DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM & GAS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

4/20/2018 MWD & LWD

TECHNIQUES
UTILIZATION and SIGNIFICANCE
DURING DIRECTIONAL
DRILLING

Submitted By

Syed Azhar Maqbool Zaidi 2015-PET-10

Muhammad Bilal Ijaz 2015-PET-15

Saud Qadir Khan 2015-PET-17

Muhammad Zeshan Haidar 2015-PET-23

Muhammad Inam-Ul-Haq 2015-PET-30

Sami Ullah 2015-PET-33

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DECLARATION

We Syed Azhar Maqbool Zaidi (2015-PET-10), Bilal Ijaz (2015-PET-15), Saud Qadir Khan
(2015-PET-17), Muhammad Zeshan Haidar (2015-PET-23), Muhmmad Inam-Ul-Haq (2015-
PET-30) and Sami Ullah (2015-PET-33) students of 6th semester, B.Sc. Petroleum and Gas
Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore hereby declare that the report
work entitled “MWD & LWD TECHNIQUES: UTILIZATION & SIGNIFICANCE
DURING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING” submitted to Engr. Rizwan Muneer during the
academic year 2017-18, is the record of original work done by us. This report is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of the course Pet-E-306L Drilling Engineering
- II. This report has not been submitted to any other University, Institute or course for the award
of any degree.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With the blessings of Allah Almighty and prayers of our parents we have made this humble attempt
to achieve the goal that was set for us beginning of the 6th Semester. Although it was not an easy
task but with the devotion and dedication of our project team and cooperation of our teachers and
loving friends we have succeeded in the completion of our project.

Finally, we are highly thankful to all the entertainer the work of whom helped us in lifting our
spirits from the abyss of darkness and despair.

Authors
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DEDICATIONS

This report is dedicated to our parents, whose utmost efforts and prayers are always with us and
to those, who inspired us to seek knowledge for the welfare of mankind.
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Table of Contents
UTILIZATION & SIGNIFICANCE OF USING MWD & LWD TECHNIQUES DURING
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING .......................................................................................................... 7

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7

Directional Drilling ................................................................................................................. 7

Overview ................................................................................................................................. 7

Measurement While Drilling .................................................................................................. 8

Logging While Drilling........................................................................................................... 8

MWD .......................................................................................................................................... 8

MWD SYSTEM Components ................................................................................................ 9

TELEMETRY CHANNEL..................................................................................................... 9

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ................................................................................................ 10

POWER SOURCES.............................................................................................................. 13

SURFACE SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................... 14

MWD SENSORS .................................................................................................................. 16

Turbine RPM Sensor............................................................................................................. 18

Downhole WOB/Torque Sensor ........................................................................................... 18

Significance of MWD ............................................................................................................... 21

Improving Drilling Efficiency and Time Saving .................................................................. 21

Improved Wellbore Delivery ................................................................................................ 22

Productivity Improvements ................................................................................................... 22

LWD ......................................................................................................................................... 23

LWD vs Wireline Logging ....................................................................................................... 23

Logging while Drilling Tools ................................................................................................... 25

Borehole Imaging Tool ......................................................................................................... 25

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Acoustic Tool ........................................................................................................................ 26

Density Tool.......................................................................................................................... 27

Neutron Porosity Tool........................................................................................................... 29

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tool .......................................................................... 29

Gamma Ray Logging Tool ................................................................................................... 29

Resistivity Tool ..................................................................................................................... 30

Testing and Sampling ........................................................................................................... 33

Geosteering ........................................................................................................................... 33

Compensated Dual Resistivity (CDR) Tool ......................................................................... 34

Compensated Density Neutron (CDN) tool .......................................................................... 36

Summary ............................................................................................................................... 38

Significance of LWD ................................................................................................................ 38

Workability of LWD ............................................................................................................. 39

LWD Advantages.................................................................................................................. 39

LWD Applications ................................................................................................................ 40

Limitations of LWD .................................................................................................................. 41

Solutions for this limitation .................................................................................................. 41

References ..................................................................................................................................... 42
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Major parts in modern directional system ....................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Positive Mud Pulse Telemetry ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 3-Negative Mud Pulse Telemetry...................................................................................... 12
Figure 4: data cable and stator in Top drive swivel sub (H. Ali, 2008) ........................................ 13
Figure 5: Turbine Alternator ......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6: Rig Floor Display Unit Installed at Rig Floor ............................................................... 15
Figure 7: Radio Modem ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 8: Accelerometers and Magnetometers in Directional Sensor .......................................... 17
Figure 9:Turbine RPM Sensor ...................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10: MWD Tool Sequence .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11: MWD Components...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 12: MWD Tool Sequence .................................................................................................. 20
Figure 13: Comparison of LWD and Wireline Density Porosity Log .......................................... 24
Figure 14: Dips Shown in Borehole Image................................................................................... 25
Figure 15: Density Log during directional drilling ....................................................................... 28
Figure 16: AFR Idea proposed by (Manfred G. Prammer, 2009) ................................................. 31
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UTILIZATION & SIGNIFICANCE OF USING MWD & LWD

TECHNIQUES DURING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
INTRODUCTION
Directional Drilling
The process of drilling a well in a pre-determined or pre-designed path to hit a certain target
(reservoir/s) along with certain deviation from the vertical path.

There are 3 major parts in modern directional drilling system (Zhao & Ensor, 2012).

