.35696 18.15 18.16 1.07323 1.07525 8.947 1.637 18.25
18.40 1.36094 1.35711 18.24 18.25 1.07366 1.07569 8.950 1.647 18.35
18.50 1.36110 1.35727 18.34 18.35 1.07410 1.07613 8.954 1.656 18.45
18.60 1.36126 1.35743 18.44 18.45 1.07454 1.07656 8.957 1.666 18.55
18.70 1.36143 1.35759 18.54 18.55 1.07498 1.07700 8.961 1.676 18.65
18.80 1.36159 1.35775 18.64 18.65 1.07541 1.07744 8.965 1.685 18.75
18.90 1.36175 1.35791 18.74 18.75 1.07585 1.07788 8.968 1.695 18.85
19.00 1.36192 1.35807 18.84 18.85 1.07629 1.07832 8.972 1.705 18.95
19.10 1.36208 1.35823 18.94 18.95 1.07673 1.07876 8.976 1.714 19.05
19.20 1.36224 1.35839 19.04 19.05 1.07717 1.07920 8.979 1.724 19.15
19.30 1.36241 1.35855 19.14 19.15 1.07761 1.07964 8.983 1.734 19.25
19.40 1.36257 1.35871 19.24 19.24 1.07805 1.08008 8.987 1.743 19.35
19.50 1.36273 1.35887 19.34 19.34 1.07849 1.08052 8.990 1.753 19.45
19.60 1.36290 1.35903 19.44 19.44 1.07893 1.08097 8.994 1.763 19.55
19.70 1.36306 1.35919 19.53 19.54 1.07937 1.08141 8.998 1.773 19.64
19.80 1.36323 1.35935 19.63 19.64 1.07981 1.08185 9.001 1.782 19.74
19.90 1.36339 1.35951 19.73 19.74 1.08025 1.08229 9.005 1.792 19.84
20.00 1.36355 1.35967 19.83 19.84 1.08069 1.08273 9.009 1.802 19.94
20.10 1.36372 1.35983 19.93 19.94 1.08113 1.08318 9.012 1.812 20.04
20.20 1.36388 1.35999 20.03 20.04 1.08157 1.08362 9.016 1.821 20.14
20.30 1.36405 1.36015 20.13 20.13 1.08202 1.08406 9.020 1.831 20.24
20.40 1.36421 1.36032 20.23 20.23 1.08246 1.08451 9.024 1.841 20.34
20.50 1.36438 1.36048 20.33 20.33 1.08290 1.08495 9.027 1.851 20.44
20.60 1.36454 1.36064 20.43 20.43 1.08334 1.08540 9.031 1.860 20.54
20.70 1.36471 1.36080 20.53 20.53 1.08379 1.08584 9.035 1.870 20.64
20.80 1.36487 1.36096 20.63 20.63 1.08423 1.08629 9.038 1.880 20.74
20.90 1.36504 1.36112 20.73 20.73 1.08468 1.08673 9.042 1.890 20.84
21.00 1.36520 1.36128 20.82 20.83 1.08512 1.08718 9.046 1.900 20.94
21.10 1.36537 1.36145 20.92 20.93 1.08556 1.08762 9.049 1.909 21.04
21.20 1.36553 1.36161 21.02 21.02 1.08601 1.08807 9.053 1.919 21.14
21.30 1.36570 1.36177 21.12 21.12 1.08645 1.08852 9.057 1.929 21.24
21.40 1.36587 1.36193 21.22 21.22 1.08690 1.08896 9.061 1.939 21.34
21.50 1.36603 1.36210 21.32 21.32 1.08735 1.08941 9.064 1.949 21.43
21.60 1.36620 1.36226 21.42 21.42 1.08779 1.08986 9.068 1.959 21.53


21.70 1.36636 1.36242 21.52 21.52 1.08824 1.09030 9.072 1.969 21.63
21.80 1.36653 1.36258 21.62 21.62 1.08868 1.09075 9.075 1.978 21.73
21.90 1.36670 1.36275 21.72 21.72 1.08913 1.09120 9.079 1.988 21.83
22.00 1.36686 1.36291 21.82 21.82 1.08958 1.09165 9.083 1.998 21.93
22.10 1.36703 1.36307 21.92 21.91 1.09003 1.09210 9.087 2.008 22.03
22.20 1.36720 1.36324 22.02 22.01 1.09047 1.09255 9.090 2.018 22.13
22.30 1.36736 1.36340 22.11 22.11 1.09092 1.09300 9.094 2.028 22.23
22.40 1.36753 1.36356 22.21 22.21 1.09137 1.09345 9.098 2.038 22.33
22.50 1.36770 1.36373 22.31 22.31 1.09182 1.09390 9.102 2.048 22.43
22.60 1.36787 1.36389 22.41 22.41 1.09227 1.09435 9.105 2.058 22.53
22.70 1.36803 1.36406 22.51 22.51 1.09272 1.09480 9.109 2.068 22.63
22.80 1.36820 1.36422 22.61 22.61 1.09317 1.09525 9.113 2.078 22.73
22.90 1.36837 1.36438 22.71 22.70 1.09362 1.09570 9.117 2.088 22.83
23.00 1.36854 1.36455 22.81 22.80 1.09407 1.09615 9.120 2.098 22.93
23.10 1.36870 1.36471 22.91 22.90 1.09452 1.09660 9.124 2.108 23.02
23.20 1.36887 1.36488 23.01 23.00 1.09497 1.09706 9.128 2.118 23.12
23.30 1.36904 1.36504 23.11 23.10 1.09542 1.09751 9.132 2.128 23.22
23.40 1.36921 1.36521 23.21 23.20 1.09587 1.09796 9.135 2.138 23.32
23.50 1.36938 1.36537 23.30 23.30 1.09632 1.09841 9.139 2.148 23.42
23.60 1.36955 1.36554 23.40 23.40 1.09678 1.09887 9.143 2.158 23.52
23.70 1.36971 1.36570 23.50 23.49 1.09723 1.09932 9.147 2.168 23.62
23.80 1.36988 1.36587 23.60 23.59 1.09768 1.09978 9.151 2.178 23.72
23.90 1.37005 1.36603 23.70 23.69 1.09813 1.10023 9.154 2.188 23.82
24.00 1.37022 1.36620 23.80 23.79 1.09859 1.10068 9.158 2.198 23.92
24.10 1.37039 1.36636 23.90 23.89 1.09904 1.10114 9.162 2.208 24.02
24.20 1.37056 1.36653 24.00 23.99 1.09949 1.10159 9.166 2.218 24.12
24.30 1.37073 1.36669 24.10 24.09 1.09995 1.10205 9.169 2.228 24.22
24.40 1.37090 1.36686 24.20 24.19 1.10040 1.10251 9.173 2.238 24.32
24.50 1.37107 1.36703 24.30 24.28 1.10086 1.10296 9.177 2.248 24.41
24.60 1.37124 1.36719 24.39 24.38 1.10131 1.10342 9.181 2.258 24.51
24.70 1.37141 1.36736 24.49 24.48 1.10177 1.10387 9.185 2.269 24.61
24.80 1.37158 1.36753 24.59 24.58 1.10222 1.10433 9.188 2.279 24.71
24.90 1.37175 1.36769 24.69 24.68 1.10268 1.10479 9.192 2.289 24.81
25.00 1.37192 1.36786 24.79 24.78 1.10314 1.10525 9.196 2.299 24.91
25.10 1.37209 1.36803 24.89 24.88 1.10359 1.10570 9.200 2.309 25.01
25.20 1.37226 1.36819 24.99 24.98 1.10405 1.10616 9.204 2.319 25.11


25.30 1.37243 1.36836 25.09 25.07 1.10451 1.10662 9.208 2.330 25.21
25.40 1.37260 1.36853 25.19 25.17 1.10496 1.10708 9.211 2.340 25.31
25.50 1.37277 1.36870 25.29 25.27 1.10542 1.10754 9.215 2.350 25.41
25.60 1.37294 1.36886 25.39 25.37 1.10588 1.10800 9.219 2.360 25.51
25.70 1.37311 1.36903 25.48 25.47 1.10634 1.10846 9.223 2.370 25.61
25.80 1.37328 1.36920 25.58 25.57 1.10680 1.10892 9.227 2.380 25.70
25.90 1.37346 1.36937 25.68 25.67 1.10726 1.10938 9.230 2.391 25.80
26.00 1.37363 1.36953 25.78 25.76 1.10771 1.10984 9.234 2.401 25.90
26.10 1.37380 1.36970 25.88 25.86 1.10817 1.11030 9.238 2.411 26.00
26.20 1.37397 1.36987 25.98 25.96 1.10863 1.11076 9.242 2.421 26.10
26.30 1.37414 1.37004 26.08 26.06 1.10909 1.11122 9.246 2.432 26.20
26.40 1.37431 1.37021 26.18 26.16 1.10955 1.11169 9.250 2.442 26.30
26.50 1.37449 1.37038 26.28 26.26 1.11002 1.11215 9.254 2.452 26.40
26.60 1.37466 1.37054 26.38 26.36 1.11048 1.11261 9.257 2.462 26.50
26.70 1.37483 1.37071 26.47 26.45 1.11094 1.11307 9.261 2.473 26.60
26.80 1.37500 1.37088 26.57 26.55 1.11140 1.11354 9.265 2.483 26.70
26.90 1.37518 1.37105 26.67 26.65 1.11186 1.11400 9.269 2.493 26.79
27.00 1.37535 1.37122 26.77 26.75 1.11232 1.11446 9.273 2.504 26.89
27.10 1.37552 1.37139 26.87 26.85 1.11279 1.11493 9.277 2.514 26.99
27.20 1.37570 1.37156 26.97 26.95 1.11325 1.11539 9.281 2.524 27.09
27.30 1.37587 1.37173 27.07 27.05 1.11371 1.11586 9.284 2.535 27.19
27.40 1.37604 1.37190 27.17 27.14 1.11418 1.11632 9.288 2.545 27.29
27.50 1.37621 1.37207 27.27 27.24 1.11464 1.11679 9.292 2.555 27.39
27.60 1.37639 1.37224 27.37 27.34 1.11510 1.11725 9.296 2.566 27.49
27.70 1.37656 1.37241 27.46 27.44 1.11557 1.11772 9.300 2.576 27.59
27.80 1.37674 1.37258 27.56 27.54 1.11603 1.11818 9.304 2.586 27.69
27.90 1.37691 1.37275 27.66 27.64 1.11650 1.11865 9.308 2.597 27.79
28.00 1.37708 1.37292 27.76 27.74 1.11696 1.11912 9.311 2.607 27.88
28.10 1.37726 1.37309 27.86 27.83 1.11743 1.11958 9.315 2.618 27.98
28.20 1.37743 1.37326 27.96 27.93 1.11790 1.12005 9.319 2.628 28.08
28.30 1.37761 1.37343 28.06 28.03 1.11836 1.12052 9.323 2.638 28.18
28.40 1.37778 1.37360 28.16 28.13 1.11883 1.12099 9.327 2.649 28.28
28.50 1.37795 1.37377 28.26 28.23 1.11930 1.12145 9.331 2.659 28.38
28.60 1.37813 1.37395 28.35 28.33 1.11976 1.12192 9.335 2.670 28.48
28.70 1.37830 1.37412 28.45 28.42 1.12023 1.12239 9.339 2.680 28.58
28.80 1.37848 1.37429 28.55 28.52 1.12070 1.12286 9.343 2.691 28.68
28.90 1.37865 1.37446 28.65 28.62 1.12117 1.12333 9.347 2.701 28.78


29.00 1.37883 1.37463 28.75 28.72 1.12163 1.12380 9.350 2.712 28.87
29.10 1.37900 1.37480 28.85 28.82 1.12210 1.12427 9.354 2.722 28.97
29.20 1.37918 1.37498 28.95 28.92 1.12257 1.12474 9.358 2.733 29.07
29.30 1.37936 1.37515 29.05 29.02 1.12304 1.12521 9.362 2.743 29.17
29.40 1.37953 1.37532 29.14 29.11 1.12351 1.12568 9.366 2.754 29.27
29.50 1.37971 1.37549 29.24 29.21 1.12398 1.12615 9.370 2.764 29.37
29.60 1.37988 1.37567 29.34 29.31 1.12445 1.12663 9.374 2.775 29.47
29.70 1.38006 1.37584 29.44 29.41 1.12492 1.12710 9.378 2.785 29.57
29.80 1.38024 1.37601 29.54 29.51 1.12539 1.12757 9.382 2.796 29.67
29.90 1.38041 1.37618 29.64 29.61 1.12586 1.12804 9.386 2.806 29.77
30.00 1.38059 1.37636 29.74 29.70 1.12633 1.12852 9.390 2.817 29.86
30.10 1.38076 1.37653 29.84 29.80 1.12681 1.12899 9.394 2.827 29.96
30.20 1.38094 1.37670 29.94 29.90 1.12728 1.12946 9.398 2.838 30.06
30.30 1.38112 1.37688 30.03 30.00 1.12775 1.12994 9.402 2.849 30.16
30.40 1.38129 1.37705 30.13 30.10 1.12822 1.13041 9.405 2.859 30.26
30.50 1.38147 1.37722 30.23 30.20 1.12870 1.13088 9.409 2.870 30.36
30.60 1.38165 1.37740 30.33 30.29 1.12917 1.13136 9.413 2.880 30.46
30.70 1.38183 1.37757 30.43 30.39 1.12964 1.13183 9.417 2.891 30.56
30.80 1.38200 1.37775 30.53 30.49 1.13012 1.13231 9.421 2.902 30.66
30.90 1.38218 1.37792 30.63 30.59 1.13059 1.13279 9.425 2.912 30.75
31.00 1.38236 1.37809 30.72 30.69 1.13107 1.13326 9.429 2.923 30.85
31.10 1.38254 1.37827 30.82 30.79 1.13154 1.13374 9.433 2.934 30.95
31.20 1.38271 1.37844 30.92 30.88 1.13202 1.13421 9.437 2.944 31.05
31.30 1.38289 1.37862 31.02 30.98 1.13249 1.13469 9.441 2.955 31.15
31.40 1.38307 1.37879 31.12 31.08 1.13297 1.13517 9.445 2.966 31.25
31.50 1.38325 1.37897 31.22 31.18 1.13344 1.13565 9.449 2.976 31.35
31.60 1.38343 1.37914 31.32 31.28 1.13392 1.13612 9.453 2.987 31.45
31.70 1.38361 1.37932 31.42 31.38 1.13440 1.13660 9.457 2.998 31.54
31.80 1.38379 1.37949 31.51 31.47 1.13487 1.13708 9.461 3.009 31.64
31.90 1.38396 1.37967 31.61 31.57 1.13535 1.13756 9.465 3.019 31.74
32.00 1.38414 1.37984 31.71 31.67 1.13583 1.13804 9.469 3.030 31.84
32.10 1.38432 1.38002 31.81 31.77 1.13631 1.13852 9.473 3.041 31.94
32.20 1.38450 1.38020 31.91 31.87 1.13678 1.13900 9.477 3.052 32.04
32.30 1.38468 1.38037 32.01 31.97 1.13726 1.13948 9.481 3.062 32.14
32.40 1.38486 1.38055 32.11 32.06 1.13774 1.13996 9.485 3.073 32.24
32.50 1.38504 1.38072 32.20 32.16 1.13822 1.14044 9.489 3.084 32.33


32.60 1.38522 1.38090 32.30 32.26 1.13870 1.14092 9.493 3.095 32.43
32.70 1.38540 1.38108 32.40 32.36 1.13918 1.14140 9.497 3.105 32.53
32.80 1.38558 1.38125 32.50 32.46 1.13966 1.14188 9.501 3.116 32.63
32.90 1.38576 1.38143 32.60 32.55 1.14014 1.14236 9.505 3.127 32.73
33.00 1.38594 1.38161 32.70 32.65 1.14062 1.14284 9.509 3.138 32.83
33.10 1.38612 1.38178 32.79 32.75 1.14110 1.14333 9.513 3.149 32.93
33.20 1.38630 1.38196 32.89 32.85 1.14158 1.14381 9.517 3.160 33.03
33.30 1.38648 1.38214 32.99 32.95 1.14206 1.14429 9.521 3.170 33.12
33.40 1.38666 1.38232 33.09 33.05 1.14255 1.14478 9.525 3.181 33.22
33.50 1.38684 1.38249 33.19 33.14 1.14303 1.14526 9.529 3.192 33.32
33.60 1.38702 1.38267 33.29 33.24 1.14351 1.14574 9.533 3.203 33.42
33.70 1.38720 1.38285 33.39 33.34 1.14399 1.14623 9.537 3.214 33.52
33.80 1.38739 1.38303 33.48 33.44 1.14448 1.14671 9.541 3.225 33.62
33.90 1.38757 1.38320 33.58 33.54 1.14496 1.14720 9.545 3.236 33.72
34.00 1.38775 1.38338 33.68 33.63 1.14544 1.14768 9.549 3.247 33.82
34.10 1.38793 1.38356 33.78 33.73 1.14593 1.14817 9.553 3.258 33.91
34.20 1.38811 1.38374 33.88 33.83 1.14641 1.14865 9.557 3.269 34.01
34.30 1.38829 1.38392 33.98 33.93 1.14690 1.14914 9.561 3.280 34.11
34.40 1.38848 1.38410 34.07 34.03 1.14738 1.14963 9.565 3.290 34.21
34.50 1.38866 1.38427 34.17 34.13 1.14787 1.15011 9.569 3.301 34.31
34.60 1.38884 1.38445 34.27 34.22 1.14835 1.15060 9.573 3.312 34.41
34.70 1.38902 1.38463 34.37 34.32 1.14884 1.15109 9.578 3.323 34.51
34.80 1.38920 1.38481 34.47 34.42 1.14933 1.15158 9.582 3.334 34.60
34.90 1.38939 1.38499 34.57 34.52 1.14981 1.15206 9.586 3.345 34.70
35.00 1.38957 1.38517 34.66 34.62 1.15030 1.15255 9.590 3.356 34.80
35.10 1.38975 1.38535 34.76 34.71 1.15079 1.15304 9.594 3.367 34.90
35.20 1.38994 1.38553 34.86 34.81 1.15127 1.15353 9.598 3.378 35.00
35.30 1.39012 1.38571 34.96 34.91 1.15176 1.15402 9.602 3.389 35.10
35.40 1.39030 1.38589 35.06 35.01 1.15225 1.15451 9.606 3.401 35.20
35.50 1.39049 1.38607 35.15 35.11 1.15274 1.15500 9.610 3.412 35.29
35.60 1.39067 1.38625 35.25 35.20 1.15323 1.15549 9.614 3.423 35.39
35.70 1.39085 1.38643 35.35 35.30 1.15372 1.15598 9.618 3.434 35.49
35.80 1.39104 1.38661 35.45 35.40 1.15421 1.15647 9.622 3.445 35.59
35.90 1.39122 1.38679 35.55 35.50 1.15470 1.15696 9.626 3.456 35.69
36.00 1.39141 1.38697 35.65 35.60 1.15519 1.15745 9.630 3.467 35.79
36.10 1.39159 1.38715 35.74 35.69 1.15568 1.15794 9.635 3.478 35.89


