10 1139@9780660194004

25
ARACHNIDS OF CANADA
THE INSECTS AND
THE INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS OF CANADA
Part 25
Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Monash University on 10/01/13

The Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 25, focuses on a group
of Canadian and Alaskan weevils in the subfamily Entiminae. Several Coleoptera
Bright, Bouchard
species of this broad-nosed weevil subfamily are detrimental to agriculture
and forestry. This handbook provides information about 49 genera and
123 species. It includes a key to the subfamilies of the Canadian
Curculionidae, a key to the genera of Entiminae, and keys to the species
Curculionidae
For personal use only.

in each genus, where required. The volume describes each species, with
observations on weevil biology and host plants, and provides maps
illustrating species distribution.
Entiminae
Weevils of Canada and Alaska – Volume 2

Coleoptera Curculionidae Entiminae
Weevils of Canada
and Alaska
Volume 2
ISBN-13 978-0-660-19400-4
ISBN 0-660-19400-7
Donald E. Bright and
Patrice Bouchard
9 780660 194004
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A PUBLICATION OF THE
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA
MONOGRAPH PUBLISHING PROGRAM
THE INSECTS
AND ARACHNIDS
OF CANADA
PART 25
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae
Donald E. Bright
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
Retired, Faculty Affiliate

C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity
Dept. of Bioagriculture Sciences & Pest Management
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
Phone (960) 491-0490
e-mail: dbright@mail.colostate.edu
Patrice Bouchard
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
NRC Research Press

Ottawa 2008
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©2008 National Research Council of Canada
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in a retrieval system, or transmit-
ted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
Printed in Canada on acid-free paper.
ISBN 978-0-660-19400-4
ISSN 0706-7313
NRC No. 46845
Date of publication March xx, 2008
Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication data
Bright, Donald E.
Coleoptera curculionidae entiminae / Donald E. Bright and Patrice Bouchard
(The Insects and arachnids of Canada, 0706-7313 ; pt. 25)

Issued by the National Research Council of Canada.
Includes index.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-660-19400-4
1. Curculionidae — Canada 2. Curculionidae — Alaska

3. Curculionidae — Classification 4. Beetles — Canada
5. Beetles — Alaska
I. National Research Council Canada

II. Title
III. Series: Insects and Arachnids of Canada; pt. 25
QL585.B74 2008 595.76’8 C2007-980197-8
NRC Monograph Publishing Program
Editor: P.B. Cavers (University of Western Ontario)
Editorial Board: W.G.E. Caldwell, OC, FRSC (University of Western Ontario); M.E. Cannon,
FCAE, FRSC (University of Calgary); K.G. Davey, OC, FRSC (York University); M.M. Ferguson
(University of Guelph); S. Gubins (Annual Reviews); B.K. Hall, FRSC (Dalhousie University); P.
Jefferson (Western Beef Development Centre); W.H. Lewis (Washington University); A.W. May, OC
(Memorial University of Newfoundland); B.P. Dancik, Editor-in-Chief, NRC Research Press
(University of Alberta)
Inquiries: Monograph Publishing Program, NRC Research Press, National Research Council of
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada. Web site: http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Correct citation for this publication: Bright, D.E., and Bouchard, P. 2008. The Insects and Arachnids
of Canada. Part 25. Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. 327 p.
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About the Series

The Insects and Arachnids of Canada handbook series was launched in 1976 by scien-
tists at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Arachnids, and Nematodes.
Each part consists of a taxonomic treatment, generally to the species level, of a group
of insects or arachnids occurring in Canada and adjacent regions. The series is intend-
ed for a wide range of users, from amateur biologists to professional entomologists.
The Insects and Arachnids of Canada

Part 1. Collecting, Preparing and Preserving Insects, Mites and Spiders, compiled
by J.E.H. Martin, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1977.
Partie 1. Récolte, préparation et conservation des Insectes, des Acariens et des

Araignées, comilé par J.E.H. Martin, Institut de recherches biosystéma-
tiques, Ottawa, 1983.
Part 2. The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), by D.E.
Bright, Jr., Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1976.
Part 3. The Aradidae of Canada (Hemiptera: Aradidae), by R. Matsuda,
Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1977.
Part 4. The Anthocoridae of Canada and Alaska (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), by
L.A. Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1978.

Part 5. The Crab Spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Philodromidae and
Thomisidae), by C.D. Dondale and J.H. Redner, Biosystematics Research
Institute, Ottawa, 1978.
Part 6. The Mosquitoes of Canada (Diptera: Culicidae), by D.M. Wood, P.T. Dang,
and R.A. Ellis, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1979.
Part 7. Genera of the Trichoptera of Canada and Adjoining or Adjacent United
States, by F. Schmid, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1998.
Partie 7. Genera des Trichoptères du Canada et des États adjacents, par F. Schmid,
Institut de recherches biosystématiques, Ottawa, 1980.
Part 8. The Plant Bugs of the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Heteroptera: Miridae),
by L.A. Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1980.
Part 9. The Sac Spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Clubionidae and
Anyphaenidae), by C.D. Dondale and J.H. Redner, Biosystematics Research
Part 10. The Spittlebugs of Canada (Homoptera: Cercopidae), by K.G.A. Hamilton,
Part 11. The Genera of Larval Midges of Canada (Diptera: Chironomidae), by D.R.
Oliver and M.E. Roussel, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1983.
Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of Canadian Chalcidoid Wasps
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), by C.M. Yoshimoto, Biosystematics
Research Institute, Ottawa, 1984.
iii
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Part 13. Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Silphidae and
Agyrtidae), by R.S. Anderson and S.B. Peck, Biosystematics Research
Part 14. The Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Related Insects of Canada and Adjacent
Regions (Ulonata: Dermaptera, Cheleutoptera, Notoptera, Dictuoptera,
Grylloptera, and Orthoptera), by V.R. Vickery and D.K. McE. Kevan,
Part 15. The Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera:
Buprestidae), by D.E. Bright, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa,
1987.
Part 16. The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Canada and Alaska (Diptera:
Tabanidae), by H.J. Teskey, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa,
1990.
Part 17. The Wolf Spiders, Nurseryweb Spiders, and Lynx Spiders of Canada and
Alaska (Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, and Oxyopidae), by C.D. Dondale
and J.H. Redner, Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa, 1990.
Part 18. The Flower Flies of the Subfamily Syrphinae of Canada, Alaska, and
Greenland (Diptera: Syrphidae), by J.R. Vockeroth, Centre for Land and
Biological Resources, Research Branch, Ottawa, 1991.
Part 19. The Ground Spiders of Alaska and Canada (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), by
N.I. Platnick and C.D. Dondale, Centre for Land and Biological Resources,
Research Branch, Ottawa, 1992.
Part 20. The Genera and Subgenera of the Sawflies of Canada and Alaska
(Hymenoptera: Symphyta), by H. Goulet, Centre for Land and Biological
Resources, Research Branch, Ottawa 1992.
Part 21. The Weevils of Canada and Alaska. Volume 1 (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea,
excluding Scolytidae and Curculionidae), by D.E. Bright, Centre for Land
and Biological Resources, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
1993.
Part 22. The Genera of the Aphids of Canada (Homoptera: Aphidoidea and
Phylloxeroidea), by R.G. Foottit and W.R. Richards, Research Branch,
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1993.
Part 23. The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska: Araneae: Uloboridae,
Tetragnathidea, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae, by C.D. Dondale and J.H.
Redner, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa; P. Paquin,
Université de Montréal, Québec; and H.W. Levi, Harvard University,
Cambridge, 2003.
Part 24. Coleoptera Histeridae, by Yves Bousquet and Serge Laplante, Agriculture
and Agri- Food Canada, Ottawa, 2006.
iv
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... xi
Abstract ................................................................................................................xii
Résumé .............................................................................................................. xiii
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
Biology ..................................................................................................................2
Anatomy ....................................................................................................................2
Classification .............................................................................................................. 5
Methods ....................................................................................................................9
Key to subfamilies of Curculionidae found in Canada and Alaska ........................ 10
Clé des sous-familles de Curculionidae représentées au Canada et en Alaska ...... 16

Subfamily Entiminae................................................................................................ 24
Key to genera of Entiminae found in Canada and Alaska ...................................... 24
Clé des genres de la sous-famille Entiminae représentés au Canada et en Alaska ...... 33
Tribe Alophini LeConte, 1874............................................................................ 43
Genus Lepidophorus Kirby, 1837 ................................................................ 43
Key to the species of Lepidophorus found in Canada and Alaska .............. 44
Clé des espèces du genre Lepidophorus présentes au Canada et en Alaska .... 45
Lepidophorus alternatus Van Dyke, 1930 .............................................. 46
Lepidophorus bakeri Buchanan, 1936 .................................................... 47
Lepidophorus inquinatus (Mannerheim, 1852) ...................................... 48

Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby, 1837 .................................................. 50
Lepidophorus pumilus Buchanan, 1936.................................................. 52
Lepidophorus rainieri Van Dyke, 1930 .................................................. 53
Lepidophorus setiger Hamilton, 1895 .................................................... 53
Lepidophorus thulius (Kissinger, 1974), comb. nov............................... 54
Genus Plinthodes LeConte, 1876 ................................................................ 55
Plinthodes taeniatus (LeConte, 1857) .................................................... 56
Genus Trichalophus LeConte, 1876 ............................................................ 57
Key to the species of Trichalophus found in Canada and Alaska................ 58
Clé des espèces du genre Trichalophus présentes au Canada et en Alaska .... 59
Trichalophus alternatus (Say, 1831) ...................................................... 59
Trichalophus didymus (LeConte, 1854).................................................. 61
Trichalophus granicollis (Van Dyke, 1927), comb. nov......................... 63
Trichalophus simplex (LeConte, 1876) .................................................. 64
Tribe Brachyderini Schönherr, 1826 .................................................................. 66
Genus Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 .............................................................. 66
Strophosoma melanogrammum (Forster, 1771)...................................... 67
Tribe Cneorhinini Lacordaire, 1863 .................................................................. 70
Genus Philopedon Schönherr, 1826 ............................................................ 70
Philopedon plagiatum (Schaller, 1783) .................................................. 70
Tribe Cyphicerini Lacordaire, 1863 .................................................................. 73
Genus Calomycterus Roelofs, 1873 ............................................................ 73
Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, 1873 .................................................... 73
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Genus Cyrtepistomus Marshall, 1913 .......................................................... 75

Cyrtepistomus castaneus (Roelofs, 1873) .............................................. 76
Genus Myosides Roelofs, 1873 .................................................................... 77
Myosides seriehispidus Roelofs, 1873.................................................... 78
Tribe Geonemini Gistel, 1848 ............................................................................ 78
Genus Barynotus Germar, 1817 .................................................................. 78
Key to the species of Barynotus found in Canada ...................................... 80
Clé des espèces du genre Barynotus présentes au Canada.......................... 81
Barynotus moerens (Fabricius, 1792) .................................................... 81
Barynotus obscurus (Fabricius, 1775) .................................................... 82
Barynotus schoenherri (Zetterstedt, 1838) ............................................ 84
Genus Epicaerus Schönherr, 1834 .............................................................. 86

Epicaerus imbricatus (Say, 1824) .......................................................... 87
Genus Stamoderes Casey, 1888 .................................................................... 87
Stamoderes lanei (Van Dyke, 1935) ...................................................... 88
Genus Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, 1853 ...................................................... 89
Trigonoscuta pilosa iridescens Pierce, 1975 .......................................... 89
Tribe Hormorini Horn, 1876 .............................................................................. 90
Genus Agasphaerops Horn, 1876 ................................................................ 90
Agasphaerops nigra Horn, 1876 ............................................................ 90
Genus Hormorus Horn, 1876 ...................................................................... 92
Hormorus undulatus (Uhler, 1856) ........................................................ 93

Tribe Naupactini Gistel, 1848 ............................................................................ 95
Genus Mesagroicus Schönherr, 1840 .......................................................... 95
Key to the species of Mesagroicus potentially occurring in Canada .......... 96
Clé des espèces du genre Mesagroicus possiblement présentes au Canada .... 96
Mesagroicus elongellus Emden, 1936 .................................................... 96
Mesagroicus minor Buchanan, 1929 ...................................................... 97
Genus Naupactus Dejean, 1821.................................................................... 98
Naupactus cervinus Boheman, 1840 ...................................................... 99
Tribe Omiini Shuckard, 1840 .......................................................................... 100
Genus Omias Germar, 1817 ...................................................................... 100
Key to the species of Omias found in Canada .......................................... 100
Clé des espèces du genre Omias présentes au Canada .............................. 101
Omias albus Van Dyke, 1935 .............................................................. 101
Omias minor Hatch, 1971 .................................................................... 102
Omias saccatus (LeConte, 1857).......................................................... 102
Tribe Ophryastini Lacordaire, 1863 ................................................................ 105
Genus Ophryastes Germar, 1829 .............................................................. 105
Key to the species of Ophryastes found in Canada .................................. 106
Clé des espèces du genre Ophryastes présentes au Canada ...................... 106
Ophryastes cinerascens (Pierce, 1913) ................................................ 107
Ophryastes sulcirostris (Say, 1824) ...................................................... 108
Ophryastes tuberosus LeConte, 1854 .................................................. 109
Tribe Otiorhynchini Schönherr, 1826 .............................................................. 109
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Genus Agronus Horn, 1876 ........................................................................ 109

Agronus carri Buchanan, 1929 ............................................................ 110
Genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 ............................................................ 111
Key to the species of Otiorhynchus found in Canada ................................ 112
Clé des espèces du genre Otiorhynchus présentes au Canada .................. 114
Otiorhynchus desertus Rosenhauer, 1847 ............................................ 116
Otiorhynchus ligneus (Olivier, 1807) .................................................. 116
Otiorhynchus ligustici (Linnaeus, 1758) .............................................. 118
Otiorhynchus meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834 ........................................ 119
Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) ................................................ 119
Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst, 1795).................................................. 122
Otiorhynchus raucus (Fabricius, 1777) ................................................ 123

Otiorhynchus rugifrons (Gyllenhal, 1813)............................................ 124
Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus (Goeze, 1777) ........................................ 126
Otiorhynchus scaber (Linnaeus, 1758) ................................................ 127
Otiorhynchus singularis (Linnaeus, 1767) .......................................... 128
Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) .............................................. 129
Genus Sciopithes Horn, 1876 .................................................................... 131
Sciopithes obscurus Horn, 1876 .......................................................... 132
Tribe Peritelini Lacordaire, 1863 .................................................................... 133
Genus Geodercodes Casey, 1888 .............................................................. 133
Geodercodes latipennis Casey, 1888 .................................................... 134

Genus Nemocestes Van Dyke, 1936 .......................................................... 135
Key to the species of Nemocestes found in Canada .................................. 136
Clé des espèces du genre Nemocestes présentes au Canada ...................... 136
Nemocestes horni Van Dyke, 1936 ...................................................... 137
Nemocestes incomptus (Horn, 1876) .................................................... 139
Nemocestes puncticollis Casey, 1888 .................................................. 141
Nemocestes tuberculatus Van Dyke, 1936............................................ 142
Genus Paraptochus Seidlitz, 1868.............................................................. 143
Key to the species of Paraptochus found in Canada.................................. 144
Clé des espèces du genre Paraptochus présentes au Canada .................... 144
Paraptochus sellatus (Boheman, 1859) ................................................ 144
Paraptochus variegatus (Casey, 1888), comb. nov............................... 145
Genus Stomodes Schönherr, 1826 .............................................................. 146
Stomodes gyrosicollis Boheman, 1843 ................................................ 147
Tribe Phyllobiini Schönherr, 1826 .................................................................. 147
Genus Aphrastus Say, 1831 ........................................................................ 147
Aphrastus taeniatus Say, 1831.............................................................. 148
Genus Evotus LeConte, 1874 .................................................................... 149
Evotus naso (LeConte, 1857)................................................................ 150
Genus Phyllobius Germar, 1824 ................................................................ 151
Key to the species of Phyllobius found in Canada .................................... 152
Clé des espèces du genre Phyllobius présentes au Canada ........................ 152
Phyllobius intrusus Kôno, 1948............................................................ 152
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Phyllobius oblongus (Linnaeus, 1758) ................................................ 153

Tribe Polydrusini Schönherr, 1823 .................................................................. 156
Genus Pachyrhinus Schönherr, 1823.......................................................... 156
Key to the species of Pachyrhinus found in Canada.................................. 157
Clé des espèces du genre Pachyrhinus présentes au Canada .................... 157
Pachyrhinus californicus (Horn, 1876) ................................................ 157
Pachyrhinus elegans (Couper, 1865) .................................................... 159
Genus Polydrusus Germar, 1817 ................................................................ 162
Key to the species of Polydrusus found in Canada .................................... 163
Clé des espèces du genre Polydrusus présentes au Canada ...................... 163
Polydrusus americanus Gyllenhal, 1834 .............................................. 164
Polydrusus cervinus (Linnaeus, 1758).................................................. 165

Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhal, 1834............................................ 166
Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller, 1783) .................................................... 169
Tribe Sciaphilini Sharp, 1891 .......................................................................... 170
Genus Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val, 1854 ................................................ 170
Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman, 1834) ............................................ 171
Genus Brachysomus Schönherr, 1823 ........................................................ 172
Brachysomus echinatus (Bonsdorff, 1785) .......................................... 173
Genus Sciaphilus Schönherr, 1823 ............................................................ 174
Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsdorff, 1785) ................................................175
Tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 .............................................................................. 178

Genus Sitona Germar, 1817........................................................................ 178
Key to the species of Sitona found in Canada and Alaska ........................ 179
Clé des espèces du genre Sitona présentes au Canada et en Alaska .......... 180
Sitona aquilonius Bright, 1994 ............................................................ 182
Sitona californius Fåhraeus, 1840 ........................................................ 184
Sitona cylindricollis Fåhraeus, 1840 .................................................... 188
Sitona flavescens (Marsham, 1802) ...................................................... 190
Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius, 1777) ...................................................... 193
Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) .......................................................... 196
Sitona lineellus (Bonsdorff, 1785)........................................................ 198
Sitona lupinus Sleeper, 1955 ................................................................ 201
Sitona vittatus LeConte, 1857 .............................................................. 202
Tribe Tanymecini Lacordaire, 1863 ................................................................ 203
Genus Minyomerus Horn, 1876.................................................................. 203
Minyomerus innocuus Horn, 1876........................................................ 204
Genus Pandeleteius Schönherr, 1834 ........................................................ 205
Pandeleteius hilaris (Herbst, 1797) ...................................................... 206
Genus Tanymecus Germar, 1817 ................................................................ 207
Tanymecus confusus Say, 1831 ............................................................ 208
Tribe Thecesternini Lacordaire, 1863 .............................................................. 209
Genus Thecesternus Say, 1831 .................................................................. 209
Thecesternus affinis (LeConte, 1856) .................................................. 210
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Tribe Trachyphloeini Gistel, 1848.................................................................... 211

Genus Cercopedius Sleeper, 1955 .............................................................. 211
Cercopedius artemisiae (Pierce, 1910) ................................................ 212
Genus Cercopeus Schönherr, 1842 ............................................................ 213
Cercopeus schwarzi Sleeper, 1955 ...................................................... 213
Genus Trachyphloeus Germar, 1817 .......................................................... 214
Key to the species of Trachyphloeus found in Canada .............................. 215
Clé des espèces du genre Trachyphloeus présentes au Canada.................. 215
Trachyphloeus aristatus (Gyllenhal, 1827) .......................................... 216
Trachyphloeus asperatus Boheman, 1843 ............................................ 217
Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck, 1817) ............................................ 218
Tribe Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863 .................................................................... 220

Genus Anametis Horn, 1876 ...................................................................... 220
Anametis granulata (Say, 1831) .......................................................... 221
Genus Byrsopages Schönherr, 1842 .......................................................... 222
Byrsopages villosus Boheman, 1842 .................................................... 223
Genus Cimbocera Horn, 1876 .................................................................... 224
Cimbocera pauper Horn, 1876 ............................................................ 225
Genus Connatichela Anderson, 1984 ........................................................ 225
Connatichela artemisiae Anderson, 1984 ............................................ 226
Genus Dyslobus LeConte, 1869 ................................................................ 227
Key to the species of Dyslobus found in Canada and Alaska .................. 229
Clé des espèces du genre Dyslobus présentes au Canada et en Alaska .... 230
Dyslobus alternatus (Horn, 1876) ........................................................ 233
Dyslobus bakeri Van Dyke, 1933.......................................................... 234
Dyslobus crinitus Bright, sp. nov. ........................................................ 235
Dyslobus decoratus LeConte, 1869 ...................................................... 236
Dyslobus granicollis LeConte, 1869 .................................................... 238
Dyslobus lecontei Casey, 1895 ............................................................ 240
Dyslobus luteus (Horn, 1876) .............................................................. 240
Dyslobus nigrescens (Pierce, 1913) ...................................................... 242
Dyslobus simplex Van Dyke, 1933........................................................ 243
Dyslobus ursinus (Horn, 1876) ............................................................ 243
Dyslobus verrucifer Casey, 1895 .......................................................... 245
Dyslobus viridescens Van Dyke, 1933.................................................. 247
Genus Panscopus Schönherr, 1842 ............................................................ 248
Key to the species of Panscopus found in Canada .................................... 249
Clé des espèces du genre Panscopus présentes au Canada ...................... 251
Panscopus abruptus (Casey, 1895) ...................................................... 253
Panscopus aequalis (Horn, 1876) ........................................................ 254
Panscopus bakeri Buchanan, 1936 ...................................................... 255
Panscopus costatus Buchanan, 1927 .................................................... 256
Panscopus erinaceus (Say, 1831) ........................................................ 257
Panscopus gemmatus (LeConte, 1857) ................................................ 258
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Panscopus johnsoni Van Dyke, 1935.................................................... 259

Panscopus longus Buchanan, 1936 ...................................................... 260
Panscopus ovalis Pierce, 1913 .............................................................. 261
Panscopus ovatipennis Buchanan, 1936 .............................................. 262
Panscopus rugicollis Buchanan, 1927 .................................................. 263
Panscopus spantoni Bright, sp. nov...................................................... 264
Panscopus squamosus Pierce, 1913...................................................... 265
Panscopus torpidus (LeConte, 1857).................................................... 266
Panscopus tricarinatus Buchanan, 1927 .............................................. 267
Genus Phyxelis Schönherr, 1842 ................................................................ 268
Phyxelis rigidus (Say, 1831) ................................................................ 269
Genus Tropiphorus Schönherr, 1842 .......................................................... 272

Key to the species of Tropiphorus found in Canada .................................. 273
Clé des espèces du genre Tropiphorus présentes au Canada .................... 273
Tropiphorus elevatus (Herbst, 1776) .................................................... 274
Tropiphorus obtusus (Bonsdorff, 1785)................................................ 274
Tropiphorus terricola (Newman, 1838)................................................ 275
References .............................................................................................................. 278
Appendix .............................................................................................................. 294
Plates .............................................................................................................. 298
Index .............................................................................................................. 321
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Acknowledgments
As part of our research on weevils for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, many
individuals and organizations sent important material for examination. Sincere thanks
are extended to all individuals and organizations that have sent material for study,
including but not restricted to the following: R. Vigneault, Oka, Quebec; R. Anderson,
Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario; D.H. Kavanaugh, California Academy
of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; P. Paquin, Université de
Montréal, Montreal, Quebec; E. Holstein and K. Zogas, United States Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Anchorage, Alaska; D. Sikes,
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska; L. Cloutier, Université de
Montréal, Montreal, Quebec; G. Deschênes-Wagner, Université Laval, Québec,

Quebec; A. Morgan and Jerry Pilney, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario; R.
Roughley, J.B. Wallis, Museum of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba; G. Pelletier, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Ste-Foy,
Quebec; K. Roney and R. Hooper, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina,
Saskatchewan; D. Blades, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British
Columbia; and A. Provonsha, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana.
Go Sato, Staff Artist, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, pro-
vided the habitus illustrations and the line drawings. Robert Skidmore and Anthony
Davies, Research Technicians, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, prepared the dis-
tribution maps, the digital photographs, read the manuscript, reviewed the keys, and
provided most of the technical support for the project. Jenny Lazebnik and Dave
Moorhouse, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, provided assistance with artwork,
and Serge Laplante, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, helped with the French keys.
Boris Korotyaev, St. Petersburg, Russia, kindly donated several specimens of
Byrosopages villosus Boheman to the Canadian National Collection of Insects,
Ottawa. David Langor, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alberta, kindly fur-
nished hundreds of collection records of weevils from Newfoundland and Labrador.
Christopher Majka, Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
provided new records of Entiminae from the Maritime Provinces.
Our colleagues, R. Anderson, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, and
A. Howden, Ottawa, Ontario, provided valuable advice and opinions concerning
species and generic concepts and assisted in many other ways. Both graciously agreed
to review the final manuscript and greatly improved the final product. We are indebt-
ed to them for their assistance. However, errors or opinions expressed, right or wrong,
are entirely our own.
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Abstract
The Canadian and Alaskan fauna of the weevil subfamily Entiminae, or broad-
nosed weevils, is reviewed. Forty-nine genera and 123 species, either occurring in
Canada and Alaska or in the United States near the border with Canada, are treated. A
key to the subfamilies of the Canadian Curculionidae is included, along with a key to
the genera of Entiminae and keys to the species in each genus where required. Each
genus is briefly described. For each species treated, there is a description, a list of
Canadian and Alaskan collection localities, a map illustrating the distribution when
the records are sufficient to show a pattern, and comments on biology, host plants, tax-
onomy, and identification. Illustrations of various morphological features used in the
keys are provided, as well as habitus illustrations of representative species.

New species include the following: Panscopus spantoni Bright, from British
Columbia to Oregon, and Dyslobus crinitus Bright, from Saskatchewan and Alberta.
New generic synonymy proposed: Vitavitus Kissinger, 1974 = Lepidophorus Kirby,
1837; Peritelinus Casey, 1888 = Paraptochus Seidlitz, 1868; and Acmaegenius
LeConte, 1876 = Trichalophus LeConte, 1876. New species synonymy proposed:
Omias erectus Hatch, 1971 = Omias sacattus (LeConte, 1857); Scythropus ferrug-
ineus Casey, 1888 = Pachyrhinus californicus (Horn, 1876); Trichalophus brunneus
Van Dyke, 1927 = Trichalophus didymus (LeConte, 1854); Alophus seriatus
Mannerheim, 1853 = Trichalophus alternatus (Say, 1831); Amnesia rauca Horn, 1876
= Dyslobus ursinus (Horn, 1876); Dyslobus tanneri Van Dyke, 1933 = Dyslobus ursi-
nus (Horn, 1876); Panscopus pallidus Buchanan, 1927 = Panscopus torpidus
(LeConte, 1857), Panscopus remotus Van Dyke, 1949 = Panscopus rugicollis
Buchanan, 1927; and Phyxelis latirostris Blatchley, 1916 = Phyxelis rigidus (Say,
1831). New combinations include the following: Paraptochus variegatus (Casey),
Trichalophus granicollis (Van Dyke), and Lepidophorus thulius (Kissinger). A neo-
type is selected for Trichalophus alternatus (Say). Alophus didymus LeConte, 1854,
is herein designated as the type species of Trichalophus LeConte, 1876.
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Résumé
Cet ouvrage est un traitement taxonomique et faunique des charançons de la sous-
famille des Entiminae du Canada et de l’Alaska. Il couvre 49 genres et 123 espèces
répertoriées sur le territoire ou dans la partie nordlimitrophe des États-Unis. Il com-
prend une clé des sous-familles de Curculionidae, une clé des genres d’Entiminae et
des clés des espèces pour les genres comprenant plus d’une espèce. En plus d’une
brève description de chaque genre, le traitement de chaque espèce comprend une
description, une liste des localités répertoriées, une carte de répartition lorsque le
nombre de localités est suffisant, ainsi que des commentaires sur la biologie, les
plantes-hôtes, la taxonomie et l’identification. Des illustrations des caractères mor-
phologiques sont incluses de même que des photographies et des dessins d’habitus
d’espèces représentatives.
Les nouvelles espèces décrites sont: Panscopus spantoni Bright, de la Colombie
Britannique et de l’Oregon et Dyslobus crinitus Bright de la Saskatchewan et
l’Alberta. Les noms de genres suivants sont placés en synonymie: Vitavitus Kissinger,
1974 = Lepidophorus Kirby, 1837; Peritelinus Casey, 1888 = Paraptochus Seidlitz,
1868 et Acmaegenius LeConte, 1876 = Trichalophus LeConte, 1876. Les noms d’e-
spèces suivants sont placés en synonymie: Omias erectus Hatch, 1971 = Omias sacat-
tus (LeConte, 1857); Scythropus ferrugineus Casey, 1888 = Pachyrhinus californicus
(Horn, 1876); Trichalophus brunneus Van Dyke, 1927 = Trichalophus didymus
(LeConte, 1854); Alophus seriatus Mannerheim, 1853 = Trichalophus alternatus