• Rotary Steerable System

• Measurement while Drilling (MWD)/Logging while Drilling (LWD) Module
• Power/Communication Module

Figure 1: Major parts in modern directional system

Overview
Several criterial are being used to judge the drilling operation being safe and efficient. But hitting
the desired pay zone is obvious requisite in drilling. The economic success of a directional well is
the placement of well bore in correct trajectory. With the advancement in directional well drilling,
improved techniques are required for formation evaluation (logging). For this purpose, both
formation measurements and geometrical measurements (Inclination, Azimuth and depth) are
required.
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Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Logging while Drilling (LWD) are the advanced
techniques that overcome the limitations of conventional wireline logging, usually provide
inclination angle and well direction and in real-time. Real-time correlation and evaluation can also
be provided with resistivity sensors and gamma-ray log.

Measurement While Drilling

It is a process of measurement of some basic detailed information required for drilling an economic
well such as azimuth, inclination and tool face while performing the drilling operations.

Logging While Drilling

A process of running tools to measure various logs into the well to get information of the formation
encountered (specifically) and information regarding porosity, resistivity, density etc. analogous
to conventional wireline logging tool, while drilling.

Interpretation of MWD tools can be enhanced if we understand the procedure of acquiring and
processing data of MWD tool. (Fagin, 1994)

MWD
MWD (Measurement While Drilling) is a system created to perform drilling related estimations
downhole and transmit data to the surface while drilling a well.

The Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Tool came in to application in mid-1970's. Prior to the
arrival of MWD, Non Productive Time (NPT) was more because we had to stop drilling to retrieve
the data from wireline tool.

The MWD tool transmitted the gathered data to surface through the mud stream in the drill pipe.
The drilling process was ceased for couple of minutes and data were collected in pump off
condition. This was economical in term of time contrasted with wireline logging.

Initially, Mud Stream was one of the means to transmit data. Later, Different methods for
transmission were produced such as acaustic and electromagnetic.

In this manner MWD was viewed as a better alternative for downhole data transmission as
compared to wireline method.

At first the system conveyed three essential data: Inclination, Tool face and Azimuth. These major
three information helped the directional drillers to reach to the targeted depth.
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Afterward, MWD was designed with sensors to measure the annular pressure gauge to quantify
annular pressure which is the key parameter to determine Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD)
and Strain gauge to check torque and weight on bit.

MWD tools can likewise give data about the conditions at the drilling tool including

• Downhole temperature
• Torque and Weight on Bit
• Volume of Flowing Mud
• Drill String Rotational Speed and Smoothness
• Downhole Vibrations

MWD SYSTEM Components

• Telemetry Channel • MWD Sensors
• Transmission System • Surface Systems
• Power Source
TELEMETRY CHANNEL
Telemetry Channels are those channels or medium through which downhole data is transmitted to
the surface.

Following are the transmission channels utilized for information transmission:

• Hard Wire Method • Acaustic Method

• Electromagnetic Method • Mud Pulse Telemetry

MUD PULSE TELEMETRY (MPT)

The majority of the MWD systems monetarily accessible depend on some type of mud pulse
telemetry. The downhole parts are altogether housed in a nonmagnetic drill collar (NMDC). The
major parts are:

1. A Power Source
2. Sensors to measure the downhole data
3. Transmitter to transfer the information to surface in coded form
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4. a processor or chip to coordinate to various functions/parts of the tool: it controls up the

sensors, stores the data and afterward permits the transmitter to transfer the information as
an encoded message.

Surface equipment comprises of:

1. a standpipe pressure transducer is used to determine the pressure variation and convert the
pulse signals into electrical signals.
2. an electronic filtering device gadget to avoid noises in pulse due to surface pumps and
motors
3. a computer for data interpretation
4. a display or plotting device to show the results

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The Mud Pulse Telemetry can be additionally classified into:

• Positive MPT
• Negative MPT
• Continuous Wave Telemetry
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Positive MPT
It utilizes a hydraulic poppet valve to immediately limit the stream of mud through an opening in
the device to create an increase in pressure as a positive pulse or pressure wave which makes a trip
back to the surface and is distinguished at the standpipe. To transmit
information to surface, this valve is worked a several times, making
a progression of pulse that are recognized by the transducer, and
decoded by the surface computer. The surface computer at first
recognizes an arrangement of reference pulse, which are taken after
by the data pulses. The message is decoded by recognizing the
detecting the presence or absence of a pulse within a specific time
allotment. This binary code would then be able to be converted into
a decimal outcome. The arrangement of pulses is recorded by a chart
recorder.

Figure 2: Positive Mud Pulse Telemetry

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Negative MPT
It utilizes a valve to stream mud out immediately from the inside of
the tool into the annulus. This cause negative pulses (decrease in
pressure) which are recognized at standpipe at the surface. Due to
closing and opening of valve, pressure drop is detected by Pressure
transducer in standpipe.

Figure 3-Negative Mud Pulse Telemetry

Downhole Internet
The standard method for transmitting data to the surface from the downhole is Mud pulse
telemetry. Under Ideal conditions the data transfer rate is 8-10 bits/sec approximately. This rate is
up to 100 bits/sec in Electromagnetic telemetry (Jellison, 2003). While a telemetry drill pipe
network can transmit quality data at 57,000 bits/sec. In early 2006, the telemetry drill pipe network
was introduced on commercial level (H. Ali, 2008). The advantage of this high-speed data
transmission is real time high resolution Density/Gamma images and evaluation of the formation.
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Figure 4: data cable and stator in Top drive swivel sub (H. Ali, 2008)

POWER SOURCES
The MWD Tool works in two circumstances:

• When the flow is ON

• No flow, while tripping in/out

When MWD tool is lowered, it is not retrieved back to the surface unless there is some sort of
issue with tool. Power source is required to consistently give energy to the tool.

The power source can be:

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• Turbine Alternators
• Batteries

Turbine Alternators
In order to provide power to MWD tool,
turbines are most widely used with
multisensory tools. Flowing Mud
generates electricity by rotating the shaft
which is connected to an alternator.

Voltage controller is used to control the

power. Power failures can only occur due
to the damaging of turbine. A screen is
installed to filter any debris out to prevent
the damage.