36.20 1.39177 1.38733 35.84 35.79 1.15617 1.15844 9.639 3.489 35.98
36.30 1.39196 1.38752 35.94 35.89 1.15666 1.15893 9.643 3.500 36.08
36.40 1.39214 1.38770 36.04 35.99 1.15715 1.15942 9.647 3.511 36.18
36.50 1.39233 1.38788 36.14 36.09 1.15764 1.15992 9.651 3.523 36.28
36.60 1.39251 1.38806 36.23 36.18 1.15813 1.16041 9.655 3.534 36.38
36.70 1.39270 1.38824 36.33 36.28 1.15862 1.16090 9.659 3.545 36.48
36.80 1.39288 1.38842 36.43 36.38 1.15912 1.16140 9.663 3.556 36.57
36.90 1.39307 1.38860 36.53 36.48 1.15961 1.16189 9.667 3.567 36.67
37.00 1.39325 1.38879 36.63 36.58 1.16010 1.16239 9.672 3.578 36.77
37.10 1.39344 1.38897 36.73 36.67 1.16060 1.16288 9.676 3.590 36.87
37.20 1.39362 1.38915 36.82 36.77 1.16109 1.16338 9.680 3.601 36.97
37.30 1.39381 1.38933 36.92 36.87 1.16158 1.16387 9.684 3.612 37.07
37.40 1.39400 1.38952 37.02 36.97 1.16208 1.16437 9.688 3.623 37.17
37.50 1.39418 1.38970 37.12 37.07 1.16257 1.16486 9.692 3.635 37.26
37.60 1.39437 1.38988 37.22 37.16 1.16307 1.16536 9.696 3.646 37.36
37.70 1.39455 1.39006 37.31 37.26 1.16356 1.16586 9.700 3.657 37.46
37.80 1.39474 1.39025 37.41 37.36 1.16406 1.16635 9.705 3.668 37.56
37.90 1.39493 1.39043 37.51 37.46 1.16455 1.16685 9.709 3.680 37.66
38.00 1.39511 1.39061 37.61 37.55 1.16505 1.16735 9.713 3.691 37.76
38.10 1.39530 1.39080 37.71 37.65 1.16555 1.16785 9.717 3.702 37.85
38.20 1.39549 1.39098 37.80 37.75 1.16604 1.16834 9.721 3.713 37.95
38.30 1.39567 1.39117 37.90 37.85 1.16654 1.16884 9.725 3.725 38.05
38.40 1.39586 1.39135 38.00 37.95 1.16704 1.16934 9.729 3.736 38.15
38.50 1.39605 1.39153 38.10 38.04 1.16754 1.16984 9.734 3.747 38.25
38.60 1.39624 1.39172 38.19 38.14 1.16804 1.17034 9.738 3.759 38.35
38.70 1.39642 1.39190 38.29 38.24 1.16853 1.17084 9.742 3.770 38.44
38.80 1.39661 1.39209 38.39 38.34 1.16903 1.17134 9.746 3.781 38.54
38.90 1.39680 1.39227 38.49 38.44 1.16953 1.17184 9.750 3.793 38.64
39.00 1.39699 1.39246 38.59 38.53 1.17003 1.17234 9.754 3.804 38.74
39.10 1.39718 1.39264 38.68 38.63 1.17053 1.17284 9.759 3.816 38.84
39.20 1.39736 1.39283 38.78 38.73 1.17103 1.17335 9.763 3.827 38.94
39.30 1.39755 1.39301 38.88 38.83 1.17153 1.17385 9.767 3.838 39.03
39.40 1.39774 1.39320 38.98 38.92 1.17203 1.17435 9.771 3.850 39.13
39.50 1.39793 1.39338 39.08 39.02 1.17253 1.17485 9.775 3.861 39.23
39.60 1.39812 1.39357 39.17 39.12 1.17303 1.17536 9.779 3.873 39.33
39.70 1.39831 1.39375 39.27 39.22 1.17354 1.17586 9.784 3.884 39.43


39.80 1.39850 1.39394 39.37 39.32 1.17404 1.17636 9.788 3.896 39.53
39.90 1.39868 1.39412 39.47 39.41 1.17454 1.17687 9.792 3.907 39.62
40.00 1.39887 1.39431 39.56 39.51 1.17504 1.17737 9.796 3.918 39.72
40.10 1.39906 1.39450 39.66 39.61 1.17555 1.17787 9.800 3.930 39.82
40.20 1.39925 1.39468 39.76 39.71 1.17605 1.17838 9.805 3.941 39.92
40.30 1.39944 1.39487 39.86 39.80 1.17655 1.17888 9.809 3.953 40.02
40.40 1.39963 1.39506 39.96 39.90 1.17706 1.17939 9.813 3.964 40.12
40.50 1.39982 1.39524 40.05 40.00 1.17756 1.17990 9.817 3.976 40.21
40.60 1.40001 1.39543 40.15 40.10 1.17806 1.18040 9.821 3.987 40.31
40.70 1.40020 1.39562 40.25 40.19 1.17857 1.18091 9.826 3.999 40.41
40.80 1.40039 1.39580 40.35 40.29 1.17907 1.18141 9.830 4.011 40.51
40.90 1.40058 1.39599 40.44 40.39 1.17958 1.18192 9.834 4.022 40.61
41.00 1.40077 1.39618 40.54 40.49 1.18009 1.18243 9.838 4.034 40.70
41.10 1.40097 1.39637 40.64 40.59 1.18059 1.18294 9.843 4.045 40.80
41.20 1.40116 1.39655 40.74 40.68 1.18110 1.18344 9.847 4.057 40.90
41.30 1.40135 1.39674 40.83 40.78 1.18160 1.18395 9.851 4.068 41.00
41.40 1.40154 1.39693 40.93 40.88 1.18211 1.18446 9.855 4.080 41.10
41.50 1.40173 1.39712 41.03 40.98 1.18262 1.18497 9.859 4.092 41.20
41.60 1.40192 1.39731 41.13 41.07 1.18313 1.18548 9.864 4.103 41.29
41.70 1.40211 1.39749 41.22 41.17 1.18363 1.18599 9.868 4.115 41.39
41.80 1.40230 1.39768 41.32 41.27 1.18414 1.18650 9.872 4.127 41.49
41.90 1.40250 1.39787 41.42 41.37 1.18465 1.18701 9.876 4.138 41.59
42.00 1.40269 1.39806 41.52 41.46 1.18516 1.18752 9.881 4.150 41.69
42.10 1.40288 1.39825 41.62 41.56 1.18567 1.18803 9.885 4.162 41.78
42.20 1.40307 1.39844 41.71 41.66 1.18618 1.18854 9.889 4.173 41.88
42.30 1.40326 1.39863 41.81 41.76 1.18669 1.18905 9.893 4.185 41.98
42.40 1.40346 1.39882 41.91 41.85 1.18720 1.18956 9.898 4.197 42.08
42.50 1.40365 1.39901 42.01 41.95 1.18771 1.19008 9.902 4.208 42.18
42.60 1.40384 1.39919 42.10 42.05 1.18822 1.19059 9.906 4.220 42.27
42.70 1.40404 1.39938 42.20 42.15 1.18873 1.19110 9.910 4.232 42.37
42.80 1.40423 1.39957 42.30 42.25 1.18924 1.19161 9.915 4.243 42.47
42.90 1.40442 1.39976 42.40 42.34 1.18976 1.19213 9.919 4.255 42.57
43.00 1.40461 1.39995 42.49 42.44 1.19027 1.19264 9.923 4.267 42.67
43.10 1.40481 1.40014 42.59 42.54 1.19078 1.19315 9.928 4.279 42.77
43.20 1.40500 1.40033 42.69 42.64 1.19129 1.19367 9.932 4.291 42.86
43.30 1.40520 1.40053 42.79 42.73 1.19181 1.19418 9.936 4.302 42.96


43.40 1.40539 1.40072 42.88 42.83 1.19232 1.19470 9.940 4.314 43.06
43.50 1.40558 1.40091 42.98 42.93 1.19283 1.19521 9.945 4.326 43.16
43.60 1.40578 1.40110 43.08 43.03 1.19335 1.19573 9.949 4.338 43.26
43.70 1.40597 1.40129 43.18 43.12 1.19386 1.19625 9.953 4.350 43.35
43.80 1.40617 1.40148 43.27 43.22 1.19438 1.19676 9.958 4.361 43.45
43.90 1.40636 1.40167 43.37 43.32 1.19489 1.19728 9.962 4.373 43.55
44.00 1.40655 1.40186 43.47 43.42 1.19541 1.19779 9.966 4.385 43.65
44.10 1.40675 1.40205 43.56 43.51 1.19592 1.19831 9.970 4.397 43.75
44.20 1.40694 1.40225 43.66 43.61 1.19644 1.19883 9.975 4.409 43.84
44.30 1.40714 1.40244 43.76 43.71 1.19695 1.19935 9.979 4.421 43.94
44.40 1.40733 1.40263 43.86 43.81 1.19747 1.19987 9.983 4.433 44.04
44.50 1.40753 1.40282 43.95 43.90 1.19799 1.20038 9.988 4.445 44.14
44.60 1.40773 1.40301 44.05 44.00 1.19850 1.20090 9.992 4.456 44.24
44.70 1.40792 1.40321 44.15 44.10 1.19902 1.20142 9.996 4.468 44.33
44.80 1.40812 1.40340 44.25 44.20 1.19954 1.20194 10.001 4.480 44.43
44.90 1.40831 1.40359 44.34 44.29 1.20006 1.20246 10.005 4.492 44.53
45.00 1.40851 1.40378 44.44 44.39 1.20058 1.20298 10.009 4.504 44.63
45.10 1.40870 1.40398 44.54 44.49 1.20110 1.20350 10.014 4.516 44.72
45.20 1.40890 1.40417 44.64 44.59 1.20162 1.20402 10.018 4.528 44.82
45.30 1.40910 1.40436 44.73 44.68 1.20213 1.20454 10.022 4.540 44.92
45.40 1.40929 1.40456 44.83 44.78 1.20265 1.20506 10.027 4.552 45.02
45.50 1.40949 1.40475 44.93 44.88 1.20317 1.20559 10.031 4.564 45.12
45.60 1.40969 1.40494 45.02 44.98 1.20370 1.20611 10.035 4.576 45.21
45.70 1.40988 1.40514 45.12 45.07 1.20422 1.20663 10.040 4.588 45.31
45.80 1.41008 1.40533 45.22 45.17 1.20474 1.20715 10.044 4.600 45.41
45.90 1.41028 1.40553 45.32 45.27 1.20526 1.20768 10.048 4.612 45.51
46.00 1.41048 1.40572 45.41 45.36 1.20578 1.20820 10.053 4.624 45.61
46.10 1.41067 1.40592 45.51 45.46 1.20630 1.20872 10.057 4.636 45.70
46.20 1.41087 1.40611 45.61 45.56 1.20682 1.20925 10.061 4.648 45.80
46.30 1.41107 1.40630 45.71 45.66 1.20735 1.20977 10.066 4.660 45.90
46.40 1.41127 1.40650 45.80 45.75 1.20787 1.21030 10.070 4.673 46.00
46.50 1.41147 1.40669 45.90 45.85 1.20839 1.21082 10.075 4.685 46.09
46.60 1.41166 1.40689 46.00 45.95 1.20892 1.21135 10.079 4.697 46.19
46.70 1.41186 1.40708 46.09 46.05 1.20944 1.21187 10.083 4.709 46.29
46.80 1.41206 1.40728 46.19 46.14 1.20997 1.21240 10.088 4.721 46.39
46.90 1.41226 1.40748 46.29 46.24 1.21049 1.21292 10.092 4.733 46.49


47.00 1.41246 1.40767 46.39 46.34 1.21102 1.21345 10.096 4.745 46.58
47.10 1.41266 1.40787 46.48 46.44 1.21154 1.21398 10.101 4.757 46.68
47.20 1.41286 1.40806 46.58 46.53 1.21207 1.21451 10.105 4.770 46.78
47.30 1.41305 1.40826 46.68 46.63 1.21259 1.21503 10.110 4.782 46.88
47.40 1.41325 1.40845 46.77 46.73 1.21312 1.21556 10.114 4.794 46.98
47.50 1.41345 1.40865 46.87 46.82 1.21365 1.21609 10.118 4.806 47.07
47.60 1.41365 1.40885 46.97 46.92 1.21417 1.21662 10.123 4.818 47.17
47.70 1.41385 1.40904 47.07 47.02 1.21470 1.21715 10.127 4.831 47.27
47.80 1.41405 1.40924 47.16 47.12 1.21523 1.21768 10.132 4.843 47.37
47.90 1.41425 1.40944 47.26 47.21 1.21576 1.21820 10.136 4.855 47.46
48.00 1.41445 1.40963 47.36 47.31 1.21628 1.21873 10.140 4.867 47.56
48.10 1.41465 1.40983 47.45 47.41 1.21681 1.21926 10.145 4.880 47.66
48.20 1.41485 1.41003 47.55 47.51 1.21734 1.21980 10.149 4.892 47.76
48.30 1.41505 1.41023 47.65 47.60 1.21787 1.22033 10.154 4.904 47.85
48.40 1.41525 1.41042 47.75 47.70 1.21840 1.22086 10.158 4.916 47.95
48.50 1.41545 1.41062 47.84 47.80 1.21893 1.22139 10.162 4.929 48.05
48.60 1.41566 1.41082 47.94 47.89 1.21946 1.22192 10.167 4.941 48.15
48.70 1.41586 1.41102 48.04 47.99 1.21999 1.22245 10.171 4.953 48.25
48.80 1.41606 1.41122 48.13 48.09 1.22052 1.22298 10.176 4.966 48.34
48.90 1.41626 1.41141 48.23 48.19 1.22105 1.22352 10.180 4.978 48.44
49.00 1.41646 1.41161 48.33 48.28 1.22158 1.22405 10.185 4.990 48.54
49.10 1.41666 1.41181 48.42 48.38 1.22212 1.22458 10.189 5.003 48.64
49.20 1.41686 1.41201 48.52 48.48 1.22265 1.22512 10.193 5.015 48.73
49.30 1.41707 1.41221 48.62 48.58 1.22318 1.22565 10.198 5.028 48.83
49.40 1.41727 1.41241 48.72 48.67 1.22371 1.22619 10.202 5.040 48.93
49.50 1.41747 1.41261 48.81 48.77 1.22425 1.22672 10.207 5.052 49.03
49.60 1.41767 1.41281 48.91 48.87 1.22478 1.22726 10.211 5.065 49.12
49.70 1.41788 1.41301 49.01 48.96 1.22531 1.22779 10.216 5.077 49.22
49.80 1.41808 1.41320 49.10 49.06 1.22585 1.22833 10.220 5.090 49.32
49.90 1.41828 1.41340 49.20 49.16 1.22638 1.22886 10.225 5.102 49.42
50.00 1.41848 1.41360 49.30 49.26 1.22692 1.22940 10.229 5.115 49.52
50.10 1.41869 1.41380 49.39 49.35 1.22745 1.22994 10.234 5.127 49.61
50.20 1.41889 1.41400 49.49 49.45 1.22799 1.23047 10.238 5.139 49.71
50.30 1.41909 1.41420 49.59 49.55 1.22852 1.23101 10.243 5.152 49.81
50.40 1.41930 1.41441 49.69 49.64 1.22906 1.23155 10.247 5.164 49.91
50.50 1.41950 1.41461 49.78 49.74 1.22960 1.23209 10.251 5.177 50.00
50.60 1.41970 1.41481 49.88 49.84 1.23013 1.23262 10.256 5.190 50.10


50.70 1.41991 1.41501 49.98 49.94 1.23067 1.23316 10.260 5.202 50.20
50.80 1.42011 1.41521 50.07 50.03 1.23121 1.23370 10.265 5.215 50.30
50.90 1.42032 1.41541 50.17 50.13 1.23174 1.23424 10.269 5.227 50.39
51.00 1.42052 1.41561 50.27 50.23 1.23228 1.23478 10.274 5.240 50.49
51.10 1.42072 1.41581 50.36 50.32 1.23282 1.23532 10.278 5.252 50.59
51.20 1.42093 1.41601 50.46 50.42 1.23336 1.23586 10.283 5.265 50.69
51.30 1.42113 1.41622 50.56 50.52 1.23390 1.23640 10.287 5.277 50.78
51.40 1.42134 1.41642 50.65 50.62 1.23444 1.23694 10.292 5.290 50.88
51.50 1.42154 1.41662 50.75 50.71 1.23498 1.23748 10.296 5.303 50.98
51.60 1.42175 1.41682 50.85 50.81 1.23552 1.23803 10.301 5.315 51.08
51.70 1.42195 1.41702 50.95 50.91 1.23606 1.23857 10.305 5.328 51.17
51.80 1.42216 1.41723 51.04 51.00 1.23660 1.23911 10.310 5.341 51.27
51.90 1.42237 1.41743 51.14 51.10 1.23714 1.23965 10.314 5.353 51.37
52.00 1.42257 1.41763 51.24 51.20 1.23768 1.24020 10.319 5.366 51.47
52.10 1.42278 1.41783 51.33 51.29 1.23822 1.24074 10.323 5.379 51.56
52.20 1.42298 1.41804 51.43 51.39 1.23876 1.24128 10.328 5.391 51.66
52.30 1.42319 1.41824 51.53 51.49 1.23931 1.24183 10.333 5.404 51.76
52.40 1.42340 1.41844 51.62 51.59 1.23985 1.24237 10.337 5.417 51.86
52.50 1.42360 1.41865 51.72 51.68 1.24039 1.24292 10.342 5.429 51.95
52.60 1.42381 1.41885 51.82 51.78 1.24094 1.24346 10.346 5.442 52.05
52.70 1.42402 1.41905 51.91 51.88 1.24148 1.24401 10.351 5.455 52.15
52.80 1.42422 1.41926 52.01 51.97 1.24202 1.24455 10.355 5.468 52.25
52.90 1.42443 1.41946 52.11 52.07 1.24257 1.24510 10.360 5.480 52.34
53.00 1.42464 1.41967 52.21 52.17 1.24311 1.24564 10.364 5.493 52.44
53.10 1.42484 1.41987 52.30 52.27 1.24366 1.24619 10.369 5.506 52.54
53.20 1.42505 1.42007 52.40 52.36 1.24420 1.24674 10.373 5.519 52.64
53.30 1.42526 1.42028 52.50 52.46 1.24475 1.24728 10.378 5.531 52.73
53.40 1.42547 1.42048 52.59 52.56 1.24529 1.24783 10.382 5.544 52.83
53.50 1.42567 1.42069 52.69 52.65 1.24584 1.24838 10.387 5.557 52.93
53.60 1.42588 1.42089 52.79 52.75 1.24639 1.24893 10.392 5.570 53.03
53.70 1.42609 1.42110 52.88 52.85 1.24693 1.24948 10.396 5.583 53.12
53.80 1.42630 1.42130 52.98 52.94 1.24748 1.25003 10.401 5.596 53.22
53.90 1.42651 1.42151 53.08 53.04 1.24803 1.25058 10.405 5.608 53.32
54.00 1.42672 1.42172 53.17 53.14 1.24858 1.25113 10.410 5.621 53.42
54.10 1.42692 1.42192 53.27 53.24 1.24913 1.25168 10.414 5.634 53.51
54.20 1.42713 1.42213 53.37 53.33 1.24967 1.25223 10.419 5.647 53.61