(Say, 1831); Amnesia rauca Horn, 1876 = Dyslobus ursinus (Horn, 1876); Dyslobus
tanneri Van Dyke, 1933 = Dyslobus ursinus (Horn, 1876); Panscopus pallidus
Buchanan, 1927 = Panscopus torpidus (LeConte, 1857), Panscopus remotus Van
Dyke, 1949 = Panscopus rugicollis Buchanan, 1927 et Phyxelis latirostris Blatchley,
1916 = Phyxelis rigidus (Say, 1831). Les nouvelles combinaisons suivantes sont pro-
posées: Paraptochus variegatus (Casey), Trichalophus granicollis (Van Dyke) and
Lepidophorus thulius (Kissinger). Un néotype est désigné pour Trichalophus alterna-
tus (Say). Alophus didymus LeConte, 1854 est désignée l’espèce type du genre
Trichalophus LeConte, 1876.
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Introduction
The broad-nosed weevils (also commonly known as root weevils) are varied in
general form and size, although most are rather large, robust weevils. Almost all
species are characterized by the short, broad rostrum and by the presence of an oval
or round scar on the mandibles. The scar marks the point of attachment of a decidu-
ous, sickle-shaped mandibular appendage (“provisional mandibles” of Marshall
(1916), “deciduous mandibular processes” of Thompson (1992)), which is lost soon
after emergence from the pupal cell. Unfortunately, adults in some genera of broad-
nosed weevils such as Sitona do not have the mandibular scar, and adults of some
other species, such as species of Tropiphorus, have a relatively long rostrum. In addi-
tion, some non-entimine genera, such as Rhinocyllus conicus (Fröhlich), have a short
and broad rostrum (but no mandibular scar). We have tried to include the various
exceptions in the keys herein.
This is the second part of a large study that is intended to result in a complete tax-
onomic treatment of the weevils of Canada and Alaska. When this project was origi-
nally designed, it was decided to begin with a treatment of all the families of the
superfamily Curculionoidea in Canada except for the large family Curculionidae, and
then continue in subsequent volumes with the remaining fauna of Curculionidae. That
first goal was completed with the publication of Part 1 (Bright 1993), which treated
the species in the families Anthribidae, Apionidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae,
Ithyceridae, Nemonychidae, Platypodidae1 and Rhynchitidae. Also included in Part 1

was a key to the families of the North American Curculionoidea. The Canadian
species of Scolytidae1 were treated earlier by Bright (1976). After the completion of
Part 1, and after considerable thought and consultations with colleagues, and with the
realization of advancing time, it was decided to alter this original concept and prepare
a treatment of the Entiminae or broad-nosed weevils as the second volume. This sub-
family, for the most part, is easily recognized and forms a readily identifiable unit. The
taxonomic treatment of the remaining subfamilies will be completed in the future.
The present contribution includes treatments of 49 genera and 123 species. Keys
to all taxa are provided. For each species, a short description is given along with infor-
mation on biology (if known), distribution, and notes on distinguishing characters.
Pertinent literature references are also provided. Since this work is primarily intend-
ed for use by individuals that may not be specialists in the Curculionidae, the keys use
characters that are the most easily observed and the least ambiguous. This means that
some genera may be placed two or more times in the key. The descriptions usually
include only those characters that are needed for accurate identification or compari-
son. Synonymies listed are primarily those synonyms used in North American litera-
ture, and literature references are also restricted to those that provide the most infor-
mation to the user.
1Scolytidae and Platypodidae were traditionally treated as separate families within Curculionoidea and
should continue to be treated as such, according to the first author of this book. However, in an effort to to
follow the currently accepted weevil classification in North America (Table 1), we have included these as
the subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae within the family Curculionidae.
1
Biology
The immature stages of the Curculionidae provide many opportunities for future
investigation. Burke and Anderson (1976) found that the larva and (or) pupa of one or
more species have been studied for only 123 of the 390 genera of Curculionidae
occurring in America, north of Mexico. Larvae and (or) pupae of only 256 of the
approximately 2500 species of Curculionidae of America, north of Mexico, have been
studied adequately enough to have some information of systematic value available for
them. Even the immature stages of some of the economic pests are not described, or
if described, are only poorly so. Much more effort must be expended in this very neg-
lected area of weevil biology.
The biology of the broad-nosed weevils is so varied that general statements are
difficult to make. However, some general information may be of value to users of this
work. More detailed information may be given in the various species treatments and
in the references noted under each species.
The larvae of broad-nosed weevils usually live free in the soil and feed on roots
or root-nodules of various species of plants. They are generally polyphagous. Some
burrowing into the roots may occur. The eggs of many species are laid indiscriminate-
ly in or near the soil. There is no penetration of the host plant by the rostrum, which
is not adapted to pierce plant tissue.
Anatomy
The comments below refer mainly to anatomical features that are displayed by
broad-nosed weevils. Features found on weevils in other subfamilies may be mentioned,
but only for comparison purposes. For additional information concerning the anato-
my/morphology of weevils or for definitions of the terms used, the reader is referred to
Kissinger (1964), Nichols and Schuh (1989), Bright (1993), or Anderson (2002).
The unique feature that characterizes all weevils is the presence of a snout, beak,
or rostrum (Figs. 1, 2). The mouthparts are borne at the apex of the rostrum. The size
and shape of the rostrum vary considerably between taxa. The rostrum may be very
long, slender, and curved, as in Curculio species, to very broad, short, and almost
absent, as in some Cossoninae. Laterally or dorsally, the rostrum bears the antennae.
The antennae may be inserted close to the apex of the rostrum or close to the eyes or
anywhere in between, depending on the species. The rostrum bears a lateral groove,
called the scrobe, which receives the elongate scape of the antennae (Fig. 1). The
shape and position of the scrobe is often of value in identifying certain genera.
The rostrum may be modified in a number of ways. The dorsal surface may be
smooth or may bear various grooves, bumps, punctures, etc. The broad-nosed weevils
may also have a distinct epistomal region limited posteriorly by a raised, acute cari-
na; this is termed the nasal plate. The antennal scrobes may vary in position and in
distinctness along its length; the position of its dorsal and lateral edges may be of
generic significance.
2
Species in the subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Bright 1976) can also
have a short, broad rostrum (the rostrum in some species is entirely lacking). These
beetles usually spend their entire life cycle in wood and are very small (1–8 mm).
They should be differentiated readily from species in Entiminae.
One important character that separates most of the species of the Entiminae from
the other subfamilies is the presence of an oval scar on the anterior surface of the
mandible (Figs. 3, 4). This scar marks the point of attachment of a deciduous cusp,
which apparently helps the new adult in breaking out of its pupal cell. This cusp is lost
soon after the adult emerges and is seldom seen on specimens. The scar is usually
quite prominent but is absent in adults of Sitona and small to absent in adults of some
genera in the tribes Trachyphloeini and Alophini. In most of the genera, both
mandibles have a scar; in Stamoderes, only one mandible has a visible scar.
1
Figs. 1, 2. Lateral (1) and dorsal (2) view of generalized weevil, illustrating various
morphological features.
3
The antenna consists of three regions (Figs. 2, 5): the basal scape, the subdivided
funicle, and the terminal club. The funicle contains 4–8 segments. The club is usual-
ly made of three compactly united segments (Figs. 3, 50). The type of vestiture on the
scape is sometimes used to distinguish genera or groups of genera; it may be com-
posed of fine, hairlike setae or flat, broad scales.
The frons is the area between the eyes on the dorsal surface of the head. The width
of the frons, the sculpture, and the vestiture are often used for taxonomic purposes.
The prothorax provides a number of characters of considerable taxonomic impor-
tance. The base of the prothorax and the base of the elytra are adjacent. The anterior
edge behind the eyes is often produced into a more or less distinct lobe (Fig. 6) that
may bear distinct bristles, and in the Tanymecini, the lobe appears to have been entire-
ly replaced by a fringe of setae, termed the postocular bristles (Fig. 5).
The elytra, in general, have 10 striae, or rows of punctures (Fig. 2), but sometimes
the tenth stria is abbreviated, weakly impressed, or absent; occasionally, no striae are
evident, and the elytra appear to be randomly punctured. Each area between the strial
rows is termed the elytral interstria (Figs. 1, 2). The first interstria is adjacent to the
suture, and is sometimes termed the sutural interstria. The surface of the interstriae
may be smooth or bear numerous types of surface irregularities (rugosities, asperities,
granules, tubercles, etc.), or various types and arrangements of setae, scales, etc.,
depending on the genus or species observed. The basal lateral angles of the elytra
(“shoulders”) are called humeri; in flightless forms, the humeri are reduced or lack-
ing. Also, in flightless forms, the elytra are often fused along the suture. In broad-
nosed weevils, the elytral apices more or less completely cover the pygidium.
The type of armature and the arrangement of setae at the apex of the tibia are very
3
7
5
4 6 8
Figs. 3–8. 3, 4, Mandibles of generalized weevil, illustrating position of mandibular scar. 5,

Lateral view of pronotum and head, illustrating position of postocular bristles. 6, Lateral view
of pronotum and head, illustrating position of postocular lobe. 7, 8, Tarsal claws; 7, free;
8, connate.
4
important diagnostic characters. A small spine may be present on the inner apical
angle; this spine is called a mucro (Fig. 11), and the tibia is termed mucronate. The
mucro is usually quite small, usually about one-third as long as the tarsal claw.
Sometimes, a large, stout, almost hook-like spine may be developed on the outer api-
cal angle; this spine is called an uncus (Fig. 10) and the tibia is termed uncinate.
Usually, the uncus is more than half as long as the tarsal claw. See Thompson (1992)
and Anderson (2002) for alternative names used instead of mucro and uncus. The cor-
bel is an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia surrounded by a fringe of bristles. It
is considered “closed” when in species with the tarsal segments originating on the lat-
eral surface of the tibia (e.g., Philopedon) or open in species with the tarsal segments
originating from the apex of the tibia (e.g., Strophosoma).
Some valuable characters are displayed on the tarsi. In most cases, the tarsi
appear to be four-segmented; a minute fifth segment is present but is concealed by the
bilobed third segment. The third tarsal segment is usually distinctly broader than the
other segments, is often bilobed, and is usually clothed with fine pubescence on the
ventral surface. In Ophryastes, the ventral surface of the tarsal segments bear a dis-
tinct clump of coarse, curved setae at the apical angles. The tarsi are usually clothed
dorsally with fine setae or narrow scales.
The tarsal claws are free if the inner surfaces of the pair are not contiguous (Fig.
7); they are connate if the inner surfaces are contiguous in the basal half (Fig. 8).
The type of vestiture on the body varies considerably and is often used for iden-
tification purposes. The vestiture may consist of broad, usually overlapping (imbri-
cate) scales, or narrow, elongate scales, or fine, hairlike setae. The setae may be
recumbent (resting on the body surface) or erect or variously intermediate. The setae
may be fine or coarse, blunt, spatulate, club-shaped, acutely pointed, or any number
of shapes or conditions.
Classification
One of the most difficult problems facing weevil systematists is the arrangement
of the various tribes and genera into a logical, workable classification. Crowson
(1955, 1967) wrote, “A satisfactory resolution of the Curculionidae into subfamilies
and tribes is probably the largest and most important problem in the higher classifica-
tion of the Coleoptera, . . .” Thompson (1992) wrote, “Classification of weevils is like
a mirage in that their wonderful variety of form and the apparent distinctness of many
major groups lead one to suppose that classifying them will be fairly straightforward
but, when examined closely, the distinctions disappear in a welter of exceptions and
transformation series.” Even with the more restricted fauna of Canada, the above
statements ring true. In the last two decades, considerable attention has been focused
on this problem and significant progress has been made, but the process is far from
finished.
Within the Curculionidae, two large subdivisions are recognized by Morris
(1997): the Adelognatha (only includes the subfamily Entiminae) in which there are
5
deciduous cusps that leave oval mandibular scars when they break off, the rostrum is
short and broad, the mentum is enlarged so as to largely conceal the maxillae, and the
larva lives in the soil feeding on the roots of plants; and the Phanerognatha (subfam-
ilies of Curculionidae other than Entiminae) in which there are no deciduous cusps
and therefore no mandibular scar, the maxillae are not hidden by the mentum, the ros-
trum is usually long and slender, the mentum is not enlarged, and the larva very rarely
lives in soil and usually does not feed on roots. Distinctions between the two subdivi-
sions are not as simple and straightforward as the preceeding statements seem to
imply. A number of genera in the Adelognatha (subfamily Entiminae) do not bear
mandibular scars, but nevertheless, they are placed with the scar-bearing taxa. In the
keys that follow, we have tried to include couplets that will take into account these
exceptions. The rostrum of the broad-nosed weevils is not used in the preparation of
oviposition sites deep in plant tissue, while in most of the remaining subfamilies of
weevils the rostrum is used by the female for preparing the oviposition site.
The publication that provided the impetus for the renewed interest and that serves
as the foundation for all recent work, at least in North America, is Kissinger’s remark-
able Key to Genera of North American Weevils (1964). This work was a significant
achievement in that it not only provided keys to the genera and higher taxa of weevils
but also established a subfamily classification that was largely logical and workable,
including placement of the genera. Naturally, there remained many unresolved
problems.
Refinements to Kissinger’s work were made by a number of workers. In 1982,

O’Brien and Wibmer published their checklist of North American weevils, another
milestone in weevil systematics. While this checklist essentially followed Kissinger’s
arrangement of the subfamilies, for the first time all the species of North American
weevils were listed under their current generic name along with synonyms, distribu-
tion, and an extensive list of references.
At about the same time, Kuschel was working on an extensive review of the sub-
family classification of weevils from a worldwide perspective in which the previous
subfamily and tribal concepts were altered considerably, and a number of new names
9 10 11 12
Figs. 9–12. 9, Apex of tibia of Trigonoscuta sp. 10, 11, Tibia, illustrating position of uncus
(10) and mucro (11). 12, Pandeleteius sp., illustrating elongate front legs.
6
were proposed. In 1985, copies of his unpublished study, and several subsequent revi-
sions, were distributed to a number of weevil specialists for review and comments,
with the result that the proposed classification became virtually impossible to use
because of the numerous changes that were proposed.
In 1986, Wibmer and O’Brien published a checklist of South American weevils.
The format of this work was similar to that used in their previous North American
checklist, but they used the most recently available subfamily classification of
Kuschel, thereby introducing a number of new and unfamiliar subfamily names.
Wibmer and O’Brien’s checklist is a great help in interpreting Kuschel’s scheme, but
it is difficult to coordinate this work with the Canadian fauna.
Thompson (1992) prepared a thoughtful and detailed assessment of the morphol-

ogy and classification of weevils from a world viewpoint. He introduced a number of
new arrangements of subfamilies and tribes and added considerably to the knowledge
of the classification of this group of beetles.
In 1995, Kuschel’s long-awaited classification of the Curculionoidea was pub-
lished. This was the most comprehensive review of Curculionoidea classification
since the appearance of Crowson’s 1955 major work on beetle classification. After an
examination of over 200 adult and larval characters on well over 1000 species,
Kuschel reduced the number of families to 6 (previously between 10 and 22) and the
number of subfamilies to 21 (previously over 100). The newly arranged family
Curculionidae included six subfamilies: Brachycerinae, Curculioninae,

Rhynchophorinae, Cossoninae, and the Scolytinae and Platypodinae, both of which
were previously distinct families.
Lawrence and Newton (1995) prepared a complete, current, annotated classifica-
tion of Coleoptera at the subfamily level. For the Curculionoidea, they followed the
classification proposed by Kuschel except for the placement of Ithycerus in a separate
family, and the name Rhynchophorinae was changed to the older name
Dryophthorinae.
Also in 1995, Zherikhin and Gratshev proposed a classification of the
Curculionidae based on wing venation. They essentially followed the classification of
Kuschel except that they split the group into three families: Brachyceridae, Barididae,
and Curculionidae.
Morrone (1997) and Marvaldi (1997, 1998) have proposed a classification based,
in part, on larval morphology and on a cladistic analysis of weevil subfamilies and
tribes.
Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999) presented a complete outline of the families,
subfamilies, and tribes of the Curculionoidea of the world (except Scolytidae and
Platypodidae), including all genera and generic synonyms along with the type species
of each genus-level taxon. Excluding the Scolytidae and Platypodidae, they recog-
nized 21 families, following to a large extent the classifications of Thompson (1992)
and Zimmerman (1991–1994).
7
Anderson (2002), assisted by various specialists, reviewed the classification of

North American weevils, and provided information on biology, nomenclature, and
keys to the subfamilies and genera. Other subfamily arrangements may be found in
Zimmerman (1991–1994).
As a result of the various studies, we are now left with a difficult scenario. The
range of accepted families in the Curculionoidea now varies between 6 and 22, and
the number of subfamilies between 10 and 100 (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999).
Most of the above publications emphasize classification and relationships at the
family or subfamily level. What was lacking was a similar analysis of the tribal lev-
els within the Entiminae and related subfamilies. This question was at least partly
answered by the catalog of Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999) in which each genus
treated was placed in a subfamily and tribe. We follow here the classification proposed
Table 1. Summary of the classification of the family Curculionidae based on Anderson (2002).
Only subfamilies that occur in Canada and Alaska are listed. The former/alternative names used
in O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) and McNamara (1991) are indicated in the footnotes. See
Classification section for additional information.
Curculionidae
Dryophthorinae*,a
Erirhininae*
Curculioninaeb
Bagoinae
Baridinae
Ceutorhynchinae
Conoderinaec
Cossoninae
Cryptorhynchinae
Cyclominaed
Entiminaee
Hyperinae
Lixinaef
Mesoptiliinaeg
Molytinaeh
Scolytinaei
Platypodinae*
*Treated as separate families in Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999).

aRhynchophorinae.
bAnthonominae, Gymnetrinae, Otidocephalinae, Prionomerinae, Rhynchaeninae, Tychiinae.
cZygopinae.
dCylydrorhinae, Rhytirrhininae.
eBrachyderinae, Otiorhynchinae, Eremninae, Leptopiinae, Thecesterninae.
fCleoninae.
gMagdalinae.
hAcicnemidinae, Hylobiinae, Pissodinae.
iHylesininae.
8
by Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999; with subsequent additions and corrections in

Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (2002)) and Anderson (2002) (see Table 1).
The name of the subfamily that contains the broad-nosed weevils has been
Leptopiinae, Eremninae, Tanymecinae, Brachyrhininae, and Thylacitinae (Kissinger
1964); Brachyderinae, Otiorhynchinae, and Leptopiinae (O’Brien and Wibmer 1982);
Polydrosinae and Entiminae (Wibmer and O’Brien 1986); Entiminae (Thompson
1992); Brachycerinae (Lawrence and Newton 1995); and Entiminae (Morris 1997;
Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999). As stated above, after consultations with colleagues,
we have decided to apply the name Entiminae, following Morrone (1997), Marvaldi
(1997, 1998), Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999), and Anderson (2002), for the broad-
nosed weevils (see Table 1).

We have included a provisional key to the subfamilies of Canadian weevils. The
key is tentative, and many improvements can be expected. This is due primarily to the
fact that generic classification of weevils is still in a state of flux, and many inconsis-
tencies and unresolved problems abound. However, we expect that with this key, a
worker should be able to identify, at least to the subfamily level, any Canadian wee-
vil specimen at hand. Readers can also consult the well-illustrated keys to the subfam-
ilies and genera of North American weevils previously prepared by Anderson (2002)
and his colleagues.
Methods
All measurements of total length are from a dorsal view and exclude the head.
Elytral length is measured along the suture, from the posterior tip of the scutellum to
the apex of the suture. Elytral width is measured in dorsal view at the widest point.
Many of the species included in this work are introductions from Europe or, less
often, from Japan. There often is a large body of taxonomic and biological informa-
tion in the Old World literature concerning these species. In some cases, we have
included some biological information originating from this literature; however, we
have not included the Old World generic and species synonyms unless they have been
used in the North American literature or are necessary to resolve nomenclatural prob-
lems. A complete list of generic synonyms can be found in Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999), and species synonyms can be found in Emden and Emden (1939), Hoffmann
(1950), Dieckmann (1980), and Morris (1997).
Several species are included that do not occur, as far as presently known, in
Canada; however, based on the known present distribution, it is likely that they will
eventually be found in Canada. Quite a few more species could have been included,
such as many of the species in Blatchley and Leng’s 1916 treatment of the weevils of
Northeastern America. However, we limited the non-Canadian species to those that
have a wide distribution and are known to occur in the border states. A summary of
the distribution of species known to occur in Canada and a map of the area covered in
this book are given in the Appendix. All taxa in the text are ordered alphabetically
from tribes to species, and all localities are listed alphabetically by province or terri-
9
tory. Recent publications by Majka et al. (2007a, b) contain additional localities for
the Maritime Provinces. Life history notes are included in the Comments under each
species when known.
Key to subfamilies of Curculionidae

found in Canada and Alaska2
1. One or both mandibles with an apical round or oval scar marking point of
attachment of deciduous cusp (Figs. 3, 4); rostrum stout, quadrate, usually
shorter than prothorax, often expanded laterally toward apex and often with one
or more longitudinal grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part)
Both mandibles without a distinct scar or cusp; rostrum variable in length or

stoutness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Rostrum usually stout (may appear to be moderately slender), usually shorter

than prothorax, often expanded toward apex with antennal insertions on dorsal
surface, and often with one or more longitudinal grooves or carinae; antennal
scape extending to or beyond anterior edge of eye; mandibles large, distinct,
often with numerous scales and (or) setae; mentum large, covering maxillae
(sometimes difficult to observe), segmented palps may be visible laterally or at
apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part)
Rostrum normally as long as or longer than prothorax, thickness variable; anten-

nal scape shorter, not reaching anterior edge of eye; mandibles often small;
mentum small, not covering maxillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Antenna distinctly elbowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Antenna straight, not elbowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4. Rostrum fitting into large, very deep emargination anterior of front coxae; third
tarsal segment cylindrical; humeral angles strongly projecting forward. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part); Thecesternini, Thecesternus
Rostrum free or fitting into an excavation anterior of front coxae but not as
above; third tarsal segment bilobed; humeral angles not strongly projecting for-
ward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Rostrum at rest free, not fitting into a median channel in prosternum . . . . . . 6

Rostrum at rest fitting into a median channel in prosternum or if not fitted in the
sternal channel, then prosternum canaliculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6. Antennal funicle 4-segmented; antennal club solid, glabrous except for setae at
extreme apex; prothorax deeply constricted anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryophthorinae (in part); Dryophthorini, Dryophthorus
2Excepting Scolytinae and Platypodinae.
10
Antennal funicle 5–7 segmented; antennal club distinctly segmented, setation

variable; prothorax at most weakly constricted anteriorly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Antennal scape extending well beyond posterior edge of eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryophthorinae (in part)
Antennal scape rarely reaching posterior edge of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Mesepimeron not ascending, not visible from above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Mesepimeron strongly ascending, visible from above between base of pronotum

and base of elytra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9. Front coxae contiguous, may be slightly separated but then prosternal process
not complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Front coxae distinctly separated by a complete process of prosternum . . . . . 35
10. Posterior femur swollen or inflated, distinctly thicker than anterior femur . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Rhamphini)
Posterior femur similar to others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Posterior edge of abdominal sternite 2 strongly produced backward laterally,

reaching or surpassing suture between 3rd and 4th sternites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Tychiini)
Posterior edge of abdominal sternite 2 straight, or at most only weakly produced

backward laterally, not reaching suture between 3rd and 4th sternite . . . . . . 12
12. Tarsal claws connate at base (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tarsal claws free at base or with only one tarsal claw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13. Antennal funicle 5-segmented; pygidium exposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Mecinini)
Antennal funicle 7-segmented; pygidium concealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Eye distant from anterior edge of prothorax; anterior edge of prothorax with
long postocular setae; anterior edge of prothorax may be extended into postoc-
ular lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (in part)
Eye partially concealed by postocular lobe of anterior edge of prothorax; long

postocular setae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part)
15. Tarsi with only a single tarsal claw . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part; Brachybamus)
Tarsi with two tarsal claws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11
16. Tarsal claws without a basal tooth or process; 2nd abdominal sternite longer
than 3rd, usually as long as 3rd and 4th together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Tarsal claws with a basal tooth or process; abdominal sternites 2–4 usually
about equal in length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
17. Front tibia prolonged beyond articulation of tarsus into a long, flattened paddle
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclominae (in part; Emphyastes)
Front tibia with apex not flattened or prolonged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Metepisternum visible, not concealed by elytra; elytral interstriae and size of
scutellum variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Metepisternum concealed by elytra; alternate elytral interstriae with raised nod-

ules clothed by very broad, erect scales; scutellum greatly reduced. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part, Trachodini)
19. Metepimeron visible, with vestiture and sculpturing similar to that of metepis-
ternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Metepimeron normally covered by elytra, with vestiture and sculpturing finer

than that on metepisternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
20. Uncus on hind tibia projecting from slightly posterior of anterior edge of tibia;
body usually without scales dorsally but with stellate scales ventrally . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (in part, Magdalidini)
Uncus on hind tibia projecting from anterior edge of tibia; body clothed dorsal-
ly and ventrally with narrow elongate scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part, Lepyrini)
21. Dorsal edge of scrobe reaching posterior edge of eye; lateral edge of prothorax
with postocular lobes; in lateral view, rostrum about equal in width to greatest
width of middle femur; body densely clothed with flat scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclominae
Dorsal edge of scrobe not reaching posterior edge of eye; lateral edge of protho-
rax straight or with postocular lobes, if lobes present, then rostrum more slen-
der than greatest width of middle femur; body variably clothed with scales and
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Prothorax with postocular lobes; rostrum more slender than greatest width of
middle femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part)
Prothorax lacking postocular lobes; thickness of rostrum variable. . . . . . . . . 23
23. Anterior edge of prothorax slightly sinuate in lateral view, may appear to have
a very weak postocular lobe; body strongly punctured and tuberculate; body
length 7.0 mm or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part)
12
Anterior edge of prothorax straight, without any hint of a postocular lobe; body
sculpture variable; length variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24. Front coxae much closer to posterior edge of prosternum than to anterior edge
Erirhininae (in part)
Front coxae about equidistant from anterior and posterior edges of prosternum
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
25. Eyes narrowly separated; body length about 1.2 mm; body often with a varnish-
like coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part, Tanysphyrus)
Eyes widely separated; body longer than 1.3 mm; body without varnish-like
coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26. Eyes transversally oval; rostrum stout, densely and rather uniformly setose . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyperinae
Eyes nearly round; rostrum variable in stoutness and setation . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27. Rostrum stout, width at insertion of antenna equal to or greater than width of
eye; rostrum shorter than prothorax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part, Alophini, Lepidophorus)
Rostrum slender, width at insertion of antenna much less than width of eye; ros-
trum longer than prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Anthonomini)
28. Front coxae about equidistant from anterior and posterior edges of prosternum
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Front coxae much closer to posterior edge of prosternum than to anterior edge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
29. Prothorax longer than wide, strongly narrowed at base; hind tibia with a small
uncus; antennal scrobe located ventrally; body nearly glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Otiodocephalini)
Prothorax wider than long, not constricted at base; hind tibia with mucro or
uncus; antennal scrobe located laterally; body variously covered with scales and
(or) setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30. Hind tibia uncinate, with uncus longer than tarsal claws; first tarsal segment
longer than fourth; eye transversely oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hind tibia unarmed or mucronate, or if apparently uncinate, with uncus distinct-

ly shorter than tarsal claws; first tarsal segment shorter than fourth; eye not
transversely oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
13
31. Apex of hind tibia with comb of setae perpendicular to long axis of tibia; hind
tibia not narrowed apically; hind femora not much stouter than middle femora
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Anthonomini)
Apical comb of setae on hind tibia oblique and ascending for distance greater
than width of tibia at apex; hind tibia narrowed apically; hind femora stouter
than middle femora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Rhamphini)
32. Pronotum with anterolateral tooth-like projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pronotum without such projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

33. Prothorax oval, longer than wide, narrowed at base; hind tibia uncinate; anten-
nal scrobe located more ventrally; body nearly glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Otidocephalini)
Prothorax wider than long, not wider in middle than at base; hind tibia unarmed
or mucronate; antennal scrobes located laterally; setation on body variable . . . 34
34. Femora with stout triangular tooth; elytra with slender elongate scales; rostrum
slender, often as long as body or longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Curculionini, Curculio)
Femora without such a tooth; elytra with inconspicuous, short fine setae; shape
of rostrum variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part)
35. Tarsal segment 3 deeply bilobed, broad; tarsal segment 4 not extending beyond
lobes of segment 3; body covered with varnish-like coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (in part, Notiodes)
Tarsal segment 3 not deeply bilobed; tarsal segment 4 extending well beyond
lobes of segment 3; body with or without varnish-like coating . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36. Eyes narrowly separated by frons, separation equal to or less than maximum
diameter of antennal club; front femora toothed, sometimes strongly so; pygid-
ium concealed or exposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Eyes broadly separated by frons, separation distinctly greater than maximum

diameter of antennal club; front femora not toothed; pygidium concealed . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
37. Base of elytra produced over base of prothorax; elytra black, usually with a red-
dish area; pygidium exposed; rostrum generally cylindrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (in part, Magdalidini, Laemosaccus)
Base of elytra not produced over base of prothorax; elytra unicolorous; pygidi-
um exposed or concealed; rostrum slightly flattened apically . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part, Piazorhinini, Piazorhinus)
14
38. Rostrum very short, broad, much shorter than length of prothorax; vestiture of
variegated hairlike setae, with numerous light spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (in part, Rhinocyllus)
Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
39. Hind tibia with comb of setae on outer surface near base of uncus; scut-
ellum minute or not visible; dorsal edge of scrobe directed toward lower
half of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part)
Hind tibia without comb of setae on outer surface near base of uncus; size of
scutellum and projection of scrobe variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
40. Apex of hind tibia with comb of setae along dorsal edge; rostrum about as long
as prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part, Pissodini)
Apex of hind tibia without comb of setae along dorsal edge; rostrum usually
shorter than prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cossoninae (in part)
41. Eyes very narrowly separated by frons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conoderinae (in part)
Eyes widely separated by frons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

