STAT 211 TRIVIA

Chapter 2

1. Parameter (unknown) – numerical characteristic of population ; statistic – numerical

characteristics of a sample (known once sample is taken).
2. Lurking variable – (a) an unmeasured variable that is related to both the response and
explanatory variables

Chapter 3

1. Standard deviation – square root of the average squared distance from the mean.

Q39

1. Standard deviation can be greater or less than median ( measuring completely different
things)
2. Variance is usually greater than standard deviation , not if 0< Var< 1
3. Distribution skewed to left , mean can be greater or less than the standard deviation
(measuring completely different things)
4. Median can equal to Q3

Q40

1. Median of distribution equals to minimum, distribution can’t be skewed to the left.

2. Variance is the square of the units of a variable
3. [FALSE] 12.5th percentile is exactly half the value of Q1
4. [FALSE] all values in five no summary are always positive
5. Outliers increase both the standard deviation and variance

Q41

1. Right skewed distribution, mean is greater than median

2. Left skewed, median is greater than mean
3. [FALSE] Symmetric distributions, standard deviation and mean are equal ( two statistics
are measuring completely diff things, symmetry would not make them equal)
4. Mound shape distributions, all observations fall within 5 standard deviations of the
mean.
5. [FALSE] IQR is equal to 50 for any distribution
6. If range of data set is equal to 0 , then the variance and IQR will also equal 0.

Chapter 4

1. If P(A)>P(B) , then P(A|B) > P(B)A)

Q29

1. Independent events are never mutually exclusive

2. Mutually exclusive, P (A n B) = 0

Q39
 1. [FALSE] Probabilities can be negative
2. P(A|B) can be greater than, less than or equal to P(A)
3. [FALSE] Independent , P( A|B) = 0
4. Probability if cards are drawn with replacement > Probability drawn without
replacement
5. If A and B independent, complements are independent
6. Mutually exclusive, then P(A|B) = 0

Q40

1. [FALSE] P(A) = P(B), then A and B are independent ( cannot tell if they are independent)

C5 – Discrete probabilities

1. Binomial – must be at least 0

2. Binomial with large n and small p – approximated with the Poisson distribution
3. Expectation is mean , does not have to be possible value of X

C6- Normal Disitrbituion

C7 – Sampling Distribution

1. Central Limit theorem – if the sample size is large, the sampling distribution of sample mean
will be approximately normal

C8 – Confidence intervals

 Confidence intervals – plausible values for paremeter.( we never know the value of
parameter p)
 Point estimate – Single value that is an estimate of a parameter
 Sample proportion = probability (estimates population proportion)
 Margin of error = z value x SE
 Confidence intervals for Parameters only – NEVER FOR STATISTIC
 Confidence level – probability the interval we calculate will capture the true value of the
parameter
 Confidence interval = sample mean +_ margin of error
 Assumptions for confidence interval
o Sample data must be simple random sample from POPULATION of Interest
o Population is normally distributed.
 Interpretations:
o We can be 95% confident that the true mean of SAT score of all 340 senior writers
lies between 1456 and 1704
o In repeated sampling, 95% of the 95% confidence intervals calculated in this manner
would capture the true mean SAT score of the population of 340 writers.
 Factors affecting Margin of error:
o Greater standard deviation (+) , Greater MOE
o Greater sample size (-) , Smaller MOE (square root of sample size)
o Population size does not affect MOE, sample size affects MOE
o Greater confidence level (+) , GREATER MOE
 T distribution – symmetric about 0 and bell shaped, more area in tails and lower peak
 T – procedures – robust to violations - lower peak , more area in tails
  Q13.
o Variance of t distribution is greater than variance of standard deviation
o T distribution and standard normal distribution both have a mean of 0
o T distribution has a greater area in the tails and lower peak
o As degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution tends towards the standard
normal distribution , with mean of 0

C9

 Null hypothesis – status quo hypothesis ; alternative hypothesis – research hypothesis