54.30 1.42734 1.42233 53.46 53.43 1.25022 1.25278 10.424 5.660 53.71
54.40 1.42755 1.42254 53.56 53.53 1.25077 1.25333 10.428 5.673 53.80
54.50 1.42776 1.42275 53.66 53.62 1.25132 1.25388 10.433 5.686 53.90
54.60 1.42797 1.42295 53.76 53.72 1.25187 1.25443 10.437 5.699 54.00
54.70 1.42818 1.42316 53.85 53.82 1.25242 1.25498 10.442 5.712 54.10
54.80 1.42839 1.42337 53.95 53.91 1.25297 1.25553 10.447 5.725 54.19
54.90 1.42860 1.42357 54.05 54.01 1.25352 1.25609 10.451 5.738 54.29
55.00 1.42881 1.42378 54.14 54.11 1.25407 1.25664 10.456 5.751 54.39
55.10 1.42902 1.42399 54.24 54.20 1.25463 1.25719 10.460 5.764 54.49
55.20 1.42923 1.42419 54.34 54.30 1.25518 1.25775 10.465 5.777 54.58
55.30 1.42944 1.42440 54.43 54.40 1.25573 1.25830 10.470 5.790 54.68
55.40 1.42965 1.42461 54.53 54.50 1.25628 1.25885 10.474 5.803 54.78
55.50 1.42986 1.42482 54.63 54.59 1.25684 1.25941 10.479 5.816 54.88
55.60 1.43007 1.42502 54.72 54.69 1.25739 1.25996 10.483 5.829 54.97
55.70 1.43028 1.42523 54.82 54.79 1.25794 1.26052 10.488 5.842 55.07
55.80 1.43049 1.42544 54.92 54.88 1.25850 1.26108 10.493 5.855 55.17
55.90 1.43071 1.42565 55.01 54.98 1.25905 1.26163 10.497 5.868 55.26
56.00 1.43092 1.42586 55.11 55.08 1.25961 1.26219 10.502 5.881 55.36
56.10 1.43113 1.42607 55.21 55.17 1.26016 1.26274 10.507 5.894 55.46
56.20 1.43134 1.42628 55.30 55.27 1.26072 1.26330 10.511 5.907 55.56
56.30 1.43155 1.42648 55.40 55.37 1.26127 1.26386 10.516 5.920 55.65
56.40 1.43176 1.42669 55.50 55.46 1.26183 1.26442 10.520 5.934 55.75
56.50 1.43198 1.42690 55.59 55.56 1.26238 1.26497 10.525 5.947 55.85
56.60 1.43219 1.42711 55.69 55.66 1.26294 1.26553 10.530 5.960 55.95
56.70 1.43240 1.42732 55.79 55.75 1.26350 1.26609 10.534 5.973 56.04
56.80 1.43261 1.42753 55.89 55.85 1.26405 1.26665 10.539 5.986 56.14
56.90 1.43283 1.42774 55.98 55.95 1.26461 1.26721 10.544 5.999 56.24
57.00 1.43304 1.42795 56.08 56.04 1.26517 1.26777 10.548 6.013 56.33
57.10 1.43325 1.42816 56.18 56.14 1.26573 1.26833 10.553 6.026 56.43
57.20 1.43347 1.42837 56.27 56.24 1.26629 1.26889 10.558 6.039 56.53
57.30 1.43368 1.42858 56.37 56.34 1.26685 1.26945 10.562 6.052 56.63
57.40 1.43389 1.42879 56.47 56.43 1.26741 1.27001 10.567 6.065 56.72
57.50 1.43411 1.42900 56.56 56.53 1.26797 1.27057 10.572 6.079 56.82
57.60 1.43432 1.42921 56.66 56.63 1.26853 1.27113 10.576 6.092 56.92
57.70 1.43453 1.42942 56.76 56.72 1.26909 1.27170 10.581 6.105 57.02
57.80 1.43475 1.42964 56.85 56.82 1.26965 1.27226 10.586 6.119 57.11


57.90 1.43496 1.42985 56.95 56.92 1.27021 1.27282 10.590 6.132 57.21
58.00 1.43518 1.43006 57.05 57.01 1.27077 1.27338 10.595 6.145 57.31
58.10 1.43539 1.43027 57.14 57.11 1.27133 1.27395 10.600 6.158 57.40
58.20 1.43561 1.43048 57.24 57.21 1.27189 1.27451 10.604 6.172 57.50
58.30 1.43582 1.43069 57.34 57.30 1.27245 1.27507 10.609 6.185 57.60
58.40 1.43604 1.43091 57.43 57.40 1.27302 1.27564 10.614 6.198 57.70
58.50 1.43625 1.43112 57.53 57.50 1.27358 1.27620 10.619 6.212 57.79
58.60 1.43647 1.43133 57.63 57.59 1.27414 1.27677 10.623 6.225 57.89
58.70 1.43668 1.43154 57.73 57.69 1.27471 1.27733 10.628 6.239 57.99
58.80 1.43690 1.43176 57.82 57.79 1.27527 1.27790 10.633 6.252 58.08
58.90 1.43711 1.43197 57.92 57.88 1.27584 1.27847 10.637 6.265 58.18
59.00 1.43733 1.43218 58.02 57.98 1.27640 1.27903 10.642 6.279 58.28
59.10 1.43755 1.43239 58.11 58.08 1.27697 1.27960 10.647 6.292 58.38
59.20 1.43776 1.43261 58.21 58.17 1.27753 1.28017 10.651 6.306 58.47
59.30 1.43798 1.43282 58.31 58.27 1.27810 1.28073 10.656 6.319 58.57
59.40 1.43819 1.43304 58.40 58.37 1.27866 1.28130 10.661 6.333 58.67
59.50 1.43841 1.43325 58.50 58.46 1.27923 1.28187 10.666 6.346 58.76
59.60 1.43863 1.43346 58.60 58.56 1.27980 1.28244 10.670 6.360 58.86
59.70 1.43884 1.43368 58.69 58.66 1.28036 1.28301 10.675 6.373 58.96
59.80 1.43906 1.43389 58.79 58.75 1.28093 1.28358 10.680 6.387 59.06
59.90 1.43928 1.43411 58.89 58.85 1.28150 1.28415 10.685 6.400 59.15
60.00 1.43950 1.43432 58.98 58.95 1.28207 1.28472 10.689 6.414 59.25
60.10 1.43971 1.43453 59.08 59.04 1.28263 1.28529 10.694 6.427 59.35
60.20 1.43993 1.43475 59.18 59.14 1.28320 1.28586 10.699 6.441 59.44
60.30 1.44015 1.43496 59.28 59.24 1.28377 1.28643 10.704 6.454 59.54
60.40 1.44037 1.43518 59.37 59.33 1.28434 1.28700 10.708 6.468 59.64
60.50 1.44058 1.43539 59.47 59.43 1.28491 1.28757 10.713 6.481 59.73
60.60 1.44080 1.43561 59.57 59.53 1.28548 1.28814 10.718 6.495 59.83
60.70 1.44102 1.43583 59.66 59.62 1.28605 1.28871 10.723 6.509 59.93
60.80 1.44124 1.43604 59.76 59.72 1.28662 1.28929 10.727 6.522 60.03
60.90 1.44146 1.43626 59.86 59.82 1.28719 1.28986 10.732 6.536 60.12
61.00 1.44168 1.43647 59.95 59.91 1.28777 1.29043 10.737 6.550 60.22
61.10 1.44190 1.43669 60.05 60.01 1.28834 1.29101 10.742 6.563 60.32
61.20 1.44212 1.43691 60.15 60.11 1.28891 1.29158 10.746 6.577 60.41
61.30 1.44234 1.43712 60.24 60.20 1.28948 1.29215 10.751 6.591 60.51
61.40 1.44255 1.43734 60.34 60.30 1.29006 1.29273 10.756 6.604 60.61


61.50 1.44277 1.43756 60.44 60.40 1.29063 1.29330 10.761 6.618 60.71
61.60 1.44299 1.43777 60.54 60.49 1.29120 1.29388 10.766 6.632 60.80
61.70 1.44321 1.43799 60.63 60.59 1.29178 1.29445 10.770 6.645 60.90
61.80 1.44343 1.43821 60.73 60.69 1.29235 1.29503 10.775 6.659 61.00
61.90 1.44365 1.43842 60.83 60.78 1.29292 1.29561 10.780 6.673 61.09
62.00 1.44387 1.43864 60.92 60.88 1.29350 1.29618 10.785 6.687 61.19
62.10 1.44409 1.43886 61.02 60.98 1.29408 1.29676 10.790 6.700 61.29
62.20 1.44432 1.43908 61.12 61.07 1.29465 1.29734 10.794 6.714 61.38
62.30 1.44454 1.43929 61.21 61.17 1.29523 1.29792 10.799 6.728 61.48
62.40 1.44476 1.43951 61.31 61.27 1.29580 1.29849 10.804 6.742 61.58
62.50 1.44498 1.43973 61.41 61.36 1.29638 1.29907 10.809 6.755 61.68
62.60 1.44520 1.43995 61.50 61.46 1.29696 1.29965 10.814 6.769 61.77
62.70 1.44542 1.44017 61.60 61.56 1.29753 1.30023 10.818 6.783 61.87
62.80 1.44564 1.44039 61.70 61.65 1.29811 1.30081 10.823 6.797 61.97
62.90 1.44586 1.44061 61.80 61.75 1.29869 1.30139 10.828 6.811 62.06
63.00 1.44609 1.44082 61.89 61.85 1.29927 1.30197 10.833 6.825 62.16
63.10 1.44631 1.44104 61.99 61.94 1.29985 1.30255 10.838 6.839 62.26
63.20 1.44653 1.44126 62.09 62.04 1.30043 1.30313 10.843 6.853 62.35
63.30 1.44675 1.44148 62.18 62.14 1.30101 1.30371 10.847 6.866 62.45
63.40 1.44698 1.44170 62.28 62.23 1.30158 1.30429 10.852 6.880 62.55
63.50 1.44720 1.44192 62.38 62.33 1.30216 1.30487 10.857 6.894 62.65
63.60 1.44742 1.44214 62.47 62.43 1.30275 1.30546 10.862 6.908 62.74
63.70 1.44764 1.44236 62.57 62.52 1.30333 1.30604 10.867 6.922 62.84
63.80 1.44787 1.44258 62.67 62.62 1.30391 1.30662 10.872 6.936 62.94
63.90 1.44809 1.44280 62.77 62.72 1.30449 1.30721 10.876 6.950 63.03
64.00 1.44831 1.44302 62.86 62.81 1.30507 1.30779 10.881 6.964 63.13
64.10 1.44854 1.44324 62.96 62.91 1.30565 1.30837 10.886 6.978 63.23
64.20 1.44876 1.44347 63.06 63.01 1.30624 1.30896 10.891 6.992 63.32
64.30 1.44898 1.44369 63.15 63.10 1.30682 1.30954 10.896 7.006 63.42
64.40 1.44921 1.44391 63.25 63.20 1.30740 1.31013 10.901 7.020 63.52
64.50 1.44943 1.44413 63.35 63.30 1.30798 1.31071 10.906 7.034 63.61
64.60 1.44966 1.44435 63.44 63.39 1.30857 1.31130 10.911 7.048 63.71
64.70 1.44988 1.44457 63.54 63.49 1.30915 1.31188 10.915 7.062 63.81
64.80 1.45011 1.44479 63.64 63.58 1.30974 1.31247 10.920 7.076 63.91
64.90 1.45033 1.44502 63.74 63.68 1.31032 1.31306 10.925 7.090 64.00
65.00 1.45056 1.44524 63.83 63.78 1.31091 1.31364 10.930 7.105 64.10


65.10 1.45078 1.44546 63.93 63.87 1.31149 1.31423 10.935 7.119 64.20
65.20 1.45101 1.44568 64.03 63.97 1.31208 1.31482 10.940 7.133 64.29
65.30 1.45123 1.44591 64.12 64.07 1.31267 1.31541 10.945 7.147 64.39
65.40 1.45146 1.44613 64.22 64.16 1.31325 1.31599 10.950 7.161 64.49
65.50 1.45168 1.44635 64.32 64.26 1.31384 1.31658 10.955 7.175 64.58
65.60 1.45191 1.44657 64.42 64.36 1.31443 1.31717 10.959 7.189 64.68
65.70 1.45213 1.44680 64.51 64.45 1.31501 1.31776 10.964 7.204 64.78
65.80 1.45236 1.44702 64.61 64.55 1.31560 1.31835 10.969 7.218 64.87
65.90 1.45259 1.44724 64.71 64.65 1.31619 1.31894 10.974 7.232 64.97
66.00 1.45281 1.44747 64.80 64.74 1.31678 1.31953 10.979 7.246 65.07
66.10 1.45304 1.44769 64.90 64.84 1.31737 1.32012 10.984 7.260 65.16
66.20 1.45327 1.44792 65.00 64.94 1.31796 1.32071 10.989 7.275 65.26
66.30 1.45349 1.44814 65.10 65.03 1.31855 1.32131 10.994 7.289 65.36
66.40 1.45372 1.44836 65.19 65.13 1.31914 1.32190 10.999 7.303 65.46
66.50 1.45395 1.44859 65.29 65.23 1.31973 1.32249 11.004 7.317 65.55
66.60 1.45418 1.44881 65.39 65.32 1.32032 1.32308 11.009 7.332 65.65
66.70 1.45440 1.44904 65.48 65.42 1.32091 1.32368 11.014 7.346 65.75
66.80 1.45463 1.44926 65.58 65.51 1.32150 1.32427 11.018 7.360 65.84
66.90 1.45486 1.44949 65.68 65.61 1.32209 1.32486 11.023 7.375 65.94
67.00 1.45509 1.44971 65.78 65.71 1.32269 1.32546 11.028 7.389 66.04
67.10 1.45531 1.44994 65.87 65.80 1.32328 1.32605 11.033 7.403 66.13
67.20 1.45554 1.45016 65.97 65.90 1.32387 1.32665 11.038 7.418 66.23
67.30 1.45577 1.45039 66.07 66.00 1.32446 1.32724 11.043 7.432 66.33
67.40 1.45600 1.45062 66.16 66.09 1.32506 1.32784 11.048 7.446 66.42
67.50 1.45623 1.45084 66.26 66.19 1.32565 1.32843 11.053 7.461 66.52
67.60 1.45646 1.45107 66.36 66.29 1.32625 1.32903 11.058 7.475 66.62
67.70 1.45669 1.45130 66.46 66.38 1.32684 1.32962 11.063 7.490 66.71
67.80 1.45692 1.45152 66.55 66.48 1.32744 1.33022 11.068 7.504 66.81
67.90 1.45715 1.45175 66.65 66.58 1.32803 1.33082 11.073 7.519 66.91
68.00 1.45737 1.45198 66.75 66.67 1.32863 1.33142 11.078 7.533 67.00
68.10 1.45760 1.45220 66.84 66.77 1.32922 1.33201 11.083 7.547 67.10
68.20 1.45783 1.45243 66.94 66.86 1.32982 1.33261 11.088 7.562 67.20
68.30 1.45806 1.45266 67.04 66.96 1.33042 1.33321 11.093 7.576 67.29
68.40 1.45829 1.45288 67.14 67.06 1.33101 1.33381 11.098 7.591 67.39
68.50 1.45853 1.45311 67.23 67.15 1.33161 1.33441 11.103 7.605 67.49
68.60 1.45876 1.45334 67.33 67.25 1.33221 1.33501 11.108 7.620 67.58


68.70 1.45899 1.45357 67.43 67.35 1.33281 1.33561 11.113 7.634 67.68
68.80 1.45922 1.45380 67.53 67.44 1.33341 1.33621 11.118 7.649 67.78
68.90 1.45945 1.45402 67.62 67.54 1.33400 1.33681 11.123 7.664 67.88
69.00 1.45968 1.45425 67.72 67.64 1.33460 1.33741 11.128 7.678 67.97
69.10 1.45991 1.45448 67.82 67.73 1.33520 1.33801 11.133 7.693 68.07
69.20 1.46014 1.45471 67.91 67.83 1.33580 1.33861 11.138 7.707 68.17
69.30 1.46037 1.45494 68.01 67.93 1.33640 1.33922 11.143 7.722 68.26
69.40 1.46061 1.45517 68.11 68.02 1.33700 1.33982 11.148 7.737 68.36
69.50 1.46084 1.45540 68.21 68.12 1.33760 1.34042 11.153 7.751 68.46
69.60 1.46107 1.45563 68.30 68.21 1.33821 1.34102 11.158 7.766 68.55
69.70 1.46130 1.45586 68.40 68.31 1.33881 1.34163 11.163 7.781 68.65
69.80 1.46153 1.45609 68.50 68.41 1.33941 1.34223 11.168 7.795 68.75
69.90 1.46177 1.45632 68.60 68.50 1.34001 1.34284 11.173 7.810 68.84
70.00 1.46200 1.45655 68.69 68.60 1.34061 1.34344 11.178 7.825 68.94
70.10 1.46223 1.45678 68.79 68.70 1.34122 1.34404 11.183 7.839 69.04
70.20 1.46247 1.45701 68.89 68.79 1.34182 1.34465 11.188 7.854 69.13
70.30 1.46270 1.45724 68.99 68.89 1.34243 1.34526 11.193 7.869 69.23
70.40 1.46293 1.45747 69.08 68.99 1.34303 1.34586 11.198 7.883 69.33
70.50 1.46317 1.45770 69.18 69.08 1.34363 1.34647 11.203 7.898 69.42
70.60 1.46340 1.45793 69.28 69.18 1.34424 1.34707 11.208 7.913 69.52
70.70 1.46363 1.45816 69.37 69.28 1.34484 1.34768 11.213 7.928 69.62
70.80 1.46387 1.45839 69.47 69.37 1.34545 1.34829 11.218 7.943 69.71
70.90 1.46410 1.45862 69.57 69.47 1.34606 1.34890 11.223 7.957 69.81
71.00 1.46434 1.45886 69.67 69.56 1.34666 1.34951 11.228 7.972 69.91
71.10 1.46457 1.45909 69.76 69.66 1.34727 1.35011 11.233 7.987 70.00
71.20 1.46480 1.45932 69.86 69.76 1.34788 1.35072 11.239 8.002 70.10
71.30 1.46504 1.45955 69.96 69.85 1.34848 1.35133 11.244 8.017 70.20
71.40 1.46527 1.45978 70.06 69.95 1.34909 1.35194 11.249 8.032 70.29
71.50 1.46551 1.46002 70.15 70.05 1.34970 1.35255 11.254 8.046 70.39
71.60 1.46574 1.46025 70.25 70.14 1.35031 1.35316 11.259 8.061 70.49
71.70 1.46598 1.46048 70.35 70.24 1.35092 1.35377 11.264 8.076 70.58
71.80 1.46622 1.46072 70.45 70.34 1.35153 1.35438 11.269 8.091 70.68
71.90 1.46645 1.46095 70.54 70.43 1.35213 1.35499 11.274 8.106 70.78
72.00 1.46669 1.46118 70.64 70.53 1.35274 1.35561 11.279 8.121 70.87
72.10 1.46692 1.46141 70.74 70.62 1.35335 1.35622 11.284 8.136 70.97
72.20 1.46716 1.46165 70.84 70.72 1.35397 1.35683 11.289 8.151 71.07