42. Antennal funicle 6-segmented; tarsal claws simple or toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceutorhynchinae (in part)
Antennal funicle 7-segmented; tarsal claws simple or with single claw. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baridinae (in part)
43. Antennal funicle 6- or 7-segmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Antennal funicle 5-segmented . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (in part, Mecinini)
44. Prosternum very weakly canaliculate; mesepimeron visible between base of

elytra and base of pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baridinae (in part)
Prosternum deeply canaliculate; mesepimeron not visible between base of ely-

tra and base of pronotum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
45. Eyes widely separated by frons, completely to partly covered by postocular

lobes of prothorax when rostrum in repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Eyes very narrowly separated by frons, not covered by postocular lobes when
rostrum in repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conoderinae (in part)
46. Pygidium covered by elytra; tibia with uncus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pygidium exposed; tibia without uncus, but may be mucronate . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceutorhynchinae (in part)
15
47. First segment of antennal club nearly glabrous; hind tibia without apical comb
of setae; tarsi narrow, 3rd segment not bilobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptorhynchinae (in part)
First segment of antennal club pubescent as on other segments; hind tibia with
distinct apical comb of setae; shape of tarsi variable, 3rd segment bilobed
or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
48. Body generally densely covered with scales, forming varnish-like coating; 3rd
tarsal segment generally as wide or narrower than preceding segments, not
bilobed; front coxae contiguous; tarsal claws free, simple . . . . . . . . . Bagoinae
Body not densely covered with scales, forming a varnish-like coating; 3rd tarsal
segment usually wider than preceding segments, bilobed; front coxae separated
or tarsal claws toothed or connate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptorhynchinae (in part)
49. Hind coxae separated by distance at least 4–5 times greater than width of coxa;
hind femora much longer than other femora, spinose ventrally; eyes nearly con-
tiguous, separated by distance much shorter than apex of rostrum; body broad-
ly ovate, flattened, with prostrate setae or tufts of erect setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conoderinae (in part, Tachygonini)
Hind coxae separated by distance less than twice width of coxa; hind femora
about equal in length to other femora, not spinose ventrally; eyes distinctly sep-
arated; body shape variable, without prostrate setae or tufts of erect
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
50. Eyes separated by distance shorter than rostral apex; scutellum with dense white
setae; body length 2.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (in part, Piazorhinus)
Eyes separated by distance equal or greater than rostral apex; scutellum without
dense white setae; body length equal or greater than 4.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (in part, Rhinocyllus)
Clé des sous-familles de Curculionidae

représentées au Canada et en Alaska3
1. Au moins l’une des deux mandibules avec une cicatrice ovale ou circulaire cor-
respondand au point d’attachement d’une dent temporaire (Figs. 3, 4); rostre
épais, rectangulaire, généralement plus court que le prothorax, souvent élargi
latéralement à l’apex et souvent avec un ou plusieurs sillons longitudinaux . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (en partie)
Les deux mandibules sans cicatrice; longueur et largeur du rostre variables . . . . 2
3Excepté Scolytinae et Platypodinae.
16
2. Rostre généralement épais (peut sembler modérément étroit), généralement plus

court que le prothorax, souvent élargi latéralement au bout avec l’insertion des
antennes sur la surface dorsale, et souvent avec un ou plusieurs sillons longitu-
dinaux; scape antennaire atteignant au moins le bord antérieur de l’oeil;
mandibules grosses, distinctes, souvent avec de nombreux poils et/ou écailles;
mentum large, recouvrant les maxilles (parfois difficile à observer), les palpes
segmentés parfois visibles latéralement ou à l’apex . . . . . . Entiminae (en partie)
Rostre généralement aussi long ou plus long que le prothorax, épaisseur vari-
able; scape antennaire plus court, n’atteignant pas le bord antérieur de l’oeil;
mandibules souvent petites; mentum petit, ne recouvrant pas les maxilles . . . 3
3. Antenne distinctivement géniculée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Antenne droite, non géniculée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4. Rostre reposant dans une cavité profonde devant les coxae antérieures au repos;
troisième article tarsal cylindrique; angle de l’humérus élytral se projetant
antérieurement d’une façon distincte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (en partie); Thecesternini, Thecesternus
Rostre ne reposant pas dans une cavité du prosternum au repos ou reposant dans
une cavité différente de celle décrite ci-dessus; troisième article tarsal divisé en
deux lobes; angle de l’humérus élytral ne se projetant pas antérieurement . . . 5
5. Prosternum sans cavité pour recevoir le rostre au repos, sans sillon médian . . . . 6
Prosternum avec une cavité pour recevoir le rostre au repos, ou sinon présentant
au moins une dépression médiane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6. Funicule antennaire avec quatre articles; massue antennaire uniforme, glabre à

l’exception de poils à l’extrémité; partie antérieure du prothorax distinctement
amincie . . . . . . . . . . Dryophthorinae (en partie); Dryophthorini, Dryophthorus
Funicule antennaire avec cinq à sept articles; massue antennaire dist-

inctement segmentée; partie antérieure du prothorax au plus légère-
ment amincie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Scape antennaire long, dépassant distinctement le bord postérieur de l’oeil . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryophthorinae (en partie)
Scape antennaire plus court, atteignant rarement le bord postérieur de

l’oeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Mésépimère non projeté latéralement, non visible en vue dorsale . . . . . . . . . 9
Mésépimère projeté latéralement, visible en vue dorsale entre la base du prono-

tum et les élytres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
17
9. Coxae antérieures contiguës, parfois légèrement séparées mais l’apophyse

prosternale étant alors incomplète . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Coxae antérieures distinctement séparées par une apophyse prosternale

complète . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10. Fémur postérieur élargi, distinctement plus gros que le fémur antérieur . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Rhamphini)
Fémur postérieur de grosseur similaire aux autres fémurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Suture entre le deuxième et le troisième sternite abdominal très fortement pro-
jetée postérieurement sur les côtés, atteignant ou dépassant la suture entre le

troisième et le quatrième sternite abdominal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Tychiini)
Suture entre le deuxième et le troisième sternite abdominal droite, ou faiblement

projetée postérieurement, n’atteignant pas la suture entre le troisième et le qua-
trième sternite abdominal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Griffes tarsales séparées à la base, ou avec seulement une griffe . . . . . . . . . . 15

13. Funicule antennaire avec cinq articles; pygidium exposé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Mecinini)
Funicule antennaire avec sept articles; pygidium couvert par les élytres . . . . 14
14. Oeil distinctement séparé du bord antérieur du prothorax; bord antérieur du pro-
thorax avec de longs poils postoculaires; lobe postoculaire du prothorax présent
ou absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (en partie)
Oeil partiellement couvert par le lobe postoculaire du prothorax; bord antérieur

du prothorax sans longs poils postoculaires . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie)
15. Tarses avec seulement une griffe . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie; Brachybamus)
Tarses avec deux griffes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Griffes tarsales sans dent ou une apophyse à la base; deuxième sternite abdom-
inal plus long que le troisième, généralement aussi long que le troisième et le
quatrième combinés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Griffes tarsales avec une dent ou une apophyse à la base; sternites abdominaux
2 à 4 généralement de longueur semblable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
17. Tibia antérieur avec l’apex prolongé au-delà de l’articulation avec les tarses en
une longue structure plate . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclominae (en partie; Emphyastes)
18
Tibia antérieur sans longue structure plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Métépisterne visible, non couvert par les élytres en vue dorsale; interstries ély-
trales et grosseur du scutellum variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Métépisterne caché par les élytres en vue dorsale; interstries élytrales alternant
avec des tubercules recouverts d’écailles très larges et dressées; scutellum très
petit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie, Trachodini)
19. Métépimère visible, avec pubescences et microsculpture similaires à celles du

métépisterne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Métépimère généralement recouvert par les élytres, avec pubescence et

microsculpture plus fines que celles du métépisterne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
20. Uncus du tibia postérieur débutant légèrement derrière la limite antérieure du

tibia; cuticule généralement sans écailles dorsalement mais avec des écailles
stellaires sur la surface ventrale . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (en partie, Magdalidini)
Uncus du tibia postérieur débutant à partir de la limite antérieure du tibia; corps

généralement recouvert d’écailles longues et étroites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie, Lepyrini)
21. Bord dorsal du scrobe atteignant le bord postérieur de l’oeil; bord latéral du pro-
thorax avec lobe postoculaire; en vue latérale, rostre aussi large que la largeur
maximale du fémur médian; corps recouvert d’écailles plates . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclominae
Bord dorsal du scrobe n’atteignant pas le bord postérieur de l’oeil; bord latéral
du prothorax droit ou avec un lobe postoculaire, si le lobe oculaire est présent,
rostre plus étroit que la largeur maximale du fémur médian; corps recouvert
variablement d’écailles et de poils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Bord latéral du prothorax avec un lobe postoculaire; rostre plus étroit que la
largeur maximale du fémur médian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie)
Bord latéral du prothorax sans lobe postoculaire distinct; épaisseur du rostre

variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23. Bord latéral du prothorax très peu sinueux, pouvant donner l’apparence vague
d’un lobe postoculaire; corps recouvert de points et de tubercules; corps plus
grand que 7,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie)
Bord latéral du prothorax distinctement droit, sans trace de lobe postoculaire;

sculpture du corps variable; longueur variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24. Coxae antérieures beaucoup plus près du bord postérieur du prosternum que du
bord antérieur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie)
19
Coxae antérieures à une distance à peu près égale entre le bord antérieur et le
bord postérieur du prosternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
25. Yeux très près l’un de l’autre; longueur du corps environ 1,2 mm; corps
souvent recouvert d’une surface hydrofuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie, Tanysphyrus)
Yeux distants; corps plus long que 1,3 mm; corps sans surface hydro-
fuge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26. Yeux transverses, ovales; rostre épais, densément et uniformément sétulé . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyperinae
Yeux presque circulaires; rostre d’épaisseur variable et avec pubescence diverse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27. Rostre épais, largeur au point d’insertion des antennes égale ou plus grande que
la distance entre les yeux; rostre plus court que le prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (en partie, Alophini, Lepidophorus)
Rostre étroit, largeur au point d’insertion des antennes beaucoup plus petite que
la distance entre les yeux; rostre plus long que le prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Anthonomini)
28. Coxae antérieures à une distance à peu près égale entre le bord antérieur et le
bord postérieur du prosternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Coxae antérieures beaucoup plus près du bord postérieur du prosternum que du

bord antérieur du prosternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
29. Prothorax plus long que large, partie postérieure distinctement rétrécie; tibia
postérieur avec un petit uncus; scrobe antennaire situé ventralement; corps
presque glabre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Otiodocephalini)
Prothorax plus large que long, sans amincissement à la base; tibia postérieur
avec mucron ou un uncus; scrobe antennaire situé latéralement; corps sétulé de
façon variable avec des écailles et (ou) des poils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30. Tibia postérieur avec uncus; uncus plus long qu’une griffe tarsale; premier arti-
cle tarsal plus long que le quatrième; oeil transverse, ovale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (en partie, Magdalidini)
Tibia postérieur sans uncus ou avec un mucron, ou si un uncus est apparemment

présent, l’uncus est distinctement plus court qu’une griffe tarsale; premier arti-
cle tarsal plus court que le quatrième; forme de l’oeil différent . . . . . . . . . . . 31
31. Apex du tibia postérieur avec un peigne de poil perpendiculaire à l’axe longitudi-
nal du tibia; tibia postérieur sans constriction à l’apex; fémur postérieur
d’épaisseur similaire au fémur médian . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Anthonomini)
20
Apex du tibia postérieur avec un peigne de poil oblique, montant sur une dis-
tance plus grande que la largeur du tibia à l’apex; tibia postérieur aminci à
l’apex; fémur postérieur distinctement plus épais que le fémur médian. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Rhamphini)
32. Pronotum avec une dent à chaque coin antérolatéral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (en partie, Magdalidini)
Pronotum sans dent à chaque coin antérolatéral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
33. Prothorax plus long que large, partie postérieure distinctement amincie; tibia
postérieur avec un petit uncus; scrobe antennaire situé ventralement; corps
presque glabre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Otiodocephalini)
Prothorax plus large que long, sans amincissement à la base; tibia postérieur
avec mucron ou un uncus; scrobe antennaire situé latéralement; corps sétulé de
façon variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
34. Fémur avec une dent triangulaire épaisse; élytres avec de longues écailles
étroites; rostre allongé, souvent aussi long que le corps ou plus long . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Curculionini, Curculio)
Fémur sans dent triangulaire; élytres portant de courts poils fins difficiles à
observer; longueur du rostre variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie)
35. Troisième article tarsal large, profondément échancré médialement, formant

deux lobes distincts; quatrième article tarsal ne dépassant pas les lobes du
troisième article; corps recouvert d’une surface hydrofuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erirhininae (en partie, Notiodes)
Troisième article tarsal sans échancrure profonde; quatrième article tarsal

dépassant distinctement les lobes du troisième article; corps avec ou sans sur-
face hydrofuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36. Yeux très près l’un de l’autre, séparés par une distance égale ou plus courte que
la largeur maximale de la massue antennaire; fémur antérieur avec une dent;
pygidium couvert ou visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Yeux séparés par une distance distinctement plus grande que la largeur
maximale de la massue antennaire; fémur antérieur sans dent; pygidium
couvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
37. Base du prothorax recouvert par la base des élytres; élytres de couleur noire,
généralement avec une région rougeâtre; pygidium visible; rostre généralement
cylindrique . . . . . . . . . . . Mesoptiliinae (en partie, Magdalidini, Laemosaccus)
Base du prothorax non recouvert par la base des élytres; élytres unicolores;
pygidium couvert ou visible; apex du rostre légèrement aplati . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie, Piazorhinini, Piazorhinus)
21
38. Rostre très court, large, beaucoup plus court que la longueur du protho-
rax; corps recouvert de poils fins de couleur variable, avec plusieurs régions
pâles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (en partie, Rhinocyllus)
Longueur du rostre et pubescence du corps variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
39. Tibia postérieur avec un peigne de poils sur la surface externe près de la base de
l’uncus; scutellum très petit ou invisible; bord dorsal du scrobe projeté vers la
partie inférieure de l’oeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie)
Tibia postérieur sans peigne de poils sur la surface externe près de la base
de l’uncus; grandeur du scutellum et projection du scrobe de l’antenne
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
40. Apex du tibia postérieur avec un peigne de poils sur le bord dorsal; rostre de
longueur similaire au prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie, Pissodini)
Apex du tibia postérieur sans peigne de poils sur le bord dorsal; rostre générale-
ment plus court que le prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cossoninae (en partie)
41. Yeux très près l’un de l’autre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conoderinae (en partie)
Yeux distants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
42. Funicule antennaire avec six articles; griffes tarsales avec ou sans dent basale.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceutorhynchinae (en partie)
Funicule antennaire avec sept articles; griffes tarsales sans dent basale ou tars-
es avec seulement une griffe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baridinae (en partie)
43. Funicule antennaire avec six ou sept articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Funicule antennaire avec cinq articles . . . . Curculioninae (en partie, Mecinini)
44. Prosternum avec une faible dépression longitudinale; mésépimère visible en vue
dorsale entre la base des élytres et la base du pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baridinae (en partie)
Prosternum avec une dépression longitudinale profonde; mésépimère invisible

en vue dorsale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
45. Yeux très distants, au moins partiellement cachés par les lobes postoculaires du
prothorax quand le rostre repose sur le prosternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Yeux très près l’un de l’autre, non recouvert par les lobes postoculaires du pro-
thorax quand le rostre repose sur le prosternum . . . . . . Conoderinae (en partie)
46. Pygidium recouvert par les élytres; tibia avec un uncus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
22
Pygidium exposé; tibia sans uncus, mais parfois avec un mucron . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceutorhynchinae (en partie)
47. Premier articles de la massue antennaire presque glabre; apex du tibia postérieur
sans peigne de poils; tarses étroits, troisième article sans échancrure médiale . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptorhynchinae (en partie)
Premier articles de la massue antennaire avec pubescence similaire aux autres

articles; apex du tibia postérieur avec un peigne de poils distinct; tarses vari-
ables, troisième article avec ou sans échancrure médiale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
48. Revêtement du corps hydrofuge, de nature cireuse; troisième article tarsal

généralement de largeur égale ou plus étroit que les articles précédents, sans
échancrure médiale; coxae antérieures contiguës; tarses avec griffes sans dent
basale; griffes séparées à la base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bagoinae
Corps sans revêtement hydrofuge; troisième article tarsal généralement plus

large que les articles précédents, profondément échancré médialement, formant
deux lobes distincts; coxae antérieures distinctement séparées ou tarses avec
griffes contiguës à la base ou griffes avec une dent basale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptorhynchinae (en partie)
49. Coxae postérieures séparées par une distance d’au moins quatre à cinq fois
supérieure à la largeur d’une coxa; fémur postérieur distinctement plus long que
les autres fémurs, avec une dent sur la surface ventrale; yeux presque contigus,
séparés par une distance beaucoup plus petite que l’apex du rostre; corps de
forme ovale, aplati, avec des poils couchés sur la surface ou avec des touffes de
poils dressés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conoderinae (en partie, Tachygonini)
Coxae postérieures séparées par une distance moins de deux fois supérieure à la
largeur d’une coxa; fémur postérieur de longueur similaire aux autres fémurs,
sans dent sur la surface ventrale; yeux distinctement séparés; forme du corps
variable, sans poils couchés sur la surface et sans touffes de poils dressés . . 50
50. Yeux séparés par une distance moins grande que la largeur de l’apex du rostre;
scutellum densément recouvert de poils blancs; longueur du corps environ 2,0
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molytinae (en partie, Piazorhinus)
Yeux séparés par une distance égale à l’apex du rostre; scutellum sans poils
blancs denses; longueur du corps égale ou plus grande que 4,0 mm . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lixinae (en partie, Rhinocyllus)
23
Subfamily Entiminae
This subfamily contains the North American subfamilies previously known as
Leptopiinae, Eremninae, Brachyrhininae, Thylacitinae, and Tanymecinae (see
Kissinger 1964). In O’Brien and Wibmer (1982), the corresponding subfamilies are
Brachyderinae, Otiorhynchinae, Leptopiinae, Thecesterninae, and Eremninae.
Tanymecinae is considered a tribe under the Brachyderinae in O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982). Kuschel (unpublished) established the Polydrosinae, and the name was used
by Wibmer and O’Brien (1986).
The Entiminae includes all of the North American taxa that bear an oval or round
scar on the apex of the mandibles of the adults. Several aberrant genera do not bear
scars on the mandibles, or the scar is extremely difficult to see. In almost all cases, the
rostrum is generally short, stout, and broad, hence the common name “broad-nosed
weevils.” As presently constituted, the subfamily contains a number of aberrant gen-
era and (or) tribes, so further changes to the higher classification can be expected.
The Canadian fauna contains 49 genera and 123 species, and among these are
some of the most serious agricultural and forestry pests in Canada.
Key to genera of Entiminae found in Canada and Alaska

1. One or both mandibles with an apical round or oval scar marking point of
attachment of deciduous cusp (Figs. 3, 4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Both mandibles without a distinct scar or cusp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2. Prothorax with anterior edge straight in lateral view (Fig. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Prothorax with anterior edge slightly sinuate in lateral view or produced into a
distinct postocular lobe (Fig. 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. Prothorax with a small clump of long, fine setae projecting anteriorly from ante-
rior edge adjacent to eye, edge otherwise without setae (Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Prothorax lacking a small clump of long setae on anterior edge adjacent to eye,
edge with scattered long setae or setae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Antennal scape and usually funicle with dense, round, overlapping scales, with
a few semierect, narrow scales (Fig. 91) . . . . . . . . . Minyomerus Horn [p. 203]
Antennal scape and funicle shiny, with short, fine setae or narrow scales . . . 5
5. Front coxae completely separated by prosternum; front legs longer than other
legs (Figs. 12, 92) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pandeleteius Schönherr [p. 205]
Front coxae contiguous, not separated by prosternum; front legs not distinctly
longer or stouter than other legs (Fig. 93) . . . . . . . Tanymecus Germar [p. 207]
24
6. Antennal scrobe vaguely defined posteriorly, scape usually passes over middle
of eye when retracted next to head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Antennal scrobe with lateral, dorsal edge sharply defined, ventral and dorsal
edges strongly bent ventrally so that scape usually rests below eye level when
retracted next to head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7. Claws free at base (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Claws connate at base (Fig. 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Hind tibia greatly expanded at apex, as wide as or wider than width of hind
femur (Figs. 9, 61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, in part [p. 89]
Hind tibia not greatly expanded at apex, narrower than width of hind
femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Scape with round or oval, semierect or recumbent scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Scape with only fine, semierect setae, or with scales and setae inter-
mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Frons with distinct nasal plate bordered by an acute carina (Fig. 96). . . . . . . 11
Frons without distinct nasal plate or acute carina (Fig. 95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercopeus Schönherr [p. 213]
11. Dorsal surface of rostrum with distinct median longitudinal groove; femora
unarmed (Figs. 96, 97) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trachyphloeus Germar [p. 214]
Dorsal surface of rostrum without distinct median longitudinal groove; femora

with small tooth on inner surface (Fig. 18). . . . . . . . . Myosides Roelofs [p. 77]
12. Elytra shiny, with mostly erect, fine setae, other vestiture absent; body 2.6 times
as long as wide (Fig. 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stomodes Schönherr, in part [p. 146]
Elytra clothed with setae or scales; body length and width variable . . . . . . . 13
13. Elytra sparsely clothed with very fine, elongate scales or setae; scutellum not
visible; femora may be toothed ventrally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Elytra clothed with round, recumbent scales; scutellum minutely visible; femo-
ra not toothed ventrally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
14. Elytra shiny, lacking tubercles, with only erect, fine setae; body 2.6 times as
long as wide; prothorax slightly longer than wide (Fig. 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stomodes Schönherr, in part [p. 146]
25
Elytra either with recumbent fine setae or narrow scales or with tubercles; body
stouter; prothorax wider than long (Figs. 68–76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Otiorhynchus Germar [p. 111]
15. Length 7.0–10.0 mm; elytra densely clothed with elongate, recumbent scales,
with inconspicuous, sparse, recumbent, narrow, interstrial scales; antennal scape
reaching about middle of eye when retracted next to head (Fig. 83) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evotus LeConte, in part [p.149]
Length less than 6.0 mm; elytra densely clothed with round scales; antennal
scape extending to or beyond posterior edge of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Posterior edge of elytra broadly rounded; all elytral and pronotal scales white
(Fig. 67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agronus Horn [p. 109]
Posterior edge of elytra very narrowly rounded, acute; elytral and pronotal
scales varying from light brown to white, forming an indefinite color pattern
(Fig. 77) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sciopithes Horn [p. 131]
17. Elytra elongate, with long, erect, hairlike setae in interstriae, with minute setae
in striae; frons and rostrum without median groove; posterior edge of eye, sep-
arated from anterior edge of prothorax by distance equal or greater than diame-
ter of eye; antennal club elongate, narrow, about 4.0 times as long as wide
(Fig. 24). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyllobius Germar, in part [p. 151]
Elytra stouter, with abundant scales or abundant setae; median groove on frons
and rostrum present or absent; distance between eye and anterior edge of pro-
thorax variable; shape of antennal club variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Frons and rostrum with deep, median groove; posterior edge of eye close to or
touching anterior edge of prothorax; antennal club broad, twice as long as wide
(Fig. 82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphrastus Say [p. 147]
Frons and rostrum without distinct median groove, or with broad, shallow
groove, often restricted to frons only; eyes not close to or touching lateral edge
of prothorax; shape of antennal club variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19. Elytra globose; interstriae with abundant recumbent setae and scattered erect
setae; pronotum 2.2 times as wide as long; body black (Fig. 22) . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omias Germar [p. 100]
Elytra not as above; dorsal surface with circular, subcircular or slender scales,
with or without setae; body color variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Hind tibia unarmed at apex, or if mucronate, then mucro very short, as long as
or shorter than surrounding scales (Fig. 80) . . . . . Paraptochus Seidlitz [p. 143]
26
Hind tibia with distinct mucro, mucro distinctly longer than surrounding scales
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21. Hind tibia with one mucro at apex; segment 7 of antennal funicle as long as
wide; length less than 3.5 mm (Fig. 78) . . . . . . . . Geodercodes Casey [p. 133]
Hind tibia with two mucros at apex; segment 7 of antennal funicle distinctly
longer than wide; length usually greater than 3.5 mm (Figs. 23, 79) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemocestes Van Dyke [p. 135]
22. Claws free (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Claws connate at base (Fig. 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
23. Mandibles with triangular projection below scar; elytra black with contrasting
pattern of white and pale scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Mandibles without triangular projection below scar; elytral color pattern

variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
24. Rostrum with very deep, narrow, median sulcus (Fig. 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agasphaerops Horn (in part) [p. 90]
Rostrum with very shallow, median sulcus (Fig. 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hormorus Horn (in part) [p. 92]
25. Rostrum and frons, sometimes dorsal surface of head, with deep, narrow, medi-
an sulcus; elytral apex broadly rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Frons and dorsal surface of head lacking median sulcus; elytral apex very nar-
rowly rounded, almost acuminate (Fig. 60). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stamoderes Casey, in part [p. 87]
26. Apex of hind tibia greatly expanded (Fig. 9), width equal to or slightly less than
greatest width of hind femur (Fig. 61). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, in part [p. 89]
Hind tibia not greatly expanded at apex, greatest width at apex much less than
greatest width of hind femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27. Mandibles with small, dense scales and scattered erect setae; antennal scape
extending well beyond eyes; elytral humeri broadly rounded; elytra ovate (Fig.
63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naupactus Dejean [p. 98]
Mandibles with setae only; antennal scape not extending beyond eyes; elytral
humeri weakly to well developed; shape of elytra variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
28. Elytral humeri well developed; rostrum as long as or longer than lateral prono-
tal length (Fig. 83). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evotus LeConte, in part [p. 149]
27
Elytral humeri not prominent, antero-lateral edges sometimes produced;

rostrum shorter than lateral pronotal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29. Rostrum slightly longer than distance between eyes; antennal funicle extending
nearly to posterior edge of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesagroicus Schönherr [p. 95]
Rostrum distinctly longer than distance between eyes; antennal funicle extend-
ing only slightly beyond anterior edge of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30. Length 3.9–6.5 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide; body covered with main-
ly white scales, with scattered brown or tan scales (Fig. 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stamoderes Casey, in part [p. 87]
Length 6.5–9.2 mm, about 1.8 times as long as wide; body covered with dark
brown, green, or dirty-white scales (Fig. 19) . . . . . . Barynotus Germar [p. 78]
31. Antennal scape extending well beyond posterior edge of eye, touching
or almost reaching anterior edge of prothorax; rostrum shorter than head width
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Antennal scape extending at most to posterior edge of eye; rostrum variable in

length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
32. Elytral humeri and base broadly rounded, slightly wider than posterior edge of
prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Elytral humeri distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
33. Body with recumbent, rounded scale; each elytral interstria with single median
row of erect scales; nasal plate limited posteriorly by acute, prominent carina
(Fig. 27). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sciaphilus Schönherr, in part [p. 174]
Body with only fine, erect setae; elytral interstriae with only erect setae; nasal
plate not limited by acute, prominent carina (Fig. 85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val [p. 170]
34. Rostrum dorsally at apex with smooth area that is limited posteriorly by shal-
low, curved sulcus and arcuate, broad swelling; maxillae prominent, not com-
pletely covered by mentum (Fig. 25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachyrhinus Schönherr, in part [p. 156]
Rostrum lacking dorsal, apical smooth area; maxillae not prominent (Figs. 26,
84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polydrusus Germar, in part [p. 162]
35. Rostrum separated from frons by fine, transverse sulcus; front tibia with apex
produced externally into distinct lobe; eyes small, prominent, in dorsal view
(Fig. 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philopedon Schönherr [p. 70]
28
Rostrum and frons contiguous; front tibia not expanded externally; eye size
variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36. Head not constricted dorsally behind eyes; prominence of eyes in dorsal view
variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Head constricted dorsally behind eyes; eyes distinctly prominent in dorsal view
(Fig. 15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strophosoma Billberg [p. 66]
37. Elytral humeri prominent; base of elytra distinctly wider than posterior edge of
prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Elytral humeri and base broadly rounded, hardly wider than posterior edge of
prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
38. Rostrum dorsally at apex with smooth area which is limited posteriorly by shal-
low, curved sulcus and arcuate, broad swelling; maxillae prominent, not com-
pletely covered by mentum (Fig. 25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachyrhinus Schönherr, in part [p. 156]
Rostrum lacking dorsal, apical smooth area; maxillae not prominent (Figs. 26,
84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polydrusus Germar, in part [p. 162]
39. Body with recumbent, rounded scale; nasal plate limited posteriorly by acute,
prominent carina (Fig. 27) . . . . . . . . . . . Sciaphilus Schönherr, in part [p. 174]
Body with elongate, narrow scales or only with erect, fine setae or with short,
narrow, recumbent scales; nasal plate without acute, prominent carina (Fig. 86)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brachysomus Schönherr [p. 172]
40. Mandible with acute projection below scar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mandible without acute projection below scar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
41. Elytra black, with distinct contrasting pattern of pale, brilliant scales . . . . . 42
Elytra black to dark brown, without distinct color pattern, sometimes with scat-
tered groups of light and dark scales (Figs. 102–109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyslobus LeConte, in part [p. 227]
42. Rostrum with deep, narrow, median, longitudinal sulcus extending from anten-
nal articulation to middle of frons (Fig. 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agasphaerops Horn, in part [p. 90]
Rostrum lacking median sulcus (Fig. 21) . . . . . Hormorus Horn, in part [p. 92]
43. Antennal scape very long, extending well beyond anterior edge of prothorax, as
long as or slightly longer than funicle; body surface densely scaly, at least lat-
erally; each elytral interstria with single, median row of erect scales or narrow
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
29
Antennal scape extending to anterior edge of prothorax or shorter; body

surface variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
44. Postocular lobe prominent, without long bristles; nasal plate narrower than
frons (Fig. 57) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calomycterus Roelofs [p. 73]
Postocular lobe barely discernable, with long bristles; nasal plate distinctly
wider than frons (Fig. 58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrtepistomus Marshall [p. 75]
45. Ventral surface of tarsal segments 1–3 with clump of coarse, curved setae at api-
cal angles; disc of pronotum with large depressions and elevations; elytra and
pronotum without erect, conspicuous, hairlike setae (Figs. 64–66) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophryastes Schönherr [p. 105]
Ventral surface of tarsal segments 1–3 evenly pubescent, without clump of setae
at apical angles; disc of pronotum variously sculptured but without large depres-
sions and elevations; elytra and pronotum with erect, conspicuous, hairlike setae
or slender scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
46. Tarsal claws connate at base; scape lies below eye when retracted next to head
(Fig. 101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connatichela Anderson [p. 225]
Tarsal claws free; scape lies over eye when retracted next to head . . . . . . . . 47
47. Postocular lobe indistinct; dorsal surface of elytra completely covered with
small scales, sometimes with crusty coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Postocular lobe well developed; dorsal surface of elytra variable, but not as
above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
48. Prosternum inflated just behind front coxae; antennal scape with scattered, fine
setae (Fig. 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barynotus Germar, in part [p. 78]
Prosternum not inflated behind front coxae; antennal scape with dense, narrow-
ly flattened scales (Fig. 59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epicaerus Schönherr [p. 86]
49. Metepisternal suture present, well defined at least on basal half, usually com-
plete, rarely obliterated, if suture is obsolete, then metepisternum with finer,
smaller and sparser scales than metasternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Metepisternal suture obliterated entirely or in part at least in basal half; metepis-

ternum and metasternum clothed with scales similar in coarseness, size, and
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
50. Elytral striae with each puncture covered by distinct round scale; elytra
usually with sparse, coarse, erect setae (Figs. 110–115) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panscopus Schönherr, in part [p. 248]
30
Elytral striae with punctures not covered by distinct scale; pubescence on