 Hypothesis always involve parameters – NEVER statistics
 Rejection region approach –
1. Decide on appropriate value of a, the significance level of the test.
2. Find rejection region
3. Calculate value of test statistic
4. Reject null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis is test statistic falls in the
rejection region.
5. Critical value – dividing point between rejection region and region in which we
don’t reject null hypothesis
 P-value – same conclusion as rejection method – gives better summary of strength of
evidence against null hypothesis – easiest approach when interpreting output from
statistical software – probability of getting a test statistic as least as extreme as the one
observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Smaller p-value, stronger evidence against
the null hypothesis
 If there’s a prespecified significance level , evidence against null hypothesis is statistically
significant at level of significance if p value < a.
 If sample mean X is greater than population mean u (positive number), test statistic will be
large and be in right tail of distribution. If sample mean is less than population mean
( negative number), test statistic fall in left tail of distribution
1. Testing Ha: =u> u, values in right tail of distribution give strong evidence against the
null hypothesis and in favour of the alternative hypothesis. – p value is area to right
of observed value of test statistic
2. Testing Ha: u< u , p value is area to the left of observed value of test statistic
3. Testing Ha : u not equal U, p value = 2 x P( z> |z observed| ) - p value is double the
area to the left or right, of observed value of the test statistic
 Two sided alternative – p value is area to right + area to left
 Null hypothesis is true – observed p value will be randomly selected value
from continuous uniform distribution between 0 and 1
 P value very small – very little chance of seeing what we actually saw in the
sample if the null hypothesis is true – strong evidence against H0
 Type 1 error – rejecting H0 when H0 is true
 Type 2- failing to reject h0 when it is false
 Why not choose small level of significance – if a is chosen to be very small, it will be difficult
to reject null hypothesis when it is ture.

Q6,10,39,41,57

1. Significance level of test is probability of rejecting null hypothesis

2. P value is a probability, cannot be greater than one
 3. We reject null hypothesis when p-value is less or equal to the significance level
4. P value depends on sample data, and on the null and alt hypotheses.
5. p value is probability that null hypothesis is false.
6. Use Z test when population standard deviation is known, use t test when population
standard deviation is unknown, estimated by sample standard deviation s.
7. Normality assumption of t test is true :
 T distribution, mean of 0
 P value will have a continuous uniform distribution on interval (0,1) p value
will have a mean of 0.5
8. Power of a test will increase as population variance decreases.
9. Significance level is decreased, probability of a TYPE 2 error will increase
10. Null hypothesis is true, cannot make a type 2 error
11. If null hypothesis rejected at 5% significance level, it would also be rejected at 10%
significance level – P value < 0.05 , reject at a = 0.1
12. P- value of hypothesis test with two sided alternative is equal to 0 , we can be
certain the null hypothesis is false – it was impossible to observe what was observed
if the null hypothesis were true.
13. Two sided alternative hypothesis – p value will equal 1 if the sample mean equals
the hypothesized mean.
14. Smallest p value – greatest evidence that population mean differs from 20, Largest p
value – least evidence that population mean differs from 20

C10

Section 7.2 – distribution of X, mean of sample of n has mean E(x) = u

1. T procedures – use pooled variance or Welch

2. Pooled variance – weighted average of two sample variances
a. Independent simple random samples
b. Normally distributed population
c. Equal population variances
d. Two population means , n1 + n2 – 2 , lose two degrees of freedom
e. Observational study, cannot say there is a casual effect
3. Welch - no equal population variances
a. Independent simple random samples
b. Normally distributed populations
c. Welch degrees of freedom, Welch Satterthwaite approximation , will not result in a
whole number
4. Paired differences procedures – dependent samples
a. Taking measurements on the same individual – reduce the variability in experiment
b. The sample of differences is a simple random sample from the population of
differences
c. The population of differences is normally distributed

C11

1. Sample Proportion (probability ) = number of individuals in sample with characteristic of

interest / total number of individuals in the sample.
2. Statistic that estimates the parameter p
3. Difference between two population proportions
a. Use pooled sample proportion