72.30 1.46740 1.46188 70.93 70.82 1.35458 1.35744 11.294 8.166 71.16
72.40 1.46763 1.46212 71.03 70.91 1.35519 1.35806 11.300 8.181 71.26
72.50 1.46787 1.46235 71.13 71.01 1.35580 1.35867 11.305 8.196 71.36
72.60 1.46811 1.46258 71.22 71.11 1.35641 1.35928 11.310 8.211 71.45
72.70 1.46834 1.46282 71.32 71.20 1.35702 1.35990 11.315 8.226 71.55
72.80 1.46858 1.46305 71.42 71.30 1.35764 1.36051 11.320 8.241 71.65
72.90 1.46882 1.46329 71.52 71.40 1.35825 1.36113 11.325 8.256 71.74
73.00 1.46906 1.46352 71.61 71.49 1.35886 1.36174 11.330 8.271 71.84
73.10 1.46929 1.46376 71.71 71.59 1.35948 1.36236 11.335 8.286 71.94
73.20 1.46953 1.46399 71.81 71.68 1.36009 1.36297 11.340 8.301 72.03
73.30 1.46977 1.46423 71.91 71.78 1.36071 1.36359 11.346 8.316 72.13
73.40 1.47001 1.46446 72.00 71.88 1.36132 1.36421 11.351 8.331 72.23
73.50 1.47025 1.46470 72.10 71.97 1.36194 1.36482 11.356 8.347 72.32
73.60 1.47048 1.46494 72.20 72.07 1.36255 1.36544 11.361 8.362 72.42
73.70 1.47072 1.46517 72.30 72.17 1.36317 1.36606 11.366 8.377 72.52
73.80 1.47096 1.46541 72.39 72.26 1.36378 1.36668 11.371 8.392 72.61
73.90 1.47120 1.46565 72.49 72.36 1.36440 1.36730 11.376 8.407 72.71
74.00 1.47144 1.46588 72.59 72.45 1.36502 1.36792 11.382 8.422 72.81
74.10 1.47168 1.46612 72.69 72.55 1.36563 1.36853 11.387 8.438 72.90
74.20 1.47192 1.46636 72.78 72.65 1.36625 1.36915 11.392 8.453 73.00
74.30 1.47216 1.46659 72.88 72.74 1.36687 1.36977 11.397 8.468 73.10
74.40 1.47240 1.46683 72.98 72.84 1.36749 1.37039 11.402 8.483 73.19
74.50 1.47264 1.46707 73.08 72.94 1.36811 1.37102 11.407 8.499 73.29
74.60 1.47288 1.46730 73.17 73.03 1.36873 1.37164 11.413 8.514 73.39
74.70 1.47312 1.46754 73.27 73.13 1.36935 1.37226 11.418 8.529 73.48
74.80 1.47336 1.46778 73.37 73.23 1.36997 1.37288 11.423 8.544 73.58
74.90 1.47360 1.46802 73.47 73.32 1.37059 1.37350 11.428 8.560 73.68
75.00 1.47384 1.46826 73.56 73.42 1.37121 1.37412 11.433 8.575 73.77
Composition of
Syrup used for
Calculation
Dextrose 52.5
Fructose 42.5
Sucrose 0.0
DP2 3.0
SP3 0.70
SP4+ 1.3
Ash 0.03

APPENDIX III –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 55

0.00 1.33299 1.32985 -0.01 0.00 0.99820 1.00000 8.320 0.000 0.00
0.10 1.33313 1.32999 0.09 0.10 0.99859 1.00039 8.324 0.008 0.10
0.20 1.33327 1.33013 0.19 0.20 0.99897 1.00077 8.327 0.017 0.20
0.30 1.33341 1.33027 0.29 0.30 0.99936 1.00116 8.330 0.025 0.30
0.40 1.33356 1.33040 0.39 0.40 0.99975 1.00155 8.333 0.033 0.40
0.50 1.33370 1.33054 0.49 0.50 1.00013 1.00193 8.336 0.042 0.50
0.60 1.33384 1.33068 0.59 0.60 1.00052 1.00232 8.340 0.050 0.60
0.70 1.33398 1.33082 0.69 0.69 1.00091 1.00271 8.343 0.058 0.70
0.80 1.33413 1.33096 0.79 0.79 1.00129 1.00310 8.346 0.067 0.80
0.90 1.33427 1.33109 0.89 0.89 1.00168 1.00349 8.349 0.075 0.90
1.00 1.33441 1.33123 0.99 0.99 1.00207 1.00388 8.353 0.084 1.00
1.10 1.33455 1.33137 1.09 1.09 1.00246 1.00426 8.356 0.092 1.10
1.20 1.33470 1.33151 1.19 1.19 1.00284 1.00465 8.359 0.100 1.20
1.30 1.33484 1.33165 1.29 1.29 1.00323 1.00504 8.362 0.109 1.30
1.40 1.33498 1.33179 1.38 1.39 1.00362 1.00543 8.366 0.117 1.40
1.50 1.33512 1.33193 1.48 1.49 1.00401 1.00582 8.369 0.126 1.50
1.60 1.33527 1.33207 1.58 1.59 1.00440 1.00621 8.372 0.134 1.60
1.70 1.33541 1.33220 1.68 1.68 1.00479 1.00660 8.375 0.142 1.70
1.80 1.33555 1.33234 1.78 1.78 1.00518 1.00700 8.379 0.151 1.80
1.90 1.33570 1.33248 1.88 1.88 1.00557 1.00739 8.382 0.159 1.90
2.00 1.33584 1.33262 1.98 1.98 1.00596 1.00778 8.385 0.168 2.00
2.10 1.33598 1.33276 2.08 2.08 1.00635 1.00817 8.388 0.176 2.10
2.20 1.33613 1.33290 2.18 2.18 1.00674 1.00856 8.392 0.185 2.20
2.30 1.33627 1.33304 2.28 2.28 1.00713 1.00895 8.395 0.193 2.30
2.40 1.33642 1.33318 2.38 2.38 1.00752 1.00935 8.398 0.202 2.40
2.50 1.33656 1.33332 2.48 2.48 1.00791 1.00974 8.401 0.210 2.50
2.60 1.33670 1.33346 2.58 2.58 1.00831 1.01013 8.405 0.219 2.60
2.70 1.33685 1.33360 2.68 2.68 1.00870 1.01053 8.408 0.227 2.70
2.80 1.33699 1.33374 2.78 2.77 1.00909 1.01092 8.411 0.236 2.80
2.90 1.33714 1.33388 2.88 2.87 1.00948 1.01131 8.415 0.244 2.90
3.00 1.33728 1.33402 2.97 2.97 1.00988 1.01171 8.418 0.253 3.00
3.10 1.33743 1.33417 3.07 3.07 1.01027 1.01210 8.421 0.261 3.10
3.20 1.33757 1.33431 3.17 3.17 1.01067 1.01250 8.424 0.270 3.20
3.30 1.33772 1.33445 3.27 3.27 1.01106 1.01289 8.428 0.278 3.30
3.40 1.33786 1.33459 3.37 3.37 1.01145 1.01329 8.431 0.287 3.40
3.50 1.33801 1.33473 3.47 3.47 1.01185 1.01369 8.434 0.295 3.50


3.60 1.33815 1.33487 3.57 3.57 1.01224 1.01408 8.438 0.304 3.60
3.70 1.33830 1.33501 3.67 3.67 1.01264 1.01448 8.441 0.312 3.70
3.80 1.33844 1.33515 3.77 3.77 1.01303 1.01487 8.444 0.321 3.80
3.90 1.33859 1.33530 3.87 3.87 1.01343 1.01527 8.447 0.329 3.90
4.00 1.33874 1.33544 3.97 3.96 1.01383 1.01567 8.451 0.338 4.00
4.10 1.33888 1.33558 4.07 4.06 1.01422 1.01607 8.454 0.347 4.10
4.20 1.33903 1.33572 4.16 4.16 1.01462 1.01646 8.457 0.355 4.20
4.30 1.33917 1.33586 4.26 4.26 1.01502 1.01686 8.461 0.364 4.30
4.40 1.33932 1.33601 4.36 4.36 1.01541 1.01726 8.464 0.372 4.40
4.50 1.33947 1.33615 4.46 4.46 1.01581 1.01766 8.467 0.381 4.50
4.60 1.33961 1.33629 4.56 4.56 1.01621 1.01806 8.471 0.390 4.60
4.70 1.33976 1.33643 4.66 4.66 1.01661 1.01846 8.474 0.398 4.70
4.80 1.33991 1.33658 4.76 4.76 1.01700 1.01886 8.477 0.407 4.80
4.90 1.34005 1.33672 4.86 4.86 1.01740 1.01926 8.481 0.416 4.90
5.00 1.34020 1.33686 4.96 4.96 1.01780 1.01966 8.484 0.424 5.00
5.10 1.34035 1.33700 5.06 5.05 1.01820 1.02006 8.487 0.433 5.10
5.20 1.34049 1.33715 5.16 5.15 1.01860 1.02046 8.491 0.442 5.20
5.30 1.34064 1.33729 5.25 5.25 1.01900 1.02086 8.494 0.450 5.30
5.40 1.34079 1.33743 5.35 5.35 1.01940 1.02126 8.497 0.459 5.40
5.50 1.34094 1.33758 5.45 5.45 1.01980 1.02166 8.501 0.468 5.50
5.60 1.34108 1.33772 5.55 5.55 1.02020 1.02206 8.504 0.476 5.60
5.70 1.34123 1.33786 5.65 5.65 1.02060 1.02246 8.507 0.485 5.70
5.80 1.34138 1.33801 5.75 5.75 1.02100 1.02287 8.511 0.494 5.80
5.90 1.34153 1.33815 5.85 5.85 1.02140 1.02327 8.514 0.502 5.90
6.00 1.34168 1.33830 5.95 5.95 1.02181 1.02367 8.517 0.511 6.00
6.10 1.34182 1.33844 6.05 6.05 1.02221 1.02408 8.521 0.520 6.10
6.20 1.34197 1.33858 6.15 6.15 1.02261 1.02448 8.524 0.528 6.20
6.30 1.34212 1.33873 6.24 6.24 1.02301 1.02488 8.527 0.537 6.30
6.40 1.34227 1.33887 6.34 6.34 1.02342 1.02529 8.531 0.546 6.40
6.50 1.34242 1.33902 6.44 6.44 1.02382 1.02569 8.534 0.555 6.50
6.60 1.34257 1.33916 6.54 6.54 1.02422 1.02610 8.538 0.563 6.60
6.70 1.34272 1.33931 6.64 6.64 1.02463 1.02650 8.541 0.572 6.70
6.80 1.34286 1.33945 6.74 6.74 1.02503 1.02691 8.544 0.581 6.80
6.90 1.34301 1.33960 6.84 6.84 1.02543 1.02731 8.548 0.590 6.90
7.00 1.34316 1.33974 6.94 6.94 1.02584 1.02772 8.551 0.599 7.00


7.10 1.34331 1.33989 7.04 7.04 1.02624 1.02812 8.554 0.607 7.10
7.20 1.34346 1.34003 7.13 7.14 1.02665 1.02853 8.558 0.616 7.20
7.30 1.34361 1.34018 7.23 7.24 1.02705 1.02894 8.561 0.625 7.30
7.40 1.34376 1.34032 7.33 7.34 1.02746 1.02934 8.565 0.634 7.40
7.50 1.34391 1.34047 7.43 7.43 1.02787 1.02975 8.568 0.643 7.50
7.60 1.34406 1.34062 7.53 7.53 1.02827 1.03016 8.571 0.651 7.60
7.70 1.34421 1.34076 7.63 7.63 1.02868 1.03057 8.575 0.660 7.70
7.80 1.34436 1.34091 7.73 7.73 1.02909 1.03097 8.578 0.669 7.80
7.90 1.34451 1.34105 7.83 7.83 1.02949 1.03138 8.582 0.678 7.90
8.00 1.34466 1.34120 7.93 7.93 1.02990 1.03179 8.585 0.687 8.00
8.10 1.34481 1.34135 8.03 8.03 1.03031 1.03220 8.588 0.696 8.10
8.20 1.34496 1.34149 8.12 8.13 1.03072 1.03261 8.592 0.705 8.20
8.30 1.34511 1.34164 8.22 8.23 1.03112 1.03302 8.595 0.713 8.30
8.40 1.34526 1.34179 8.32 8.33 1.03153 1.03343 8.599 0.722 8.40
8.50 1.34541 1.34193 8.42 8.43 1.03194 1.03384 8.602 0.731 8.50
8.60 1.34556 1.34208 8.52 8.53 1.03235 1.03425 8.605 0.740 8.60
8.70 1.34572 1.34223 8.62 8.63 1.03276 1.03466 8.609 0.749 8.70
8.80 1.34587 1.34237 8.72 8.72 1.03317 1.03507 8.612 0.758 8.80
8.90 1.34602 1.34252 8.82 8.82 1.03358 1.03548 8.616 0.767 8.90
9.00 1.34617 1.34267 8.92 8.92 1.03399 1.03589 8.619 0.776 9.00
9.10 1.34632 1.34282 9.01 9.02 1.03440 1.03631 8.622 0.785 9.10
9.20 1.34647 1.34296 9.11 9.12 1.03481 1.03672 8.626 0.794 9.20
9.30 1.34662 1.34311 9.21 9.22 1.03522 1.03713 8.629 0.803 9.30
9.40 1.34678 1.34326 9.31 9.32 1.03563 1.03754 8.633 0.811 9.40
9.50 1.34693 1.34341 9.41 9.42 1.03605 1.03796 8.636 0.820 9.50
9.60 1.34708 1.34356 9.51 9.52 1.03646 1.03837 8.640 0.829 9.60
9.70 1.34723 1.34370 9.61 9.62 1.03687 1.03878 8.643 0.838 9.70
9.80 1.34738 1.34385 9.71 9.72 1.03728 1.03920 8.647 0.847 9.80
9.90 1.34754 1.34400 9.81 9.82 1.03770 1.03961 8.650 0.856 9.90
10.00 1.34769 1.34415 9.91 9.91 1.03811 1.04002 8.653 0.865 10.00
10.10 1.34784 1.34430 10.00 10.01 1.03852 1.04044 8.657 0.874 10.10
10.20 1.34799 1.34445 10.10 10.11 1.03894 1.04085 8.660 0.883 10.20
10.30 1.34815 1.34460 10.20 10.21 1.03935 1.04127 8.664 0.892 10.30
10.40 1.34830 1.34475 10.30 10.31 1.03976 1.04169 8.667 0.901 10.40
10.50 1.34845 1.34489 10.40 10.41 1.04018 1.04210 8.671 0.910 10.50


10.60 1.34861 1.34504 10.50 10.51 1.04059 1.04252 8.674 0.919 10.60
10.70 1.34876 1.34519 10.60 10.61 1.04101 1.04293 8.678 0.929 10.70
10.80 1.34891 1.34534 10.70 10.71 1.04142 1.04335 8.681 0.938 10.80
10.90 1.34907 1.34549 10.80 10.81 1.04184 1.04377 8.685 0.947 10.90
11.00 1.34922 1.34564 10.90 10.91 1.04226 1.04418 8.688 0.956 11.00
11.10 1.34937 1.34579 10.99 11.01 1.04267 1.04460 8.692 0.965 11.10
11.20 1.34953 1.34594 11.09 11.10 1.04309 1.04502 8.695 0.974 11.20
11.30 1.34968 1.34609 11.19 11.20 1.04351 1.04544 8.698 0.983 11.30
11.40 1.34984 1.34624 11.29 11.30 1.04392 1.04586 8.702 0.992 11.40
11.50 1.34999 1.34639 11.39 11.40 1.04434 1.04628 8.705 1.001 11.50
11.60 1.35015 1.34654 11.49 11.50 1.04476 1.04669 8.709 1.010 11.60
11.70 1.35030 1.34669 11.59 11.60 1.04518 1.04711 8.712 1.019 11.70
11.80 1.35045 1.34684 11.69 11.70 1.04560 1.04753 8.716 1.028 11.80
11.90 1.35061 1.34699 11.79 11.80 1.04601 1.04795 8.719 1.038 11.90
12.00 1.35076 1.34715 11.89 11.90 1.04643 1.04837 8.723 1.047 12.00
12.10 1.35092 1.34730 11.98 12.00 1.04685 1.04879 8.726 1.056 12.10
12.20 1.35107 1.34745 12.08 12.10 1.04727 1.04922 8.730 1.065 12.20
12.30 1.35123 1.34760 12.18 12.20 1.04769 1.04964 8.733 1.074 12.30
12.40 1.35138 1.34775 12.28 12.29 1.04811 1.05006 8.737 1.083 12.40
12.50 1.35154 1.34790 12.38 12.39 1.04853 1.05048 8.740 1.093 12.50
12.60 1.35170 1.34805 12.48 12.49 1.04895 1.05090 8.744 1.102 12.60
12.70 1.35185 1.34820 12.58 12.59 1.04937 1.05132 8.747 1.111 12.70
12.80 1.35201 1.34836 12.68 12.69 1.04980 1.05175 8.751 1.120 12.80
12.90 1.35216 1.34851 12.78 12.79 1.05022 1.05217 8.754 1.129 12.90
13.00 1.35232 1.34866 12.88 12.89 1.05064 1.05259 8.758 1.139 13.00
13.10 1.35247 1.34881 12.98 12.99 1.05106 1.05302 8.762 1.148 13.10
13.20 1.35263 1.34897 13.07 13.09 1.05148 1.05344 8.765 1.157 13.20
13.30 1.35279 1.34912 13.17 13.19 1.05191 1.05386 8.769 1.166 13.30
13.40 1.35294 1.34927 13.27 13.29 1.05233 1.05429 8.772 1.175 13.40
13.50 1.35310 1.34942 13.37 13.39 1.05275 1.05471 8.776 1.185 13.50
13.60 1.35326 1.34958 13.47 13.48 1.05318 1.05514 8.779 1.194 13.60
13.70 1.35341 1.34973 13.57 13.58 1.05360 1.05556 8.783 1.203 13.70
13.80 1.35357 1.34988 13.67 13.68 1.05402 1.05599 8.786 1.213 13.80
13.90 1.35373 1.35003 13.77 13.78 1.05445 1.05641 8.790 1.222 13.90
14.00 1.35388 1.35019 13.87 13.88 1.05487 1.05684 8.793 1.231 14.00


14.10 1.35404 1.35034 13.97 13.98 1.05530 1.05727 8.797 1.240 14.10
14.20 1.35420 1.35049 14.06 14.08 1.05572 1.05769 8.800 1.250 14.20
14.30 1.35436 1.35065 14.16 14.18 1.05615 1.05812 8.804 1.259 14.30
14.40 1.35451 1.35080 14.26 14.28 1.05658 1.05855 8.808 1.268 14.40
14.50 1.35467 1.35096 14.36 14.38 1.05700 1.05897 8.811 1.278 14.50
14.60 1.35483 1.35111 14.46 14.48 1.05743 1.05940 8.815 1.287 14.60
14.70 1.35499 1.35126 14.56 14.57 1.05786 1.05983 8.818 1.296 14.70
14.80 1.35515 1.35142 14.66 14.67 1.05828 1.06026 8.822 1.306 14.80
14.90 1.35530 1.35157 14.76 14.77 1.05871 1.06069 8.825 1.315 14.90
15.00 1.35546 1.35173 14.86 14.87 1.05914 1.06112 8.829 1.324 15.00
15.10 1.35562 1.35188 14.96 14.97 1.05957 1.06155 8.832 1.334 15.10
15.20 1.35578 1.35204 15.06 15.07 1.05999 1.06198 8.836 1.343 15.20
15.30 1.35594 1.35219 15.16 15.17 1.06042 1.06241 8.840 1.352 15.30
15.40 1.35610 1.35235 15.25 15.27 1.06085 1.06284 8.843 1.362 15.40
15.50 1.35626 1.35250 15.35 15.37 1.06128 1.06327 8.847 1.371 15.50
15.60 1.35641 1.35266 15.45 15.47 1.06171 1.06370 8.850 1.381 15.60
15.70 1.35657 1.35281 15.55 15.57 1.06214 1.06413 8.854 1.390 15.70
15.80 1.35673 1.35297 15.65 15.66 1.06257 1.06456 8.858 1.399 15.80
15.90 1.35689 1.35312 15.75 15.76 1.06300 1.06499 8.861 1.409 15.90
16.00 1.35705 1.35328 15.85 15.86 1.06343 1.06542 8.865 1.418 16.00
16.10 1.35721 1.35343 15.95 15.96 1.06386 1.06586 8.868 1.428 16.10
16.20 1.35737 1.35359 16.05 16.06 1.06429 1.06629 8.872 1.437 16.20
16.30 1.35753 1.35374 16.15 16.16 1.06473 1.06672 8.876 1.447 16.30
16.40 1.35769 1.35390 16.25 16.26 1.06516 1.06715 8.879 1.456 16.40
16.50 1.35785 1.35406 16.35 16.36 1.06559 1.06759 8.883 1.466 16.50
16.60 1.35801 1.35421 16.44 16.46 1.06602 1.06802 8.886 1.475 16.60
16.70 1.35817 1.35437 16.54 16.56 1.06645 1.06846 8.890 1.485 16.70
16.80 1.35833 1.35453 16.64 16.65 1.06689 1.06889 8.894 1.494 16.80
16.90 1.35849 1.35468 16.74 16.75 1.06732 1.06932 8.897 1.504 16.90
17.00 1.35865 1.35484 16.84 16.85 1.06775 1.06976 8.901 1.513 17.00
17.10 1.35881 1.35500 16.94 16.95 1.06819 1.07019 8.904 1.523 17.10
17.20 1.35897 1.35515 17.04 17.05 1.06862 1.07063 8.908 1.532 17.20
17.30 1.35914 1.35531 17.14 17.15 1.06906 1.07107 8.912 1.542 17.30
17.40 1.35930 1.35547 17.24 17.25 1.06949 1.07150 8.915 1.551 17.40
17.50 1.35946 1.35563 17.34 17.35 1.06993 1.07194 8.919 1.561 17.50