Batteries

They usually temperature dependent 24

Volts, Lithium Battery having limited
operational life.

They can provide power to tool while

tripping since they are not flow
dependent. Since power provided is
limited, the cannot be used with
multisensory tools.

Figure 5: Turbine Alternator

SURFACE SYSTEMS
• Standpipe Pressure Transducer
• Rig Floor Display Unit
• Radio Modem
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Standpipe Pressure Transducer

Gauges might be introduced in various pressure taps in standpipe manifold. Transducer can be
introduced replacing an of these gauges. Variation in pressure is recognized by a sensitive
diaphragm and mud pulses are changed to electrical voltage pulses.

Rig Floor Display Unit

It is installed at the rig floor to display the data obtained where the directional measurements
(azimuth, inclination, tool face) are shown for the ease of directional driller.

It is controlled by means of rig power. Power supply of either 120 or 240 Volts is generally
required.

Figure 6: Rig Floor Display Unit Installed at Rig Floor

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Radio Modem
To make a communication with rig floor through
workstation, a radio modem is used. All the data
transferred is encrypted for security purposes.

Figure 7: Radio Modem

MWD SENSORS
The following sensors are used in MWD tool, depending upon usage:

• Directional Sensor
• Temperature Sensor
• Turbine RPM Sensor Downhole
• WOB/Torque Sensor

Directional Sensor
Three dimensional accelerometers and magnetometers are used in MWD tool. Angle of
inclination, tool face and azimuth are recorded by these sensors. Azimuth is measured with respect
to Magnetic North and correction is applied using magnetic declination. C axis is parallel to the
tool axis and B axis makes the reference for detecting angle of tool face.

Both sensors generate voltage that is corrected voltage after applying coefficient of calibration.
Then directional angle is calculated using corrected voltage. Some sort of triggers such that
pumping or drill string rotation stops, power up/ activate the sensors to initiate the survey. It is
necessary for the drill string to remain stationary for 2 minutes in order to obtain the measurements.
A complete directional survey can be done in 2-4 minutes.
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Figure 8: Accelerometers and Magnetometers in Directional Sensor

Precision of the survey

Measurement Precision

Inclination ± 0.25°

Azimuth ± 2.0°

Tool face ± 3.0°

Note that values may vary depending upon the tool manufacturer

Temperature Sensor
This temperature recording sensor is mounted on the drill collar and senses the flowing mud
temperature. This sensor is usually a metallic strip whose electrical resistance vary with respect to
temperature. Any change in temperature changes the electrical resistance metallic strip. The
measuring range of this sensor is usually 50-350 °F.
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Turbine RPM Sensor

We cannot determine
actual downhole rotation of
the bit on the surface. The
best way to determine the
actual downhole rpm is
turbine tachometer that
provide the real-time
measurement of rpm. This
sensor comprises of a 2-
inch diameter probe
installed at the top of
rotating turbine shaft
where two magnets are
mounted separated at 180o.

Voltage pulses are detected

by the coil due to magnets
as shaft rotates. Then rpm
is calculated over a certain
interval using pulse count.
Number of mud pulses are
decoded at the surface to
check any change in rpm.

Downhole WOB/Torque
Figure 9:Turbine RPM Sensor
Sensor
This sensor is, installed
near to the bit, mounted on sub and consists of sensitive gauges. Torsional and axial forces are
detected for torque and WOB respectively. More than one sensors are installed in order to reduce
any noise pulses recorded by one sensor.
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Figure 10: MWD Tool Sequence Figure 11: MWD Components

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Figure 12: MWD Tool Sequence

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SIGNIFICANCE OF MWD
Improving Drilling Efficiency and Time Saving
➢ Since, in case of wireline logging tool, while taking measurements, we have to stop
the drilling process, which in turn increase the NON-Productive time. Contrary to
it, MWD is a real-time data analysis. In other words, measurements can be recorded
without stopping the drilling operations which ultimately saves the time.

➢ Since it works on the basis of telemetry system, “pulling in” and “pulling out” of
pipes can be avoided and ultimately time is saved.

➢ It also helps in improving the reliability of the tool by continuous measurement of

downhole shocks, vibrations and bending moments. Thus, all these things are
properly monitored and special precautions are taken while performing operations.

➢ Since it is a fast and reliable process and gives high resolution information of
conditions occurring downhole, thus, drilling efficiency can be improved.

➢ Moreover, due to two-way communication, several set of tool diagnostics can be

performed and control quality can be improved, that were previously only available
when the tools were on surface after borehole assembly pull out trip. This is only
available due to the continuous monitoring of downhole vibrations, stick slip and
bending moments.

➢ In addition, due to the innovative technology, contrary to the previous systems, the
new system is able to transmit data at the frequency of 2 megabits/second (2000,000
bits/s) which only measured 10 to 12 bit/s.

➢ By properly monitoring real time vibration data, bit life can be improved.

➢ Measurement while Drilling data can provide us information about the points where
the casing should be set and, in some cases, it terminates the need of using
contingency liner or full casing strings.

➢ Since it is proving real time data of all the changes occurring downhole, it
eliminates side-wall coring and wireline log runs.
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➢ Drill string wear and vibration monitoring efficiencies can greatly reduce drill
string failures.

➢ Well safety can be ensured by the continuous measurements of pressure and

temperature because it indicates immediate kick detection.

➢ Since there is a distributed network of sensors which are placed in tool joints, they
can give indication of gas influx as it comes out of well to maximize well control.

Improved Wellbore Delivery

➢ By the usage of telemetry drill pipes, high quality wellbore images are gathered and
transmitted to the surface which allow the drillers for optimized wellbore placement
and Geo-Steering.