elytra variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
51. Antennal funicle with recumbent scales and erect setae; elytra with abundant
long setae and recumbent, small, dense scales; rostrum separated from frons by
distinct transverse impression; smaller species, length 4.7–6.5 mm (Fig. 100) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cimbocera Horn [p. 224]
Antennal funicle with setae only; elytra without setae; region between rostrum
and frons variable; species usually larger, length 5.0–17.0 mm.. . . . . . . . . . . 52
52. Dorsal edge of scrobes sharply defined; scape not reaching eye or directed
below eye when retracted next to head; rostrum not separated by distinct trans-
verse impression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Dorsal edge of scrobes indistinct posteriorly; scape rests on eye when retracted
next to head; rostrum separated from frons by distinct transverse impression
(Figs. 102–109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyslobus LeConte, in part [p. 227]
53. Scutellum rectangular, densely covered with white pubescence; elytral striae
with deeply impressed punctures (Fig. 53) . . . . . . . Plinthodes LeConte [p. 55]
Scutellum triangular, acutely pointed at posterior apex, pubescence variable;

elytral striae with obsolete to indistinct, fine punctures (Figs. 14, 54–56) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichalophus LeConte, in part [p. 57]
54. Punctures of elytral striae each covered by a distinct round scale; elytra usually
with sparse, coarse, erect setae (Figs. 110–115) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panscopus Schönherr, in part [p. 248]
Punctures of elytral striae not covered by a distinct scale; pubescence on elytra

variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
55. Body usually with crusty coating; each interstria with a median row of erect,
flattened scales; dorsal edge of scrobe poorly defined posteriorly; scape passes
over or above middle of eye (Fig. 48) . . . . . . . . . . Phyxelis Schönherr [p. 268]
Body without crusty coating; setae in interstriae fine, hairlike; dorsal edge
of scrobe indistinct; scape lies on lower portion of eye or below eye (Fig. 98) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anametis Horn [p. 220]
56. Rostrum very broad, very short, fitting into large, very deep emargination ante-
rior of front coxae; tarsal segments cylindrical; humeral angles strongly project-
ing forward (Fig. 94). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thecesternus Say [p. 209]
Rostrum length and width variable, not fitting into a deep groove anterior of
front coxae; tarsal segments flattened or cylindrical; humeral angles not project-
ing forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
31
57. Anterior edge of prothorax straight in lateral view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Anterior edge of prothorax produced into a postocular lobe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
58. Mandible stout, with scales and setae intermixed (Figs. 32, 37, 40) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sitona Germar [p. 178]
Mandibles thin, with setae only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
59. Body less than 4.0 mm in length; body completely covered with large, mostly
white or brown scales; antennal funicle with scales and setae intermixed (Fig.
95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercopedius Sleeper [p. 211]
Body more than 4.0 mm in length; body covered with recumbent setae or with
small, narrow scales; antennal funicle with setae only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
60. Each mandible with a distinct transverse extension anteriorly; strial punctures
not visible; elytral surface densely granulate; pronotum with a distinct, smooth,
moderately elevated median line (Fig. 99) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Byrsopages Schönherr [p. 222]
Each mandible without a distinct transverse extension anteriorly; strial punc-

tures visible; elytral surface variable but not as above; pronotum with or with-
out a median line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
61. Claws widely separated; pronotum without an elevated median line; metepister-
num clearly visible to posterior edge; apex of elytra narrowly rounded (Figs. 13,
50–52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidophorus Kirby, in part [p. 43]
Claws connate or narrowly separated; pronotum with a distinct, narrowly

elevated, median line; metepisternum visible only anteriorly; apex of
elytra acutely rounded (Figs. 49, 116, 117) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropiphorus Schönherr, in part [p. 272]
62. Claws widely separated; pronotum without an elevated median line; apex of
elytra narrowly rounded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Claws connate or narrowly separated; pronotum with a distinct, narrowly

elevated, median line; metepisternum visible only anteriorly; apex of
elytra acutely rounded (Figs. 49, 116, 117) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropiphorus Schönherr, in part [p. 272]
63. Body 6.0–17.0 mm in length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Body less than 7.0 mm in length (Figs. 13, 50–52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidophorus Kirby, in part [p. 43]
32
64. Scutellum rectangular, wider than long, truncate or arcuate at apex; elytral stri-
ae with deeply impressed punctures (Fig. 53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plinthodes LeConte, in part [p. 55]
Scutellum triangular, longer than wide, narrowly rounded at apex; elytral

striae with obsolete to indistinct, fine punctures (Figs. 14, 54–56) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichalophus LeConte, in part [p. 57]
Clé des genres de la sous-famille Entiminae

représentés au Canada et en Alaska
1. Une ou les deux mandibules avec une cicatrice ovale or circulaire représentant
le point d’attachement de dent temporaire (Figs. 3, 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Les deux mandibules sans cicatrice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2. Prothorax sans lobe postoculaire (Fig. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Prothorax avec bord antérieur peu sinueux en vue latérale ou avec lobe postoc-
ulaire distinct (Fig. 6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. Bord antérieur du prothorax près de l’oeil avec région dense de longs poils pos-
toculaires, sans poils additionnels (Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Bord antérieur du prothorax près de l’oeil sans région dense de longs poils pos-
toculaires, avec quelques poils dispersés ou sans poils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Scape antennaire et généralement funicule antennaire recouverts densément

d’écailles circulaires chevauchées, avec un petit nombre d’écailles semidressées
et étroites (Fig. 91) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minyomerus Horn [p. 203]
Scape et funicule antennaires luisant, avec des poils courts et étroits ou avec des
écailles étroites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Coxae antérieures complètement séparées par le prosternum; pattes antérieures

distinctement plus longues que les autres pattes (Figs. 12, 92). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pandeleteius Schönherr [p. 205]
Coxae antérieures contiguës; pattes antérieures de longueur similaire aux autres

pattes (Fig. 93) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanymecus Germar [p. 207]
6. Scrobe antennaire vaguement défini postérieurement; scape antennaire passant

généralement au milieu de l’oeil lorsque rétracté près de la tête . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Scrobe antennaire avec bord dorsal bien défini, cavité recourbée vers la surface
ventrale postérieurement; scape antennaire passant généralement sous l’oeil
lorsque rétracté près de la tête . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
33
7. Griffes tarsales séparées à la base (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base (Fig. 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Apex du tibia postérieur distinctement élargi, au moins aussi large que la largeur
du fémur postérieur (Figs. 9, 61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, en partie [p. 89]
Apex du tibia postérieur sans élargissement distinct, moins large que la largeur
du fémur postérieur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Scape antennaire avec des écailles circulaires ou ovales, semidressées ou

couchées . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Scape antennaire avec seulement de fins poils semidressés ou avec des écailles
et des poils mélangés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Front avec une région nasale distincte définie par une carène aiguë
(Fig. 96) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Front sans région nasale distincte ou carène aiguë (Fig. 95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercopeus Schönherr [p. 213]
11. Surface dorsale du rostre avec un sillon longitudinal médian distinct; fémurs
sans dents (Figs, 96, 97). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trachyphloeus Germar [p. 214]
Surface dorsale du rostre sans sillon longitudinal distinct; fémurs avec une petite
dent sur la surface intérieure (Fig. 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosides Roelofs [p. 77]
12. Élytres luisants, recouverts seulement de fins poils dressés; corps environ 2.6 fois
aussi long que large (Fig. 81) . . . . . . . . . Stomodes Schönherr, en partie [p. 146]
Élytres sétulé de poils ou d’écailles; longueur et largeur du corps variables . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Élytres clairsemés de poils ou d’écailles très fins et allongés; scutellum invisi-
ble; fémurs avec ou sans dent sur la surface intérieure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Élytres recouverts d’écailles circulaires, couchées; scutellum très petit mais vis-
ible; fémurs sans dent sur la surface intérieure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
14. Élytres luisants, sans tubercules, avec seulement de fins poil dressés; corps env-
iron 2.6 fois aussi long que large; prothorax légèrement plus long que large (Fig.
81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stomodes Schönherr, en partie [p. 146]
Élytres avec poils fins couchés ou avec écailles étroites ou avec des tubercules;
corps plus épais; prothorax plus large que long (Figs. 68–76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Otiorhynchus Germar [p. 111]
34
15. Longueur du corps entre 7,0 et 10,0 mm; élytres densément recouverts d’é-
cailles allongées, couchées, avec un petit nombre d’écailles sur les interstries
qui sont étroites, couchées, difficiles à observer; scape antennaire atteignant le
milieu de l’oeil lorsque rétracté près de la tête (Fig. 83) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evotus LeConte, en partie [p. 149]
Longueur du corps moins de 6,0 mm; élytres densément recouverts d’écailles

circulaires; scape antennaire atteignant au moins le bord postérieur de l’oeil
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Bord postérieur des élytres largement arrondi; écailles sur le pronotum et les
élytres blanches (Fig. 67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agronus Horn [p. 109]
Bord postérieur des élytres étroitement arrondi de façon aiguë; écailles sur le
pronotum et les élytres de couleur variant du brun pâle au blanc, formant un
patron de couleur indéfini (Fig. 77) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sciopithes Horn [p. 131]
17. Élytres allongés, clairsemés de long poils fins sur les interstries, avec de courts poils
fins sur les stries; front et rostre sans sillon longitudinal médian; bord postérieur de
l’oeil séparé du bord antérieur du prothorax par une distance au moins aussi grande
que la largeur d’un oeil; massue antennaire allongée, étroite, environs 4.0 fois aussi
longue que large (Fig. 24). . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyllobius Germar, en partie [p. 151]
Élytres plus épais, recouverts abondamment de poils ou écailles; distance entre

le bord postérieur de l’oeil et le bord antérieur du prothorax variable; forme de
la massue antennaire variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Front et rostre avec une sillon longitudinal médian profond; bord postérieur de
l’oeil tout près ou touchant le bord antérieur du prothorax; massue antennaire
large, 2.0 fois aussi longue que large (Fig. 82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphrastus Say [p. 147]
Front et rostre sans sillon longitudinal médian distinct ou avec une dépression
longitudinale large et peu profonde, souvent restreinte au front seulement; bord
postérieur de l’oeil distant du bord antérieur du prothorax; forme de la massue
antennaire variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19. Forme des élytres sphérique; interstries avec un grand nombre de poils couchés,
clairsemées de poils dressés; pronotum environs 2.2 fois aussi large que long ;
couleur du corps noire (Fig. 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omias Germar [p. 100]
Forme des élytres variable; interstries avec des écailles circulaires, semi-circu-
laires ou allongées, avec ou sans poils; couleur du corps variable . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Tibia postérieur sans épines apicales, ou, si un mucron est présent, le mucron est
très court, aussi long ou plus court que les écailles avoisinantes (Fig. 80). . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraptochus Seidlitz [p. 143]
35
Tibia postérieur avec mucron distinct; mucron distinctement plus long que les
écailles avoisinantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21. Apex du tibia postérieur avec un mucron; septième article du funicule anten-
naire aussi long que large; longueur du corps généralement moins que 3,5 mm
(Fig. 78) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geodercodes Casey [p. 133]
Apex du tibia postérieur avec deux mucrons; septième article du funicule anten-
naire distinctement plus long que large; longueur du corps généralement plus
que 3,5 mm (Figs. 23, 79) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemocestes Van Dyke [p. 135]
22. Griffes tarsales séparées à la base (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base (Fig. 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
23. Mandibules avec projection triangulaire sous le point d’attachement de la

dent temporaire; élytres noirs avec patron contrastant d’écailles blanches
ou pales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Mandibules sans projection triangulaire sous le point d’attachement de la dent

temporaire; patron de couleur des élytres variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
24. Rostre avec sillon longitudinal médian étroit et profond (Fig. 20) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agasphaerops Horn (en partie) [p. 90]
Rostre avec sillon longitudinal médian très peu profond (Fig. 21). . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hormorus Horn (en partie) [p. 92]
25. Rostre et front, ainsi que parfois la surface de la tête, avec un sillon longitudi-
nal médian étroit, profond; apex des élytres largement arrondi . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Rostre et front sans sillon longitudinal médian; apex des élytres étroitement
arrondi, formant presqu’une pointe (Fig. 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stamoderes Casey, en partie [p. 87]
26. Apex du tibia postérieur distinctement élargi (Fig. 9), largeur égale ou légère-
ment plus petite que la largeur du fémur postérieur (Fig. 61). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, en partie [p. 89]
Apex du tibia postérieur sans élargissement distinct, largeur distinctement

moindre que la largeur du fémur postérieur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27. Mandibules recouvertes densément de petites écailles et clairsemé de poils

dressés; scape antennaire atteignant aisément le bord postérieur de l’oeil; angle
de l’humérus élytral largement arrondi; élytres de forme ovale (Fig. 63) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naupactus Dejean [p. 98]
36
Mandibules recouvertes seulement de poils; scape antennaire n’atteignant pas le

bord postérieur de l’oeil; angle de l’humérus élytral légèrement à distinctement
rectangulaire; forme des élytres variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
28. Angle de l’humérus élytral distinctement rectangulaire; rostre aussi long ou plus
long que la longueur du bord latéral du pronotum (Fig. 83). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evotus LeConte, en partie [p. 149]
Angle de l’humérus élytral légèrement rectangulaire, angle antérolateral des

élytres projetant parfois antérieurement; rostre plus court que la longueur du
bord latéral du pronotum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29. Rostre légèrement plus long que la distance entre les yeux; funicule antennaire
atteignant presque le bord postérieur de l’oeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesagroicus Schönherr [p. 95]
Rostre distinctement plus long que la distance entre les yeux; funicule anten-
naire atteignant seulement le bord antérieur de l’oeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30. Longueur du corps entre 3,9 et 6,5 mm; corps approximativement 2.2 fois aussi
long que large, recouvert principalement d’écailles blanches, clairsemé d’écailles
brunes ou beiges (Fig. 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stamoderes Casey, en partie [p. 87]
Longueur du corps entre 6,5 et 9,2 mm; corps approximativement 1.8 fois aussi
long que large, recouvert d’écailles brunes foncées, vertes ou crèmes (Fig. 19)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barynotus Germar [p. 78]
31. Scape antennaire projetant distinctement plus loin que le bord postérieur de
l’oeil, parfois atteignant le bord antérieur du prothorax; rostre plus court que la
largeur de la tête. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Scape antennaire atteignant au plus le bord postérieur de l’oeil; longueur du ros-

tre variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
32. Base des élytres arrondie, sans trace d’angle rectangulaire de l’humérus élytral,
légèrement plus large que le bord postérieur du prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Angle de l’humérus élytral distinctement rectangulaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
33. Corps recouvert d’écailles arrondies couchées; chaque interstrie élytrale avec
une rangée d’écailles dressées; apex du rostre avec une carène triangulaire
prominente (Fig. 27). . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sciaphilus Schönherr, en partie [p. 174]
Corps avec seulement des poils dressés fins; interstries élytrales avec seulement
des poils dressés fins; apex du rostre sans carène triangulaire prominente (Fig.
85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val [p. 170]
37
34. Partie dorsale de l’apex du rostre avec une région lisse délimitée postérieure-
ment par un sillon peu profond semi-circulaire et une carène arrondie; maxilles
proéminentes, recouvertes seulement partiellement par le mentum (Fig. 25). . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachyrhinus Schönherr, en partie [p. 156]
Apex du rostre sans région lisse; maxilles recouvertes par le mentum (Figs. 26,
84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polydrusus Germar, en partie [p. 162]
35. Rostre séparé du front par un sillon transverse fin; bord extérieur du tibia
antérieur distinctement élargi en forme de lobe à l’apex; yeux petits, proémi-
nents en vue dorsale (Fig. 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philopedon Schönherr [p. 70]
Sillon transverse entre le rostre et le front absent; apex du tibia antérieur sans
élargissement; grosseur des yeux variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36. Constriction de la tête derrière les yeux absente; proéminence des yeux en vue
dorsale variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Constriction de la tête derrière les yeux présente; yeux distinctement proémi-

nents en vue dorsale (Fig. 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strophosoma Billberg [p. 66]
37. Base des élytres avec angle rectangulaire de l’humérus élytral distinct, distincte-
ment plus large que la base du prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Base des élytres arrondie, sans trace d’angle rectangulaire de l’humérus

élytral, légèrement plus large que la base du prothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
38. Partie dorsale de l’apex du rostre avec une région lisse délimitée postérieure-
ment par un sillon peu profond semi-circulaire et une carène arrondie; maxilles
proéminentes, recouvertes seulement partiellement par le mentum (Fig. 25). . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachyrhinus Schönherr, en partie [p. 156]
Apex du rostre sans région lisse; maxilles recouvertes par le mentum (Figs. 26,
84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polydrusus Germar, en partie [p. 162]
39. Corps recouvert d’écailles arrondies couchées; apex du rostre avec une carène tri-
angulaire proéminente (Fig. 27) . . . . . . Sciaphilus Schönherr, en partie [p. 174]
Corps recouvert d’écailles étroites dressées et d’écailles courtes couchées; apex

du rostre sans carène triangulaire proéminente (Fig. 86) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brachysomus Schönherr [p. 172]
40. Mandibules avec projection triangulaire sous le point d’attachement de la dent

temporaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mandibules sans projection triangulaire sous le point d’attachement de la dent

temporaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
38
41. Couleur des élytre noire; élytres avec des patrons contrastants d’écailles pâles
brillantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Couleur des élytre noire à brune foncé; élytres sans couleurs contrastantes, pou-
vant être clairsemé de groupes d’écailles pâles et foncées (Figs. 102–109). . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyslobus LeConte, en partie [p. 227]
42. Rostre avec un sillon longitudinal étroit et profond entre le point d’insertion des
antennes et le milieu du front (Fig. 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agasphaerops Horn, en partie [p. 90]
Rostre sans sillon longitudinal (Fig. 21). . . . . Hormorus Horn, en partie [p. 92]
43. Scape antennaire très long, projetant au-delà du bord antérieur du prothorax,
aussi long ou légèrement plus long que le funicule antennaire; corps recouvert
densément d’écailles, au moins latéralement; chaque interstrie élytrale avec une
rangée médiane d’écailles dressées ou de poils fins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Scape antennaire plus court, projetant jusqu’au bord antérieur du prothorax ou

plus court; pubescence du corps variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
44. Lobe postoculaire du prothorax distinct, sans poils longs; région triangulaire à
l’apex du rostre moins large la distance entre les yeux (Fig. 57) . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calomycterus Roelofs [p. 73]
Lobe postoculaire du prothorax peu développé, avec de longs poils; région tri-
angulaire à l’apex du rostre plus large que la distance entre les yeux (Fig. 58) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrtepistomus Marshall [p. 75]
45. Bord antérieur de la surface ventrale des articles tarsaux 1–3 avec un groupe dis-
tinct de poils épais et recourbés; disque du pronotum avec des dépressions et des
élévations distinctes; élytres et pronotum sans écailles ou poils fins et dressés
distincts (Figs. 64–66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophryastes Schönherr [p. 105]
Pubescence sur la surface ventrale des articles tarsaux 1–3 uniforme, sans
groupe distinct de poils épais et recourbés au bord antérieur; sculpture du disque
du pronotum variée, sans dépressions et des élévations distinctes; élytres et
pronotum avec écailles ou poils fins et dressés distincts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
46. Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base; scape antennaire projetant sous l’oeil au
repos (Fig. 101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connatichela Anderson [p. 225]
Griffes tarsales séparées à la base; scape antennaire projetant au-dessus de l’oeil

au repos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
47. Prothorax sans lobe postoculaire; élytres recouverts de petites écailles couchées,
parfois recouverts de saletés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
39
Lobe postoculaire du prothorax distinct; surface dorsale des élytres variable . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
48. Prosternum gonflé derrière les coxae; scape antennaire avec un petit nombre de
poils (Fig. 19). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barynotus Germar, en partie [p. 78]
Prosternum sans gonflement derrière les coxae; scape antennaire densément

recouvert d’écailles étroites et plates (Fig. 59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epicaerus Schönherr [p. 86]
49. Suture métépisternale présente, bien définie au moins sur la moitié basale, nor-
mallement complète, rarement effacée, si la suture est absente le métépisternum
avec des écailles plus étroites, plus courtes et moins nombreuses que sur le
métasternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Suture métépisternale entièrement effacée ou effacée en partie seulement sur la

moitié basale; métépisternum et métasternum recouverts d’écailles de nombre,
de forme et de grandeur semblable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
50. Stries élytrales avec chaque point couvert d’une écaille ronde distincte; élytres
habituellement avec un petit nombre de poils dressés et grossiers (Figs.
110–115) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panscopus Schönherr, en partie [p. 248]
Stries élytrales sans écaille ronde au-dessus de chaque point; pubescence sur les
élytres variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
51. Funicule antennaire avec des écailles couchées et des poils dressés; élytres avec
de nombreux poils longs, dressés et densément recouverts de petites écailles
couchées; rostre séparé du front par un sillon transverse distinct; espèces de
petite taille, longueur entre 4,7 et 6,5 mm (Fig. 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cimbocera Horn [p. 224]
Funicule antennaire avec seulement des poils; élytres sans poils; région entre le
rostre et le front variable; espèces généralement de plus grande taille, longueur
entre 5,0 et 17,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
52. Bord dorsal du scrobe antennaire bien défini; scape antennaire n’atteignant pas
le bord antérieur de l’oeil ou projetant sous l’oeil au repos; sillon transverse
entre le rostre et le front absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bord dorsal du scrobe antennaire indistinct postérieurement; scape antennaire

projetant au-dessus de l’oeil au repos; rostre séparé du front par un sillon trans-
verse distinct (Figs. 102–109) . . . . . . . . . Dyslobus LeConte, en partie [p. 227]
53. Scutellum rectangulaire, densément recouvert de pubescence blanche; stries

élytrales avec des points profonds (Fig. 53) . . . . . . Plinthodes LeConte [p. 55]
40
Scutellum triangulaire, angle postérieur aigu, pubescence variable; stries ély-

trales avec des points étroits et peu profonds ou indistincts (Figs. 14, 54–56). .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichalophus LeConte, en partie [p. 57]
54. Stries élytrales avec chaque point couvert d’une écaille ronde distincte; élytres
habituellement recouverts d’un petit nombre de poils dressés et grossiers (Figs.
110–115) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panscopus Schönherr, en partie [p. 248]
Stries élytrales sans écaille ronde au-dessus de chaque point; pubescence sur les
élytres variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
55. Corps habituellement incrusté de saletés; chaque interstrie élytrale avec une
rangée médiane d’écailles dressées et aplaties; bord dorsal du scrobe antennaire

indistinct postérieurement; scape antennaire projetant au-dessus du centre de
l’oeil ou au-dessus de la moitié dorsale de l’oeil (Fig. 48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyxelis Schönherr [p. 268]
Corps habituellement sans saletés; interstries élytrales avec des poils fins; bord
dorsal du scrobe antennaire entièrement indistinct; scape antennaire projetant
au-dessus de la moitié ventrale de l’oeil ou sous l’oeil (Fig. 98) . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anametis Horn [p. 220]
56. Rostre très épais, très court, se repliant dans une cavité profonde devant les
coxae antérieures au repos; articles tarsaux cylindriques; angle de l’humérus
élytral projetant antérieurement d’une façon distincte (Fig. 94) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thecesternus Say [p. 209]
Rostre d’épaisseur et de longueur variable, ne se repliant pas dans une cavité

profonde devant les coxae antérieures; articles tarsaux aplatis ou cylindriques;
angle de l’humérus élytral ne projetant pas antérieurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
57. Prothorax sans lobe postoculaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Prothorax avec lobe postoculaire distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
58. Mandibules épaisses, avec une combinaison d’écailles et de poils (Figs. 32, 37,
40). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sitona Germar [p. 178]
Mandibules étroites, avec des poils seulement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
59. Longueur du corps moins de 4,0 mm; corps entièrement recouvert de grosses
écailles, habituellement de couleur blanche ou brune; funicule antennaire avec
une combinaison d’écailles et de poils (Fig. 95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercopedius Sleeper [p. 211]
Longueur du corps plus de 4,0 mm; corps recouvert de poils couchés ou

d’écailles courtes et étroites; funicule antennaire avec des poils seulement . . . 60
41
60. Chaque mandibule avec une extension transversale antérieure distincte; points
des stries élytrales absent; surface des élytres rugueuse; pronotum avec région
longitudinale médiane lisse distincte (Fig. 99) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Byrsopages Schönherr [p. 222]
Mandibules sans extensions antérieures; points des stries élytrales visibles; sur-
face des élytres variable, sans rugosité; pronotum avec ou sans région médiane
lisse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
61. Griffes tarsales distinctement séparées à la base; pronotum sans carène longitu-
dinale médiane distincte; métépisternum entièrement visible; apex des élytres
arrondi étroitement (Figs. 13, 50–52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidophorus Kirby, en partie [p. 43]
Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base ou séparés de très peu; pronotum avec une
carène longitudinale médiane distincte; métépisternum visible seulement
antérieurement; apex des élytres arrondi de façon aiguë (Figs. 49, 116, 117) . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropiphorus Schönherr, en partie [p. 272]
62. Griffes tarsales distinctement séparées à la base; pronotum sans carène longitu-
dinale médiane distincte; apex des élytres arrondi étroitement. . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Griffes tarsales contiguës à la base ou séparées de très peu; pronotum avec une
carène longitudinale médiane distincte; métépisternum visible seulement
antérieurement; apex des élytres arrondi de façon aiguë (Figs. 49, 116, 117) . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropiphorus Schönherr, en partie [p. 272]
63. Longueur du corps entre 6,0 et 17,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Longueur du corps moins de 7,0 mm (Figs. 13, 50–52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidophorus Kirby, en partie [p. 43]
64. Scutellum rectangulaire, plus large que long, avec l’apex tronqué ou largement
arrondi; points des stries élytrales profonds (Fig. 53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plinthodes LeConte, en partie [p. 55]
Scutellum triangulaire, plus long que large, avec l’apex étroitement arrondi;
stries élytrales avec des points fins et peu profonds ou indistincts (Figs. 14,
54–56) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichalophus LeConte, en partie [p. 57]
42
Tribe Alophini LeConte, 1874

Genus Lepidophorus Kirby, 1837
Lepidophorus Kirby, 1837: 201. Type species: Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby,
1837, monotypy. LeConte (1876: 120); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 145); Buchanan
(1936a); Arnett (1962: 1001); Kissinger (1964: 39); Hatch (1971: 300); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1496);
Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 145); Anderson (2002: 775).
Lophalophus LeConte, 1876: 120. Type species: Liophloeus inquinatus
Mannerheim, 1852, monotypy.
Vitavitus Kissinger, 1974: 193. Type species: Vitavitus thulius Kissinger, 1974,
original designation. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); Anderson (1997: 532); Alonso-
Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 187); Anderson (2002: 782). syn. nov.
Description. Body small to moderately large, stout; surface densely scaly.
Rostrum free, stout, equal to or slightly longer than head width, expanded laterally at
apex; surface densely covered by scales and scattered, erect setae. Mandible without
obvious scar, flattened, thin, with a sharp lateral and apical edge. Scrobe deeply
impressed, narrow, not curved below eye, dorsal and ventral edges acute. Antennal
scape straight, club-shaped, extending beyond anterior edge of eye and resting on eye
when retracted next to head; funicle 7-segmented, first two segments elongate,
remaining segments about as long as wide; club distinct, conical, 3-segmented, acute-
ly pointed at tip. Eyes oval. Pronotum as wide as long or wider than long; anterior
edge straight in lateral view (weak postocular lobes present in one species); discal sur-
face punctured, with small scales and a few, scattered, erect setae. Elytra broad;
scutellum slightly visible; sides broadly rounded, apex broadly rounded; humeral
angles rounded; discal striae very narrow, weakly impressed, with distinct punctures;
discal interstriae much wider than striae, with dense scales. Tibia expanded at apex,
hind tibia with one or two mucros at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Lepidophorus contains 11 species in North America, only five of
which are definitely known to occur in Canada and Alaska, although at least three
more may occur here. This genus occurs mainly in the northern regions of the conti-
nent, including the Arctic. Adults are found under stones, on various foliage, in leaf
duff, and similar habitats.
Members of Lepidophorus do not have a prominent mandibular scar; however,
often a slim, flat rim (or scar) can be seen on the edge of the mandible. Recent author-
ities place this genus in the Entiminae.
Kissinger (1974) described the genus Vitavitus and commented that Vitavitus was
closely related to Lepidophorus. However, he noted that Lepidophorus differed from
Vitavitus by the mandible having two large setae in addition to a small one, by the
comparatively broader, flatter edge of the lateral portion of the mandible, by the scape
extending beyond the middle of the eye, by the frons lacking a swelling over the eye,
by the frons being narrower than the base of the rostrum, by the prothorax usually
lacking postocular lobes, by the prothorax usually lacking postocular bristles, and by
43
the mucronate tibiae 1–3, etc. All of these characters are somewhat variable in
Lepidophorus, and none of the above characters are of sufficient magnitude or unique-
ness to justify the continued recognition of Vitavitus.
Key to the species of Lepidophorus

found in Canada and Alaska
1. In addition to slender, semierect scales on interstriae, elytra with slender
appressed scales, not completely covering surface; rostrum with distinct medi-
an longitudinal carina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inquinatus (Mannerheim) [p. 48]
In addition to slender, semierect scales on interstriae, elytra with broad, flat

appressed scales, densely distributed, completely covering surface; rostrum,
with or without a distinct median longitudinal carina, or tricarinate . . . . . . . . 2
2. Posterior portion of elytra with alternating interstriae more prominently convex,

often with higher number of semierect scales than on less convex interstriae . . 3
All elytral interstriae of equal convexity; semierect interstrial scales evenly dis-
tributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Elytral interstriae 2, 4, 6 more strongly convex, interstria 6 almost carinate near

apex; pronotal punctures very deep, space between punctures carinate; elytral
interstriae 2 and 4 with greater number of setae than interstriae 1, 3, and 5 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternatus Van Dyke [p. 46]
Elytral interstriae 1, 3, 5 slightly more convex than interstriae 2 and 4; pronotal

punctures shallower, space between punctures flat or broadly convex; elytral
interstriae 2 and 4 either devoid of erect scales or scales less abundant than on
interstriae 1, 3, and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Dorsal surface of rostrum tricarinate; punctures in elytral striae broad; eastern

species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setiger Hamilton [p. 53]
Dorsal surface of rostrum with single median longitudinal carina; punctures in

elytral striae small; western species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rainieri Van Dyke [p. 53]
5. Length 3.7–5.2 mm, usually at least 4.0 mm; weak postocular lobe often present
on anterior edge of prothorax; recumbent elytral scales gray or off-white to light
brown, color pattern generally mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . lineaticollis Kirby [p. 50]
Length less than 4.0 mm; postocular lobes usually not present on anterior edge
of prothorax (weak lobes present in thulius); elytral scales various shades of
dark brown, color pattern not mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
44
6. Rostrum tricarinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Buchanan [p. 47]
Rostrum without carina or with two variably elevated carinae. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Length 2.7 mm; rostrum with fine, longitudinal, median groove; occurs in arc-
tic sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thulius (Kissinger) [p. 54]
Length 3.0–3.6 mm; rostrum with two carinae or carinae obscure; occurs in
southern British Columbia and Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . pumilus Buchanan [p. 52]
Clé des espèces du genre Lepidophorus

présentes au Canada et en Alaska
1. En plus de la présence d’écailles étroites et semidressées sur les interstries,
élytres avec des écailles étroites appliquées sur la surface, ne recouvrant pas la
cuticule entièrement; rostre avec une carène médiane longitudinale distincte . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inquinatus (Mannerheim) [p. 48]
En plus de la présence d’écailles étroites et semidressées sur les interstries,