17.60 1.35962 1.35578 17.44 17.45 1.07036 1.07238 8.923 1.570 17.60
17.70 1.35978 1.35594 17.54 17.55 1.07080 1.07281 8.926 1.580 17.70
17.80 1.35994 1.35610 17.63 17.64 1.07123 1.07325 8.930 1.590 17.80
17.90 1.36010 1.35626 17.73 17.74 1.07167 1.07369 8.934 1.599 17.90
18.00 1.36027 1.35641 17.83 17.84 1.07211 1.07413 8.937 1.609 18.00
18.10 1.36043 1.35657 17.93 17.94 1.07254 1.07456 8.941 1.618 18.10
18.20 1.36059 1.35673 18.03 18.04 1.07298 1.07500 8.944 1.628 18.20
18.30 1.36075 1.35689 18.13 18.14 1.07342 1.07544 8.948 1.638 18.29
18.40 1.36091 1.35705 18.23 18.24 1.07386 1.07588 8.952 1.647 18.39
18.50 1.36108 1.35721 18.33 18.34 1.07429 1.07632 8.955 1.657 18.49
18.60 1.36124 1.35736 18.43 18.44 1.07473 1.07676 8.959 1.666 18.59
18.70 1.36140 1.35752 18.53 18.54 1.07517 1.07720 8.963 1.676 18.69
18.80 1.36156 1.35768 18.63 18.63 1.07561 1.07764 8.966 1.686 18.79
18.90 1.36173 1.35784 18.73 18.73 1.07605 1.07808 8.970 1.695 18.89
19.00 1.36189 1.35800 18.82 18.83 1.07649 1.07852 8.974 1.705 18.99
19.10 1.36205 1.35816 18.92 18.93 1.07693 1.07896 8.977 1.715 19.09
19.20 1.36222 1.35832 19.02 19.03 1.07737 1.07940 8.981 1.724 19.19
19.30 1.36238 1.35848 19.12 19.13 1.07781 1.07985 8.985 1.734 19.29
19.40 1.36254 1.35864 19.22 19.23 1.07825 1.08029 8.988 1.744 19.39
19.50 1.36271 1.35880 19.32 19.33 1.07869 1.08073 8.992 1.753 19.49
19.60 1.36287 1.35896 19.42 19.43 1.07913 1.08117 8.996 1.763 19.59
19.70 1.36304 1.35912 19.52 19.53 1.07958 1.08162 8.999 1.773 19.69
19.80 1.36320 1.35928 19.62 19.62 1.08002 1.08206 9.003 1.783 19.79
19.90 1.36336 1.35944 19.72 19.72 1.08046 1.08250 9.007 1.792 19.89
20.00 1.36353 1.35960 19.82 19.82 1.08090 1.08295 9.011 1.802 19.99
20.10 1.36369 1.35976 19.92 19.92 1.08134 1.08339 9.014 1.812 20.09
20.20 1.36386 1.35992 20.02 20.02 1.08179 1.08384 9.018 1.822 20.19
20.30 1.36402 1.36008 20.11 20.12 1.08223 1.08428 9.022 1.831 20.29
20.40 1.36419 1.36024 20.21 20.22 1.08268 1.08473 9.025 1.841 20.39
20.50 1.36435 1.36040 20.31 20.32 1.08312 1.08517 9.029 1.851 20.49
20.60 1.36451 1.36056 20.41 20.42 1.08356 1.08562 9.033 1.861 20.59
20.70 1.36468 1.36072 20.51 20.51 1.08401 1.08606 9.036 1.871 20.69
20.80 1.36485 1.36089 20.61 20.61 1.08445 1.08651 9.040 1.880 20.79
20.90 1.36501 1.36105 20.71 20.71 1.08490 1.08695 9.044 1.890 20.89
21.00 1.36518 1.36121 20.81 20.81 1.08534 1.08740 9.048 1.900 20.99


21.10 1.36534 1.36137 20.91 20.91 1.08579 1.08785 9.051 1.910 21.09
21.20 1.36551 1.36153 21.01 21.01 1.08624 1.08830 9.055 1.920 21.19
21.30 1.36567 1.36169 21.11 21.11 1.08668 1.08874 9.059 1.930 21.29
21.40 1.36584 1.36186 21.21 21.21 1.08713 1.08919 9.063 1.939 21.39
21.50 1.36600 1.36202 21.30 21.31 1.08758 1.08964 9.066 1.949 21.49
21.60 1.36617 1.36218 21.40 21.40 1.08802 1.09009 9.070 1.959 21.59
21.70 1.36634 1.36234 21.50 21.50 1.08847 1.09054 9.074 1.969 21.69
21.80 1.36650 1.36251 21.60 21.60 1.08892 1.09099 9.077 1.979 21.79
21.90 1.36667 1.36267 21.70 21.70 1.08937 1.09144 9.081 1.989 21.88
22.00 1.36684 1.36283 21.80 21.80 1.08982 1.09189 9.085 1.999 21.98
22.10 1.36700 1.36299 21.90 21.90 1.09026 1.09234 9.089 2.009 22.08
22.20 1.36717 1.36316 22.00 22.00 1.09071 1.09279 9.092 2.019 22.18
22.30 1.36734 1.36332 22.10 22.10 1.09116 1.09324 9.096 2.028 22.28
22.40 1.36750 1.36348 22.20 22.19 1.09161 1.09369 9.100 2.038 22.38
22.50 1.36767 1.36365 22.30 22.29 1.09206 1.09414 9.104 2.048 22.48
22.60 1.36784 1.36381 22.40 22.39 1.09251 1.09459 9.107 2.058 22.58
22.70 1.36801 1.36397 22.49 22.49 1.09296 1.09505 9.111 2.068 22.68
22.80 1.36817 1.36414 22.59 22.59 1.09342 1.09550 9.115 2.078 22.78
22.90 1.36834 1.36430 22.69 22.69 1.09387 1.09595 9.119 2.088 22.88
23.00 1.36851 1.36447 22.79 22.79 1.09432 1.09640 9.123 2.098 22.98
23.10 1.36868 1.36463 22.89 22.89 1.09477 1.09686 9.126 2.108 23.08
23.20 1.36884 1.36479 22.99 22.98 1.09522 1.09731 9.130 2.118 23.18
23.30 1.36901 1.36496 23.09 23.08 1.09567 1.09776 9.134 2.128 23.28
23.40 1.36918 1.36512 23.19 23.18 1.09613 1.09822 9.138 2.138 23.38
23.50 1.36935 1.36529 23.29 23.28 1.09658 1.09867 9.141 2.148 23.48
23.60 1.36952 1.36545 23.39 23.38 1.09703 1.09913 9.145 2.158 23.58
23.70 1.36969 1.36562 23.49 23.48 1.09749 1.09958 9.149 2.168 23.68
23.80 1.36986 1.36578 23.59 23.58 1.09794 1.10004 9.153 2.178 23.78
23.90 1.37002 1.36595 23.68 23.68 1.09840 1.10049 9.157 2.188 23.88
24.00 1.37019 1.36611 23.78 23.77 1.09885 1.10095 9.160 2.198 23.98
24.10 1.37036 1.36628 23.88 23.87 1.09931 1.10141 9.164 2.209 24.08
24.20 1.37053 1.36644 23.98 23.97 1.09976 1.10186 9.168 2.219 24.18
24.30 1.37070 1.36661 24.08 24.07 1.10022 1.10232 9.172 2.229 24.27
24.40 1.37087 1.36677 24.18 24.17 1.10067 1.10278 9.176 2.239 24.37


24.50 1.37104 1.36694 24.28 24.27 1.10113 1.10323 9.179 2.249 24.47
24.60 1.37121 1.36711 24.38 24.37 1.10158 1.10369 9.183 2.259 24.57
24.70 1.37138 1.36727 24.48 24.47 1.10204 1.10415 9.187 2.269 24.67
24.80 1.37155 1.36744 24.58 24.56 1.10250 1.10461 9.191 2.279 24.77
24.90 1.37172 1.36761 24.68 24.66 1.10296 1.10507 9.195 2.289 24.87
25.00 1.37189 1.36777 24.77 24.76 1.10341 1.10553 9.198 2.300 24.97
25.10 1.37206 1.36794 24.87 24.86 1.10387 1.10598 9.202 2.310 25.07
25.20 1.37223 1.36811 24.97 24.96 1.10433 1.10644 9.206 2.320 25.17
25.30 1.37240 1.36827 25.07 25.06 1.10479 1.10690 9.210 2.330 25.27
25.40 1.37257 1.36844 25.17 25.16 1.10525 1.10736 9.214 2.340 25.37
25.50 1.37274 1.36861 25.27 25.25 1.10571 1.10783 9.218 2.350 25.47
25.60 1.37291 1.36877 25.37 25.35 1.10617 1.10829 9.221 2.361 25.57
25.70 1.37308 1.36894 25.47 25.45 1.10663 1.10875 9.225 2.371 25.67
25.80 1.37326 1.36911 25.57 25.55 1.10709 1.10921 9.229 2.381 25.77
25.90 1.37343 1.36928 25.67 25.65 1.10755 1.10967 9.233 2.391 25.87
26.00 1.37360 1.36944 25.77 25.75 1.10801 1.11013 9.237 2.402 25.97
26.10 1.37377 1.36961 25.86 25.85 1.10847 1.11059 9.241 2.412 26.07
26.20 1.37394 1.36978 25.96 25.95 1.10893 1.11106 9.244 2.422 26.16
26.30 1.37411 1.36995 26.06 26.04 1.10939 1.11152 9.248 2.432 26.26
26.40 1.37429 1.37012 26.16 26.14 1.10985 1.11198 9.252 2.443 26.36
26.50 1.37446 1.37028 26.26 26.24 1.11031 1.11245 9.256 2.453 26.46
26.60 1.37463 1.37045 26.36 26.34 1.11078 1.11291 9.260 2.463 26.56
26.70 1.37480 1.37062 26.46 26.44 1.11124 1.11338 9.264 2.473 26.66
26.80 1.37497 1.37079 26.56 26.54 1.11170 1.11384 9.268 2.484 26.76
26.90 1.37515 1.37096 26.66 26.64 1.11217 1.11430 9.271 2.494 26.86
27.00 1.37532 1.37113 26.75 26.73 1.11263 1.11477 9.275 2.504 26.96
27.10 1.37549 1.37130 26.85 26.83 1.11309 1.11524 9.279 2.515 27.06
27.20 1.37567 1.37147 26.95 26.93 1.11356 1.11570 9.283 2.525 27.16
27.30 1.37584 1.37164 27.05 27.03 1.11402 1.11617 9.287 2.535 27.26
27.40 1.37601 1.37180 27.15 27.13 1.11449 1.11663 9.291 2.546 27.36
27.50 1.37619 1.37197 27.25 27.23 1.11495 1.11710 9.295 2.556 27.46
27.60 1.37636 1.37214 27.35 27.32 1.11542 1.11757 9.299 2.566 27.56
27.70 1.37653 1.37231 27.45 27.42 1.11588 1.11803 9.302 2.577 27.65
27.80 1.37671 1.37248 27.55 27.52 1.11635 1.11850 9.306 2.587 27.75
27.90 1.37688 1.37265 27.65 27.62 1.11682 1.11897 9.310 2.598 27.85


28.00 1.37705 1.37282 27.74 27.72 1.11728 1.11944 9.314 2.608 27.95
28.10 1.37723 1.37299 27.84 27.82 1.11775 1.11991 9.318 2.618 28.05
28.20 1.37740 1.37316 27.94 27.92 1.11822 1.12038 9.322 2.629 28.15
28.30 1.37758 1.37334 28.04 28.01 1.11869 1.12084 9.326 2.639 28.25
28.40 1.37775 1.37351 28.14 28.11 1.11915 1.12131 9.330 2.650 28.35
28.50 1.37793 1.37368 28.24 28.21 1.11962 1.12178 9.334 2.660 28.45
28.60 1.37810 1.37385 28.34 28.31 1.12009 1.12225 9.338 2.671 28.55
28.70 1.37827 1.37402 28.44 28.41 1.12056 1.12272 9.342 2.681 28.65
28.80 1.37845 1.37419 28.54 28.51 1.12103 1.12319 9.345 2.691 28.75
28.90 1.37862 1.37436 28.63 28.61 1.12150 1.12367 9.349 2.702 28.85
29.00 1.37880 1.37453 28.73 28.70 1.12197 1.12414 9.353 2.712 28.95
29.10 1.37897 1.37470 28.83 28.80 1.12244 1.12461 9.357 2.723 29.04
29.20 1.37915 1.37488 28.93 28.90 1.12291 1.12508 9.361 2.733 29.14
29.30 1.37933 1.37505 29.03 29.00 1.12338 1.12555 9.365 2.744 29.24
29.40 1.37950 1.37522 29.13 29.10 1.12385 1.12603 9.369 2.754 29.34
29.50 1.37968 1.37539 29.23 29.20 1.12432 1.12650 9.373 2.765 29.44
29.60 1.37985 1.37556 29.33 29.29 1.12479 1.12697 9.377 2.776 29.54
29.70 1.38003 1.37574 29.42 29.39 1.12527 1.12744 9.381 2.786 29.64
29.80 1.38021 1.37591 29.52 29.49 1.12574 1.12792 9.385 2.797 29.74
29.90 1.38038 1.37608 29.62 29.59 1.12621 1.12839 9.389 2.807 29.84
30.00 1.38056 1.37625 29.72 29.69 1.12668 1.12887 9.393 2.818 29.94
30.10 1.38073 1.37643 29.82 29.79 1.12716 1.12934 9.397 2.828 30.04
30.20 1.38091 1.37660 29.92 29.88 1.12763 1.12982 9.401 2.839 30.14
30.30 1.38109 1.37677 30.02 29.98 1.12811 1.13029 9.404 2.850 30.23
30.40 1.38127 1.37695 30.12 30.08 1.12858 1.13077 9.408 2.860 30.33
30.50 1.38144 1.37712 30.21 30.18 1.12905 1.13124 9.412 2.871 30.43
30.60 1.38162 1.37729 30.31 30.28 1.12953 1.13172 9.416 2.881 30.53
30.70 1.38180 1.37747 30.41 30.38 1.13000 1.13220 9.420 2.892 30.63
30.80 1.38197 1.37764 30.51 30.47 1.13048 1.13267 9.424 2.903 30.73
30.90 1.38215 1.37782 30.61 30.57 1.13095 1.13315 9.428 2.913 30.83
31.00 1.38233 1.37799 30.71 30.67 1.13143 1.13363 9.432 2.924 30.93
31.10 1.38251 1.37816 30.81 30.77 1.13191 1.13411 9.436 2.935 31.03
31.20 1.38268 1.37834 30.91 30.87 1.13238 1.13458 9.440 2.945 31.13
31.30 1.38286 1.37851 31.00 30.97 1.13286 1.13506 9.444 2.956 31.23
31.40 1.38304 1.37869 31.10 31.06 1.13334 1.13554 9.448 2.967 31.33


31.50 1.38322 1.37886 31.20 31.16 1.13382 1.13602 9.452 2.977 31.42
31.60 1.38340 1.37904 31.30 31.26 1.13429 1.13650 9.456 2.988 31.52
31.70 1.38358 1.37921 31.40 31.36 1.13477 1.13698 9.460 2.999 31.62
31.80 1.38375 1.37939 31.50 31.46 1.13525 1.13746 9.464 3.010 31.72
31.90 1.38393 1.37956 31.60 31.56 1.13573 1.13794 9.468 3.020 31.82
32.00 1.38411 1.37974 31.69 31.65 1.13621 1.13842 9.472 3.031 31.92
32.10 1.38429 1.37991 31.79 31.75 1.13669 1.13890 9.476 3.042 32.02
32.20 1.38447 1.38009 31.89 31.85 1.13717 1.13938 9.480 3.053 32.12
32.30 1.38465 1.38026 31.99 31.95 1.13765 1.13986 9.484 3.063 32.22
32.40 1.38483 1.38044 32.09 32.05 1.13813 1.14034 9.488 3.074 32.32
32.50 1.38501 1.38061 32.19 32.15 1.13861 1.14083 9.492 3.085 32.41
32.60 1.38519 1.38079 32.29 32.24 1.13909 1.14131 9.496 3.096 32.51
32.70 1.38537 1.38097 32.38 32.34 1.13957 1.14179 9.500 3.107 32.61
32.80 1.38555 1.38114 32.48 32.44 1.14005 1.14228 9.504 3.117 32.71
32.90 1.38573 1.38132 32.58 32.54 1.14053 1.14276 9.508 3.128 32.81
33.00 1.38591 1.38150 32.68 32.64 1.14102 1.14324 9.512 3.139 32.91
33.10 1.38609 1.38167 32.78 32.73 1.14150 1.14373 9.516 3.150 33.01
33.20 1.38627 1.38185 32.88 32.83 1.14198 1.14421 9.520 3.161 33.11
33.30 1.38645 1.38203 32.97 32.93 1.14247 1.14470 9.524 3.172 33.21
33.40 1.38663 1.38220 33.07 33.03 1.14295 1.14518 9.528 3.182 33.31
33.50 1.38681 1.38238 33.17 33.13 1.14343 1.14567 9.532 3.193 33.40
33.60 1.38699 1.38256 33.27 33.23 1.14392 1.14615 9.536 3.204 33.50
33.70 1.38717 1.38274 33.37 33.32 1.14440 1.14664 9.540 3.215 33.60
33.80 1.38736 1.38291 33.47 33.42 1.14489 1.14712 9.545 3.226 33.70
33.90 1.38754 1.38309 33.57 33.52 1.14537 1.14761 9.549 3.237 33.80
34.00 1.38772 1.38327 33.66 33.62 1.14586 1.14810 9.553 3.248 33.90
34.10 1.38790 1.38345 33.76 33.72 1.14634 1.14858 9.557 3.259 34.00
34.20 1.38808 1.38363 33.86 33.81 1.14683 1.14907 9.561 3.270 34.10
34.30 1.38826 1.38380 33.96 33.91 1.14731 1.14956 9.565 3.281 34.20
34.40 1.38845 1.38398 34.06 34.01 1.14780 1.15005 9.569 3.292 34.30
34.50 1.38863 1.38416 34.16 34.11 1.14829 1.15054 9.573 3.303 34.39
34.60 1.38881 1.38434 34.25 34.21 1.14878 1.15102 9.577 3.314 34.49
34.70 1.38899 1.38452 34.35 34.30 1.14926 1.15151 9.581 3.325 34.59
34.80 1.38917 1.38470 34.45 34.40 1.14975 1.15200 9.585 3.336 34.69
34.90 1.38936 1.38488 34.55 34.50 1.15024 1.15249 9.589 3.347 34.79