➢ These memory quality wellbore images, when combined with annular pressure
measurement while drilling and caliper data (which tells about the diameter of
wellbore), can enable the drillers to maintain the wellbore stability and manage the
pressure in the wellbore.

➢ Once the memory quality wellbore images are transmitted to the surface, the
engineers are able is to perform bed dip analysis (which tells about how inclined
the desired surface is), modify and make improvements in its structural and seismic
mapping and identify larger structural events such as faults, bedding, and borehole
washouts while drilling.

Productivity Improvements
➢ Highly precised tools will give the high resolution and real time directional data of
what’s going on into the formation filled with hydrocarbons. This will help us to
control flow rates by adjusting choke sizes in order to prevent the sand and water
production from beds adjacent to the pay-zone.

➢ Because the highly precised and advanced tool generate such signals that can be
penetrated into the formation, thus it gives insight to the drillers to change the
properties of the mud before entering into hydrocarbon bearing formation in order
to avoid formation damage.
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➢ Telemetry drill pipes when used with MWD can help us in optimizing well
placement, speeds up the process of extraction through reserves and can also give
ideas of other pay zones

LWD
In LWD tools, sensors are installed in drill collars. These tools in horizontal wells have significant
advantages as compared to other logging systems for formation evaluation, i.e. conventional wire
line logging. Along with other measurements LWD provided in real-time via mud pulse telemetry,
the system becomes a geological steering tool which can be used to precisely place the horizontal
section with reference to formation features and/or fluid contacts. This combination of formation
evaluation and real-time geological steering make LWD a vital tool for directional trajectories.

LWD VS WIRELINE LOGGING

Real time data is obtained during logging while drilling i.e., data is received at the same time while
the drilling is being performed. Contrary to it, in wireline logging, drilling is stopped after drilling
a certain section, wireline tool is run into the hole. It records data, and then it is retrieved from the
hole and the data is retrieved from the tool. Thus, wireline logging tool increases the Non-
Productive time. While the LWD saves times as well as cost.

However, some of the common information that LWD and Wireline log give, include:

• Gamma ray • Spectroscopy • Pressure sampling

• Induction resistivity • Caliper • Fluid sampling
• Latero-log • Images • Well placement
resistivity • Acoustic velocity • Permeability
• Density • VSP • Fluid typing
• Neutron porosity • NMR • Sigma

Following is a brief comparison between wireline logging tool and Logging while drilling.

Properties Wireline Logging Tool Logging While Drilling

Size/Pressure Lighter, Delicate and Smaller Heavy, Tough and Big
Data Transmission Fast speed data since of wire Variation depends upon telemetry
Time Takes Time Real time data
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Environment Problems in highly deviated More capable in rough & tough

well (Tough Logging condition environment i.e. unstable borehole or
is needed) highly deviated well
Coverage Specific (as tools do not rotate) All Direction
Control two-way communication Limited (Programmed Tool)
Sticking/ Slipping Less or no sticking/ slipping More sticking and slipping &
Vibrations
Hole Usually in cased hole Open hole

Figure 13: Comparison of LWD and Wireline Density Porosity Log

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LOGGING WHILE DRILLING TOOLS

Borehole Imaging Tool
High resolution images of the borehole are used to identify various kinds of geological structures
for example fractures, structural dip and faults. These also provide insight situation of the borehole,
stress and rock mechanics around the wellbore and aid in determination of porosity.

Figure 14: Dips Shown in Borehole Image

Azimuthal Focused Resistivity Sensor

LWD sensor creates high resolution resistivity images for identifying dip, fractures and borehole
breakout. Later-log type resistivity data, electrical images of the formation, an omni-directional
and At-Bit Resistivity (ABR) measurements are also provided by Azimuthal Focused Resistivity
Sensor. (AFR™ Azimuthal Focused Resistivity Sensor, 2018)
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Azimuthal Litho-density Service

It features high-quality image for the measurements of formation density and photoelectric factor
for reservoir evaluation. (ALD™ Azimuthal Lithodensity LWD Service, 2018)

Acoustic Tool
Ultrasonic LWD tools receive sound waves from which high-quality traveling time is obtained.
The data is stored in downhole memory chips, but transit time data is sent back to the surface in
real time for determination of formation porosity, evaluate lithology, and estimate the pore
pressure. The real-time data obtained from Ultrasonic tools helps to improve density and neutron
porosity measurements. The ultrasonic transducers measure tool standoff and borehole caliper
which further help in correcting density and neutron porosity measurements either immediately or
with the help of computer data processing later on the surface. To detect the borehole instabilities
and estimate amount of cement required in annulus later after setting of casing are determined with
the help of caliper information. On the other hand, conventional wire line tools use mechanical
fingers to measure borehole caliper physically. These mechanical fingers can break during harsh
drilling conditions.

When the sonic pulses are brought into reservoir, the time required to reach between fixed points
can be calculated. The rate at which sound travels depends upon the characteristics of formation
rock and the fluids it carries. Estimation of fracture & porosity and evaluation & correlation of
lithology can be done using the data.

This data may also be used in drilling applications such as determination of pore pressure,
calculations of rock strength, analysis of bore hole stability and time/depth seismic correlation
used in geophysical applications.

With combination of sonic porosity & lithology information and nuclear measurements, geologists
can evaluate hydrocarbon accumulation before damaging the formation. Overpressure zones are
identified by resistivity and real-time logs, thus, changing the WOB and weight of mud to improve
drilling efficiency. Relationship between geologic characteristics and seismic can also be obtained
by logs from LWD sonic tools.
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LWD acoustic tools and conventional wire line tools operate in same range of frequency but the
advantage of these tools is that it is not affected by noise generated by drilling by separating bit
from these tools.