élytres avec des écailles élargies et plates appliquées sur la surface, recouvrant
la cuticule entièrement; rostre avec ou sans carène médiane longitudinale dis-
tincte ou avec trois carènes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Région postérieure des élytres avec les interstries alternantes plus convexes,
souvent avec un plus grand nombre d’écailles semidressées que les interstries
moins convexe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Toutes les interstries de convexité semblable; nombre d’écailles semidressées

sur chaque interstrie semblable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Élytres avec les interstries 2, 4 et 6 plus convexes, interstrie 6 presque cariné à

l’apex; points sur le prothorax très profonds, surface entre les points carénée;
interstries 2 et 4 avec un plus grand nombre de poils que les interstries 1, 3 et 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternatus Van Dyke [p. 46]
Élytres avec les interstries 1, 3 et 5 légèrement plus convexe que les interstries
2 et 4; points sur le prothorax moins profonds, espace entre les points plate ou
largement arrondie; interstries 2 et 4 glabre ou avec un nombre de poils moin-
dre que sur les interstries 1, 3 et 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Surface dorsale du rostre avec trois carènes médianes longitudinales; points

dans les stries élytrales larges; espèce de l’est . . . . . . . setiger Hamilton [p. 53]
Surface dorsale du rostre avec une carène médiane longitudinale; points dans les
stries élytrales étroits; espèce de l’ouest . . . . . . . . . . rainieri Van Dyke [p. 53]
45
5. Longueur du corps entre 3,7 et 5,2 mm, habituellement au moins 4,0 mm; lobe
postoculaire du prothorax faiblement développé; écailles couchées sur les
élytres de couleur grise ou beige à brun pâle, patron de couleur habituellement
chiné . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lineaticollis Kirby [p. 50]
Longueur du corps moins de 4,0 mm; lobe postoculaire du prothorax absent

(faiblement développé dans l’espèce thulius); écailles couchées sur les élytres
de couleur brunes foncées, patron de couleur plus uniforme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Surface dorsale du rostre avec trois carènes médianes longitudinales . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Buchanan [p. 47]
Rostre sans carène visible ou avec deux carènes de hauteur variable. . . . . . . . 7
7. Longueur du corps 2,7 mm; rostre avec une carène médiane longitudinale
étroite; espèce retrouvée dans le grand nord. . . . . . . thulius (Kissinger) [p. 54]
Longueur du corps entre 3,0 et 3,6 mm; rostre avec deux carènes ou carènes
obscurées par les écailles; espèce retrouvée au sud de la Colombie Britannique
et de l’Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pumilus Buchanan [p. 52]
Lepidophorus alternatus Van Dyke, 1930

Fig. 50
Lepidophorus alternatus Van Dyke, 1930: 150. Buchanan (1936a: 4); Hatch
(1971: 301); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60).
Description. Length 5.0–6.8 mm, about 2.5–3.0 times as long as wide. Rostrum
about as long as head width (lateral view); surface obscurely punctured, with fine
median longitudinal carina, often with additional fine carina along lateral edge, vesti-
ture consisting of abundant, broad, recumbent scales intermixed with elongate, semi-
erect, narrow scales; apex beyond antennal insertions flat, densely punctured, without
carina. Antennal scape with intermixed fine, semierect setae and recumbent, flat
scales. Prothorax 1.1 times as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate;
anterior edges straight in lateral view; disc evenly convex, often with a weakly
impressed, longitudinal, median groove; discal surface closely, densely, and very
deeply punctured, each puncture with small, broad, recumbent, brownish scale, sur-
face between punctures with numerous, narrow, curved, erect, brownish scales; inter-
spaces smooth, shiny; lateral areas as on disc. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; striae
weakly impressed, punctures round, closely placed; interstriae about 3.0 or more
times as wide as striae, densely covered with light to dark brown, broad, recumbent
scales, also with median interstrial rows of erect, narrow, light brown scales; interstri-
ae 2, 4, and 6 weakly but noticeably convex, 6th more acutely elevated; interstriae 1
and 3 not elevated; posterior portion of elytra convex, narrow, with surface as on disc
46
except interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 6 slightly more strongly elevated and narrow interstrial
scales more erect.
Distribution. Lepidophorus alternatus occurs in British Columbia, south through
coastal Washington and northwestern Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Healy Lake, west of Nanaimo, Mesachie
Lake Forest Experiment Station, Port Renfrew.
Comments. This is the first record of this species from Canada. It was previous-
ly known only from Washington and Oregon.
The adults of L. alternatus are easily recognized by the weakly but noticeably ele-
vated interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 6 on the posterior portion of the elytra. On the elytral disc,
interstriae 2, 4, and 6 are weakly elevated and bear somewhat more numerous interstri-
al scales. In addition, the pronotal disc has very deep, large, closely placed punctures.
No habitat information is available except that L. alternatus is reported to be an
occasional pest of strawberries (Johansen and Brannon 1955).
Lepidophorus bakeri Buchanan, 1936

Lepidophorus bakeri Buchanan, 1936a: 8. Hatch (1971: 300); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333).

Description. Length 3.0–3.9 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum slight-
ly shorter than head width (lateral view); surface densely, deeply punctured, tricar-
inate, vestiture consisting of dense, recumbent, broad scales and narrow, semierect
scales; apex beyond antennal insertions flat, densely, deeply punctured, without
carina and with narrow scales only. Antennal scape with narrow and broad recum-
bent scales intermixed. Pronotum about as long as wide, widest at middle; sides
broadly arcuate; discal surface evenly convex, densely, deeply punctured, each
puncture covered by very broad, recumbent brownish scale; interspaces mostly
concealed by scales, shiny, with semierect, narrow, brown scales; lateral areas
often with short vitta of larger, broader, lighter scales. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long
as wide; striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, close; interstriae
weakly convex, about 3.0 times as wide as striae, densely covered with light to
dark brown, broad scales, each interstria with a median row of semierect, light
brown, narrow scales; posterior portion of elytra convex, narrow; surface as on
disc except interstriae narrower.
Distribution. Lepidophorus bakeri is known from Oregon and Washington. It
is not recorded from Canada but possibly occurs in British Columbia.
Comments. Adults of L. bakeri may be recognized by the small size (less than
4.0 mm), by the more sparsely placed scales on the pronotal surface that do not
completely obscure the pronotal punctures, and by the tricarinate rostrum.
47
Lepidophorus inquinatus (Mannerheim, 1852)

Fig. 13; Map 1
Liophloeus inquinatus Mannerheim, 1852: 351.

Lophalophus inquinatus: LeConte (1876: 120).
Lepidophorus inquinatus: Buchanan (1936a: 2); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60);
Anderson (1988: 2409); McNamara (1991: 333).
about as long as head width (lateral view); surface densely punctured, with fine medi-
an longitudinal carina, vestiture consisting entirely of fine, recumbent, narrow scales;
apex beyond antennal insertions flat, densely punctured, without carina. Antennal
scape with fine, recumbent setae. Prothorax as long as wide, widest at middle; sides
broadly arcuate; anterior edges straight in lateral view; discal surface evenly convex,
densely and evenly punctured, each puncture with short, recumbent, very narrow,
brownish scale; interspaces smooth, shiny; lateral areas often with short vitta of larg-
er, broader, white scales. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; striae weakly impressed,
punctures elongate, closely placed; interstriae 4.0 or more times wider than striae,
densely covered with white to light brown, elongate, broad scales intermixed with
Map 1. Collection localities for Lepidophorus inquinatus.
48

Fig 13. Lepidophorus inquinatus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
49
light brown, narrow scales, these narrow scales tending to form interstrial rows,
especially posteriorly; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 slightly convex; interstriae 2, 4, 6, and
8 not elevated, flat; posterior portion of elytra convex, narrow; surface as on disc
except interstria 1 slightly more strongly elevated and narrow interstrial scales
more erect.
Distribution. Lepidophorus inquinatus occurs from Alaska to southern British
Columbia.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Amchitra Island, Cold Bay (Alaskan
Peninsula), Dutch Harbor (Amaknak Island), Glacier Bay National Monument,
Hyder, Izembeh Wildlife Refuge (Alaskan Peninsula), Juneau, Kodiak Island, Saint
Paul Island, Seward, Simpson, Skagway, Umnak Island, Unalaska Island. British
Columbia: Brooks Peninsula (Vancouver Island); Graham Island, Moresby Island
(Queen Charlotte Islands).
Comments. Adults of L. inquinatus can be recognized by the weakly elevated
alternate elytral interstriae, by the distinct longitudinal carina on the rostrum, and by
the larger size. This is the largest species of this genus in Canada and Alaska.
Adults have been found under stones, in a salt marsh, and in leaf debris.
Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby, 1837

Fig. 51; Map 2
Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby, 1837: 201. Buchanan (1936a: 3); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333); Anderson (1997: 531, 558).
Description. Length 3.7–5.2 mm, 1.8–1.9 times as long as wide. Rostrum about
as long as head width (lateral view); surface densely, deeply punctured, without medi-
an longitudinal carina, vestiture consisting of recumbent, broad scales and narrow,
semierect scales; apex beyond antennal insertions flat, densely, deeply punctured,
without carina, and with only narrow scales. Antennal scape with narrow and broad
scales intermixed. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest in front of middle; sides
broadly arcuate; discal surface evenly convex, densely, evenly punctured, each punc-
ture covered by broad, recumbent, brownish scale; interspaces smooth, shiny, with
semierect, narrow (almost hairlike), brown scales; lateral areas often with short vitta
of larger, broader, white scales. Elytra 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide; striae weakly
impressed, punctures very small, close; interstriae flat, not elevated, 4.0 or more times
wider than striae, densely covered with gray to light and dark brown broad scales
intermixed with short, scattered light brown hairlike scales; posterior portion of ely-
tra strongly convex; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Lepidophorus lineaticollis occurs in the northern regions from
Alaska to the western part of the Northwest Territories and south into northern British
Columbia.
Extant Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Anchorage, Circle City, College,
50
Collio, Copper Creek, Deadman Lake, Denali National Park (ridge north of Camp
Denali), “Duncki Lake,” Eagle, Fairbanks, Fort Yukon, Kenai, Knik, Lisburne,
Matanuska, New Rampert House (7–15 mi. north), Nohagana Dunes, Nome, Palmer,
Prudhoe Bay Road (Nutirwik Cr., Bonanza Cr., Fish Cr., Snowden Cr., and Minnie Cr.),
Sheenjek River, Sinoruk (15 mi. north of Wales, Bering Strait), Skilak Lake (Jct. Rt. 1,
Kenai Pen.), Umnak, Willow. British Columbia: Alaska Highway (miles 496, 498, 505,
619), Atlin, Fort Nelson, French River (Highway 37). Northwest Territories: Aklavik,
Canoe Lake, Fort Simpson, Highway 1 (124 km northwest of junction of Hwy. 5),
Norman Wells, Tuktoyaktuk, Wrigley. Yukon Territory: Alaska Highway (miles 674,
702, 813), Burwash Landing, Carcross, Carmacks, Carmacks (97 km north), Dawson,
Dempster Highway (miles 45 and 158; kilometers 232 and 268), Hansen Lake, Kirkman
Creek, La Force Lake, Mayo, McQueston, Minto Creek, Moose Creek at Highway 3,
Mount Skukum, North Fork Pass (Ogilvie Mountains), Old Crow, Pelly Crossing, Ross
River, Selkirk, Tatchun Creek, Teal Lake (British Mountains), Timber Creek (British
Mountains), Watson Lake, Whitehorse, White River.
Numerous additional localities from the Yukon Territory are listed in Anderson
(1997).
Map 2. Collection localities for Lepidophorus lineaticollis.
51
Comments. This is the most common species of this genus in Canada. Adults
of L. lineaticollis may be most easily recognized by the fact that the elytral interstriae
are all flat or weakly convex and all of equal height, by the gray to light brown
elytral scales, by the size usually being greater than 4.0 mm, and by the weak postocu-
lar lobe along the anterior edge of the prothorax (sometimes absent or very weakly evi-
dent).
This species is generally found in wet to dry tundra habitats, south-facing slopes,
and river shorelines. Adults are commonly collected in leaf litter in Alaska and in
other various treeless habitats throughout the species range. Lepidophorus lineaticol-
lis is likely parthenogenetic, since no males have yet been found. Larvae are not
known but are likely general root feeders. Adults are all brachypterous.
Recorded from Prunus triloba leaves, in homes, and eating strawberries and
raspberries.
Fragments of adults of L. lineaticollis are very common as late Pleisto-
cene fossils at numerous sites in Alaska and the Yukon Territory; they are not known
from Siberia (Matthews 1982). In fossil deposits, this species is associated with species
generally regarded as indicative of wet to dry tundra habitats (Matthews 1982).
Lepidophorus pumilus Buchanan, 1936

Fig. 52
Lepidophorus pumilus Buchanan, 1936a: 7. Hatch (1971: 300); O’Brien and

Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333).
Description. Length 3.0–3.6 mm, about 1.2 times as long as wide. Rostrum
slightly shorter than head width (lateral view); surface densely punctured, with 2 vari-
ably elevated, longitudinal carinae or without median carina, vestiture consisting of
large, recumbent, broad scales and narrow, semierect scales; apex beyond antennal
insertions flat, densely, deeply punctured, without carina, and with narrow scales only.
Antennal scape with narrow and broad scales intermixed. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as
wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate; discal surface evenly convex,
densely, deeply punctured, each puncture covered by large, broad, recumbent, light to
dark brown scales; interspaces concealed by scales, and with semierect, narrow,
brownish scales; lateral areas often with short vitta of larger, broader, lighter scales.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; striae weakly impressed, punctures very small, close;
interstriae flat, not elevated, 4.0 or more times wider than striae, densely covered with
light to dark brown, broad scales, each interstria with a median row of light brown,
narrow scales; posterior portion of elytra convex, narrow, with surface as on disc
except striae more deeply impressed and interstriae narrower, more strongly convex.
Distribution. Lepidophorus pumilus is known from British Columbia and
Alberta, south to Oregon.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary. British Columbia: Fernie.
Comments. Adults of L. pumilus may be most easily recognized by the length
52
(3.0–3.6 mm), by the dorsal surface of the pronotum being completely covered by
large, flat scales obscuring the pronotal punctures, and by the closely punctate some-
what rugose frons and rostrum. The rostrum often bears two separated, longitudinal
carinae, or the carinae may be absent, or at least not visible under the scales.
Lepidophorus rainieri Van Dyke, 1930

Lepidophorus rainieri Van Dyke, 1930: 149. Buchanan (1936a: 2); Hatch (1971:
300); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60).
Description. Length 3.7–5.0 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum about as
long as head width (lateral view); surface densely, deeply punctured, with fine medi-
an longitudinal carina, with additional fine carina above antennal insertions, vestiture
consisting of abundant, broad, recumbent scales intermixed with elongate, semierect,
narrow scales; apex beyond antennal insertions flat, sparsely punctured, without cari-
na. Antennal scape with intermixed fine, semierect setae and recumbent, flat scales.
Prothorax about as long as wide, widest in front of middle; sides moderately arcuate;
posterior lateral edge straight, convergent; discal surface evenly convex; discal sur-
face closely, densely, and deeply punctured, each puncture covered by small, broad,
recumbent, brownish scale, with numerous, narrow, curved, semierect, brownish
scales arising on surface between punctures; interspaces smooth, shiny; lateral areas
as on disc. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; striae very weakly impressed, punctures
very small, oval; interstriae about 3.0 or more times wider than striae, densely cov-
ered with light to dark brown, broad, recumbent scales; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 weakly
but noticeably convex, each with median row of semierect, narrow, light brown
scales; interstriae 2, 4, and 6 not elevated, flat, 2 and 4 without median row of semi-
erect scales; posterior portion of elytra convex, narrow; surface as on disc except
interstria 1 slightly more strongly elevated and narrow interstrial scales more erect.
Distribution. Lepidophorus rainieri is known only from the Mount Rainier
region of Washington. It is not recorded from Canada but should be expected in the
high mountain regions of southwestern British Columbia.
Comments. Lepidophorus rainieri should be looked for at high elevations in the
western Canadian mountains. Hatch (1971) states that this species was found above
4000 ft. on Mount Rainier.
Adults of L. rainieri are similar to those of L. setiger but have much smaller strial
punctures, bear only a median carina on the rostrum, and have a western distribution.
Lepidophorus setiger Hamilton, 1895

Lepidophorus setiger Hamilton, 1895: 347. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 145);
Buchanan (1936a: 4); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1496).
about as long as head width (lateral view); surface densely punctured, tricarinate, each
53
carina moderately elevated, acute, vestiture consisting of fine, recumbent, broad

scales and sparse, elongate scales laterally; apex beyond antennal insertions flat,
smooth, without carinae. Antennal scape with fine, recumbent setae intermixed with
recumbent, broad scales. Pronotum as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly
arcuate; lateral edges convergent anteriorly; discal surface evenly convex, densely and
evenly punctured, each puncture with short, recumbent, broad, light brown scales;
interspaces smooth, shiny; lateral areas without a vitta of larger, broader scales. Elytra
1.3 times as long as wide; striae distinctly impressed, punctures very large, round,
closely placed; interstriae convex, about as wide as striae, densely covered with white
to light brown, broad scales, on posterior half of disc interstriae 1, 3, and 5 each with
a median row of semierect, narrow setae, all interstriae with a median row of setae on
anterior half of disc; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 slightly convex; interstriae 2, 4, and 6 not
elevated, very weakly convex. Declivity convex, narrow; surface as on disc except
interstria 2 with narrow interstrial setae at apex.
Distribution. Lepidophorus setiger occurs throughout eastern United States from
Pennsylvania and New York south to North Carolina; it is not recorded from Canada
but should be expected in southern Ontario and (or) southern Quebec.
Comments. The adults of L. setiger are recognized by the very large strial punc-
tures, by the lack of erect scales on the posterior half of interstriae 2 and 4 except at
the elytral apex, by the distinctly tricarinate rostrum, and by the smaller size. It is sim-
ilar to the previous species but is easily distinguished by the characters given above.
Specimens have been sifted from leaf litter in North Carolina; little else is known
of the biology of this species.
Lepidophorus thulius (Kissinger, 1974), comb. nov.

Vitavitus thulius Kissinger, 1974: 194. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); Anderson
(1997: 531, 558).
Description. Length 2.7 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum as long as
head width (lateral view); surface densely, strongly granulate, with a narrow, slightly
impressed, median, longitudinal groove; vestiture consisting of large, recumbent,
broad scales; apex beyond antennal insertions weakly convex, finely punctured, with-
out a carina. Antennal scape with narrow and broad scales intermixed. Frons slightly
swollen above eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times wider than long, widest at middle; sides
broadly arcuate; discal surface evenly convex, densely, deeply punctured, each punc-
ture covered by a large, broad, recumbent, light to dark brown scales; interspaces con-
cealed by scales, and with semierect, narrow, brownish scales; lateral areas may have
a short vitta of larger, broader, lighter scales. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; striae
deeply impressed, punctures very small, close; interstriae weakly convex, not elevat-
ed, 4.0 or more times wider than striae, densely covered with light to dark brown,
broad scales, with a median row of erect, light brown, narrow scales on all interstri-
ae. Declivity convex, narrow; surface as on disc except striae more deeply impressed
and interstriae narrower, more strongly convex.
54
Distribution. Lepidophorus thulius currently occurs in Nunavut and the Yukon

Territory.
Extant Canadian records: Nunavut: Bernard Harbour. Yukon Territory: Alaska
Highway (kilometer 1713 and Horseshoe Bay Campground), Firth River.
Comments. Adults of L. thulius may be recognized by the strongly granulate
frons and rostrum, by the swelling above the eyes, and by the deeply impressed ely-
tral striae.
Lepidophorus thulius is found in dry tundra and south-facing slopes. Until recent-
ly, only a single living specimen of this species was known (Kissinger 1974); all pre-
vious specimens were represented by subfossil fragments or broken subfossil speci-
mens. Adults have now been collected in an upland dolomitic fell-field area in asso-
ciation with Lepidophorus lineaticollis and on a south-facing gravel slope with L. lin-
eaticollis, and Hypera seriata associated with a species of Artemisia (Anderson 1997).
The species may be parthenogenetic, since no males have been collected. Larvae are
unknown but are likely root feeders. Adults are all brachypterous.
Lepidophorus thulius is abundant in early Pleistocene deposits in eastern Siberia
and Alaska (Matthews 1974), in Pliocene samples in Alaska (Matthews 1977), mid-
Wisconsian samples from the northern Yukon Territory (Matthews 1975), possible
early Wisconsian samples from Minnesota (Ashworth 1980), and Holocene samples
from Ontario (Morgan et al. 1983). Matthews (1977) also records a suspected speci-
men of this species from Meighen Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Genus Plinthodes LeConte, 1876

Plinthodes LeConte, 1876: 117. Type species: Hylobius taeniatus LeConte,
1857, monotypy. Arnett (1962: 1001); Kissinger (1964: 35); Hatch (1971: 278);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333); Downie and Arnett (1996:
1496); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 145); Anderson (2002: 775).
Description. Body large, stout; surface with small, narrow scales and setae.
Rostrum free, stout, laterally expanded at apex, surface with a distinct median
groove, with a short, shallow to deep groove above scrobe. Mandible stout, lacking
obvious scar, with sharp edge ventrally, often extended into a short, flat, acute, more
or less emarginate extension. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, dorsal edge acutely
defined, directed toward and nearly reaching lower portion of eye. Antennal scape
club-shaped, not reaching eye or directed below eye when retracted next to head,
with short, recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, second segment elongate, all seg-
ments with setae; club 4-segmented, conical, acutely pointed at tip. Eyes oval, sep-
arated from pronotal edge. Prothorax about as long as wide; anterior edge produced
into a postocular lobe; discal surface punctured, often granulate, usually sulcate or
carinate in median line. Scutellum rectangular, wider than long, with dense pubes-
cence. Elytra narrow, elongate; sides weakly rounded; humeral angles distinct; dis-
cal striae with coarse punctures; discal interstriae wider than striae, variously rough-
ened, punctured. Declivity strongly convex, steep, concavely impressed before
55
apex. Tibia truncate at apex, front tibia mucronate at inner angle, hind tibia not
mucronate; claws free, simple.
Comments. Plinthodes contains two species, one of which occurs in Canada.
Plinthodes taeniatus (LeConte, 1857)

Fig. 53; Map 3
Hylobius taeniatus LeConte, 1857: 55.

Plinthodes taeniatus: LeConte (1876: 118); Hatch (1971: 281); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333).

Description. Length 13.5–17.0 mm, about 2.7 times as long as wide. Surface of
rostrum roughly, deeply, closely punctured, with a deeply impressed median groove
and two shallowly impressed, lateral grooves that are located above scrobe and extend
from near antennal insertion to near eye; vestiture consisting of recumbent, brownish,
Map 3. Collection localities for Plinthodes taeniatus.
56
hairlike scales, these denser along upper edge of eye. Frons evenly blended with ros-
trum; surface as on rostrum. Prothorax as long as wide; sides broadly rounded before
middle, converging posteriorly; discal surface deeply, closely punctured, strongly
tuberculate, with a shallowly impressed line along anterior and lateral edges, and a
weakly to strongly impressed median sulcus that is more deeply impressed on anteri-
or and posterior thirds. Scutellum covered with brownish or yellowish scales. Elytra
1.8 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, then strongly con-
verging to narrowly, evenly rounded apex; striae distinct, not impressed, strial punc-
tures moderately large, deeply impressed; interstriae about as wide to much wider
than striae, surface finely roughened, with close, recumbent, narrow, brownish scales,
with occasional small groups of slightly wider, lighter scales forming scattered, dif-
fuse spots but also forming a very distinct spot on fifth interstriae about one-fourth of
distance behind basal edge and a similar spot close to humeral angle laterally.
Posterior edge of sternite 4 without a distinct tooth at lateral angle.
Distribution. Plinthodes taeniatus occurs in the Pacific Northwest from British
Columbia to Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Duncan, Errington, Gabriola Island,
Langford, Saanich, Storms, Shawnigan, Sooke, Victoria, Wellington.
Comments. Adults of P. taeniatus are easily recognized by the large, deeply
impressed strial punctures on the elytra, by the rectangular, densely pubescent scutel-
lum, and by the strongly and deeply punctured pronotal surface.

Plinthodes taeniatus has been recorded causing extensive damage to the foliage
of strawberries at Sooke, on Vancouver Island (MacNay 1952).
Genus Trichalophus LeConte, 1876

Trichalophus LeConte, 1876: 118. Type species: Alophus didymus LeConte, 1854,
hereby designated. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 144); Kissinger (1964: 35); Hatch (1971:
278); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61); McNamara (1991: 333); Downie and Arnett
(1996: 1496); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 145); Anderson (2002: 775).
Acmaegenius LeConte, 1876: 118. Type species: Acmaegenius hylobinus LeConte,
1876, monotypy. Kissinger (1964: 35); Hatch (1971: 278, 282); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 60); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 145); Anderson (2002: 775). syn. nov.
Description. Body large, stout; surface with small, narrow scales and setae.
Rostrum free, stout, laterally expanded at apex, surface with a distinct median groove,
with a short, shallow to deep groove above scrobe. Mandible stout, lacking obvious scar,
with a sharp edge ventrally, often extended into a short, flat, acute, more or less emar-
ginate extension. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, dorsal edge acutely defined, direct-
ed toward and nearly reaching lower portion of eye. Antennal scape club-shaped, not
reaching eye or directed below eye when retracted next to head, with short, recumbent
setae; funicle 7-segmented, second segment elongate, all segments with setae; club 4-
segmented, conical, acutely pointed at tip. Eyes oval, separated from pronotal edge.
Pronotum about as long as wide; anterior edge produced into a postocular lobe; discal
57
surface punctured, often granulate, usually sulcate or carinate in median line. Scutellum
triangular, acute at posterior apex, sparsely pubescent. Elytra narrow, elongate; sides
weakly rounded; humeral angles not evident; discal striae with fine punctures; discal
interstriae wider than striae, variously roughened, punctured. Declivity strongly convex,
steep, concavely impressed before apex. Tibia truncate at apex, front tibia mucronate at
inner angle, hind tibia not mucronate; claws free, simple.
Comments. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) and McNamara (1991) list nine North
American species in Trichalophus and two in Acmaegenius. Six of the Trichalophus
species and no species in Acmaegenius are listed from Canada. Trichalophus stefanssoni
Leng, from the Northwest Territories, has been transferred to Lepyrus Germar, two
Trichalophus species are herein placed in synonymy, and one species is newly recorded
from Canada, resulting in a total of four Canadian species in this genus.
Kissinger (1964) noted that he was not able to find readily apparent characters to
separate Trichalophus and Acmaegenius from Plinthodes. We had originally considered
the same opinion, but after examinations of numerous specimens, including types of
several species, and consultations with several colleagues, we have decided to combine
only Trichalophus and Acmaegenius, and leave Plinthodes as a distinct genus. Both
Trichalophus and Acmaegenius species share all apparent characters, including the tri-
angular scutellum, while Plinthodes species have a distinctly different scutellum (see
Description) and much more strongly punctured elytra. It is possible that all three gen-
era should be combined, but for the present, it seems best to recognize two genera.
Acmaegenius and Trichalophus were both validated in 1876 on the same page. As
first revisors, we have selected Trichalophus as the valid name for this group of species.
Key to the species of Trichalophus

found in Canada and Alaska
1. Elytral vestiture consisting of uniformly narrow, recumbent scales; pronotum
finely punctured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Elytral vestiture consisting of intermixed, recumbent, broadly oval, whitish

scales and scattered, semierect, hairlike setae; pronotum deeply punctured and
distinctly rugose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . granicollis (Van Dyke) [p. 63]
2. Postero-lateral angle of fourth abdominal sternite with a distinct tooth; prono-

tum with deep transverse impression posterior of anterior edge. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . didymus (LeConte) [p. 61]
Postero-lateral angle of fourth abdominal sternite without a tooth; pronotum not

impressed or only weakly impressed posterior of anterior edge . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Pronotum without median longitudinal carina on disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplex (LeConte) [p. 64]
58
Pronotum with distinct median longitudinal carina on disc, with depressed area
at each end of carina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternatus (Say) [p. 59]
Clé des espèces du genre Trichalophus

1. Élytres recouverts d’écailles étroites uniformes et couchées; pronotum avec des
points peu profonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Élytres recouverts d’une combinaison d’écailles blanchâtres ovales et couchées

et de poils semidressés; pronotum avec des point profonds, d’apparence

rugueuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . granicollis (Van Dyke) [p. 63]
2. Angle postéro-lateral de la quatrième sternite abdominal avec une dent dis-

tincte; pronotum avec une dépression transverse distincte derrière le bord
antérieur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . didymus (LeConte) [p. 61]
Angle postéro-lateral de la quatrième sternite abdominal sans dent; pronotum

sans dépression transverse derrière le bord antérieur ou avec une dépression
transverse peu distincte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Pronotum sans carène médiane longitudinale sur le disque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplex (LeConte) [p. 64]
Pronotum avec une carène médiane longitudinale sur le disque, avec une
dépression à chaque extrémité de la carène . . . . . . . . . alternatus (Say) [p. 59]
Trichalophus alternatus (Say, 1831)

Fig. 54; Map 4
Hypsonotus alternatus Say, 1831: 10.