35.00 1.38954 1.38506 34.65 34.60 1.15073 1.15298 9.593 3.358 34.89
35.10 1.38972 1.38523 34.75 34.70 1.15122 1.15347 9.597 3.369 34.99
35.20 1.38991 1.38541 34.84 34.80 1.15171 1.15396 9.601 3.380 35.09
35.30 1.39009 1.38559 34.94 34.89 1.15220 1.15445 9.606 3.391 35.18
35.40 1.39027 1.38577 35.04 34.99 1.15269 1.15495 9.610 3.402 35.28
35.50 1.39046 1.38595 35.14 35.09 1.15318 1.15544 9.614 3.413 35.38
35.60 1.39064 1.38613 35.24 35.19 1.15367 1.15593 9.618 3.424 35.48
35.70 1.39082 1.38631 35.33 35.29 1.15416 1.15642 9.622 3.435 35.58
35.80 1.39101 1.38649 35.43 35.38 1.15465 1.15691 9.626 3.446 35.68
35.90 1.39119 1.38667 35.53 35.48 1.15514 1.15741 9.630 3.457 35.78
36.00 1.39137 1.38685 35.63 35.58 1.15563 1.15790 9.634 3.468 35.88
36.10 1.39156 1.38703 35.73 35.68 1.15612 1.15839 9.638 3.479 35.98
36.20 1.39174 1.38722 35.83 35.78 1.15661 1.15889 9.642 3.491 36.07
36.30 1.39193 1.38740 35.92 35.87 1.15711 1.15938 9.647 3.502 36.17
36.40 1.39211 1.38758 36.02 35.97 1.15760 1.15988 9.651 3.513 36.27
36.50 1.39230 1.38776 36.12 36.07 1.15809 1.16037 9.655 3.524 36.37
36.60 1.39248 1.38794 36.22 36.17 1.15859 1.16086 9.659 3.535 36.47
36.70 1.39267 1.38812 36.32 36.27 1.15908 1.16136 9.663 3.546 36.57
36.80 1.39285 1.38830 36.41 36.36 1.15957 1.16186 9.667 3.557 36.67
36.90 1.39304 1.38848 36.51 36.46 1.16007 1.16235 9.671 3.569 36.77
37.00 1.39322 1.38867 36.61 36.56 1.16056 1.16285 9.675 3.580 36.86
37.10 1.39341 1.38885 36.71 36.66 1.16106 1.16334 9.679 3.591 36.96
37.20 1.39359 1.38903 36.81 36.76 1.16155 1.16384 9.684 3.602 37.06
37.30 1.39378 1.38921 36.90 36.85 1.16205 1.16434 9.688 3.614 37.16
37.40 1.39396 1.38939 37.00 36.95 1.16255 1.16484 9.692 3.625 37.26
37.50 1.39415 1.38958 37.10 37.05 1.16304 1.16533 9.696 3.636 37.36
37.60 1.39434 1.38976 37.20 37.15 1.16354 1.16583 9.700 3.647 37.46
37.70 1.39452 1.38994 37.30 37.24 1.16404 1.16633 9.704 3.659 37.55
37.80 1.39471 1.39013 37.40 37.34 1.16453 1.16683 9.708 3.670 37.65
37.90 1.39490 1.39031 37.49 37.44 1.16503 1.16733 9.713 3.681 37.75
38.00 1.39508 1.39049 37.59 37.54 1.16553 1.16783 9.717 3.692 37.85
38.10 1.39527 1.39067 37.69 37.64 1.16603 1.16833 9.721 3.704 37.95
38.20 1.39546 1.39086 37.79 37.73 1.16653 1.16883 9.725 3.715 38.05
38.30 1.39564 1.39104 37.88 37.83 1.16703 1.16933 9.729 3.726 38.15


38.40 1.39583 1.39122 37.98 37.93 1.16752 1.16983 9.733 3.738 38.25
38.50 1.39602 1.39141 38.08 38.03 1.16802 1.17033 9.738 3.749 38.34
38.60 1.39621 1.39159 38.18 38.13 1.16852 1.17083 9.742 3.760 38.44
38.70 1.39639 1.39178 38.28 38.22 1.16902 1.17133 9.746 3.772 38.54
38.80 1.39658 1.39196 38.37 38.32 1.16952 1.17184 9.750 3.783 38.64
38.90 1.39677 1.39214 38.47 38.42 1.17003 1.17234 9.754 3.794 38.74
39.00 1.39696 1.39233 38.57 38.52 1.17053 1.17284 9.759 3.806 38.84
39.10 1.39714 1.39251 38.67 38.61 1.17103 1.17334 9.763 3.817 38.94
39.20 1.39733 1.39270 38.77 38.71 1.17153 1.17385 9.767 3.829 39.03
39.30 1.39752 1.39288 38.86 38.81 1.17203 1.17435 9.771 3.840 39.13
39.40 1.39771 1.39307 38.96 38.91 1.17253 1.17485 9.775 3.851 39.23
39.50 1.39790 1.39325 39.06 39.01 1.17304 1.17536 9.779 3.863 39.33
39.60 1.39809 1.39344 39.16 39.10 1.17354 1.17586 9.784 3.874 39.43
39.70 1.39828 1.39362 39.26 39.20 1.17404 1.17637 9.788 3.886 39.53
39.80 1.39846 1.39381 39.35 39.30 1.17455 1.17687 9.792 3.897 39.63
39.90 1.39865 1.39400 39.45 39.40 1.17505 1.17738 9.796 3.909 39.72
40.00 1.39884 1.39418 39.55 39.49 1.17556 1.17788 9.800 3.920 39.82
40.10 1.39903 1.39437 39.65 39.59 1.17606 1.17839 9.805 3.932 39.92
40.20 1.39922 1.39455 39.74 39.69 1.17657 1.17890 9.809 3.943 40.02
40.30 1.39941 1.39474 39.84 39.79 1.17707 1.17940 9.813 3.955 40.12
40.40 1.39960 1.39493 39.94 39.89 1.17758 1.17991 9.817 3.966 40.22
40.50 1.39979 1.39511 40.04 39.98 1.17808 1.18042 9.822 3.978 40.32
40.60 1.39998 1.39530 40.13 40.08 1.17859 1.18093 9.826 3.989 40.41
40.70 1.40017 1.39549 40.23 40.18 1.17909 1.18143 9.830 4.001 40.51
40.80 1.40036 1.39567 40.33 40.28 1.17960 1.18194 9.834 4.012 40.61
40.90 1.40055 1.39586 40.43 40.37 1.18011 1.18245 9.838 4.024 40.71
41.00 1.40074 1.39605 40.53 40.47 1.18062 1.18296 9.843 4.036 40.81
41.10 1.40093 1.39623 40.62 40.57 1.18112 1.18347 9.847 4.047 40.91
41.20 1.40112 1.39642 40.72 40.67 1.18163 1.18398 9.851 4.059 41.00
41.30 1.40132 1.39661 40.82 40.77 1.18214 1.18449 9.855 4.070 41.10
41.40 1.40151 1.39680 40.92 40.86 1.18265 1.18500 9.860 4.082 41.20
41.50 1.40170 1.39698 41.01 40.96 1.18316 1.18551 9.864 4.094 41.30
41.60 1.40189 1.39717 41.11 41.06 1.18367 1.18602 9.868 4.105 41.40
41.70 1.40208 1.39736 41.21 41.16 1.18418 1.18653 9.872 4.117 41.50
41.80 1.40227 1.39755 41.31 41.25 1.18469 1.18704 9.877 4.128 41.59


41.90 1.40246 1.39774 41.40 41.35 1.18520 1.18756 9.881 4.140 41.69
42.00 1.40266 1.39792 41.50 41.45 1.18571 1.18807 9.885 4.152 41.79
42.10 1.40285 1.39811 41.60 41.55 1.18622 1.18858 9.889 4.163 41.89
42.20 1.40304 1.39830 41.70 41.64 1.18673 1.18909 9.894 4.175 41.99
42.30 1.40323 1.39849 41.79 41.74 1.18724 1.18961 9.898 4.187 42.09
42.40 1.40343 1.39868 41.89 41.84 1.18775 1.19012 9.902 4.199 42.19
42.50 1.40362 1.39887 41.99 41.94 1.18827 1.19063 9.907 4.210 42.28
42.60 1.40381 1.39906 42.09 42.03 1.18878 1.19115 9.911 4.222 42.38
42.70 1.40400 1.39925 42.18 42.13 1.18929 1.19166 9.915 4.234 42.48
42.80 1.40420 1.39944 42.28 42.23 1.18981 1.19218 9.919 4.246 42.58
42.90 1.40439 1.39963 42.38 42.33 1.19032 1.19269 9.924 4.257 42.68
43.00 1.40458 1.39982 42.48 42.42 1.19083 1.19321 9.928 4.269 42.78
43.10 1.40478 1.40001 42.57 42.52 1.19135 1.19372 9.932 4.281 42.87
43.20 1.40497 1.40020 42.67 42.62 1.19186 1.19424 9.937 4.293 42.97
43.30 1.40516 1.40039 42.77 42.72 1.19238 1.19476 9.941 4.304 43.07
43.40 1.40536 1.40058 42.87 42.81 1.19289 1.19527 9.945 4.316 43.17
43.50 1.40555 1.40077 42.96 42.91 1.19341 1.19579 9.949 4.328 43.27
43.60 1.40575 1.40096 43.06 43.01 1.19392 1.19631 9.954 4.340 43.37
43.70 1.40594 1.40115 43.16 43.11 1.19444 1.19683 9.958 4.352 43.46
43.80 1.40613 1.40134 43.26 43.21 1.19496 1.19734 9.962 4.364 43.56
43.90 1.40633 1.40153 43.35 43.30 1.19547 1.19786 9.967 4.375 43.66
44.00 1.40652 1.40172 43.45 43.40 1.19599 1.19838 9.971 4.387 43.76
44.10 1.40672 1.40191 43.55 43.50 1.19651 1.19890 9.975 4.399 43.86
44.20 1.40691 1.40210 43.65 43.60 1.19703 1.19942 9.980 4.411 43.95
44.30 1.40711 1.40230 43.74 43.69 1.19754 1.19994 9.984 4.423 44.05
44.40 1.40730 1.40249 43.84 43.79 1.19806 1.20046 9.988 4.435 44.15
44.50 1.40750 1.40268 43.94 43.89 1.19858 1.20098 9.993 4.447 44.25
44.60 1.40769 1.40287 44.04 43.99 1.19910 1.20150 9.997 4.459 44.35
44.70 1.40789 1.40306 44.13 44.08 1.19962 1.20202 10.001 4.471 44.45
44.80 1.40809 1.40326 44.23 44.18 1.20014 1.20254 10.006 4.483 44.54
44.90 1.40828 1.40345 44.33 44.28 1.20066 1.20306 10.010 4.494 44.64
45.00 1.40848 1.40364 44.43 44.37 1.20118 1.20358 10.014 4.506 44.74
45.10 1.40867 1.40383 44.52 44.47 1.20170 1.20411 10.019 4.518 44.84
45.20 1.40887 1.40403 44.62 44.57 1.20222 1.20463 10.023 4.530 44.94


45.30 1.40907 1.40422 44.72 44.67 1.20274 1.20515 10.027 4.542 45.03
45.40 1.40926 1.40441 44.81 44.76 1.20326 1.20568 10.032 4.554 45.13
45.50 1.40946 1.40461 44.91 44.86 1.20379 1.20620 10.036 4.566 45.23
45.60 1.40966 1.40480 45.01 44.96 1.20431 1.20672 10.040 4.578 45.33
45.70 1.40985 1.40499 45.11 45.06 1.20483 1.20725 10.045 4.590 45.43
45.80 1.41005 1.40519 45.20 45.15 1.20535 1.20777 10.049 4.603 45.53
45.90 1.41025 1.40538 45.30 45.25 1.20588 1.20830 10.054 4.615 45.62
46.00 1.41044 1.40557 45.40 45.35 1.20640 1.20882 10.058 4.627 45.72
46.10 1.41064 1.40577 45.50 45.45 1.20692 1.20935 10.062 4.639 45.82
46.20 1.41084 1.40596 45.59 45.54 1.20745 1.20987 10.067 4.651 45.92
46.30 1.41104 1.40616 45.69 45.64 1.20797 1.21040 10.071 4.663 46.02
46.40 1.41124 1.40635 45.79 45.74 1.20850 1.21093 10.075 4.675 46.11
46.50 1.41143 1.40655 45.88 45.84 1.20902 1.21145 10.080 4.687 46.21
46.60 1.41163 1.40674 45.98 45.93 1.20955 1.21198 10.084 4.699 46.31
46.70 1.41183 1.40694 46.08 46.03 1.21007 1.21251 10.089 4.711 46.41
46.80 1.41203 1.40713 46.18 46.13 1.21060 1.21303 10.093 4.723 46.51
46.90 1.41223 1.40733 46.27 46.23 1.21113 1.21356 10.097 4.736 46.60
47.00 1.41243 1.40752 46.37 46.32 1.21165 1.21409 10.102 4.748 46.70
47.10 1.41262 1.40772 46.47 46.42 1.21218 1.21462 10.106 4.760 46.80
47.20 1.41282 1.40791 46.56 46.52 1.21271 1.21515 10.111 4.772 46.90
47.30 1.41302 1.40811 46.66 46.61 1.21324 1.21568 10.115 4.784 47.00
47.40 1.41322 1.40830 46.76 46.71 1.21376 1.21621 10.119 4.797 47.10
47.50 1.41342 1.40850 46.86 46.81 1.21429 1.21674 10.124 4.809 47.19
47.60 1.41362 1.40870 46.95 46.91 1.21482 1.21727 10.128 4.821 47.29
47.70 1.41382 1.40889 47.05 47.00 1.21535 1.21780 10.133 4.833 47.39
47.80 1.41402 1.40909 47.15 47.10 1.21588 1.21833 10.137 4.845 47.49
47.90 1.41422 1.40929 47.24 47.20 1.21641 1.21886 10.141 4.858 47.59
48.00 1.41442 1.40948 47.34 47.30 1.21694 1.21939 10.146 4.870 47.68
48.10 1.41462 1.40968 47.44 47.39 1.21747 1.21993 10.150 4.882 47.78
48.20 1.41482 1.40988 47.54 47.49 1.21800 1.22046 10.155 4.895 47.88
48.30 1.41502 1.41007 47.63 47.59 1.21853 1.22099 10.159 4.907 47.98
48.40 1.41522 1.41027 47.73 47.68 1.21906 1.22152 10.164 4.919 48.08
48.50 1.41542 1.41047 47.83 47.78 1.21960 1.22206 10.168 4.931 48.17
48.60 1.41562 1.41066 47.92 47.88 1.22013 1.22259 10.172 4.944 48.27
48.70 1.41582 1.41086 48.02 47.98 1.22066 1.22312 10.177 4.956 48.37


48.80 1.41603 1.41106 48.12 48.07 1.22119 1.22366 10.181 4.968 48.47
48.90 1.41623 1.41126 48.21 48.17 1.22173 1.22419 10.186 4.981 48.56
49.00 1.41643 1.41146 48.31 48.27 1.22226 1.22473 10.190 4.993 48.66
49.10 1.41663 1.41165 48.41 48.37 1.22279 1.22526 10.195 5.006 48.76
49.20 1.41683 1.41185 48.51 48.46 1.22333 1.22580 10.199 5.018 48.86
49.30 1.41703 1.41205 48.60 48.56 1.22386 1.22633 10.204 5.030 48.96
49.40 1.41724 1.41225 48.70 48.66 1.22440 1.22687 10.208 5.043 49.05
49.50 1.41744 1.41245 48.80 48.75 1.22493 1.22741 10.213 5.055 49.15
49.60 1.41764 1.41265 48.89 48.85 1.22547 1.22794 10.217 5.068 49.25
49.70 1.41784 1.41285 48.99 48.95 1.22600 1.22848 10.221 5.080 49.35
49.80 1.41805 1.41305 49.09 49.05 1.22654 1.22902 10.226 5.093 49.45
49.90 1.41825 1.41325 49.18 49.14 1.22707 1.22956 10.230 5.105 49.54
50.00 1.41845 1.41345 49.28 49.24 1.22761 1.23010 10.235 5.117 49.64
50.10 1.41865 1.41364 49.38 49.34 1.22815 1.23063 10.239 5.130 49.74
50.20 1.41886 1.41384 49.48 49.43 1.22868 1.23117 10.244 5.142 49.84
50.30 1.41906 1.41404 49.57 49.53 1.22922 1.23171 10.248 5.155 49.94
50.40 1.41926 1.41424 49.67 49.63 1.22976 1.23225 10.253 5.167 50.03
50.50 1.41947 1.41444 49.77 49.73 1.23030 1.23279 10.257 5.180 50.13
50.60 1.41967 1.41465 49.86 49.82 1.23084 1.23333 10.262 5.192 50.23
50.70 1.41987 1.41485 49.96 49.92 1.23138 1.23387 10.266 5.205 50.33
50.80 1.42008 1.41505 50.06 50.02 1.23191 1.23441 10.271 5.218 50.42
50.90 1.42028 1.41525 50.15 50.11 1.23245 1.23495 10.275 5.230 50.52
51.00 1.42049 1.41545 50.25 50.21 1.23299 1.23550 10.280 5.243 50.62
51.10 1.42069 1.41565 50.35 50.31 1.23353 1.23604 10.284 5.255 50.72
51.20 1.42090 1.41585 50.45 50.41 1.23407 1.23658 10.289 5.268 50.82
51.30 1.42110 1.41605 50.54 50.50 1.23462 1.23712 10.293 5.280 50.91
51.40 1.42131 1.41625 50.64 50.60 1.23516 1.23767 10.298 5.293 51.01
51.50 1.42151 1.41646 50.74 50.70 1.23570 1.23821 10.302 5.306 51.11
51.60 1.42172 1.41666 50.83 50.79 1.23624 1.23875 10.307 5.318 51.21
51.70 1.42192 1.41686 50.93 50.89 1.23678 1.23930 10.311 5.331 51.30
51.80 1.42213 1.41706 51.03 50.99 1.23733 1.23984 10.316 5.344 51.40
51.90 1.42233 1.41726 51.12 51.08 1.23787 1.24038 10.320 5.356 51.50
52.00 1.42254 1.41747 51.22 51.18 1.23841 1.24093 10.325 5.369 51.60
52.10 1.42274 1.41767 51.32 51.28 1.23895 1.24147 10.330 5.382 51.70
52.20 1.42295 1.41787 51.41 51.38 1.23950 1.24202 10.334 5.394 51.79