Multipole LWD Sonic Tool

This Multipole LWD acoustic service is able to deliver accurate shear and compressional velocity
measurements up to 175oC (QBAT™ Multipole LWD Sonic Service, 2018).

Azimuthal Sonic and Ultrasonic LWD Service

This tool consists of azimuthal receivers (4) and multipole transmitters. (XBAT™ Azimuthal
Sonic and Ultrasonic LWD Service, 2018)

Density Tool
The measurement of formation density is a compulsory component to estimate total reserves, in
accurate reservoir evaluation and helping the Petro-physicist for porosity calculation of the rock.

Azimuthal litho-density and compensated thermal neutron sensors combine to help the operators
about the valuable knowledge information of reservoir such as:

• Formation Evaluation

• Reservoir Structure and Well Placement

• Wellbore Stability

• Formation Density

In Logging While Drilling (LWD) tools, a chemical source is used to generate gamma radiation
that is then focused into the formation. The gamma rays then clash with electrons present in the
formation, and are separated, losing energy and become absorbed. Basically, the formation density
tools are used to estimate pore pressure and also used to determine rock type or the presence of
gas when combining with neutron porosity logging tools.

Gamma Ray counts received are measured with the help of near and far detectors. The gamma ray
counts depend upon the density of electrons in the formation which is directly related with the
density of formation. The corrections for mud cake and small irregularities in borehole smoothness
is required while using two detectors. The tools having a very shallow depth of investigation is a
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limitation making the measurements sensitive to thick mud cakes, washouts, and large borehole
sizes.

Figure 15: Density Log during directional drilling

The most important factor in LWD formation density measurements, as in neutron porosity
measurements, is standoff. Standoff is usually unavoidable with LWD tools therefore its effects
can be removed by using a stabilizer blade. Small or moderate standoffs are corrected by
comparing long and short spaced detector responses. On the other hand, in case of very large
standoffs (greater than 1 inch), data is corrected by using statistical methods.

Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool

It measures borehole-compensated formation density, photoelectric factor, ultrasonic standoffs
and neutron porosity. This tool takes readings in four quadrants around the borehole and an average
around the borehole so eliminates error from standoff problems. Past tools mainly focused on
measurements irrespective of how tool was fitted in bottom hole assembly configuration.
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Moreover, modern tools are stronger and have slightly under gauge sleeves and stabilizers.
(adnVISION Azimuthal Density Neutron Service, 2018)

Neutron Porosity Tool

LWD Neutron porosity tools, may also be accompanied by LWD formation density tools, measure
the porosity of the formation within the wellbore. Using cross plot identification of rock type can
also be done by combo of LWD neutron porosity and density tools. Presence of gas can also be
indicated by crossover of the two logs.

Neutron scatter into the formation, generated by a chemical source contained within the tool.
Neutrons invaded into formation are slowed by the HCs and formation water causing to generate
Gamma ray. Emitted gamma ray then bounces towards detectors.

These tools can provide the formation fluid-filled porosity through the presence of hydrogen in the
formation.

Compensated Thermal Neutron Sensor

LWD neutron porosity tool also provide the fluid typing, lithology and accurate formation
porosity. (CTN™ Compensated Thermal Neutron Sensor, 2018)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tool

This tool works on the principal of creating external magnetic field in the respective formation and
the measuring the porosity irrespective of the lithology. Eventually, it gives information about the
permeability and permits us to identify free and bound-fluid volumes and the type of the fluid
encountered by it like oil, water and gas.

MRIL Sensor
LWD tool offers a direct measurement of the reservoir's total porosity while drilling in hole sizes
up to 10 5/8 inches. (MRIL®-Prime Magnetic Resonance Imaging Logging Service, 2018)

Gamma Ray Logging Tool

It measures the natural gamma rays emitted by various elements present in the formation. Gamma
ray logs proves to be beneficial for the depth correlation between open- and cased-hole logs
quantifying shaliness, the well-to-well correlation and for the correlation between the logging runs.
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At-Bit Gamma Sensor

It provides Real time geo-steering with the Geo Pilot rotary steerable system. (ABG™ At-Bit
Gamma Sensor, 2018)

Dual Gamma Ray Sensor

Provides accurate and reliable LWD natural gamma ray logs. (DGR™ Dual Gamma Ray Sensor,
2018)

Radian Azimuthal Gamma Ray and Inclination Service

High-quality borehole images for geo steering, and precise gamma-ray measurements for reservoir
evaluation are provided by Radian Azimuthal Gamma Ray and Inclination Service. (Radian®
Azimuthal Gamma Ray and Inclination Service, 2018)

Resistivity Tool
One of the most important parameter of modern formation evaluation is bore hole image,
especially in directional drilling and in lithologies with complexity. With proper running and
instrumentation of LWD tools in such wells with conductive mud can provide clear bore hole
image of azimuthal and vertical sample.

In most of the LWD tools at least two transmitters are used, referring as borehole compensated, in
order to minimize the borehole problems i.e. borehole irregularities on the resistivity logs. Waves
are emitted from the transmitters of these tools, measuring the phase shift and attenuation between
signals are received at sensors and then translating these signals into resistivities. These tools
provide a smaller depth of investigation but much clear resolution. In latest LWD resistivity tools
numerous transmitters and receivers are installed with desired spacing for the purpose of multiple
depths of investigation, invasion detection and accurate measurement.

Resistivity logs of LWD resistivity tools are less affected by fluid invasion as compared to wire
line logs. These logs can be compared with standard wireline logs run after few days to detect
movement of moveable fluids in formation, providing better placement of well and mobile fluids
time laps detection.