Trichalophus alternatus: LeConte (1876: 119); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 144);
Hatch (1971: 282); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61); McNamara (1991: 333); Downie
and Arnett (1996: 1497); Anderson (1997: 531, 558).
Alophus seriatus Mannerheim, 1853: 245. syn. nov.
Trichalophus seriatus: LeConte, 1876: 119. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61);
McNamara (1991: 333).
Description. Length 9.2–13.0 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum about
0.9 times length of pronotum; surface deeply, closely punctured, with a deeply
impressed median groove and two deeply impressed lateral grooves located above
scrobe and extend from near midpoint between antennal insertion and eye to near eye;
vestiture consisting of recumbent, brownish, hairlike scales, these not especially
denser along upper edge of eye. Frons evenly blended with rostrum; surface as on ros-
59
trum except more finely punctured. Pronotum 1.3 times wider than long; sides strong-
ly arcuate, strongly converging posteriorly and weakly constricted anteriorly; discal
surface deeply, closely punctured, with a shallowly impressed line along anterior and
lateral edges, and with a deep impression on anterior third, joined by an elevated cari-
na to a shallower impression on posterior third. Scutellum covered with brownish or
yellowish scales. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides strongly arcuate from base to
narrowly rounded apex, apices weakly divaricate; striae obsolete, not impressed, usu-
ally marked by absence of scales, strial punctures obsolete, not discernable; interstri-
ae much wider than striae, surface densely, finely punctured, with close, recumbent,
narrow, brownish scales, with occasional small patches of lighter scales. Posterior
edge of sternite 4 without a distinct tooth at lateral angle.
Distribution. Trichalophus alternatus occurs across Canada from Ontario to

Alaska and British Columbia, south to Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, and South Dakota.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Anchorage, Centennial Lake, Cooper
Landing, Eklutna Flats, Granite Creek, Homer (5 mi. north), Kasilof, Kenai, Seward,
Willow. Alberta: Athabaska, Banff, Bragg Creek, Canmore, Cypress Hills, Highwood
River, McMurray, “Moraine Lake,” Tp. 101, Rge. 10 W, 5 Mer[idian], Waterton Lake
National Park. British Columbia: Alaska Highway (miles 496 and 505), Boulder
Creek, Chilkat Pass, Fernie, Golden, Hazelton, Highway 5 at Logan Lake Road, Hope
Mountains, Horsefly, Hedley, Laggan, “Pan Creek (Ilgachuz Mountains),” Radium,
Summerland (Mount Apex), Three Brothers Mountain (Manning Provincial Park),

Vancouver Island (Jordan Meadows). Manitoba: Brandon, Gillam, Riding Mountain
National Park (2 km south of Whirlpool Lake). Ontario: Biscotasing, Crow Lake,
Englehart, Manitouwadge, Nipigon, Sudbury. Saskatchewan: Candle Lake, La
Rouge (105 km north). Yukon Territory: “Mount Skukum,” Snafu Creek,
Whitehorse.
Comments. Adults of T. alternatus may be recognized by the distinctly carinate
pronotal disc, with depressed areas at each end of the carina, by the weakly visible
elytral striae, and by the absence of a distinct tooth on the lateral apical angle of the
Map 4. Collection localities for Trichalophus alternatus.
60
fourth abdominal segment.

Trichalophus alternatus is found in boreomontane forest habitats. No information
is available on its biology or life history. Larvae likely feed on roots of some under-
story plants. Adults are all brachypterous.
Specimens originally used by Say (1831) for his description of Hypsonotus alter-
natus could not be located (see LeConte 1859; Mawdsley 1993). It is widely accept-
ed that J.L. LeConte is responsible for modern concepts of most species described by
Say (Mallis 1971). Three specimens of T. alternatus are in the LeConte Collection at
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. The first of these bears a pale blue disk, indicating the region of Lake
Superior, Canada, and North, and a handwritten label “A. alternatus Say,” presumably
in LeConte’s hand. This specimen is herein selected as the Neotype in order to fix the
taxonomic status of this species and has been so labeled.
Trichalophus didymus (LeConte, 1854)

Fig. 55; Map 5
Alophus didymus LeConte, 1854a: 20.

Trichalophus didymus: LeConte (1876: 119); Hatch (1971: 282); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 61); Anderson (1988: 2409); McNamara (1991: 333).

Alophus constrictus LeConte, 1857: 54.
Trichalophus brunneus Van Dyke, 1927: 15. Hatch (1971: 282); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 61); McNamara (1991: 333). syn. nov.
about 0.9 times length of pronotum; surface roughly, deeply, closely punctured, with
a deeply impressed median groove and two, shallowly impressed lateral grooves that
are located above scrobe and extend from near midpoint between antennal insertion
and eye to near eye; vestiture consisting of moderately long, generally recumbent,
brownish, hairlike scales, these not especially denser along upper edge of eye. Frons
evenly blended with rostrum; surface as on rostrum except more finely punctured.
Pronotum as long as wide; sides broadly rounded before middle, constricted posteri-
orly, strongly constricted anteriorly; discal surface moderately deeply, closely punc-
tured, slightly irregular, with a very deeply impressed transverse sulcus posterior of
anterior edge, and a moderately strongly impressed median sulcus that is more deeply
impressed on anterior and posterior thirds. Scutellum covered with brownish or yel-
lowish scales. Elytra 1.5–1.6 times as long as wide; sides evenly, broadly arcuate on
basal three-fourths, then strongly converging to narrowly rounded, divaricate apices;
striae obsolete, marked by broken rows of dark setae, strial punctures not discernible;
interstriae much wider than striae, surface finely, densely roughened, with close,
recumbent, narrow, light brownish or reddish scales, with small, scattered, diffuse
patches of slightly wider, white or light brown to greenish scales forming scattered,
diffuse spots but also often with a variably distinct, white or brownish spot on inters-
triae 4–6 a short distance behind base and a similar spot close to humeral angle later-
61
ally. Posterio-lateral angle of sternite 4 with a distinct projection at lateral angle.

Distribution. Trichalophus didymus occurs from Alaska, south and east through-
out the northwestern United States to Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota.
McNamara (1991) also recorded this species from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and
Manitoba. We suspect that those provincial records were based on misidentified spec-
imens.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Haines, Uzinki. British Columbia:
Comox, Courtenay, Duncan, Errington, Gabriola, Graham Island, Hazelton, Hope
Mountains, Kitsumkalum Lake, Ladysmith, Masset, Osoyoos, Queen Charlotte
Map 5. Collection localities for Trichalophus didymus.
62
Islands (Graham Island), Saanich, Shawnigan, Terrace, Thetis Island, Tow Hill,
Vancouver, Vancouver Island, Vernon, Victoria, Witty’s Lagoon (near Victoria).
Comments. Van Dyke (1927) described T. brunneus from one specimen that had
two distinct spots near the base of elytral interstriae 4–6. When a large number of
specimens from several different localities were examined, it became clear that this
character is variable and cannot be used to distinguish species. The type was exam-
ined and found to clearly fit within the range of observed variation for T. didymus. In
the absence of any distributional or morphological differences, we have placed Van
Dyke’s species in synonymy.
This species is known as an occasional pest of strawberries in Washington State
(Johansen and Brannon 1955; Hatch 1971).
Trichalophus granicollis (Van Dyke, 1927), comb. nov.

Fig. 56
Acmaegenius granicollis Van Dyke, 1927: 14. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60).
Description. Length 7.9–8.0 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum about
0.75 times length of pronotum; surface roughly, deeply, closely punctured, with a
deeply impressed median groove and two, shallowly impressed lateral grooves
located above scrobe and extend from near midpoint between antennal insertion
and eye to near eye; vestiture consisting of moderately long, generally recumbent,
brownish, hairlike scales, these somewhat denser and broader along lateral edge
and not especially denser along upper edge of eye. Frons evenly blended with
rostrum; surface as on rostrum except more finely punctured and with narrow,
elongate scales and setae intermixed. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides
broadly rounded before middle, strongly constricted posteriorly; discal surface
moderately deeply, closely punctured, slightly irregular, with a weakly to strongly
elevated median line. Scutellum covered with brownish or yellowish scales. Elytra
1.5–1.6 times as long as wide; sides evenly, broadly arcuate from base to narrow-
ly rounded apex; striae indistinct, not impressed, strial punctures about as large
as adjacent interstrial punctures, moderately impressed; interstriae about twice
as wide, or more, as stria, surface moderately punctured, finely, densely rough-
ened, with close, recumbent, narrow, light scales intermixed with dark brown,
slightly longer setae. Posterior edge of sternite 4 without a distinct projection
at lateral angle.
Distribution. Trichalophus granicollis has been previously recorded only from
Wyoming. This is a new record for Canada.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Basque, Kamloops, Narasnata.
Comments. Adults of Trichalophus granicollis are recognized by the sparse
pubescence on the elytra and by the more finely punctured pronotum.
The holotype of T. granicollis, in the California Academy of Sciences, was exam-
63
ined and compared to the Canadian specimens recorded above. All are conspecific. In
addition, specimens have also been seen from Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming (all speci-
mens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa).
Trichalophus simplex LeConte, 1876

Fig. 14; Map 6
Trichalophus simplex LeConte, 1876: 119. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61);
McNamara (1991: 333).
about 0.73 times length of pronotum; surface deeply, closely punctured, with a deeply
impressed median groove, deeper on basal portion, and two, very shallowly impressed
or obsolete lateral grooves located above scrobe and extend from near midpoint
between antennal insertion and eye to near eye; vestiture consisting of recumbent,
brownish, hairlike scales, these not especially denser along upper edge of eye. Frons
evenly blended with rostrum; surface as on rostrum, except more finely punctured.
Map 6. Collection localities for Trichalophus simplex.
64

Fig. 14. Trichalophus simplex. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
65
Pronotum 1.2 times as wider as long; sides broadly arcuate, strongly converging pos-
teriorly; discal surface finely, closely punctured, impressed line posterior of anterior
edge absent, median sulcus absent. Scutellum covered with brownish or yellowish
scales. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly, evenly arcuate from base
to narrowly rounded apex; striae indistinct, not impressed, strial punctures obsolete,
not discernable; distinct interstriae not discernable, elytral surface finely, densely
punctured, with close, recumbent, narrow, light brownish scales, with occasional
small patches of dark brown scales. Posterior edge of sternite 4 without a distinct
tooth at lateral angle.
Distribution. Trichalophus simplex occurs from the Northwest Territories to
Alberta, east to Manitoba and south to Colorado.

Canadian records: Alberta: Banff, Calgary, Gleichen, Jumpingpound Cr.,
Lethbridge, McMurray, Medicine Hat, Tp. 24, Rge. 28 W, 4 Mer[idian]. Manitoba:
Aweme, Gillam, Riding Mountain, Treesbank, Wawanesa, Winnipeg. Northwest
Territories: Fort Smith. Saskatchewan: Assiniboia, Dundurn, Esterhazy, Rutland,
Saskatoon, St. Louis, Swift Current, Wakaw, Wood Mountain.
Comments. Adults of T. simplex may be recognized by the absence of a median
carina on the pronotal disc, by the indistinct and shallow lateral groove above the
scrobe and by the pronotum usually without a distinct, impressed line behind the ante-
rior edge, and by the indistinct elytral striae.
Tribe Brachyderini Schönherr, 1826

Genus Strophosoma Billberg, 1820
Strophosoma Billberg, 1820: 44. Type species: Curculio coryli Fabricius, 1775 (=
Curculio melanogrammus Forster, 1771), subsequent designation by Pierce (1913:
411). Blatchley and Leng (1916: 132); Arnett (1962: 998); Kissinger (1964: 28);
Strophosomus Schönherr, 1823: 1139. Type species: Curculio coryli Fabricius,
1775 (= Curculio melanogrammus Forster, 1771), original designation. Alonso-
Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 147); Anderson (2002: 776).
Strophosomum Gistel, 1856: 374 [unjustified emendation of Strophosoma
Billberg]. Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 147); Anderson (2002: 776).
Description. Body robust, surface covered with small, round, recumbent scales
and erect, scattered, narrow scales. Head distinctly constricted behind eyes. Rostrum
free, much shorter than head width, not expanded at antennal insertions; surface
broadly, shallowly sulcate, with a fine, weakly elevated, longitudinal carina extending
from distinctly elevated, arcuate nasal carina to level of lower edge of eyes, surface
with abundant, erect and recumbent scales; antennal scrobes lateral, strongly
impressed, arcuate so that antennal scape rests below eye level when retracted next to
head. Eye small, strongly, acutely convex, posterior edge close to or contiguous with
66
anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal scape
shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending to near level of poste-
rior edge of eye, surface with fine, recumbent setae and narrow scales; funicle 7-seg-
mented, first and second segments elongate, all segments with long, fine setae; club
distinct, conical, narrow, about 2.6 times as long as wide, vaguely 3-segmented, first
segment almost twice as long as second and third combined. Pronotum wider than
long; surface with small, dense, recumbent and erect scales; lateral edge moderately
arcuate. Elytra with humeral angles rounded; scutellum not visible from above; discal
surface covered by small, recumbent scales and narrow, erect scales; strial punctures
distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel open; tibiae not
mucronate at apex. Tarsal segments broad, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws connate.
Comments. Strophosoma contains more than 25 species in Europe, one of which

occurs in Canada, evidently introduced into this country in ships’ ballast. A number of
subgenera have been used in this genus; Strophosoma melanogrammum belongs to the
subgenus Strophosoma (see Pelletier 1995).
Members of Strophosoma are easily recognized by the acutely prominent eyes
and by the constriction of the head behind the eyes.
Strophosoma melanogrammum (Forster, 1771)

Fig. 15; Map 7
Curculio melanogrammus Forster, 1771: 36.

Strophosoma melanogrammum: Hatch (1971: 274); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982:
44); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1486); Palm (1996: 228);
Morris (1997: 44); Majka et al. (2007a).
Curculio coryli Fabricius, 1775: 148.
Strophosoma coryli: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 132).
Description. Length 3.6–4.9 mm, about 1.6 times as long as wide. Body generally
blackish, with a dense covering of light brown scales and narrow, scattered scales on
Map 7. Collection localities for Strophosoma melanogrammum.
67

Fig. 15. Strophosoma melanogrammum. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
68
head, pronotum, and elytra, basal 1/3–1/2 of sutural interstria glabrous. Head with a nar-
row, deep, longitudinal groove extending from level of lower edge of eye to vertex.
Rostrum broadly, shallowly sulcate, median carina sharply, weakly elevated; tip of ros-
trum below level of antennal insertions flattened, with a weakly elevated, broadly arcu-
ate nasal carina; surface densely covered by recumbent scales and scattered, narrow, erect
scales. Pronotum about 1.7 times as wide as long; sides moderately arcuate; discal sur-
face densely, very deeply punctured, covered with recumbent, brownish scales and scat-
tered, narrow, erect scales. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide; sides very broadly
arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures
variable in size, deeply impressed; discal interstriae broad, weakly convex; entire elytral
surface except base of sutural interstria, with densely placed, small, round to oval, brown
scales, each interstria with an irregular, median row of narrow, erect scales; elytral decliv-
ity very steeply convex, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than those on disc.
Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 densely, finely punctate, with small, narrow or broad scales,
fifth sternite similar. Apex of tibiae 1 evenly rounded, with a small spine on lower angle.
Distribution. This European species occurs from Newfoundland to Quebec south
to New Jersey and New York and in British Columbia and Washington.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Bowser, Campbell River,
Duncan, Elgin, Gabriola Island, Lake Cowichan, Nanaimo Lakes, Nicomen,
Parksville, “Silverdale,” Vancouver, Victoria. Newfoundland: Georgetown,
Holyrood, Long Pond, St. Georges, St. John’s. Nova Scotia: Baddeck, Cape Breton
Highlands National Park, Halifax, Kentville, Maitland, Sydney, Truro. Ontario:
Barrie. Prince Edward Island: Pinette. Quebec: Montreal.
Comments. Strophosoma melanogrammum was first reported in North America
from New Jersey and Massachusetts in 1888 (Hatch 1971). By 1916, it was recorded
from Montreal, Quebec (Blatchley and Leng 1916). It was recorded from British
Columbia in 1923 and from Ontario in 1958 (Campbell et al. 1989).
Strophosoma melanogrammum is of little economic importance. The adults feed
on the foliage of broad-leafed trees and shrubs (MacNay 1961). Hatch (1971) men-
tions occasional injury to rhododendron. Some reports are of this species defoliating
strawberries on the Experimental Farm at Agassiz, British Columbia, and the species
has been found on strawberries in Newfoundland. Palm (1996) summarizes the biol-
ogy of S. melanogrammum in northern Europe. Other than the reports mentioned
above, little else is recorded on the life history or habits of this species in Canada.
The adults of S. melanogrammum are easily recognized by the acutely prominent
eye, by the head distinctly constricted behind the eye, and by the scaly covering of the
elytra with the basal one-third to one-half of the sutural interstria glabrous.
69
Tribe Cneorhinini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Philopedon Schönherr, 1826
Philopedon Schönherr, 1826: 97. Type species: Curculio geminatus Fabricius,
1787 (= Curculio plagiatus Schaller, 1783), original designation. Kissinger (1964:
Philopedum Agassiz, 1846: 285 [unjustified emendation of Philopedon
Schönherr]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 150); Anderson (2002: 776).
Dactylorhinus Tournier, 1876: 132. Type species: Curculio globatus Herbst, 1784
(= Curculio plagiatus Schaller, 1783), subsequent designation by Alonso-Zarazaga

(1988: 123). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 150); Anderson (2002: 776).
Dactylorrhinus Rye, 1878: 77 [unjustified emendation of Dactylorhinus
Tournier]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 150); Anderson (2002: 776).
Description. Body robust, surface covered with small, round, recumbent scales and
sparse, erect, hairlike setae. Head not constricted behind eyes, separated from rostrum by
a transverse impression at level of lower edge of eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head
width, weakly expanded at antennal insertions; surface broadly, shallowly flattened, lat-
eral areas elevated, with a fine, weakly elevated, longitudinal carina just above distinct-
ly elevated, arcuate nasal carina, with abundant scales; antennal scrobes lateral, strongly
impressed, dorsal edge distinctly defined, arcuate so that antennal scape rests below eye
level when retracted next to head. Eye small, strongly convex, posterior edge remote
from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal
scape shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending to about midpoint of
ventral edge of eye, surface with abundant, fine, recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented,
first segment slightly elongate, all segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, conical,
about twice as long as wide, vaguely 4-segmented. Pronotum wider than long; surface
with small, dense scales; lateral edge strongly arcuate. Elytra with humeral angles round-
ed; scutellum visible from above; discal surface variably covered by small, recumbent
scales and erect setae; strial punctures distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge.
Tibiae with corbel broadly closed; tibiae 1 and 2 mucronate at apex, 3 without distinct
mucro. Tarsal segments broad, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws connate.
Comments. Philopedon contains several species in Europe, one of which has
been introduced, and is now established, in eastern Canada.
Philopedon plagiatum (Schaller, 1783)

Fig. 16; Map 8
Curculio plagiatus Schaller, 1783: 284.

Curculio globatus Herbst, 1784: 83.
Curculio geminatus Fabricius, 1787: 116.
Philopedon plagiatum: Brown (1940: 76); Brown (1950: 202); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 44); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1486); Palm
70
(1996: 242); Morris (1997: 45); Chantal (1998: 105).

Description. Length 4.5–6.5 mm, about 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide. Body gen-
erally blackish, with a very dense covering of light brown to white scales and scattered
setae on head, pronotum, and elytra. Rostrum broadly, shallowly flattened, lateral areas
distinctly inflated just below transverse sulcus separating frons and rostrum; tip of ros-
trum below level of antennal insertions flattened, with a weak, longitudinal, median
carina, nasal carina sharply elevated, arcuate; surface densely covered by scales and
scattered, long setae. Pronotum about 1.7 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate;
discal surface densely, deeply punctured, each puncture covered by a small, round scale,
a few, fine, scattered, semierect setae intermixed between scales, scales mostly brown-
ish but often with white scales in a broken lateral vitta or only at base. Elytra about 1.2
times as long as wide; sides very broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct,
punctured in even, regular rows, punctures very small, generally very shallow; discal
interstriae broad, flat to weakly convex; entire elytral surface with densely placed, small,
round to oval scales, often scales in interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7 whitish or slightly lighter
than light brown scales in interstriae 2, 4, and 6, each interstria with an irregular row of
fine, erect setae; elytral declivity steep, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than
those on disc. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 densely, finely punctate, with small scales
and fine setae, fifth sternite similar. Apex of front tibia produced externally into a dis-
tinct, rounded lobe.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs in Quebec, New Brunswick,

Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: Kouchibouguac National Park, Tabusintac.
Newfoundland: Cow Head, Searston Sand Spit. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands
National Park, Sydney. Prince Edward Island: Brackley Beach, Green Gables,
Tignish. Quebec: Îles-de-la-Madeleine.
Comments. Philopedon plagiatum was first recorded in Canada from eastern New
Brunswick in 1940 by Brown, evidently introduced in ship ballast. It has since spread
throughout the Maritime Region. It was first recorded from Quebec by Chantal (1998).
Map 8. Collection localities for Philopedon plagiatum.
71

Fig. 16. Philopedon plagiatum. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
72
Adults of P. plagiatum are easily recognized by the distinct, narrow, transverse sul-
cus between the frons and rostrum. The lateral areas of the rostrum below the sulcus are
distinctly elevated. The front tibia is produced into a distinct, rounded lobe externally.
This species is polyphagous on numerous species of herbaceous plants and trees.
It is reported attacking a variety of cultivated plants and trees (Palm 1996) but is of
no economic importance in Canada, and nothing is recorded of its life history or biol-
ogy in this country.
Tribe Cyphicerini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Calomycterus Roelofs, 1873
Calomycterus Roelofs, 1873: 174. Type species: Calomycterus setarius Roelofs,

1873, monotypy. Arnett (1962: 995); Kissinger (1964: 37); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 67); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1498); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 153);
Anderson (2002: 776).
Synolobus Faust, 1886: 144. Type species: Synolobus periteloides Faust, 1886,
subsequent designation by Faust (1890: 67). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 153);
Anderson (2002: 776).
Description. Body small, stout; surface densely scaly. Rostrum free, short,
broad, distinctly expanded at apex, surface bisulcate; nasal plate at apex narrower than
frons. Mandible bearing a distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, extended toward
eyes. Antennal scape straight, weakly club-shaped, longer than funicle, extending
well beyond anterior edge of prothorax; funicle 7-segmented; club distinct, conical,
3-segmented. Eyes round, remote from lateral edge of prothorax. Prothorax wider
than long; anterior edge produced into a distinct postocular lobe, postocular bristles
absent; discal surface roughly punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible; sides
broadly rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal striae not impressed, with small, dis-
tinct punctures; discal interstriae flat, much wider than striae. Tibia rounded at apex,
mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. This Asian genus contains six species (Schenkling and Marshall
1931). One species has been introduced into North America.
Members of Calomycterus may be recognized by the long antennal scape, which
in repose, lies over the eye and extends well beyond the anterior edge of the protho-
rax, by the prominent scar on the mandibles, by the unimpressed striae, and by the
lack of prominent bristles on the postocular lobe.
Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, 1873

Figs. 17, 57
Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, 1873: 175. Becker (1977: 17); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 67); McNamara (1991: 334); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1499).
Description. Length 3.0–3.5 mm, about 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide. Body
73

Fig. 17. Calomycterus setarius. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
74
black to dark reddish brown, covered with small, off-white scales and erect, narrow
scales. Rostrum much shorter than head width; surface with a slightly elevated, acute,
median, longitudinal carina extending from level of antennal insertions to about mid-
point of frons; surface covered with numerous, small, round, lightly colored scales;
apex below level of antennal insertions with an acute, strongly elevated V-shaped cari-
na. Pronotum about 1.4–1.5 times as wide as long; sides weakly arcuate; discal sur-
face with numerous, large, deeply impressed, glabrous punctures. Elytra about
1.2–1.3 times as long as wide, strongly convex, at base as wide as pronotal base; sides
strongly, broadly arcuate, humeral angles rounded; apex narrowly rounded; striae dis-
tinct, glabrous, marked by rows of small, shallow punctures; interstriae flat, much
wider than striae, smooth, with numerous, small, round, recumbent scales and a medi-
an row of erect, narrow scales, these about as long or slightly shorter than width of
interstria, each arising from a very small tubercle.
Distribution. This introduced Japanese species occurs in eastern Ontario and
southern Quebec and throughout the eastern portion of the United States, west to Iowa
and Kansas.
Canadian records: Ontario: Brighton, Lanark, Newmarket. Quebec:
Hemmingford.
Comments. This species is known as the imported longhorned weevil. In addi-
tion to the generic characters mentioned above, adults of C. setarius are readily rec-
ognized by the presence of a sharply elevated V-shaped carina on the rostral apex, by
the presence of a median row of narrow, erect scales on the elytral interstriae, and by
the very strongly convex elytra. Adults are superficially similar to those of Sciaphilus
asperatus (Bonsdorff) but are distinctly smaller and may also be distinguished by the
generic and specific characters mentioned above.
Adults of C. setarius are parthenogenetic, flightless, and feed on a variety of
herbaceous plants (Kissinger 1964). Calomycterus setarius was introduced to the
United States in 1929 (Mutchler 1930) and Becker (1977) first recorded this species
from Canada from specimens found in a home; subsequent collecting around the
home and in two other areas near Lanark, Ontario, indicated that adults of C. setarius
were common along the roadside. The Quebec specimens were collected by sweeping
in apple orchards. Calomycterus setarius is an occasional pest of soybeans, Glycine
max, in the United States (Hunt et al. 2003). Individuals can become so numerous that
substantial defoliation of seedlings can occur. Some details of the habits of the species
and additional references are given by Hunt et al. (2003).
Genus Cyrtepistomus Marshall, 1913

Cyrtepistomus Marshall, 1913: 186. Type species: Phyllobius jucundus
Redtenbacher, 1844, original designation. Arnett (1962: 999); Kissinger (1964: 37);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 67); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1498); Alonso-Zarazaga
and Lyal (1999: 151); Anderson (2002: 776).
Description. Body small, somewhat elongate; surface scaly and setose. Rostrum
75
free, short, broad, very strongly expanded at apex, surface bisulcate; nasal plate at
apex much wider than frons. Mandible bearing distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed,
extended toward eyes. Antennal scape straight, weakly club-shaped, as long as funi-
cle, extending well beyond anterior edge of prothorax; funicle 7-segmented; club dis-
tinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes round, remote from anterior edge of prothorax,
extending onto frons. Prothorax wider than long; anterior edge very weakly produced
into a postocular lobe, postocular bristles present; discal surface roughly punctured.
Elytra elongate; scutellum visible; sides narrowly rounded; humeral angles distinct;
discal striae slightly impressed, with distinct punctures; interstriae slightly convex,
slightly wider than striae. Femora toothed. Tibia rounded at apex, mucronate at inner
angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. This Asian/Indian genus contains five species (Schenkling and

Marshall 1931). One species has been introduced into North America.
Members of Cyrtepistomus may be recognized by the long antennal scape, which
in repose, lies below the eye and extends well beyond the anterior edge of the protho-
rax, by the prominent scar on the mandibles, by the impressed striae, and by the pres-
ence of several prominent bristles on the postocular lobe.
Cyrtepistomus castaneus (Roelofs, 1873)

Fig. 58
Myllocerus castaneus Roelofs, 1873: 168.

Cyrtepistomus castaneus: Kissinger (1964: 37); Baker (1972: 221); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 67); McNamara (1991: 334); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1498).
Description. Length 4.1–5.2 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Body dark reddish
brown to light yellowish brown, with scattered setae, these in uniseriate row on elytra, and
with scattered, very small, recumbent, round, greenish scales, these especially numerous
on frons, rostrum, and on lateral portions of prothorax and elytra. Rostrum shorter than
head width; surface with a weakly elevated, acute, median, longitudinal carina extending
from level of antennal insertions to upper level of eyes; surface weakly bisulcate, with
numerous, small, round, greenish scales and numerous, erect, flattened setae; apex below
level of antennal insertions with an acute, strongly elevated, broadly arcuate carina.
Pronotum about 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long; sides weakly arcuate; discal surface shiny,
with numerous, large, deeply impressed punctures. Elytra about 2.4 times as long as wide,
at base distinctly wider than pronotal base; sides weakly, broadly arcuate, humeral angles
distinct; apex narrowly rounded; striae distinct, slightly impressed, marked by rows of
large, moderately deep punctures; interstriae weakly to distinctly convex, about 1.5 times
as wide as striae, smooth, each with a median row of erect, flattened setae, and on lateral
areas, often with numerous, small, round, recumbent, greenish scales.
Distribution. This introduced Japanese species occurs in eastern Ontario and
throughout most of the eastern United States.
Canadian records: Ontario: Prince Edward County.
76
Comments. In addition to the generic characters mentioned above, adults of C.

castaneus are readily recognized by the presence of a sharply elevated, broadly arcu-
ate carina on the rostral apex, by the distinctly impressed elytral stria, by the presence
of small, recumbent, greenish scales on the lateral portion of the elytra and prothorax,
by the median row of erect, flattened setae on the weakly convex elytral interstriae,
and by the elongate elytra.
Cyrtepistomus castaneus is commonly known as the Asiatic oak weevil. It is an
introduced species first recorded in North America in New Jersey in 1933; it is now
known to occur throughout most of eastern North America. Oaks and Asiatic Chestnut
appear to be the principal food plants, but it also feeds on other trees such as hickory,
beech, dogwood, hazelnut, and azalea (Baker 1972; Frederick and Gering 2006).
The Asiatic oak weevil is parthenogenetic and has a 1-year life cycle. Apparently,
eggs are laid in the soil from early July to mid-September. Larvae have been found
around the roots of oak seedlings at depths of 6 in. in the soil. Winter is spent mostly
in the larval stage. Adults appear in the spring and feed on the leaves of sapling oaks
and chestnuts. They chew in from the margins of the leaves to the midrib and devour
everything except the larger veins. Later, they fly to larger trees to feed. During the
fall, they sometimes invade homes in large numbers, presumably in search of hiber-
nation sites (Baker 1972). The species is not recognized as a major economic pest.
Genus Myosides Roelofs, 1873

Myosides Roelofs, 1873: 164. Type species: Myosides seriehispidus Roelofs,
1873, monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 152); O’Brien (2001: 229);
Anderson (2002: 776).
Description. Body small, broadly convex; surface covered with appressed scales.
Rostrum free, short, broad, slightly concave longitudinally; nasal plate with distinct
V-shaped carina. Mandible bearing distinct scar. Scrobe very faintly impressed.
Antennal scape slightly curved near middle, club-shaped, slightly longer than funicle,
barely reaching anterior edge of prothorax; funicle 7-segmented; club distinct, coni-
cal, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, remote from anterior edge of prothorax, posi-
tioned laterally on head. Prothorax wider than long; anterior edge at most with scarce-
ly evident postocular lobe, postocular bristles absent; discal surface roughly punc-
tured. Elytra broadly convex; scutellum minute, covered by scales; humeral angles
indistinct; discal striae distinctly impressed, narrow, much narrower than interstriae;
interstriae slightly convex. Femora with small, sharp tooth. Tibia mucronate at inner
angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. This eastern Asian genus contains 12 species (Morimoto and Lee
1993). One species has been introduced into North America.
Myosides superficially resemble members of the genus Trachyphloeus and were
identified as such in collections until recently (O’Brien 2001). The absence of humer-
al angles, distinct V-shaped carina on the nasal plate and broadly convex appearance
77
will distinguish this genus at once from Cyrtepistomus, the only other genus in the
subtribe Cyphicerina.
Myosides seriehispidus Roelofs, 1873

Fig. 18
Myosides seriehispidus Roelofs, 1873: 165.