52.30 1.42316 1.41807 51.51 51.47 1.24004 1.24257 10.339 5.407 51.89
52.40 1.42336 1.41828 51.61 51.57 1.24059 1.24311 10.343 5.420 51.99
52.50 1.42357 1.41848 51.70 51.67 1.24113 1.24366 10.348 5.433 52.09
52.60 1.42377 1.41868 51.80 51.76 1.24168 1.24420 10.352 5.445 52.18
52.70 1.42398 1.41889 51.90 51.86 1.24222 1.24475 10.357 5.458 52.28
52.80 1.42419 1.41909 52.00 51.96 1.24277 1.24530 10.361 5.471 52.38
52.90 1.42439 1.41929 52.09 52.06 1.24331 1.24585 10.366 5.484 52.48
53.00 1.42460 1.41950 52.19 52.15 1.24386 1.24640 10.371 5.496 52.58
53.10 1.42481 1.41970 52.29 52.25 1.24441 1.24694 10.375 5.509 52.67
53.20 1.42502 1.41990 52.38 52.35 1.24495 1.24749 10.380 5.522 52.77
53.30 1.42522 1.42011 52.48 52.44 1.24550 1.24804 10.384 5.535 52.87
53.40 1.42543 1.42031 52.58 52.54 1.24605 1.24859 10.389 5.548 52.97
53.50 1.42564 1.42052 52.67 52.64 1.24660 1.24914 10.393 5.560 53.06
53.60 1.42585 1.42072 52.77 52.73 1.24715 1.24969 10.398 5.573 53.16
53.70 1.42606 1.42093 52.87 52.83 1.24770 1.25024 10.403 5.586 53.26
53.80 1.42626 1.42113 52.96 52.93 1.24824 1.25079 10.407 5.599 53.36
53.90 1.42647 1.42134 53.06 53.03 1.24879 1.25134 10.412 5.612 53.45
54.00 1.42668 1.42154 53.16 53.12 1.24934 1.25189 10.416 5.625 53.55
54.10 1.42689 1.42175 53.25 53.22 1.24989 1.25245 10.421 5.638 53.65
54.20 1.42710 1.42195 53.35 53.32 1.25044 1.25300 10.425 5.651 53.75
54.30 1.42731 1.42216 53.45 53.41 1.25100 1.25355 10.430 5.664 53.84
54.40 1.42752 1.42236 53.55 53.51 1.25155 1.25410 10.435 5.676 53.94
54.50 1.42773 1.42257 53.64 53.61 1.25210 1.25466 10.439 5.689 54.04
54.60 1.42793 1.42278 53.74 53.70 1.25265 1.25521 10.444 5.702 54.14
54.70 1.42814 1.42298 53.84 53.80 1.25320 1.25576 10.448 5.715 54.23
54.80 1.42835 1.42319 53.93 53.90 1.25375 1.25632 10.453 5.728 54.33
54.90 1.42856 1.42340 54.03 53.99 1.25431 1.25687 10.458 5.741 54.43
55.00 1.42877 1.42360 54.13 54.09 1.25486 1.25743 10.462 5.754 54.53
55.10 1.42898 1.42381 54.22 54.19 1.25541 1.25798 10.467 5.767 54.63
55.20 1.42919 1.42402 54.32 54.28 1.25597 1.25854 10.472 5.780 54.72
55.30 1.42940 1.42422 54.42 54.38 1.25652 1.25909 10.476 5.793 54.82
55.40 1.42962 1.42443 54.51 54.48 1.25708 1.25965 10.481 5.806 54.92
55.50 1.42983 1.42464 54.61 54.58 1.25763 1.26021 10.485 5.819 55.02
55.60 1.43004 1.42485 54.71 54.67 1.25819 1.26076 10.490 5.832 55.11
55.70 1.43025 1.42505 54.80 54.77 1.25874 1.26132 10.495 5.846 55.21


55.80 1.43046 1.42526 54.90 54.87 1.25930 1.26188 10.499 5.859 55.31
55.90 1.43067 1.42547 55.00 54.96 1.25985 1.26243 10.504 5.872 55.41
56.00 1.43088 1.42568 55.09 55.06 1.26041 1.26299 10.509 5.885 55.50
56.10 1.43109 1.42589 55.19 55.16 1.26097 1.26355 10.513 5.898 55.60
56.20 1.43130 1.42609 55.29 55.25 1.26152 1.26411 10.518 5.911 55.70
56.30 1.43152 1.42630 55.38 55.35 1.26208 1.26467 10.523 5.924 55.80
56.40 1.43173 1.42651 55.48 55.45 1.26264 1.26523 10.527 5.937 55.89
56.50 1.43194 1.42672 55.58 55.54 1.26320 1.26579 10.532 5.951 55.99
56.60 1.43215 1.42693 55.68 55.64 1.26375 1.26635 10.537 5.964 56.09
56.70 1.43237 1.42714 55.77 55.74 1.26431 1.26691 10.541 5.977 56.19
56.80 1.43258 1.42735 55.87 55.83 1.26487 1.26747 10.546 5.990 56.28
56.90 1.43279 1.42756 55.97 55.93 1.26543 1.26803 10.551 6.003 56.38
57.00 1.43300 1.42777 56.06 56.03 1.26599 1.26859 10.555 6.016 56.48
57.10 1.43322 1.42798 56.16 56.12 1.26655 1.26915 10.560 6.030 56.58
57.20 1.43343 1.42819 56.26 56.22 1.26711 1.26972 10.565 6.043 56.67
57.30 1.43364 1.42840 56.35 56.32 1.26767 1.27028 10.569 6.056 56.77
57.40 1.43386 1.42861 56.45 56.42 1.26823 1.27084 10.574 6.069 56.87
57.50 1.43407 1.42882 56.55 56.51 1.26880 1.27140 10.579 6.083 56.96
57.60 1.43428 1.42903 56.64 56.61 1.26936 1.27197 10.583 6.096 57.06
57.70 1.43450 1.42924 56.74 56.71 1.26992 1.27253 10.588 6.109 57.16
57.80 1.43471 1.42945 56.84 56.80 1.27048 1.27310 10.593 6.123 57.26
57.90 1.43493 1.42966 56.93 56.90 1.27104 1.27366 10.597 6.136 57.35
58.00 1.43514 1.42987 57.03 57.00 1.27161 1.27422 10.602 6.149 57.45
58.10 1.43535 1.43008 57.13 57.09 1.27217 1.27479 10.607 6.163 57.55
58.20 1.43557 1.43029 57.22 57.19 1.27273 1.27536 10.611 6.176 57.65
58.30 1.43578 1.43051 57.32 57.29 1.27330 1.27592 10.616 6.189 57.74
58.40 1.43600 1.43072 57.42 57.38 1.27386 1.27649 10.621 6.203 57.84
58.50 1.43621 1.43093 57.51 57.48 1.27443 1.27705 10.626 6.216 57.94
58.60 1.43643 1.43114 57.61 57.58 1.27499 1.27762 10.630 6.229 58.04
58.70 1.43664 1.43135 57.71 57.67 1.27556 1.27819 10.635 6.243 58.13
58.80 1.43686 1.43157 57.81 57.77 1.27612 1.27876 10.640 6.256 58.23
58.90 1.43707 1.43178 57.90 57.87 1.27669 1.27932 10.644 6.270 58.33
59.00 1.43729 1.43199 58.00 57.96 1.27726 1.27989 10.649 6.283 58.43
59.10 1.43751 1.43220 58.10 58.06 1.27782 1.28046 10.654 6.296 58.52
59.20 1.43772 1.43242 58.19 58.16 1.27839 1.28103 10.659 6.310 58.62


59.30 1.43794 1.43263 58.29 58.25 1.27896 1.28160 10.663 6.323 58.72
59.40 1.43816 1.43284 58.39 58.35 1.27953 1.28217 10.668 6.337 58.81
59.50 1.43837 1.43306 58.48 58.45 1.28009 1.28274 10.673 6.350 58.91
59.60 1.43859 1.43327 58.58 58.54 1.28066 1.28331 10.678 6.364 59.01
59.70 1.43881 1.43348 58.68 58.64 1.28123 1.28388 10.682 6.377 59.11
59.80 1.43902 1.43370 58.77 58.74 1.28180 1.28445 10.687 6.391 59.20
59.90 1.43924 1.43391 58.87 58.83 1.28237 1.28502 10.692 6.404 59.30
60.00 1.43946 1.43412 58.97 58.93 1.28294 1.28559 10.697 6.418 59.40
60.10 1.43967 1.43434 59.06 59.03 1.28351 1.28616 10.701 6.432 59.50
60.20 1.43989 1.43455 59.16 59.12 1.28408 1.28673 10.706 6.445 59.59
60.30 1.44011 1.43477 59.26 59.22 1.28465 1.28731 10.711 6.459 59.69
60.40 1.44033 1.43498 59.35 59.32 1.28522 1.28788 10.716 6.472 59.79
60.50 1.44055 1.43520 59.45 59.41 1.28579 1.28845 10.720 6.486 59.88
60.60 1.44076 1.43541 59.55 59.51 1.28637 1.28903 10.725 6.499 59.98
60.70 1.44098 1.43563 59.65 59.61 1.28694 1.28960 10.730 6.513 60.08
60.80 1.44120 1.43584 59.74 59.70 1.28751 1.29018 10.735 6.527 60.18
60.90 1.44142 1.43606 59.84 59.80 1.28808 1.29075 10.740 6.540 60.27
61.00 1.44164 1.43627 59.94 59.90 1.28866 1.29132 10.744 6.554 60.37
61.10 1.44186 1.43649 60.03 59.99 1.28923 1.29190 10.749 6.568 60.47
61.20 1.44208 1.43670 60.13 60.09 1.28980 1.29248 10.754 6.581 60.57
61.30 1.44229 1.43692 60.23 60.19 1.29038 1.29305 10.759 6.595 60.66
61.40 1.44251 1.43714 60.32 60.28 1.29095 1.29363 10.763 6.609 60.76
61.50 1.44273 1.43735 60.42 60.38 1.29153 1.29420 10.768 6.623 60.86
61.60 1.44295 1.43757 60.52 60.48 1.29210 1.29478 10.773 6.636 60.95
61.70 1.44317 1.43779 60.61 60.57 1.29268 1.29536 10.778 6.650 61.05
61.80 1.44339 1.43800 60.71 60.67 1.29325 1.29594 10.783 6.664 61.15
61.90 1.44361 1.43822 60.81 60.77 1.29383 1.29651 10.788 6.677 61.25
62.00 1.44383 1.43844 60.90 60.86 1.29441 1.29709 10.792 6.691 61.34
62.10 1.44405 1.43865 61.00 60.96 1.29498 1.29767 10.797 6.705 61.44
62.20 1.44427 1.43887 61.10 61.06 1.29556 1.29825 10.802 6.719 61.54
62.30 1.44449 1.43909 61.20 61.15 1.29614 1.29883 10.807 6.733 61.63
62.40 1.44472 1.43931 61.29 61.25 1.29672 1.29941 10.812 6.746 61.73
62.50 1.44494 1.43953 61.39 61.35 1.29729 1.29999 10.816 6.760 61.83
62.60 1.44516 1.43974 61.49 61.44 1.29787 1.30057 10.821 6.774 61.93
62.70 1.44538 1.43996 61.58 61.54 1.29845 1.30115 10.826 6.788 62.02


62.80 1.44560 1.44018 61.68 61.63 1.29903 1.30173 10.831 6.802 62.12
62.90 1.44582 1.44040 61.78 61.73 1.29961 1.30231 10.836 6.816 62.22
63.00 1.44604 1.44062 61.87 61.83 1.30019 1.30289 10.841 6.830 62.31
63.10 1.44627 1.44084 61.97 61.92 1.30077 1.30347 10.845 6.843 62.41
63.20 1.44649 1.44105 62.07 62.02 1.30135 1.30406 10.850 6.857 62.51
63.30 1.44671 1.44127 62.16 62.12 1.30193 1.30464 10.855 6.871 62.61
63.40 1.44693 1.44149 62.26 62.21 1.30251 1.30522 10.860 6.885 62.70
63.50 1.44715 1.44171 62.36 62.31 1.30309 1.30581 10.865 6.899 62.80
63.60 1.44738 1.44193 62.46 62.41 1.30368 1.30639 10.870 6.913 62.90
63.70 1.44760 1.44215 62.55 62.50 1.30426 1.30697 10.875 6.927 62.99
63.80 1.44782 1.44237 62.65 62.60 1.30484 1.30756 10.879 6.941 63.09
63.90 1.44805 1.44259 62.75 62.70 1.30542 1.30814 10.884 6.955 63.19
64.00 1.44827 1.44281 62.84 62.79 1.30601 1.30873 10.889 6.969 63.29
64.10 1.44849 1.44303 62.94 62.89 1.30659 1.30931 10.894 6.983 63.38
64.20 1.44872 1.44325 63.04 62.99 1.30717 1.30990 10.899 6.997 63.48
64.30 1.44894 1.44347 63.13 63.08 1.30776 1.31049 10.904 7.011 63.58
64.40 1.44916 1.44369 63.23 63.18 1.30834 1.31107 10.909 7.025 63.67
64.50 1.44939 1.44391 63.33 63.28 1.30893 1.31166 10.914 7.039 63.77
64.60 1.44961 1.44414 63.43 63.37 1.30951 1.31225 10.918 7.053 63.87
64.70 1.44984 1.44436 63.52 63.47 1.31010 1.31283 10.923 7.067 63.97
64.80 1.45006 1.44458 63.62 63.57 1.31069 1.31342 10.928 7.081 64.06
64.90 1.45029 1.44480 63.72 63.66 1.31127 1.31401 10.933 7.096 64.16
65.00 1.45051 1.44502 63.81 63.76 1.31186 1.31460 10.938 7.110 64.26
65.10 1.45073 1.44524 63.91 63.85 1.31245 1.31519 10.943 7.124 64.35
65.20 1.45096 1.44546 64.01 63.95 1.31303 1.31578 10.948 7.138 64.45
65.30 1.45119 1.44569 64.10 64.05 1.31362 1.31636 10.953 7.152 64.55
65.40 1.45141 1.44591 64.20 64.14 1.31421 1.31695 10.958 7.166 64.64
65.50 1.45164 1.44613 64.30 64.24 1.31480 1.31754 10.963 7.180 64.74
65.60 1.45186 1.44635 64.40 64.34 1.31539 1.31814 10.967 7.195 64.84
65.70 1.45209 1.44658 64.49 64.43 1.31598 1.31873 10.972 7.209 64.94
65.80 1.45231 1.44680 64.59 64.53 1.31656 1.31932 10.977 7.223 65.03
65.90 1.45254 1.44702 64.69 64.63 1.31715 1.31991 10.982 7.237 65.13
66.00 1.45277 1.44725 64.78 64.72 1.31774 1.32050 10.987 7.251 65.23
66.10 1.45299 1.44747 64.88 64.82 1.31833 1.32109 10.992 7.266 65.32
66.20 1.45322 1.44769 64.98 64.92 1.31893 1.32169 10.997 7.280 65.42


66.30 1.45345 1.44792 65.08 65.01 1.31952 1.32228 11.002 7.294 65.52
66.40 1.45367 1.44814 65.17 65.11 1.32011 1.32287 11.007 7.309 65.61
66.50 1.45390 1.44836 65.27 65.20 1.32070 1.32347 11.012 7.323 65.71
66.60 1.45413 1.44859 65.37 65.30 1.32129 1.32406 11.017 7.337 65.81
66.70 1.45435 1.44881 65.46 65.40 1.32188 1.32465 11.022 7.351 65.91
66.80 1.45458 1.44904 65.56 65.49 1.32248 1.32525 11.027 7.366 66.00
66.90 1.45481 1.44926 65.66 65.59 1.32307 1.32584 11.032 7.380 66.10
67.00 1.45504 1.44949 65.75 65.69 1.32366 1.32644 11.036 7.394 66.20
67.10 1.45527 1.44971 65.85 65.78 1.32426 1.32703 11.041 7.409 66.29
67.20 1.45549 1.44994 65.95 65.88 1.32485 1.32763 11.046 7.423 66.39
67.30 1.45572 1.45016 66.05 65.98 1.32545 1.32823 11.051 7.438 66.49
67.40 1.45595 1.45039 66.14 66.07 1.32604 1.32882 11.056 7.452 66.58
67.50 1.45618 1.45061 66.24 66.17 1.32664 1.32942 11.061 7.466 66.68
67.60 1.45641 1.45084 66.34 66.27 1.32723 1.33002 11.066 7.481 66.78
67.70 1.45664 1.45107 66.43 66.36 1.32783 1.33062 11.071 7.495 66.87
67.80 1.45687 1.45129 66.53 66.46 1.32842 1.33121 11.076 7.510 66.97
67.90 1.45709 1.45152 66.63 66.55 1.32902 1.33181 11.081 7.524 67.07
68.00 1.45732 1.45174 66.73 66.65 1.32962 1.33241 11.086 7.539 67.17
68.10 1.45755 1.45197 66.82 66.75 1.33022 1.33301 11.091 7.553 67.26
68.20 1.45778 1.45220 66.92 66.84 1.33081 1.33361 11.096 7.568 67.36
68.30 1.45801 1.45242 67.02 66.94 1.33141 1.33421 11.101 7.582 67.46
68.40 1.45824 1.45265 67.11 67.04 1.33201 1.33481 11.106 7.597 67.55
68.50 1.45847 1.45288 67.21 67.13 1.33261 1.33541 11.111 7.611 67.65
68.60 1.45870 1.45311 67.31 67.23 1.33321 1.33601 11.116 7.626 67.75
68.70 1.45893 1.45333 67.41 67.33 1.33381 1.33661 11.121 7.640 67.84
68.80 1.45917 1.45356 67.50 67.42 1.33441 1.33721 11.126 7.655 67.94
68.90 1.45940 1.45379 67.60 67.52 1.33501 1.33781 11.131 7.669 68.04
69.00 1.45963 1.45402 67.70 67.61 1.33561 1.33842 11.136 7.684 68.13
69.10 1.45986 1.45424 67.80 67.71 1.33621 1.33902 11.141 7.699 68.23
69.20 1.46009 1.45447 67.89 67.81 1.33681 1.33962 11.146 7.713 68.33
69.30 1.46032 1.45470 67.99 67.90 1.33741 1.34022 11.151 7.728 68.42
69.40 1.46055 1.45493 68.09 68.00 1.33801 1.34083 11.156 7.742 68.52
69.50 1.46078 1.45516 68.18 68.10 1.33861 1.34143 11.161 7.757 68.62
69.60 1.46102 1.45539 68.28 68.19 1.33922 1.34204 11.166 7.772 68.71
69.70 1.46125 1.45562 68.38 68.29 1.33982 1.34264 11.171 7.786 68.81


69.80 1.46148 1.45585 68.48 68.39 1.34042 1.34325 11.176 7.801 68.91
69.90 1.46171 1.45607 68.57 68.48 1.34103 1.34385 11.181 7.816 69.01
70.00 1.46194 1.45630 68.67 68.58 1.34163 1.34446 11.186 7.830 69.10
70.10 1.46218 1.45653 68.77 68.67 1.34223 1.34506 11.191 7.845 69.20
70.20 1.46241 1.45676 68.86 68.77 1.34284 1.34567 11.197 7.860 69.30
70.30 1.46264 1.45699 68.96 68.87 1.34344 1.34628 11.202 7.875 69.39
70.40 1.46288 1.45722 69.06 68.96 1.34405 1.34688 11.207 7.889 69.49
70.50 1.46311 1.45745 69.16 69.06 1.34465 1.34749 11.212 7.904 69.59
70.60 1.46334 1.45768 69.25 69.16 1.34526 1.34810 11.217 7.919 69.68
70.70 1.46358 1.45792 69.35 69.25 1.34587 1.34871 11.222 7.934 69.78
70.80 1.46381 1.45815 69.45 69.35 1.34647 1.34931 11.227 7.949 69.88
70.90 1.46404 1.45838 69.55 69.44 1.34708 1.34992 11.232 7.963 69.97
71.00 1.46428 1.45861 69.64 69.54 1.34769 1.35053 11.237 7.978 70.07
71.10 1.46451 1.45884 69.74 69.64 1.34829 1.35114 11.242 7.993 70.17
71.20 1.46475 1.45907 69.84 69.73 1.34890 1.35175 11.247 8.008 70.26
71.30 1.46498 1.45930 69.93 69.83 1.34951 1.35236 11.252 8.023 70.36
71.40 1.46522 1.45953 70.03 69.93 1.35012 1.35297 11.257 8.038 70.46
71.50 1.46545 1.45977 70.13 70.02 1.35073 1.35358 11.262 8.053 70.55
71.60 1.46569 1.46000 70.23 70.12 1.35134 1.35419 11.267 8.067 70.65
71.70 1.46592 1.46023 70.32 70.22 1.35195 1.35481 11.273 8.082 70.75
71.80 1.46616 1.46046 70.42 70.31 1.35256 1.35542 11.278 8.097 70.84
71.90 1.46639 1.46070 70.52 70.41 1.35317 1.35603 11.283 8.112 70.94
72.00 1.46663 1.46093 70.62 70.50 1.35378 1.35664 11.288 8.127 71.04
72.10 1.46686 1.46116 70.71 70.60 1.35439 1.35726 11.293 8.142 71.13
72.20 1.46710 1.46139 70.81 70.70 1.35500 1.35787 11.298 8.157 71.23
72.30 1.46734 1.46163 70.91 70.79 1.35561 1.35848 11.303 8.172 71.33
72.40 1.46757 1.46186 71.01 70.89 1.35622 1.35910 11.308 8.187 71.42
72.50 1.46781 1.46209 71.10 70.99 1.35684 1.35971 11.313 8.202 71.52
72.60 1.46805 1.46233 71.20 71.08 1.35745 1.36032 11.318 8.217 71.62
72.70 1.46828 1.46256 71.30 71.18 1.35806 1.36094 11.324 8.232 71.71
72.80 1.46852 1.46280 71.39 71.27 1.35868 1.36155 11.329 8.247 71.81
72.90 1.46876 1.46303 71.49 71.37 1.35929 1.36217 11.334 8.262 71.91
73.00 1.46899 1.46326 71.59 71.47 1.35990 1.36279 11.339 8.277 72.00
73.10 1.46923 1.46350 71.69 71.56 1.36052 1.36340 11.344 8.293 72.10
73.20 1.46947 1.46373 71.78 71.66 1.36113 1.36402 11.349 8.308 72.20