The 2 MHz LWD resistivity tools provide measurements in water and oil-based muds accurately,
also providing resistivity measurements very close enough to formation’s true resistivity, while
wire line log may require corrections to measure true resistivity.
P a g e | 31

Gearhart Industries (Gianzero, 1985)introduced first commercial LWD latero-log. Its operation
principle was based on idea early presented by ‘Arps’ in 1967. This tool had a single and
uncompensated ‘lateral’ reading. Log interpretation of the tool is strongly dependent on formation
resistivity, resistivity contrast and as well as on distance between the tool and drilling bit.

No further modification was introduced in support of Gearhart tool, thus, abstract gap occurred
between

• The azimuthally omnidirectional LWD latero-log type measurement in support of

petrophysical evaluation

• LWD bore hole resistivity imaging directed towards geo-mechanical problems such as bore
hole stability and breakouts.

To overcome drawbacks of Gearhart and other tools, Bittar proposed an idea of the term (AFR),
‘Azimuthally Focused Resistivity’ in 2002, operating on principle shown in figure below

Figure 16: AFR Idea proposed by (Manfred G. Prammer, 2009)

P a g e | 32

Two symmetrically mounted Transmitters on drill collar, applying voltages alternatively to the
drill string generating currents, a minor amount of which is invaded into the formation and reflects
to the sensors, consisting three ‘current-sensitive’ elements spaced at 120° in a common plane
providing a high-resolution borehole image even in high rate of penetration .In order to evaluate
the information about saturation of water, resistivity and porosity methodologies are used to get
producibility of the formation.

The more commonly used logs are: induction log and latero-log. The latero-log tools by using
electrodes, spread a current in the formation and measure voltages at different points in the tool.
Coils and magnetic fields are used in induction tools to generate currents in the formation whose
intensity is proportional to the conductivity of formation and inversely proportional to the
resistivity of the formation. On receiver coils, intensity of these currents is measured in the tool.

Azimuthal Deep Resistivity Sensor

This sensor delivers deep reading up to 18 feet into the formation, directional and high-resolution
images that provide early warning of reaching bed boundaries before the destination zone is exited.
A traditional multi-frequency compensated resistivity sensor is also provided by Azimuthal deep
resistivity sensor. (ADR™ Azimuthal Deep Resistivity Sensor, 2018)

Azimuthal Focused Resistivity Sensor

Azimuthal Focused Resistivity Sensor creates high resolution resistivity images for the
identification of borehole breakout, dip and the fractures. An omni-directional, electrical image of
the formation, At-Bit Resistivity (ABR) measurement and latero-log type resistivity data are also
provided by this sensor. (AFR™ Azimuthal Focused Resistivity Sensor, 2018)

EWR Resistivity Sensor

Extraordinary vertical resolution is offered by this EWR Resistivity sensor in low-resistivity and
in thinly-bedded formations in boreholes from 3-3/4 to 30 inches. (EWR®-PHASE 4™ Resistivity
Sensors, 2018)

Integrated LWD Service

Integrated LWD Service provides formation evaluation response from resistivity and azimuthal
gamma ray sensors and drilling optimization response from the vibration and pressure sensors.
(M5™ Integrated LWD Service, 2018)
P a g e | 33

Testing and Sampling

This is the additional information which help in formation evaluation in actual samples of the
reservoir fluids and pressures in the formation.

By capturing samples from the formation, a number of fluid and formation properties can be
monitored like resistivity/capacitance, horizontal permeability; vertical permeability, anisotropy,
viscosity, density, bubble point and compressibility.

Geo Tap Sensor

LWD formation tester obtains real-time direct pore pressure measurements. (GeoTap® Sensor,
2018)

Geosteering
The conventional directional drilling techniques mainly focus on the principal of geometrical
steering, or accurately placing a well within a fixed three-dimensional target. Modern drilling
techniques now focus on geological steering (Geosteering) where the main objective of the well is
to maximize the reservoir exposure. Some of the objectives of Geosteering includes:

• To reach the targets that include drilling high angle or horizontal wells along thick beds
targets or, in thicker beds.

• Maintaining the well at a particular distance from some fixed interface such as below the
top of the reservoir or above an oil/water interface.

One company concludes that, inside the pay zone, the horizontal wells generally have about 50-
60% of the lateral section. But the production is more as compared to the production of vertical
wells in that area. Therefore, these wells are acceptable. If the sided section were drilled optimally
through the pay zone of reservoir, the production must be greater. The increased use of Geosteering
is due to this consideration. Nowadays, horizontal wells are usually operated with applications of
Geo Steering.

From different resistivity sensors used in Geosteering, the most efficient is propagation resistivity
sensor. This sensor mainly provides an appropriate depth of investigation and can be used in all
types of muds. As the resistivity measurements are received in real time, the driller can guide the
bottom hole assembly up and down to keep well path exiting a thin pay zone. In the past years,
true hydrocarbon contacts and bed boundaries were obtained by drilling pilot holes through the
P a g e | 34

formation. With the help of Geosteering, operators use real time resistivity information to detect
hydrocarbon contacts and bed boundaries that basically close out the use of costly pilot holes.

Contrary to the conventional LWD Resistivity tool that takes measurement from about 30 ft behind
the bit, the LWD Resistivity gamma ray tool can take measurements from nearly close the bit.
Some cost-effective tools also give resistivity measurements at the bit or behind the bit and this
allocation is ideal for detecting bed boundaries instantly. The major drawback is in difficulty in
placement of instruments ahead of the motor and just behind the motor and thus some of the
measurements are limited. These tools have shallow depth of investigation in formation and this
allow for quick analyzing of stratigraphic features. Thus, this information can tell us where the bit
is and where the bit is headed.

In directional wells, Resistivity log responses are very different from that of similar vertical wells.
Main purpose of Geosteering includes the exact modeling of the expected log response.
Comparisons are made between the LWD resistivity measurements and the modeled log, as we
drill the well and it helps to adjust the well course accordingly.