Description. Length 3.5–4.0 mm, about 1.8–1.9 times as long as wide. Body cov-
ered by broad, flat, appressed scales, often covered by earthen coating; pronotum and
elytra with semierect, narrow scales, these in uniseriate row on elytral interstriae.
Rostrum shorter than head width; surface with broad, median, longitudinal depres-
sion; surface covered by broad, appressed scales and scattered semierect, narrow
scales; with a small number of semierect, narrow scales above eyes; nasal plate with
a distinct V-shaped carina, bordered by a small number of anteriorly projecting semi-
erect, narrow scales. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate;
discal surface with numerous deep, elongate punctures. Elytra about 1.4 times as long
as wide, widest near middle; sides broadly arcuate, humeral angles absent; apex
broadly rounded; striae distinct, narrowly impressed, with indistinct punctures; inter-
striae slightly, uniformly convex, much wider than striae, each with a median row of
semierect, narrow scales.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs in Ontario and in the eastern United
States.
Canadian records: Ontario: Rondeau Provincial Park.
Comments. This small species can be separated from members of the superficial-
ly similar genus Trachyphloeus by the presence of a small sharp tooth on the inner
side of each femur.
O’Brien (2001) first reported this species in North America from several eastern
states. Specimens had accumulated in collections under the genus Trachyphloeus.
Myosides seriehispidulus was first recorded from Connecticut in 1973 (O’Brien 2001).
Specimens occur on Rumex and in litter. Although this species reproduces both sexual-
ly and parthenogenetically in Japan, only females are known to occur in North America.
Tribe Geonemini Gistel, 1848

Genus Barynotus Germar, 1817
Barynotus Germar, 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio obscurus Fabricius, 1775,
subsequent designation by Schönherr (1823: 1142). Horn (1876: 22); Blatchley and
Leng (1916: 101); Brown (1950: 201); Arnett (1962: 999); Kissinger (1964: 27);
1481, 1483); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 158); Anderson (2002: 777).
Merionus Dejean, 1821: 90. Type species: Curculio obscurus Fabricius, 1775,
monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 158); Anderson (2002: 777).
78

Fig. 18. Myosides seriehispidulus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
79
Kissodontus Desbrochers, 1909: 57. Type species: Barynotus humeralis

Desbrochers, 1909 (= Curculio sabulosus Olivier, 1807), original designation.
Description. Body large, robust, surface covered with small, round, recumbent
scales and scattered, sparse, semierect, hairlike setae. Head not constricted behind eyes.
Rostrum free, as long as or shorter than head width, distinctly expanded at antennal inser-
tions; surface with median, longitudinal groove and usually with abundant scales; anten-
nal scrobes lateral, strongly impressed, dorsal edge distinctly defined, arcuate so that
antennal scape rests below eye level when retracted next to head. Posterior edge of
eye remote from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex.
Antennal scape shorter than funicle, arcuate, elongate, club-shaped, extending to about
midpoint of ventral edge of eye, surface with sparse, fine, recumbent setae; funicle
7-segmented, first two segments slightly elongate, all segments with long, fine setae; club
distinct, conical, about twice as long as wide, distinctly 4-segmented. Eyes small, round,
very slightly convex. Pronotum wider than long; surface with small, dense scales; ante-
rior edge arcuate in lateral view. Prosternum with a large rounded elevation just behind
front coxae. Elytra with humeral angles prominent; scutellum visible from above; discal
surface variably covered by small, recumbent scales and semierect setae; strial punctures
distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel open, mucronate at apex.
Tarsal segments broad, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws separate, simple.
Comments. Barynotus contains 15 species, all native to Europe (Dalla Torre et

al. 1936). Three species have been introduced into Canada in ballast from sailing ships
(Brown 1950). Brown (1950) prepared a key to the Canadian species.
Adults of species in Barynotus are large, robust weevils. They also may be dis-
tinguished by the antennal scape resting below the eyes when retracted next to the
head, by the small, densely placed scales on the body, by the presence of a large inflat-
ed elevation on the prostermum behind the front coxae, and by the presence of sparse-
ly placed, hairlike setae on the antennal scape.
Key to the species of Barynotus found in Canada

1. Rostrum with two longitudinal furrows on each side of median sulcus; elytral
interstriae 1, 3, 5 more convex, with semierect setae; interstria 5 most prominent
near apex; elytral interstriae 2 and 4 flat, without setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moerens (Fabricius) [p.81]
Rostrum without longitudinal furrows on each side of median sulcus; elytral
interstriae flat or slightly convex; interstria 5 not prominent near apex; all inter-
striae with semierect setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Scales on head and rostrum abundant and conspicuous; scales on pronotal disc
numerous, concealing about half of the surface; humeral angles of elytra right-
angled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . obscurus (Fabricius) [p. 82]
80
Head, except at extreme base, and rostrum with very few scales; scales on
pronotal disc sparse, concealing much less than half of surface; humeral angles
of elytra forming acute projection. . . . . . . . . . schoenherri (Zetterstedt) [p. 84]
Clé des espèces du genre Barynotus

présentes au Canada
1. Rostre avec deux dépressions longitudinales de chaque côté du sillon médian;
intrestries élytrales 1, 3 et 5 plus convexe, avec des poils semidressés; interstrie
5 plus convexe à l’apex; interstries 2 et 4 plates, sans poils semidressés. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moerens (Fabricius) [p. 81]
Rostre sans dépressions longitudinales de chaque côté du sillon médian; intre-
stries élytrales plates ou peu convexes; interstrie 5 sans convexité plus
prononçée à l’apex; toutes les interstries avec poils semidressés . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Tête et rostre avec plusieurs écailles; écailles sur le disque pronotal nombreuses,
recouvrant approximativement la moitié de la surface; base de élytres avec
angle huméral rectangulaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . obscurus (Fabricius) [p. 82]
Tête et rostre avec très peu d’écailles, sauf à la base extrême de la tête; écailles
sur le disque pronotal peu nombreuses, recouvrant distinctivement moins que la

moitié de la surface; base de élytres avec angle huméral projeté antérieurement,
formant un angle aigu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . schoenherri (Zetterstedt) [p. 84]
Barynotus moerens (Fabricius, 1792)

Curculio moerens Fabricius, 1792: 465.
Barynotus moerens: Brown (1950: 201); Brown (1967: 92); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 41); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1484); Palm (1996:
246); Morris (1997: 46); Majka et al. (2007a).
erally blackish, with a very dense covering of light scales. Rostrum contiguous with
head, with a broad, deep, median groove extending from about level of midpoint of
eye to level of antennal insertion, with two, shorter, shallower grooves on each side of
median groove; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions subglabrous, coarse-
ly punctured; surface of rostrum densely punctured, with densely placed, small, oval
to round scales and scattered, semierect setae. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as
long; sides broadly arcuate; discal surface with widely separated, very low, rounded
elevations separated by small, round, deep depressions, entire surface with densely
placed, small, round scales and a few, scattered, recumbent setae arising from sum-
mits of elevations, scales often absent from elevations. Elytra about 1.8 times as long
as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae distinct, punctured in
regular rows, punctures large, deep; discal interstriae broad, convex, interstriae 3 and
81
5 more strongly elevated, more strongly convex, 1 slightly elevated; elytral surface
with densely placed, small, round to oval scales except in strial punctures, interstriae
2 and 4 without setae; elytral declivity steep, sutural and fifth interstriae more strong-
ly elevated, interstriae 3 and 5 joining before apex. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 dense-
ly punctate, with recumbent, fine setae, fifth sternite similar.
Distribution. Barynotus moerens is known in Canada only from Nova Scotia. It
occurs commonly throughout central Europe.
Canadian records: Nova Scotia: Lequille, Sydney, Tupperville, Yarmouth.
Comments. Adults of B. moerens were first reported from North America by
Brown (1950). They were swept from a meadow at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in 1947.
Only a few subsequent records have been noted.

Palm (1996) summarizes the biology of B. moerens in northern Europe; nothing is re-
corded concerning the habits or biology of this species in Canada. Barynotus moerens is
polyphagous and occurs on numerous species of herbaceous plants, such as Mercurialis
spp., Ranunculus spp., Cirsium spp., Viola spp., Primula spp. etc. (Palm 1996).
Barynotus obscurus (Fabricius, 1775)

Fig. 19; Map 9
Curculio obscurus Fabricius, 1775: 150.

Barynotus obscurus: Brown (1950: 202); Brown (1967: 92); Hatch (1971: 273);
1484); Palm (1996: 244); Morris (1997: 46).
Description. Length 7.5–9.2 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body generally
blackish, with a very dense covering of light scales. Rostrum contiguous with head,
with a broad, deep, median groove extending from about level of midpoint of eye to
level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions concave,
subglabrous, coarsely punctured; surface of rostrum on each side of median groove
densely punctured, with densely placed, small, oval to round scales and scattered,
Map 9. Collection localities for Barynotus obscurus (G); Stamoderes lanei (L).
82
Weevles body v6.qxp
2/18/08
10:20 AM
Page 83
Fig. 19. Barynotus obscurus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
83
semierect setae. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate; dis-
cal surface finely, densely punctured, slightly irregular with small, weakly impressed
linear or circular impressions, entire surface with moderately dense, small, round
scales and a few scattered, recumbent setae arising from punctures, scales often spars-
er or absent on elevations. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly
arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae distinct, punctured in regular rows, punctures
large, generally shallow; discal interstriae broad, flat to very weakly convex, interstri-
ae 1, 3, and 5 almost imperceptibly more strongly elevated, slightly more strongly
convex; elytral surface with densely placed, small, round to oval scales, these often
covering strial punctures, also with median row(s) of semierect setae on all interstri-
ae; elytral declivity steep, interstriae flat, except interstria 5 very weakly elevated on
lateral portions. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 densely punctate, with recumbent, fine
setae, fifth sternite similar.
Distribution. Barynotus obscurus is known in Canada from the Atlantic
Provinces and from British Columbia. The first North American records of this
species were made at Montmorency, Quebec, in 1937, and at Cobble Hill, British
Columbia, in 1954 (Hatch 1971). It occurs commonly in Europe.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Cobble Hill (record not confirmed). New
Brunswick: Fredericton, Kouchibouguac National Park, St. Andrews, Waterside,
West Quaco. Newfoundland: Avondale, Corner Brook, Fogo, Grand Bank, Holyrood,
Portugal Cove, Shoal Harbour, Spaniards Bay, St. John’s, St. Pierre. Nova Scotia:
Beaver Bank, Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cow Bay, Dartmouth, Grosses
Coques, Ingramport, Kings County, Lawrencetown, Louisbourg, New Germany,
Newport, Port Maitland, Pubnico, Saint Peters, South Harbor, South Ohio, Sydney,
Wolfville. Prince Edward Island: Basin Head, Cabot Provincial Park,
Charlottetown, Summerside. Quebec: Cap-aux-Meules, Cap-Chat, Escuminac,
Miguasha, Montmorency, St-Fidèle.
Comments. Adults of B. obscurus are reported to have attacked young tobacco
plants in Prince Edward Island and injured strawberries in Nova Scotia. The species has
also been reported to damage the crown and leaf stems of small fruits in Nova Scotia
(Campbell et al. 1989). Barynotus moerens is polyphagous on numerous species of
herbaceous plants, such as Trifolium, Primula, Medicago, Vicia, Rosa, etc. (Palm 1996).
Barynotus schoenherri (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Map 10
Curculio schoenherri Zetterstedt, 1838: 187.

Barynotus schoenherri: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 101); Brown (1950: 201);
1484); Majka et al. (2007a).
blackish, with a very sparse covering of light scales on head and pronotum and dense
84
scales and scattered, fine setae on elytra. Rostrum contiguous with head, with a broad,
deep, median groove extending from about level of midpoint of eye to level of anten-
nal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions slightly convex, sub-
glabrous, coarsely punctured; surface of rostrum on each side of median groove
densely punctured, several punctures may merge together to form a short groove in
front of eye, scales very small, round, very sparse to absent except on vertex of head.
Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate; discal surface dense-
ly, deeply punctured, regular, more distinctly rugose laterally, surface with sparse,
scattered, very small, round scales and a few very fine, scattered, recumbent setae.
Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly
rounded; striae indistinct, punctured in vague regular rows, punctures large, general-
ly very shallow; discal interstriae 1, 3, and 5 more strongly elevated, more strongly
convex; entire elytral surface with densely placed, small, round to oval scales, these
often covering strial punctures and usually sparser and (or) darker along elevated odd-
numbered interstriae, each interstria with a few semierect setae; elytral declivity steep,
interstriae, except 2, convex. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 densely punctate, with
recumbent, fine setae, fifth sternite similar.
Distribution. Barynotus schoenherri occurs from Quebec to Newfoundland
south in the northeastern United States to Massachusetts and Maine.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: Bathurst, Kouchibouguac National Park,
Tabusintac. Newfoundland: Biscay Bay, Highlands, Millertown, Port Rexton,

Portugal Cove, St. John’s, St. Pierre, Stephenville Crossing, Tors Cove, Whitbourne.
Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Sydney. Prince Edward Island:
Cavendish, Charlottetown, Green Gables, Rustico. Quebec: Aubrey, Cap-aux-
Map 10. Collection localities for Barynotus schoenherri.
85
Menles, Havre, Rimouski.

Comments. This European species was evidently first collected in Canada from
Newfoundland in 1876. It is abundant in Newfoundland and is also common in the
other areas noted above. No economic damage has been attributed to this species.
Genus Epicaerus Schönherr, 1834

Epicaerus Schönherr, 1834: 323. Type species: Epicaerus mexicanus Boheman,
1834, original designation. Horn, 1876: 20; Pierce, 1913: 413; Blatchley and Leng, 1916:
99; Arnett, 1962: 998; Kissinger, 1964: 27; O’Brien and Wibmer, 1982: 39; Downie and
Arnett, 1996: 1483; Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 159; Anderson, 2002: 777.
Epagrius Schönherr, 1840: 119. Type species: Epagrius nubilosus Boheman, 1840,
original designation. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 159; Anderson, 2002: 777.
Cacochromus Sharp, 1891: 101. Type species: Epicaerus carteri Chevrolat, 1880,
subsequent monotypy by Sharp, 1891. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 159; Anderson,
2002: 777.
Bradyrhynchus Sharp, 1891: 140. Type species: not yet designated. Alonso-
Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 159; Anderson, 2002: 777.
Melbonus Casey, 1895: 820. Type species: Melbonus scapalis Casey, 1895, mono-
typy. Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 159; Anderson, 2002: 777.
Description. Body large, robust, surface covered with small, round, recumbent
scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width,
distinctly expanded at antennal insertions; surface with two shallow, longitudinal
grooves, these with abundant scales; antennal scrobes lateral, strongly impressed,
dorsal edge distinctly defined, arcuate so that antennal scape rests below eye level
when retracted next to head. Posterior edge of eye remote from anterior edge of
prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal scape shorter than
funicle, arcuate, elongate, club-shaped, extending to about midpoint of ventral edge
of eye, surface with dense, narrowly flattened scales; funicle 7-segmented, first two
segments slightly elongate, all segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, coni-
cal, about twice as long as wide, distinctly 4-segmented. Eyes small, round, very
slightly convex. Pronotum wider than long; surface with small, dense scales; ante-
rior edge arcuate in lateral view. Prosternum flat behind front coxae, without any
elevation. Elytra with humeral angles not prominent; scutellum visible from above;
discal surface variably covered by small, recumbent scales and semierect setae;
strial punctures distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel
open, mucronate at apex. Tarsal segments broad, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws
separate, simple.
Comments. Epicaerus contains 10 species in North America, north of Mexico;
many more species occur in Mexico and Central America. One species possibly occurs
in southern Ontario, although no species are presently recorded from this country.
Adults of Epicaerus are very similar to those in Barynotus, but may be distin-
guished by the lack of any elevation behind the front coxae and by the presence of
dense, narrowly flattened scales on the antennal scape.
86
Epicaerus imbricatus (Say, 1824)

Fig. 59
Liparus imbricatus Say, 1824: 317.

Epicaerus imbricatus: Horn (1876: 20); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 99); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 40); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1483).
Description. Length 6.0–9.0 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Body dark
reddish brown to black, with a dense covering. Rostrum contiguous with head, sur-
face convex, longitudinally flattened along median line, with two short, shallow
grooves, one on each side of middle; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions,
with stout setae above mandibles; surface of rostrum densely, finely punctured, with
densely placed, small, oval to round scales. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as long,
widest at base; sides weakly arcuate; discal surface with large, deep, widely separat-
ed punctures and irregular elevations; median line distinct, broad, usually with dense
scales. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex nar-
rowly rounded; striae distinct, punctured in regular rows, punctures large, deep; dis-
cal interstriae broad, convex; entire surface with densely placed, small, round to oval
scales; elytral declivity steep, nearly vertical or slightly beyond vertical. Abdominal
sternites 1 and 2 densely punctate, with recumbent, fine setae, fifth sternite similar.
Distribution. Epicaerus imbricatus is widely distributed throughout the eastern
United States, north to South Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York. It is not
recorded from Canada, but should be found in southern Ontario, and possibly southern
Quebec.
Comments. Epicaerus imbricatus is commonly known as the imbricated snout
beetle. It is a general feeder and is found on many kinds of plants. It has been record-
ed damaging apples, strawberries, potatoes, onions, and many other vegetables
(Metcalf et al. 1951). This species belongs to the subgenus Epicaerus Schönherr.
Genus Stamoderes Casey, 1888

Stamoderes Casey, 1888: 236. Type species: Stamoderes uniformis Casey, 1888,
monotypy. Kissinger (1964: 27); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 39); McNamara (1991:
330); Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 159); Anderson (2002: 777).
Description. Body narrow, elongate, 3.9–7.0 mm in length; surface completely
covered with small, round, recumbent scales and sparse, semierect, hairlike setae.
Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width, weakly
expanded at antennal insertions; surface flat, with abundant scales; antennal scrobes
lateral, strongly impressed, dorsal edge distinctly defined, arcuate so that antennal
scape rests below eye level when retracted next to head. Posterior edge of eye remote
from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal
scape distinctly shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending to just
slightly beyond anterior edge of eye, surface with dense, narrow, semierect setae;
funicle 7-segmented, first two segments elongate, all segments with long, fine setae;
87
club distinct, narrow, conical, about twice as long as wide, distinctly 3-segmented.
Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Pronotum as long as wide or slightly longer than
wide; surface concealed by dense scales; anterior edge arcuate in lateral view. Elytra
with humeral angles rounded; scutellum visible from above; discal surface complete-
ly covered by small, recumbent scales and a row of semierect setae in each interstria;
strial punctures indistinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel
open; tibiae 1 and 2 mucronate at apex, 3 unarmed. Tarsal segments broad, third
deeply bilobed; tarsal claws separate, simple.
Comments. Stamoderes contains two species (O’Brien and Wibmer 1982); one
of these occurs in Canada. The species are of no recognized economic importance.
Specimens have been found on willow and other shrubs along river margins and on
sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) (Kissinger 1964).
Stamoderes lanei (Van Dyke, 1935)

Fig. 60; Map 9
Mimetes lanei Van Dyke, 1935: 86.

Stammoderes lanei: Hatch (1971: 273).
Stamoderes lanei: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 39); McNamara (1991: 330).
Description. Length 4.0–6.5 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Body black,
completely covered with various shades of brown, tan, and white scales. Rostrum
weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, convex from impression to ros-
tral apex, without carinae or impressions; tip of rostrum below level of antennal inser-
tions simple, unmodified; surface of rostrum completely covered with small, round,
recumbent scales. Pronotum as long as wide; lateral edges weakly arcuate, very weak-
ly constricted just posterior of anterior edge; discal surface covered by small, broad,
light to dark brown and white scales, white scales may predominate along lateral por-
tions; also with a few erect or semierect, fine, hairlike setae scattered between scales.
Elytra about 1.8 times as long as wide; sides evenly, broadly arcuate; apex drawn out
into an acute projection; striae weakly impressed, very narrow; discal interstriae flat
or very weakly convex, at least 5.0 or more times as wide as striae, surface covered
by small, round, brown and white scales in a variegated pattern, also with a median
row of moderately long, erect fine setae, these about as long as width of interstria.
Abdominal sternites densely covered with scales and setae.
Distribution. Stamoderes lanei occurs from southern British Columbia to
Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Osoyoos, Penticton, Summerland.
Comments. Adults of S. lanei are readily recognized by the dense covering of
brown, tan, and white scales, by the elongate form, by the acuminate elytral apex, and
by the generic characters summarized in the generic description and in the key to gen-
era. Adults are common on sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in the spring.
88
Genus Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, 1853

Trigonoscuta Motschulsky, 1853: 79. Type species: Trigonoscuta pilosa
Motschulsky, 1853, by monotypy. Arnett (1962: 999); Pierce (1975); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 33); McNamara (1991: 330); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 160);
Anderson (2002: 777).
Description. Body large, stout; surface densely scaly. Rostrum free, short, broad,
expanded at apex, more or less equal in length to head width; surface variously sculp-
tured. Mandible bearing a distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, curved below eyes.
Antennal scape straight, club- shaped, generally shorter or nearly as long as funicle;
funicle 7-segmented, first two segments longer than others, with fine setae; club dis-
tinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes round, distant from lateral edge of prothorax.
Prothorax wider than long, anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface
uneven, variously tuberculate or punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum visible; sides
broadly rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal striae with small punctures; discal
interstriae obscure, much wider than striae, with dense scales and setae. Tibia broad-
ly expanded at apex, mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Trigonoscuta contains 65 species and numerous subspecies in North
America. Almost all of the species occur on various sand dunes in the western part of
the continent. The classification of the group is confused, and more study is needed to
understand the status of the various populations. Only one species occurs in Canada.
Adults feed on the leaves of various desert plants such as Oenothera, Hilaria,
Atriplex, Ephedra, Franseria, Cucurbita, and numerous others. The adults spend the
day under the sand surface, climbing the host plants at night to feed. The larvae prob-
ably feed on roots.
Members of Trigonoscuta can be recognized by their large size, by the densely
scaly body surface, and by the greatly expanded apex of the tibia (Fig. 9).
Trigonoscuta pilosa iridescens Pierce, 1975

Fig. 61
Trigonoscuta pilosa iridescens Pierce, 1975: 7. Hatch (1971: 277) [as T. pilosa];
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 35); McNamara (1991: 330).
gray, or dark reddish, with legs and antennae slightly lighter in color. Rostrum with a
weakly impressed median longitudinal line extending to, or slightly beyond, a deeply
impressed, transverse groove at lower level of eyes; surface distinctly punctured, cov-
ered with dense, recumbent white or brown scales. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide
as long; sides evenly arcuate; surface densely tuberculate, completely covered with
brown, gray, and (or) white, oval, recumbent scales intermixed with erect brownish or
white setae, often with a pale vitta laterally; prothorax with long setae along anterior
edge. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide; base slightly recurved; sides broadly
arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae indistinct, weakly impressed, with fine punc-
89
tures often concealed by scales; interstriae densely, finely tuberculate, completely

covered with scales similar to those on pronotum, intermixed with abundant, long,
erect brownish setae. Tibia slender, not dentate on lateral edges, all tibia expanded at
apex, three much more so than others.
Distribution. The subspecies iridescens occurs from southern British Columbia to
coastal Oregon. The nominate subspecies occurs along the northern California coast.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Ucluelet–Tofino beach, Victoria.
Comments. Hatch (1971) reports T. p. iridescens as common at roots of dune
grasses along ocean beaches. Specimens from Ucluelet were associated with Elymus
mollis and Abronis latifolia (A. Howden, pers. comm., 2003).
Tribe Hormorini Horn, 1876

Genus Agasphaerops Horn, 1876
Agasphaerops Horn, 1876: 24. Type species: Agasphaerops nigra Horn, 1876,
monotypy. Arnett (1962: 997); Kissinger (1964: 20); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 54);
McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 160); Anderson (2002: 777).
Description. Body large, broad; surface densely scaly. Head not constricted
behind eyes. Rostrum free, much longer than head width, strongly expanded at anten-
nal insertions, with a deep median groove and a strongly elevated V-shaped carina at
tip; surface convex, scaly. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply
impressed, curving below eyes. Antennal scape slightly curved, elongate, club-
shaped, slightly shorter than funicle, with fine setae; funicle 7-segmented, segments
with long, stout setae; club conical, 4-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex.
Prothorax wider than long; anterior edge with postocular lobes very weakly developed
or absent, glabrous; discal surface strongly tuberculate. Elytra broad; scutellum visi-
ble; humeral angles rounded; discal surface densely covered with scales, strial punc-
tures distinct. Tibia rounded at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Agasphaerops contains only one species.
Agasphaerops nigra Horn, 1876

Figs. 20, 62
Agasphaerops nigra Horn, 1876: 25. Kissinger (1964: 20); Hatch (1971: 255);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 54).
Panscopus sulcifrons Pierce, 1913: 392.
Description. Length 8.3–9.3 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body black, with
contrasting pattern of white and black scales. Frons and rostrum evenly convex, medi-
an groove deep, extending from mid-level of eye to level of antennal insertions; tip of
rostrum with an elevated, V-shaped carinae; surface densely, finely punctured, with
small, inconspicuous scales, these longer near eyes. Pronotum less than 1.1 times as
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Fig. 20. Agasphaerops nigra. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
91
wide as long; sides evenly arcuate; discal surface with large, dense tubercles and
large, deep punctures, each of the tubercles with a short, brown scale in center, punc-
tures often covered by small, white scales. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide;
base recurved; sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae deeply impressed,
with large, deep punctures, usually with small, white to dark brown scales; interstriae
narrower than striae, strongly tuberculate; discal surface (except tubercles) often con-
cealed by dense, flat, recumbent scales. Tibia weakly dentate on inner apical edge.
Distribution. Agasphaerops nigra occurs along the Pacific Coast from southern
British Columbia to California.
Canadian records: British Columbia. Braeford, Duncan, Qualicum Lake,
Vancouver Island.
Comments. Adults of A. nigra are easily recognized by the strongly tuberculate
pronotal and elytral surfaces, by the presence of a deep longitudinal groove on the
frons and rostrum, by the contrasting black and white color pattern, and by the large
size. Specimens are superficially similar to specimens of Otiorhynchus but may be
distinguished by the deeply impressed scrobes in A. nigra.
Agasphaerops nigra is commonly known as the lily weevil. It is a potentially seri-
ous pest in British Columbia. The larvae attack the bulbs and underground stems of
lilies and tend to spread from native lily bulbs to cultivated species. Details of the
biology and life history may be found in Campbell et al. (1989).
Hatch (1971) reports that all records of this species are within 2 mi. of the coast.
It is possible that this species is known under another name in the eastern Asian fauna.
Genus Hormorus Horn, 1876

Hormorus Horn, 1876: 23. Type species: Chlorophanus undulatus Uhler, 1856,
monotypy. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 100); Arnett (1962: 997); Kissinger (1964: 20);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 54); McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 160); Anderson (2002: 777).
Description. Body moderately large, broad; surface with scattered hairs and scales.
Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, slightly shorter than head width, strong-
ly expanded at antennal insertions, with a broad, very shallow median groove; surface
convex, with very narrow scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar, with a distinct
acute projection below scar. Scrobes deeply impressed, curved below eyes. Antennal
scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae; funi-
cle 7-segmented, segments with long, stout setae; club distinct, conical, 4-segmented.
Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Prothorax slightly wider than long; anterior edge
with postocular lobes very weakly developed or absent; discal surface strongly tubercu-
late. Elytra broad; scutellum visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with narrow,
hairlike scales and patches of small, broad scales, strial punctures distinct except under
scale patches. Tibia rounded at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Hormorus contains only one species.
92
Hormorus undulatus (Uhler, 1856)

Fig. 21; Map 11
Chlorophanus undulatus Uhler, 1856: 416.

Hormorus undulatus: Horn (1876: 23), Blatchley and Leng (1916: 100); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 54); Majka et al. (2007a).
black, with contrasting pattern consisting of narrow, hairlike, scattered, brown scales
and groups of smaller, broad, greenish white scales, these in patches along lateral edge
of pronotum and on elytral humeral region extending along basal one-quarter of lat-
eral edge of elytra, then bent inward toward suture, also occurring in scattered patch-
es on elytral apex. Frons and rostrum evenly convex, median groove very broad, very
shallow, extending from above level of eye to level of antennal insertions; tip of ros-
trum with divergent, shallow grooves extending to lateral angles; surface densely,
finely punctured, with scattered, small, narrow, light brown scales, these slightly
longer near eyes. Pronotum less than 1.1 times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly
arcuate; discal surface with large, dense, low tubercles and large, deep punctures, each
tubercle with a short, brown scale in center, punctures glabrous. Elytra about 1.2–1.3
times as long as wide; base straight, curving forward at humeral angle; sides broadly
arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae weakly to not impressed, with large, deep
punctures, each of these with a small, white to brown scale; interstriae about as wide
as striae, convex, slightly irregular. Tibia weakly dentate on inner apical edge.
Distribution. Hormorus undulatus occurs from Alberta to Newfoundland, south
throughout the eastern United States to Iowa and New York.
Canadian records: Alberta: Ghost Dam, Weepers. Manitoba: Riding Mountain
National Park, Spruce Woods Provincial Park. New Brunswick: St. Andrews,
Tabusintac. Newfoundland: Port-aux-Basques. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands
National Park, Kentville, Louisbourg. Ontario: Constance Bay, De Crew, Ojibway,
Prince Edward County, Saint Lawrence Islands National Park, Toronto, Wawa. Prince
Edward Island: Millvale, St.-Patricks, Trout River. Quebec: Brome, Covey Hill,
Map 11. Collection localities for Hormorus undulatus.
93
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Fig. 21. Hormorus undulatus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.