73.30 1.46971 1.46397 71.88 71.76 1.36175 1.36464 11.354 8.323 72.29
73.40 1.46995 1.46420 71.98 71.85 1.36236 1.36525 11.359 8.338 72.39
73.50 1.47018 1.46444 72.08 71.95 1.36298 1.36587 11.365 8.353 72.49
73.60 1.47042 1.46467 72.17 72.04 1.36360 1.36649 11.370 8.368 72.58
73.70 1.47066 1.46491 72.27 72.14 1.36421 1.36711 11.375 8.383 72.68
73.80 1.47090 1.46515 72.37 72.24 1.36483 1.36773 11.380 8.398 72.78
73.90 1.47114 1.46538 72.47 72.33 1.36545 1.36835 11.385 8.414 72.87
74.00 1.47138 1.46562 72.56 72.43 1.36606 1.36897 11.390 8.429 72.97
74.10 1.47162 1.46585 72.66 72.53 1.36668 1.36959 11.396 8.444 73.07
74.20 1.47185 1.46609 72.76 72.62 1.36730 1.37021 11.401 8.459 73.16
74.30 1.47209 1.46633 72.86 72.72 1.36792 1.37083 11.406 8.475 73.26
74.40 1.47233 1.46656 72.95 72.81 1.36854 1.37145 11.411 8.490 73.36
74.50 1.47257 1.46680 73.05 72.91 1.36916 1.37207 11.416 8.505 73.45
74.60 1.47281 1.46704 73.15 73.01 1.36978 1.37269 11.421 8.520 73.55
74.70 1.47305 1.46727 73.24 73.10 1.37040 1.37331 11.427 8.536 73.65
74.80 1.47329 1.46751 73.34 73.20 1.37102 1.37393 11.432 8.551 73.74
74.90 1.47353 1.46775 73.44 73.30 1.37164 1.37456 11.437 8.566 73.84
75.00 1.47377 1.46799 73.54 73.39 1.37226 1.37518 11.442 8.582 73.94
75.10 1.47401 1.46822 73.63 73.49 1.37288 1.37580 11.447 8.597 74.03
75.20 1.47426 1.46846 73.73 73.58 1.37350 1.37643 11.452 8.612 74.13
75.30 1.47450 1.46870 73.83 73.68 1.37413 1.37705 11.458 8.628 74.23
75.40 1.47474 1.46894 73.93 73.78 1.37475 1.37768 11.463 8.643 74.32
75.50 1.47498 1.46918 74.02 73.87 1.37537 1.37830 11.468 8.658 74.42
75.60 1.47522 1.46942 74.12 73.97 1.37599 1.37893 11.473 8.674 74.52
75.70 1.47546 1.46965 74.22 74.07 1.37662 1.37955 11.478 8.689 74.61
75.80 1.47570 1.46989 74.32 74.16 1.37724 1.38018 11.484 8.705 74.71
75.90 1.47595 1.47013 74.41 74.26 1.37787 1.38080 11.489 8.720 74.81
76.00 1.47619 1.47037 74.51 74.35 1.37849 1.38143 11.494 8.735 74.90
76.10 1.47643 1.47061 74.61 74.45 1.37912 1.38206 11.499 8.751 75.00
76.20 1.47667 1.47085 74.71 74.55 1.37974 1.38268 11.504 8.766 75.10
76.30 1.47692 1.47109 74.80 74.64 1.38037 1.38331 11.510 8.782 75.19
76.40 1.47716 1.47133 74.90 74.74 1.38099 1.38394 11.515 8.797 75.29
76.50 1.47740 1.47157 75.00 74.83 1.38162 1.38457 11.520 8.813 75.39
76.60 1.47764 1.47181 75.09 74.93 1.38225 1.38520 11.525 8.828 75.48
76.70 1.47789 1.47205 75.19 75.03 1.38287 1.38582 11.531 8.844 75.58


76.80 1.47813 1.47229 75.29 75.12 1.38350 1.38645 11.536 8.860 75.68
76.90 1.47837 1.47253 75.39 75.22 1.38413 1.38708 11.541 8.875 75.77
77.00 1.47862 1.47277 75.48 75.32 1.38476 1.38771 11.546 8.891 75.87
77.10 1.47886 1.47301 75.58 75.41 1.38538 1.38834 11.552 8.906 75.97
77.20 1.47911 1.47326 75.68 75.51 1.38601 1.38897 11.557 8.922 76.06
77.30 1.47935 1.47350 75.78 75.60 1.38664 1.38961 11.562 8.937 76.16
77.40 1.47960 1.47374 75.87 75.70 1.38727 1.39024 11.567 8.953 76.26
77.50 1.47984 1.47398 75.97 75.80 1.38790 1.39087 11.573 8.969 76.35
77.60 1.48009 1.47422 76.07 75.89 1.38853 1.39150 11.578 8.984 76.45
77.70 1.48033 1.47446 76.17 75.99 1.38916 1.39213 11.583 9.000 76.55
77.80 1.48058 1.47471 76.26 76.09 1.38979 1.39277 11.588 9.016 76.64
77.90 1.48082 1.47495 76.36 76.18 1.39042 1.39340 11.594 9.031 76.74
78.00 1.48107 1.47519 76.46 76.28 1.39106 1.39403 11.599 9.047 76.84
78.10 1.48131 1.47543 76.56 76.37 1.39169 1.39467 11.604 9.063 76.93
78.20 1.48156 1.47568 76.65 76.47 1.39232 1.39530 11.609 9.079 77.03
78.30 1.48180 1.47592 76.75 76.57 1.39295 1.39594 11.615 9.094 77.12
78.40 1.48205 1.47616 76.85 76.66 1.39359 1.39657 11.620 9.110 77.22
78.50 1.48230 1.47641 76.94 76.76 1.39422 1.39721 11.625 9.126 77.32
78.60 1.48254 1.47665 77.04 76.85 1.39485 1.39784 11.631 9.142 77.41
78.70 1.48279 1.47689 77.14 76.95 1.39549 1.39848 11.636 9.157 77.51
78.80 1.48304 1.47714 77.24 77.05 1.39612 1.39911 11.641 9.173 77.61
78.90 1.48328 1.47738 77.33 77.14 1.39676 1.39975 11.646 9.189 77.70
79.00 1.48353 1.47763 77.43 77.24 1.39739 1.40039 11.652 9.205 77.80
79.10 1.48378 1.47787 77.53 77.34 1.39803 1.40102 11.657 9.221 77.90
79.20 1.48402 1.47812 77.63 77.43 1.39866 1.40166 11.662 9.237 77.99
79.30 1.48427 1.47836 77.72 77.53 1.39930 1.40230 11.668 9.252 78.09
79.40 1.48452 1.47861 77.82 77.62 1.39994 1.40294 11.673 9.268 78.19
79.50 1.48477 1.47885 77.92 77.72 1.40057 1.40358 11.678 9.284 78.28
79.60 1.48502 1.47910 78.01 77.82 1.40121 1.40422 11.684 9.300 78.38
79.70 1.48526 1.47934 78.11 77.91 1.40185 1.40486 11.689 9.316 78.48
79.80 1.48551 1.47959 78.21 78.01 1.40249 1.40550 11.694 9.332 78.57
79.90 1.48576 1.47983 78.31 78.11 1.40312 1.40614 11.700 9.348 78.67
80.00 1.48601 1.48008 78.40 78.20 1.40376 1.40678 11.705 9.364 78.77


Composition of
Syrup used for
Calculation
Dextrose 40.3
Fructose 55.4
Sucrose 0.0
DP2 3.0
SP3 0.40
SP4+ 0.9
Ash 0.05

Revision History
Issue Date: March 2014
Page 8-9: Appendix to the ISBT manual; Wash Station Guidelines for Liquid Sweetener
Transport Vessels added
Issue Date: April 2013
Page 8: Updated sealing requirements to reflect cable-type seals are required.
Page 13: Updated UV light references to reflect optional, rather than mandatory.
Issue Date: May 2010

Editorial revision throughout the entire manual.
Cover Pages: Changed Revision Date and Number to 5.

Changed Address of ISBT.
Changed year at bottom.
Page 1: Updated Page numbers on Table of Contents.
Page 3: Changed acknowledgements.
Page 4: Changed description to ensure that other types of starch is considered.

Present description comes from CFR 21 184.1866. Section in CFR added to
description.
Page 5: Analytical Guidelines – removed regulatory from Solids and Conductivity, HMF
Added represents Ash to Conductivity.
Added FCC to Fructose and Fructose plus Dextrose, SO2, Arsenic and lead.
Page 6: Other considerations: Added definition of Alicyclobacillius (ACB) and

reference to Alicyclobacillus Best Practice Guideline on bevtech.org.
Added paragraph at end of Other considerations to address potential future issues.
Page 8: Updated Sealing requirements – removed customer approved seals and added
uniquely number tamper evident seals. Added reference to Homeland Security directive
requirements.
Removed Vessel Wash guidelines and replaced with reference to Wash Station
Guidelines for Liquid Sweetener Transport Vessels.

Page 9: Prior Commodities: For commodities not on list added reference to Wash
Station Guidelines for types of washes. Added statement for HFS derived from wheat.
Replaced the word container with Vessel. Replaced reference to previous section to
Wash Station Guidelines.
Added examples of hydrogenated glucose syrups.
Page 11: Tank Sizing: Re-calculated conversions and corrected amounts in the
respective units.
Tank Construction – Added reference to Diagram IX. Removed the word “equally”.
Changed insulation requirement from recommended to must. Added reference to
Section IV.
Page 12: Edited list of tank lining to remove products that could not be found. Moved
stainless steel before lined tanks. Added recommendation to inspect tank linings.
Page 14: Piping Arrangements: Added reference to Section VIII. Edited statement
about in line filter, regarding the HFS supplier providing information. Added statement
regarding dead end piping.
Combined sections on Piping and Piping arrangements. Eliminated the last 2 sections
of piping, because it was documented in the Piping section.
Page 16: Added shelf life statement to Heating Requirements, storage tanks.
Page 17: Pumps: Changed section 1 to required from recommended. Moved

paragraph on different methods of transferring product to the first paragraph.
Page 18: Changed title of Section VI to Receiving Product.
Page 19: Preventative Maintenance. Added General Statement on items needing PM

programs. Included examples of equipment and preventative maintenance
requirements. Changed Tank UV light example to Tank air systems to cover 72 hour
requirements for product tanks. Changed frequency of storage tank inspection and
cleaning to as needed from annually, based on the 72 hour guidelines.
Page 30: Replaced Saccharide Procedure with revised CRA version. Added
statement: Analytical methods for Saccharide procedure supplied courtesy of the corn
refiners association.
Page 45: Changed revision date of Taste, Odor and Appearance to Jan, 2010. Added
note of Phosphoric Acid being no older than 6 months.
Page 51: Replaced Chloride Procedure with revised CRA version. Added statement:
Analytical methods for Chlorides supplied courtesy of the corn refiners association.
Page 84: Added Acetaldehyde and IVA (CRA E1a method) to methods. Listed as
Procedure 17.0.

Page 89: Analytical Bibliography.

Conductivity: Added March, 2007 revision date
Saccharides: Added April 1, 2009 revision date
Color ICUMSA: Added 2007 revision date
Removed date from SO2 procedure.
Add ICUMSA Sediment procedure reference to Bibliography.
Taste, Odor and Appearance: Changed year to 2010 to reflect change mentioned above
Chloride: Added revision date of March 28, 2006
Added Acetaldehyde and IVA (CRA E1a).
Added statement to all CRA procedures: Analytical methods for ___ supplied courtesy of the corn
refiners association.
Updated FCC edition from 4th to 7th and removed original revision date.
Issue Date: April 2006

Editorial revision throughout the entire manual. Added the ISBT members who provided
inputs and comments on this revision.
Moved “About this revision” to place in this “Revision History”.
Reworded “soft drinks” to “beverages” – more relevant to the industry
Updated NFPA to FPA
Reorganized the Table of Content and moved the tables of Appendices to the end of the
manual
Item Previous value What changed? Reason for change

Seals Not specified Added statement To address need for seals and provide
recommended size and type.
Transport Tanker Warm water 100F minimum Deleted “minimum” and Initial wash step is usually where the
Cleaning and added “approximately” water temperature is rising. Controlling
Sanitizing to 100F is not practical.
Using high pressure water to Revised using high pressure The main idea is to thoroughly clean the
clean hatch covers, etc water as a preferred method hatch. The way to do it should be up to
the facility.
Tank Accessories Air volume Added a statement on air The air volume will depend on the tank
volume that needs to be size and should be recommended by
sufficient. the engineer or the tank supplier
Tank Lining Plasite 7133HS Plasite 9133HS 7133HS is no longer available
Delivery Not specified Added delivery temperatures To provide recommended temperatures
Temperature so as not to impact the product
Transport tanker new Additional information
sealing
Tank materials Paragraph 1: steel tanks are Steel tanks are recommended Steel tanks are materials that we prefer
recommended for HFS and preferred for high the industry to use for all liquid
fructose syrups and other sweeteners


liquid sweeteners
Piping and Gasket Recommended gasketing Deleted Buna-N and natural Not recommended due to high incident
materials materials include Buna-N and rubber of damages on the materials;
natural rubber deterioration and swelling
Recommended 80 to 90°F (27 - 32C) 80 to 95°F (27 - 35C) Relevant to the current industrial
delivery standard.
temperature of
HFS 55


Recommended Product Storage New. Industry requested to
Storage Temperature include recommended storage
temperatures 55% HFS 80 to 90°F
temperature.
HFS (27 - 32C)
42% HFS 90 to 100°F
(32 - 38C)
Preventive Monthly – inspect filters or Deleted Redundant to weekly. It should be

Maintenance strainers… recommended weekly practice, not
monthly.
Test Procedure Yeast and Mold Revised the method to count and To support the guideline limit of
5.2 calculate the results of yeast and yeast and mold and add more
mold separately. information for clarity
 Explained different
characteristics of yeast and
mold.
 Added purpose of use pour
plate and membrane filter
Test Procedure pH Recommend using a free-flowing To improve the accuracy of the pH
7.0 junction electrode that is designed measurement
for pH measurements in viscous or
colloidal samples such as HFS.
This type of electrode is easily
cleaned. The study has found that
taking the pH measurement while
stirring gives the best results. Step
2 indicates that the sample should
be stirring.
Test Procedure 1. Change the silver nitrate To improve the sensitivity of this
9.0: Chloride normality from 0.1N to 0.05 N method.
2. Change the amount of HFS
tested from 20 g to 50 g
Test Procedure 1. Eliminate the use of the To improve the ease of use and
11.0: acetaldehyde spike as the reduce the time required for this
Acetaldehyde standard. method. This change reflects actual
2. Use stock solution of 4, 6-O- practice in the industry today.
ethylidene-2-d-glucose to develop
standards and develop a standard
curve to determine the
acetaldehyde concentration.

Issue Date: March 2003

These guidelines were first published in 1994 and then subsequently updated in 1999.
A group of volunteers representing various soft drink companies, High Fructose Syrup
manufacturers, and testing laboratories collaborated to assess the 1999 guidelines,
align on changes, and develop new materials for inclusion.
The 2003 version has undergone several changes, which have improved the technical
content of the manual and expanded its application to syrups made from sources of
starch other than corn.
Significant changes include the addition of new standards and methods, as well as, the
addition of a new Storage and Handling Section.
Titratable Acidity and Sulfonated Polystyrene standards were removed from the list as
the group found those standards to no longer be relevant.
Additionally all sections and many test methods along with the RI/DS tables were
updated with the best available information.
These guidelines should be considered relevant to 42 and 55% fructose syrups made
from starches obtained from the following raw materials: corn, wheat, tapioca, potato &
sweet potato.


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HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS 42 &

55 QUALITY GUIDELINES AND

Copyright © 2014 by the International Society of Beverage Technologists

All rights reserved.

Revision # Release Date Revision Notes

Conditions of Use and Legal Disclaimer

No representations or warranties, stated or implied, are made as to the accuracy, completeness or

HFS QUALITY GUIDELINES AND ANALYTICAL

QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR 42 AND 55 HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP .................... 4

TRANSPORT VESSEL SEALING ............................................................................................ 8

PRIOR LOAD COMMODITIES ................................................................................. 9

STORAGE & HANDLING GUIDELINES FOR HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS ......... 11

I. Storage Tanks .......................................................................................................................11

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

HFS QUALITY GUIDELINES AND ANALYTICAL

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................... 89

APPENDIX I – INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS TABLES ......................................... 91

APPENDIX II –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 42 .............................................................. 95

APPENDIX III –SOLIDS TABLES HFS 55 ........................................................... 116

Revision History.................................................................................................. 140

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

This document has been prepared to provide general guidance to manufacturers of

A.A.C. - European Cereal Starch Association Dr. Pepper Snapple Group

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR 42 AND 55 HIGH FRUCTOSE

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Analytical Guidelines for High Fructose Syrups

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Sensory: Any attribute that negatively impacts taste, odor, or appearance of

Microbiological Parameters for Non Carbonated Beverages

The microbiological guidelines referenced mentioned below are intended to be

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Low acid, thermally processed beverages can undergo spoilage by thermophilic

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Alicyclobacillus (ACB) is an acid tolerant thermophylic micro-organism which as a

Transport Vessel Sealing

Transport Vessel Cleaning and Sanitizing Guidelines

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

CHLORINE SANITIZER GUIDANCE FOR WASH STATIONS

Where do I find the correct sanitizer?

How do I make up my chlorine sanitizer solution?

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Waste must be disposed of in accordance with applicable regulations. Consult

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

PRIOR LOAD COMMODITIES

The commodities found in the following table are recognized as generally

From time to time it may be necessary to consider additional ingredients to be

1. The ingredient must be considered a food or a food grade commodity.

2. The ingredient must be freely soluble in water.

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Sweetener vessels may be considered as any accepted mode of bulk sweetener

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

STORAGE & HANDLING GUIDELINES FOR HIGH

Based on an average railcar capacity of 200,000 pounds (90,800 kilograms) or

Please refer to the diagrams of typical sweetener storage systems in Diagram in

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

Storage tanks located outside the building or in an unheated area must be

The following tank materials are compatible with liquid sweeteners:

HFS Guidelines & Analytical Procedures

II. Storage Tank Accessories

4. If using a UV system, warm air must be used to feed the UV system,

5. If using UV, it is recommended installing the UV unit at ground level to

6. Connecting the UV system to an ammeter is recommended