Compensated Dual Resistivity (CDR) Tool

The CDR tool is an electromagnetic propagation tool built into the drill collar. It is designed for
standard induction measurements and has several similarities with Dual Induction tool. Some of
the functions of CDR tool include:

i. This tool only responds to the conductivity not the resistivity.

ii. CDR operates in water and Oil-Based muds.

iii. It gives two investigation depths.

iv. It includes two shoulder beds.

P a g e | 35

CDR TOOL (Logging While Drilling, 2018)

Measurements Accuracy Range Statistical Log Vertical

Resolution
Repeatability

Compensated Depends on 0 to 100 In 30 p.u. 24' [61 cm]

Epithermal lithology & limestone p.u. formation:
Neutron porosity 1 p.u. @ 50
Porosity ft/hr (15
meters/hr]; 2
p.u. @ 200
ft/hr (60
meters/hr]

Formation bulk 10.02 g/cm3 over 2 1 to 3.5 g/cm3 ± 0.01 24" [61 cm]
density from to 2.7 g/cm3 in g/cm3@ 50
compensated good borehole ft/hr (15
spectral meters/hr) @
gamma-gamma 2.4 g/cm3
density density

Photoelectric ± 0.2 1.3 to 5.1 units ±0.1 at 50 24" (61 cm]

factor (Pe) ft/hr (1 5
meters/hr) in
limestone

As compare to DIL tool, the CDR tool has ability to examine shallower depths and an enhanced
vertical resolution. It generates a 2MHz electromagnetic wave and it determines the phase shift
and attenuation of the wave between two receivers. These quantities are then transferred into two
independent resistivities that give two depths of investigation. Then the phase shift is transferred
in shallow resistivity and the attenuation in the deep resistivity. In 1 ohm-meter formation, 30
inches are for 50% dia of investigation for Rps and 50 inches are for the Rad. Two investigation
P a g e | 36

depths are required when the invasion happens during drilling. For locating permeable zones, the
tool with two depths of investigation is used and provide a good measurement of true formation
resistivity with or without invasion.

It has two transmitters one is upper and other one is lower. Both are fired separately. To provide a
borehole compensated measurement, a phase shift and attenuation for upward and downward
propagating waves are averaged just similar to borehole compensated tool. In rugose holes,
borehole effects are reduced by borehole compensation. Borehole compensation improves the
vertical response and increases the measurement accuracy and provides log quality control.

CDR tool can detect 6-inch beds. The Rad and Rps can be read too low in thin resistive bed through
the conductive shoulder beds. To obtain Rt in this case, we have to require a relatively small bed
thickness. Main advantage of CDR tool is ability to measure Rt in the thin beds before the invasion
takes place. Once the thin bed is invaded then there is no any known method for obtaining Rt.

Compensated Density Neutron (CDN) tool

Working of measurements taken by the CDN tool is just like to the corresponding wireline
services. Fast neutrons are released from the 7.5 curie americium beryllium source for the neutron
porosity measurement. The rate under which neutrons slow down to thermal and epithermal
energies is related to the quantity of hydrogen in formation in the form of water or oil filled
porosity. In near and far spacing detectors, detection of neutron and captured gamma rays are done
so that ratio processing can be applied for borehole compensation. Energy of detected neutrons is
epithermal because the high percentage of the incoming thermal neutron flux absorbed as it passes
through one-inch steel wall of drill collar. Cadmium wrap, which is present under the detector
bank, protects them from thermal incoming neutron from the inner mud channel. This epithermal
detection eliminates adverse effects because of thermal absorbers in the formation or borehole.

The tool has three banks of far and near helium detectors and one of Geiger Mueller detector.
Ability to distinguish capture gamma ray is obtained to take advantage of high salinity sensitivity
of the measurement to deliver data on formation salinity.
P a g e | 37

CDN TOOL (Logging While Drilling, 2018)

Measurement Accuracy Range Statistical Log Vertical

Repeatability Resolution

Deep resistivity 2 0.2 to 50 ohm- Does not Qualitatively 6"

(35" to 65" [89 millisiemens/meter m apply (15 cm);
to 165 cm] quantitatively,
depending on depends on RI
Rd and shoulder
bed
resistivities.

Shallow 0.5 0.2 to 200 Does not Qualitatively 6"

resistivity (20" millisiemens/meter ohm-m apply [15 cm];
to 45" [51 to 114 quantitatively,
cm) depending depends on At
on RI) and shoulder
bed
resistivities.

Scintillation Not determined 0 to 250 API ±1.3 API @ 24' (61 cm); 8"
spectroscopy of 50 ft/hr [20 cm) by
Natural gamma averaging data
(15 meters/hr)
ray (Th, U, K) less and
CO 100 API
accepting
mean value
higher
and a 24" (61-
statistical
cm) depth
variation.
average.

There are three mechanical features of density measurement which are:

i. The inner mud channel is eccentered to allow substantial protection of detectors,

minimizing gamma ray leakage inside tool between source and detectors.
P a g e | 38

ii. Mud standoff between the exterior of drill collars and borehole wall is eliminated in good
boreholes by using full gauge clamp on stabilizer with three full coverage helical blades.

To minimize attenuation of gamma rays as they pass from source into the formation and to
detectors, one blade is to be modified to include three small rubber filled holes.

Summary
Parameter Tool Data

Correlation CDR Dual Resistivities (Rps and Rsd)

Gamma ray (total API)

Porosity CDN Epithermal neutron compensated

spectral gamma density

Rt, Rxo Thin beds invasion CDR Dual resistivities

permeability index

Shale volume CDR Spectral gamma ray (total API and

Th, U, K) Computed gamma ray

Lithology CDN Density-neutron cross plot Pb

SIGNIFICANCE OF LWD
Due to the increasing number of directional and multilateral wells being drilled, the importance of
LWD is increasing day by day. Operators know effectively, how to run and interpret conventional
wire line logs. Nevertheless, some formation evaluation logging while drilling (LWD) tools
measure downhole measurements which are different from standard wire line tools, which demand
different techniques for interpretation. Thus, an operator can effectively substitute LWD with
Conventional wire line logging by understanding the differences between these two types of
logging tools.

After a well is being drilled, some operators run conventional wire line logs because of uneasiness
with LWD. These logs facilitate in ensuring backup logs and impose any variations in invaded
fluid into the formation over time and are usually called measurement after drilling (MAD).
P a g e | 39

Logging While Drilling technology has been improved significantly through the past couple of
years, matching the logs parallel in quality with wire line logs in many case studies. As running
LWD tools and interpreting logs are now easy for operators as they had become familiar with, so
no longer requirement of backup logs (MAD) is needed.

Workability of LWD
LWD is not completely expected to replace open hole wire line logging by none of the major
service and operator companies. LWD tools are mainly used in:

• Directional wells.

• Those wells that require accurate trajectories usually horizontal sections.

• Those wells that require instant decisions of changing trajectory (Build-up section).

• Those wells where there is possibility of wire-line log sticking.

One service company estimates the wire line logging industry to be about $2.25 billion/year,
whereas the MWD market is only about $600-700 million/year. Of that amount, formation
evaluation while drilling is about $350 million, and the remainder is the cost of directional and
gamma ray measurement while drilling.

Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools are used most frequently in North Sea and the Gulf of
Mexico and to a lesser extent in Africa, the Far East, South America, and the Middle East. One
company evaluates that one half of total of the LWD market is in North America and the other half
of LWD market is in rest of the world.

LWD Advantages
The wire line connection allows the driller to get a huge data transmission rate to the surface
contrary to the MWD tools.

MWD tools typically send the measurement stored data back to the surface by utilizing mud pulse
telemetry carrier wave, positive pulse, negative pulse, or continuous carrier wave. The data send
to the surface time to time is less while more data is collected downhole in computer memory chips
fitted inside the logging tools. When the logging tool is pulled out of the wellbore, at surface, the
stored data is usually read from computer memory chips. This data is then used the interpretation
purposes.
P a g e | 40

The recent progress in data transmission and data acquisition technology have improved the real-
time use of LWD tools and more necessary measurements are sent to the surface. As a result of
advancement in data processing and log data interpretation, only some necessary part of the
information is sent back to the surface in real-time.

These real-time logs are used mostly for the geological interpretation of logs that helps in
instantaneous decisions on well trajectories. The remaining data, that is stored in downhole
computer memory chips, are recovered from the logging tool later, after it has been pulled out on
the surface from the wellbore.

Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools are provide energy either by using downhole turbines
or energy stored batteries. Most of these batteries can provide energy for about 200 hours under
well bore downhole conditions, and this amount of time is basically more than the time required
for most bit runs. Most downhole memory also holds as much as 200 hours of logging data.
Turbine motors, in contrast to charged battery batteries, can provide power the MWD tools only
when the drilling fluid is being circulated.

Generally, Measurement While Drilling (MWD) refers to the directional measurements and
gamma ray measurements that are further useful for surveying, directional steering, and drill string
mechanics. In contrast, Logging While Drilling (LWD) refers to the formation evaluation
measurements similar to those in the triple combo.

LWD Applications
In most of the directional wells and onshore wells, conventional wire line logging is still more
better than LWD economically. For example, in the Gulf of Mexico, taking formation evaluation
measurements while drilling may eliminate a couple of days of wire line logging. Cutting 2 days
from a 10-20 days drilling operation results in significant savings.

In case many horizontal trajectory or extended reach wells it is not possible or impractical to run
conventional wire line logs. In wells with greater inclination, standard wire line tools have to be
pumped down or transferred on pipe.

The LWD tools, however, are placed in the drilling bottom hole assembly usually in the drill
collars. These tools take formation measurements as soon as the formation is drilled, before drilling
fluid can invade the formation.
P a g e | 41

Currently available LWD tools can work in hole sizes as small as 6 in. and as big as 17.5 in. or
larger. The majority of LWD tools, however, are used in standard 8.5 in. or 12.5 in. holes.

A common trend is the use of smaller diameter tools, although there are many technical difficulties
which need to be solved. The challenge is a combination of physics and mechanics. The smaller
tools must perform all the logging measurements in standard format yet remain robust and work
properly as a drill collar. A greater variety of wire line tools is increasingly available and in much
smaller sizes.

LIMITATIONS OF LWD
There are some concerns with the LWD tools that must be mentioned.

Lost-in-hole cost of LWD tools is significant. This can easily offset the development drilling
budget and make LWD economically less attractive than wireline-conveyed logging. In addition,
the availability of 8-in. LWD tools is scarce. In a situation in which tool replacement is required
urgently, it may lead to possible interruptions in the drilling operation. This situation demands
close monitoring of LWD maintenance schedules as well as the availability of similar LWD tools
around the world. (Amar, 1998)

These tools are limited to shallow depth of investigation only, decreasing its attraction in borehole
washouts.

Other limitation is the difficulty in interpreting logs obtained from wells containing clay materials
having hydrogen bound in water.

As logs are obtained during or soon after drilling so these limitations affect the measurements less
as compared to wire line logging where logs are taken after couple days. And LWD porosity tools
have limitation for the precise correction of sand off between formation and the tool.

Solutions for this limitation

• Use of caliper to regularly check for sand off.

• Placing sensor on stabilizer to be in contact with formation.

• Determining formation property in quadrants.

Accurate and precise measurements are obtained by use of above mentioned techniques than that
obtained from standard wire line logging.
P a g e | 42

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