Gatineau Park, Kilmer, Knowlton, “Lac des Étangs,” “Lac Poissonneux,” Montreal,
Pte-du-Moulin, Rigaud, Ste-Agathe, St-Hippolyte.
Comments. The adults of H. undulatus can be recognized by the attractive color
pattern, which consists of patches of greenish white scales in a longitudinal stripe on
the lateral edges of the pronotum and along the lateral edge of the elytra from the
humeral area to about one-third the distance to the apex. On the elytra, this stripe
bends sharply and continues across the elytral disc to near the suture.
Tribe Naupactini Gistel, 1848

Genus Mesagroicus Schönherr, 1840

Mesagroicus Schönherr, 1840: 281. Type species: Thylacites piliferus Boheman,
1833, original designation. Buchanan (1929a: 1–14); Arnett (1962: 998); Kissinger
(1964: 26); Hatch (1971: 273); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 31); Downie and Arnett
Mesagroecus Agassiz, 1846: 231 [unjustified emendation of Mesagroicus
Schönherr]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 164); Anderson (2002: 778).
Lepidocricus Pierce, 1910: 362. Type species: Lepidocricus herricki Pierce, 1910,
original designation. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 164); Anderson (2002: 778).
Description. Body 3.0–6.0 mm in length; surface covered with small, round,

recumbent scales and semierect, hairlike setae. Head not constricted behind eyes.
Rostrum free, shorter than head width, weakly expanded at antennal insertions; sur-
face flat, with abundant scales and setae; antennal scrobes lateral, strongly impressed,
when retracted next to head. Posterior edge of eye remote from anterior edge of pro-
thorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal scape slightly longer than
funicle, weakly curved, club-shaped, extending to about midpoint of eye, surface with
semierect setae; funicle 7-segmented, first two segments slightly longer than others,
all segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, narrow, conical, about 1.9 times as
long as wide, indistinctly 3-segmented. Eyes small, strongly convex. Pronotum wider
than long; anterior edge arcuate in lateral view. Elytra with humeral angles rounded;
scutellum visible from above; discal surface covered by small, recumbent scales and
semierect, setae; strial punctures indistinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge.
Tibiae with corbel open; all tibiae mucronate at apex. Tarsal segments broad, third
deeply bilobed; tarsal claws separate, simple.
Comments. Mesagroicus contains nine species (O’Brien and Wibmer 1982),
none of which are presently known to occur in Canada. The two species treated below
occur just south of the Canadian border, and most likely will eventually be found in
this country.
The species in Mesagroicus have a superficial resemblance to those in Sitona but
can be distinguished by the presence of an oval scar on the mandibles and by the lack
of scales on the mandibles.
95
Key to the species of Mesagroicus

potentially occurring in Canada
1. Body stout, elytra slightly inflated posteriorly; elytral setae curved, inclined,
truncate at tip, in a nearly regular single row on each interstria; pronotal tuber-
cles distinct, sometimes obscured by surface crust; eastern species . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minor Buchanan [p. 97]
Body slender, subparallel; elytral setae straight, more erect, acute at tip, not in
a single row in each interstria; pronotal tubercles reduced to weakly elevated,
flat elevations; western species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elongellus Emden [p. 96]
Clé des espèces du genre Mesagroicus

possiblement présentes au Canada
1. Corps épais, élytres gonflés postérieurement; élytres avec des poils recourbés,
semidressés, tronqués à l’apex, formant une rangée presque droite sur les inter-
stries; tubercules sur le pronotum distincts, parfois recouverts de saletés; espèce
de l’est . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minor Buchanan [p. 97]
Corps étroit, avec les côtés parallèles en vue dorsale; élytres avec des poils
droits, plus dressés, avec l’apex aigu, ne formant pas une rangée presque droite
sur les interstries; tubercules sur le pronotum peu distincts, avec le sommet plat;
espèce de l’ouest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elongellus Emden [p. 96]
Mesagroicus elongellus Emden, 1936

Mesagroicus elongatus Buchanan, 1929a: 10 [preoccupied species name]. Hatch
(1971: 273).
Mesagroicus elongatus var. nevadianus Buchanan, 1929a: 11. O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 31).
Mesagroicus elongatus var. incertus Buchanan, 1929a: 11. O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 31).
Mesagroicus elongellus Emden, 1936: 30 [replacement name]. O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 31).
erally grayish or grayish brown, with dense scaly covering, without a surface crust.
Rostrum contiguous with head, flat, with a broad, deep, median groove extending
from above eye level to level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of
antennal insertions subglabrous, coarsely sculptured; surface of rostrum densely
punctured, with scattered, erect, narrow scales. Pronotum about 1.2–1.3 times as wide
96
as long; sides weakly arcuate; discal surface with curved, semierect scales and broad,
irregular-shaped, flattened, weakly elevated areas, each with a seta-bearing puncture.
Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides subparallel; apex broadly rounded;
striae indistinct; discal interstriae broad, flat, with a regular or confused, median row
of short, nearly straight, semierect, acute setae. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 larger in
males, surface punctate and reticulate, fifth sternite finely and densely punctured; with
dense, recumbent scales and semierect setae and a few plumose scales.
Distribution. Mesagroicus elongellus is not recorded from Canada but should be
expected in southern British Columbia or southern Alberta. It occurs in the northwest-
ern United States.
Comments. Adults of M. elongellus are more slender and elongate than those of
M. minor. They may also be distinguished by the acute elytral setae, by the lack (usu-
ally) of a surface crust, and by the smoother, not tuberculate pronotal disc.
Mesagroicus minor Buchanan, 1929

Mesagroicus minor Buchanan, 1929a: 6. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 31);
Downie and Arnett (1996: 1483).
blackish or sometimes pale, with dense scaly covering, often covered with a dense,
thin crust that obscures surface features. Rostrum contiguous with head, flat, with a
narrow, shallow, median impression extending from above eye level to level of anten-
nal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions subglabrous, coarsely
sculptured; surface of rostrum densely punctured, with scattered, erect, narrow scales.
Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate; discal surface with
curved, semierect scales and distinct, small, close tubercles, the tubercles usually
obscured by crust, when visible they are uneven in size and shape, shiny, glabrous
except for a seta at summit. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides evenly,
broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae indistinct; discal interstriae flat, with a
single, median row of short, curved, truncate scales; discal surface often covered by
crust, so only scales are visible. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 larger in males, surface
punctate and reticulate, fifth sternite finely and densely punctured; with dense, recum-
bent scales and semierect setae and a few plumose scales.
Distribution. Mesagroicus minor is not recorded from Canada but should be
expected in southern Ontario and possibly other southern portions of eastern Canada.
It occurs from Michigan to New York, south to Texas, and west to Colorado.
Comments. Adults of M. minor are readily recognized by the crusty covering on
the body, by the tuberculate pronotal disc, and by the characters summarized in the
key to genera.
There are indications that adults may injure potatoes and similar plants.
97
Genus Naupactus Dejean, 1821

Naupactus Dejean, 1821: 94. Type species: Curculio rivulosus Olivier, 1791, sub-
sequent designation by Champion (1911: 232). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
165); Anderson (2002: 778).
Asynonychus Crotch, 1867: 388. Type species: Asynonychus godmani Crotch,
1867, original designation. Lanteri (1986); Lanteri et al. (1989); McNamara (1991:
329); Palm (1996: 224); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 165); Anderson (2002: 778).
Mimopactus Jekel, 1875: 138. Type species: Naupactus albulus Boheman, 1833,
Archopactus Heller, 1921: 20. Type species: Curculio rivulosus Olivier, 1791,
Graphognathus Buchanan, 1939: 11. Type species: Naupactus leucoloma
Boheman, 1840, original designation. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 165);
Anderson (2002: 778).
Description. Body moderately narrow, about 6.0 mm or more in length; surface
with small, narrow, recumbent, and erect scales. Head not constricted behind eyes.
Rostrum free, shorter than head width, weakly expanded at antennal insertions; sur-
face flat or sulcate, with small scales; antennal scrobes lateral, strongly impressed,
when retracted next to head. Posterior edge of eye remote from anterior edge of pro-
thorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex. Antennal scape distinctly shorter
than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending well beyond anterior edge of
eye, surface with recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, second segment very elon-
gate, all segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, narrow, conical, more than twice
as long as wide, distinctly 4-segmented. Eyes small, strongly convex. Pronotum about
as long as wide; surface with dense, recumbent, broad scales and very narrow setae;
lateral edges arcuate. Elytra with humeral angles rounded; scutellum visible from
above; discal surface with small, recumbent, broad, and narrow intermixed scales;
strial punctures distinct, in even rows. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Front tibia
mucronate at apex, 2 and 3 unarmed. Tarsal segments broad, third deeply bilobed;
tarsal claws separate, simple.
Comments. Naupactus was recently reviewed by Lanteri (1986), and further ana-
lyzed by Lanteri et al. (1989) and Scataglini et al. (2005), who used the generic name
Asynonychus. We follow Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999) and Anderson (2002) who
used the name Naupactus and included Asynonychus as a synonym. Two species are
now included in the genus; both are native to South America, and both have been
introduced into North America. One species is here recognized from Canada.
98
Naupactus cervinus Boheman, 1840

Fig. 63
Naupactus cervinus Boheman, 1840: 17.

Pantomorus cervinus: Hatch (1971: 272); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 30);
Campbell et al. (1989: 203); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1482).
Asynonychus cervinus: Lanteri (1986: 167); McNamara (1991: 329); Lanteri
(1993: 100).
Asynonychus godmani Crotch, 1867: 388. Lanteri (1986: 166); Lanteri (1993: 100).
Description. Length 6.5–8.0 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Body generally
brownish or reddish brown, with dense scaly covering. Rostrum contiguous with head,
broadly, shallowly sulcate, with a narrow, shallow, median groove extending from above
eye level to just above level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of anten-
nal insertions, with dense, light brown scales and scattered setae; surface of rostrum
finely sculptured, with abundant, recumbent scales. Mandible densely scaly, with long,
scattered setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long; sides slightly arcuate; discal
surface densely covered with small, recumbent, light brown to white scales and with
intermixed light brown, recumbent setae; discal surface finely punctured and rugose.
Elytra about 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide; sides evenly, very broadly arcuate; apex nar-
rowly rounded; striae indistinct; discal interstriae flat, densely covered by small, light
brown to white scales and intermixed small, very narrow, flattened scales; interstriae 1,
3, and 5 with a median row of semierect, longer scales, these longer than other scales on
surface and mostly on posterior half or less and on declivity.
Distribution. In Canada, Naupactus cervinus is known only from Ontario.
Canadian records: Ontario: Provincial record only.
Comments. Adults of N. cervinus superficially resemble those of Sitona species
by the fact that both have a short, convex rostrum with a distinct median groove and
scaly mandibles. Adults of N. cervinus are easily recognized by the distinct mandibu-
lar scar (Sitona species do not have a scar), by the very prominent protuberant eye
(Sitona eyes are basically flat), and by numerous other characters mentioned in the
key and description.
Lanteri (1986) revised the species in Asynonychus and recognized two species in
this complex: one (A. godmani) contains only parthenogentic populations, and the
other (A. cervinus) contains bisexual populations. Otherwise, the two “species” were
virtually indistinguishable. Later, Lanteri (1993) decided that it was best to recognize
only one species with both bisexual and parthogenetic populations. That interpretation
is accepted here; cervinus is the older name.
Naupactus cervinus is commonly known as the Fuller rose weevil. It is primari-
ly a greenhouse pest and often seriously damages and destroys roses and various other
greenhouse plants. It is probably native to the Neotropical Region and was probably
introduced into Ontario and is most likely not established. The food preference, biol-
ogy, and life cycle has been summarized by Campbell et al. (1989: as Pantomorus
cervinus) and Maher and Logan (2004).
99
Tribe Omiini Shuckard, 1840

Genus Omias Germar, 1817
Omias Germar 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio rotundatus Fabricius, 1792 (=
Omias puberulus Boheman, 1834), subsequent designation by Schönherr (1823:
1144). Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 22); Hatch (1971: 262); O’Brien and
Anderson (2002: 778).
Mylacus Boheman, 1843: 144. Type species: Mylacus murinus Boheman, 1843,
original designation. Horn (1876: 68); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 166);
Anderson (2002: 778).

Omorus Gistel, 1856: 261. Type species: Curculio seminulum Fabricius, 1792,
subsequent designation by Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 166). Alonso-Zarazaga
Description. Body stout, chunky; surface covered with recumbent scales or erect
setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, about as long as head width,
expanded at antennal insertions; surface longitudinally sulcate, with setae or narrow
scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes dorsal, deeply impressed at ros-
tral apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex. Posterior edge of eye remote from
anterior edge of prothorax, separated by a distance about equal to diameter of eye.
Antennal scape extending beyond hind edge of eye, straight, elongate, club-shaped,
distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae; funicle 7-segmented, segments with
long, fine setae; club distinct, narrowly conical, twice as long as wide, distinctly 3-
segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Pronotum wider than long; anterior
edge arcuate in lateral view; discal surface deeply punctured. Elytra very broad;
scutellum visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with recumbent scales or
erect setae, strial punctures usually distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge.
Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws connate, simple. Tibiae 1 and 2 weakly
mucronate at apex.
Comments. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list six species of Omias in North
America; all occur in the Pacific Northwest region. Three of these species are record-
ed from Canada, but one is herein placed in synonymy. One additional species, known
only from eastern Washington, may also occur here.
This genus has not been revised and a complete study is needed.
Key to the species of Omias found in Canada

1. Vestiture on elytra consisting entirely of semierect setae, no recumbent ground
vestiture present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minor Hatch [p. 102]
Vestiture on elytra consisting of recumbent setae with scattered, semierect,

intermixed setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
100
2. Vestiture on pronotum consisting of recumbent, narrow scales and noticeably

finer semierect setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . albus Van Dyke [p. 101]
Vestiture on pronotum consisting of uniformly sized semierect setae . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . saccatus (LeConte) [p. 102]
Clé des espèces du genre Omias présentes au Canada

1. Élytres recouverts de poils semidressés, sans écailles couchées. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minor Hatch [p. 102]
Élytres recouverts d’une combinaison d’écailles étroites ou de poils couchés et

de poils semidressés. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Pronotum recouvert d’une combinaison d’écailles étroites couchés et de poils

semidressés nettement plus étroits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . albus Van Dyke [p. 101]
Pronotum recouvert de poils semidressés uniformes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . saccatus (LeConte) [p. 102]
Omias albus Van Dyke, 1935

Omias albus Van Dyke, 1935: 96. Hatch (1971: 263); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 50); McNamara (1991: 332).
with whitish scales and setae, antennae, tibia, and tarsi reddish. Rostrum deeply, con-
cavely impressed at lower level of eyes, moderately deeply sulcate from impression
to level of antennal insertion, lateral edges of sulcus not prominent; tip of rostrum
below level of antennal insertions more broadly, deeply sulcate; surface of rostrum
with numerous, narrow, short, recumbent, and semierect white scales. Pronotum 1.5
times as wide as long; sides evenly, broadly arcuate, weakly constricted just posterior
of anterior edge; discal surface with large, deep punctures and with numerous, recum-
bent, narrowly flattened, white scales and scattered, erect, very fine, slightly longer
setae; median line with scales denser. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide; sides
broadly arcuate; apex very broadly rounded; striae indistinct, not or very weakly
impressed, with close, shallow, obscure punctures, each puncture with an extremely
minute seta; discal interstriae flat, about 2.0–3.0 times as wide as striae, surface with
numerous, narrowly flattened, recumbent scales, and numerous, scattered, very fine,
erect setae, recumbent scales much more abundant on sutural interstria and usually
also on subsequent alternate interstriae, resulting in a striped appearance to the elytra.
Distribution. Omias albus has only been recorded from eastern Washington, but
it probably occurs in southern British Columbia and (or) southern Alberta.
Comments. Adults of O. albus are readily distinguished by the numerous, recum-
bent scales on the pronotal and elytral surface, those on the pronotal disc are usually
101
denser along the median line, and those on the elytral surface are more abundant on
the sutural interstria and usually are more abundant on alternate interstriae; by the red-
dish antennae, tibia, and tarsi and by the deep concavity on the frons.
Omias minor Hatch, 1971

Omias minor Hatch, 1971: 263. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara
(1991: 332).
with brownish or yellowish setae, antennae and legs usually lighter in color. Rostrum
weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, narrowly bisulcate from impres-
sion to level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions
more broadly bisulcate; surface of rostrum with numerous, fine, short, semierect
setae. Pronotum 2.5 times as wide as long; sides evenly, broadly arcuate, very weak-
ly constricted just posterior of anterior edge; discal surface with large, deep punctures,
each puncture with an erect or semierect, fine, light brown or yellowish seta; median
line not evident. Elytra about 1.2 times as long as wide, globose; sides very broadly
arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct, very weakly impressed, with close,
deep, distinct punctures, each puncture with a minute seta, otherwise glabrous; discal
interstriae weakly convex, about as wide as or slightly wider than striae, surface with
numerous, semierect, fine setae, these 2–4-ranked, recumbent scales or setae absent.
Distribution. Omias minor occurs in British Columbia, south into Washington
and Idaho.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Creston, Rykerts, Wynndel.
Comments. Adults of O. minor are easily distinguished from related species by
the presence of only semierect setae on the elytra and pronotum. No recumbent scales
or setae are present on the elytral interstriae as in the other species of this genus.
One specimen from Rykerts, British Columbia, bears a label “on Holodiscus dis-
color.” No other plant associations have been recorded.
Omias saccatus (LeConte, 1857)

Fig. 22; Map 12
Ptochus saccatus LeConte, 1857: 56.

Mylacus saccatus: Horn (1876: 68).
Omias saccatus: Hatch (1971: 263); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara
(1991: 332).
Omias erectus Hatch, 1971: 362. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara
(1991: 332). syn. nov.
Description. Length 3.6–5.8 mm, about 1.5 times as long as wide. Body black
to very dark reddish black, with brownish or yellowish setae, antennae and legs usu-
102
ally same color as remainder of body, often more reddish. Rostrum distinctly trans-
versely impressed at lower level of eyes, deeply sulcate from impression to level of
antennal insertion, lateral edges of sulcus prominent; tip of rostrum below level of
antennal insertions more broadly, deeply sulcate; surface of rostrum with numerous,
fine, short, semierect setae. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long; sides evenly, broad-
ly arcuate, very weakly constricted just posterior of anterior edge; discal surface with
very large, deep punctures, each puncture with an erect or semierect, fine, light brown
or yellowish seta; median line not evident. Elytra about 1.2 times as long as wide,
nearly circular in dorsal outline; sides very broadly arcuate; apex very broadly round-
ed; striae distinct, very weakly impressed, with close, deep, distinct punctures, each
puncture with a minute seta, otherwise glabrous; discal interstriae weakly convex,
about twice as wide as striae, surface with numerous, fine, recumbent setae, and scat-
tered, fine, erect setae, these usually 2–4-ranked, very slightly stouter and longer than
recumbent setae.
Distribution. Omias saccatus occurs in the Okanagan Region of British
Columbia, south to California and Idaho.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Armstrong, Fairview, Grand Falls,
Okanagan Falls, Oliver, Osoyoos, Penticton, Summerland, Vaseux Lake, Vernon.
Comments. Adults of O. saccatus are readily distinguished from related species
by the presence, on the elytral interstriae, of densely placed, fine, recumbent setae
with scattered, intermixed, fine, erect setae, by the densely punctured pronotal disc,
and by the deeply sulcate rostrum.
Omias saccatus, known in Canadian literature as the sagebrush weevil, in associ-
ation with Cercopedius artemisiae (Pierce), is recorded to cause serious injury to
seedling apricots, cherries, and peaches at Summerland, British Columbia, by destroy-
ing the vegetative buds and often killing the trees (MacNay 1950). No recent reports
of damage have been recorded.
The holotype of Omias erectus Hatch, in the United States National Museum of
Natural History, Washington D.C., was examined. The specimen is slightly rubbed but
matches specimens O. saccatus (LeConte) in the Canadian National Collection of
Map 12. Collection localities for Phyllobius oblongus (G); Omias saccatus (L).
103
104
Weevles body v6.qxp
2/18/08
10:20 AM
Fig. 22. Omias saccatus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.

Page 104
Insects, Ottawa, and in the United States National Museum of Natural History,
Washington D.C., that had been compared to specimens in the LeConte collection.
The characters used by Hatch in the original description are simply normal variations
within the species.
Tribe Ophryastini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Ophryastes Germar, 1829
Ophryastes Germar, 1829: 358. Type species: Liparus vittatus Say, 1824, mono-
typy. Horn (1876: 29, 30); Arnett (1962: 995); Kissinger (1964: 31, 34); Kissinger
(1970); Hatch (1971: 279); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 64); McNamara (1991: 334);
Ophryastes Say, 1831: 13 [preoccupied genus name]. Type species: not yet des-
ignated. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 167); Anderson (2002: 778).
Dystirus Pascoe, 1872: 447. Type species: Dystirus strumosus Pascoe, 1872 (=
Ophyrastes latirostris LeConte, 1854), monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
167); Anderson (2002: 778).
Eupagoderes Horn, 1876: 29. Type species: Ophryastes speciosus LeConte,
1854, subsequent designation by Pierce (1913: 374). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 167); Anderson (2002: 778).

Tosastes Sharp, 1891: 88. Type species: Tosastes globipennis Sharp, 1891, subse-
quent designation by Pierce (1913: 375). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 167);
Anderson (2002: 778).
Caccophryastes Sharp, 1891: 88. Type species: Caccophryastes lineatus Sharp,
1891, monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 167); Anderson (2002: 778).
Amydrogmus Pierce, 1913: 374. Type species: Amydrogmus variabilis Pierce,
1913, original designation. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 167); Anderson (2002:
778).
Description. Body large, stout; surface densely scaly. Rostrum free, short, broad,
expanded slightly at apex, surface trisulcate or evenly convex. Mandible bearing a
distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, curved below eyes. Antennal scape curved,
club-shaped, as long as or longer than funicle; funicle 7-segmented, seventh segment
often with same color and vestiture as club; club distinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes
oval, sometimes partially covered by lateral edges of prothorax. Prothorax about as
long as wide or wider than long; anterior edge produced into a distinct postocular
lobe; discal surface uneven, roughly sculptured or punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum
not visible; sides broadly rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal striae with large to
small, distinct, strial punctures; discal interstriae much wider than striae, variously
sculptured. Tibia rounded at apex, mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Ophryastes contains 48 species in North America, three of which
occur in Canada. Most of the species occur in arid to semi-arid areas of western North
America associated with desert plants such as Artemisia, Atriplex, Chrysothamnus,
105
Dalea, Ephedra, etc. The larvae develop in the soil, feeding on roots of various plants.
Pupation occurs in the soil. Newly emerged adults have a temporary large cusp on the
mandibles, which when broken off, results in the characteristic mandibular scar.
Adults feed on the foliage of many desert plants growing in or near washes, salt flats,
or playas (Kissinger 1970).
Members of Ophryastes are easily recognized by the generally large size and
coarse sculpturing, by the deeply trisulcate rostrum (in two of the three species), by
the dense scalelike vestiture, and by the clawlike brush of curved setae on the anteri-
or apical angles of the ventral surface of tarsal segments 1, 2, and 3.
Key to the species of Ophryastes found in Canada

1. Rostrum distinctly trisulcate; disc of pronotum strongly sculptured, distinctly
tuberculate; semierect setae on elytra very small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Rostrum not trisulcate; disc of pronotum weakly sculptured, tubercles not

strongly elevated; semierect scales on elytra more evident; length 4.7–6.5 mm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cinerascens (Pierce) [p. 107]
2. Transverse impression between rostrum and frons vague or lacking; pronotal

disc very strongly sculptured, lateral edge strongly tuberculate; elytral striae
wide, punctures large, deeply impressed; length 8.5–14.0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tuberosus LeConte [p. 109]
Transverse impression between rostrum and frons distinct; pronotal disc mod-
erately sculptured, lateral edge inflated but not tuberculate; elytral striae very
narrow, punctures small, inconspicuous; length 6.3–11.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sulcirostris (Say) [p. 108]
Clé des espèces du genre Ophryastes

1. Rostre avec trois sillons médians distincts; disque du pronotum avec tubercules
distincts, sculpté de façon prononcée; poils semidressés sur les élytres très
courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Rostre sans trois sillons médians; disque du pronotum avec tubercules peu dis-
tincts, sculpté de façon peu prononcée; poils semidressés sur les élytres plus évi-
dents; longueur entre 4,7 et 6,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . cinerascens (Pierce) [p. 107]
2. Sillon transverse entre le rostre et le front peu distinct ou absent; disque du

pronotum sculpté de façon très prononcée, surfaces latérales avec des tubercules
distincts; stries élytrales larges, avec des points profonds et larges; longueur
entre 8,5 et 14,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tuberosus LeConte [p. 109]
106
Sillon transverse entre le rostre et le front distinct; disque du pronotum sculpté

de façon peu prononcée, surfaces latérales gonflées mais sans tubercules dis-
tincts; stries élytrales très étroites, avec des petits points peu profonds; longueur
entre 6,3 et 11,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sulcirostris (Say) [p. 108]
Ophryastes cinerascens (Pierce, 1913)

Fig. 64; Map 13
Tosastes cinerascens Pierce, 1913: 376. Hatch (1971: 280).

Ophryastes cinerascens: Kissinger (1970: 52); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 64);
McNamara (1991: 334).

Tosastes columbianus Van Dyke, 1951: 32. Hatch (1971: 280).
Description. Length 4.7–6.5 mm, about 1.7 times as long as wide. Body light
gray or tan, with variable darker brown maculations; elytral color pattern formed by
light gray, tan, and dark brown scales. Frons and rostrum evenly convex, with lateral
sulci weakly indicated; surface densely granulate, completely covered by dense
scales, with widely scattered, very short, stout setae. Pronotum about 1.1 times as
wide as long; sides broadly arcuate; surface with dense, deep, fine punctures and
dense, coarse granules; postocular lobes well developed, bearing very short bristles.
Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; base straight, transverse; sides broadly
arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae shallow, with fine punctures usually concealed
by scales; interstriae wide, convex, surface concealed by dense, flat, recumbent scales,
with semierect, short, stout, curved, 2–3-ranked scales. Tibia not dentate on inner api-
cal edge; 1 through 3 mucronate, 1 with a long slender mucro.
Distribution. Ophryastes cinerascens occurs in southern British Columbia and
central Washington.
Map 13. Collection localities for Ophryastes spp.; (G) O. sulcirostris; (L) O. cinerascens; (I)
O. tuberosus.
107
Canadian records: British Columbia: “Deadman Lake,” 15 km north of Spences

Bridge (Hwy. 1), Kamloops, Oliver, Osoyoos, Penticton.
Comments. Adults of O. cinerascens have been found on rabbitbush, sagebrush,
and there is a doubtful record from Betula.
Ophryastes sulcirostris (Say, 1824)

Fig. 65; Map 13
Liparus sulcirostris Say, 1824: 316.

Ophryastes sulcirostris: Horn (1876: 31); Kissinger (1970: 36); Hatch (1971:
279); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 65); McNamara (1991: 334).
Ophryastes ligatus LeConte, 1854b: 443.
Description. Length 6.3–11.0 mm, about 1.7 times as long as wide. Body tan or
brown with small irregular darker patches, elytral color pattern formed by gray, light
tan, and dark brown scales, a short brown stripe may be present at base of elytra,
humeri usually clothed with light gray scales. Frons convex, deeply impressed at base
of rostrum. Rostrum trisulcate, median sulcus narrow, deep, lateral sulci deep, subme-
dian ridge separating median from lateral sulcus very high, strongly arched; surface
rough, completely covered by dense scales, with widely scattered, very short, stout
setae. Pronotum about 1.6 times as wide as long; sides strongly expanded, strongly
arcuate, strongly constricted apically and basally; surface very irregular, with deep,
coarse punctures and large, rounded elevations; postocular lobes well developed,
bearing very short bristles. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; base straight, trans-
verse, strongly constricted at lateral angles; sides moderately, irregularly arcuate; apex
narrowly rounded; striae wide, moderately impressed, with large, shallow, coarse
punctures; interstriae about as wide as striae on disc, wider on declivity, convex; sur-
face covered by dense, flat, recumbent scales and with semierect, very short, scattered
scales. Tibia not dentate on inner apical edge; all without obvious mucro.
Distribution. Ophryastes sulcirostris has been recorded from the Northwest
Territories, southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, south through the western
United States into northern Mexico.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Drumheller, Etzikom, Gleichen, Medicine
Hat, Milo, New Dayton, Vulcan, Tp. 27, Rge. 17 W, 4 Mer[idian]. Saskatchewan:
Dundurn, Tp. 1, Rge. 6 W, 2 Mer[idian], Tp. 6, Rge. 2 W, 3 Mer[idian]. Manitoba:
Aweme. Northwest Territories: Territorial record only.
Comments. Adults of O. sulcirostris can be easily recognized by the deep medi-
an sulcus on the rostrum, by the distinct impression separating head and rostrum, and
by the strongly expanded, somewhat irregularly arcuate lateral edge of the pronotum.
Adults of O. sulcirostris are found on Atriplex canescens, under stones, under
prickly pear pads, associated with Artemisia tridentata, etc. The record from
Northwest Territories is suspicious; no other specimens from this Territory were seen.
108
Ophryastes tuberosus LeConte, 1854

Fig. 66; Map 13
Ophryastes tuberosus LeConte, 1854b: 443. Horn (1876: 31); Kissinger (1970:
37); Hatch (1971: 279); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 66); McNamara (1991: 334).
Ophryastes collaris Champion, 1911: 319.
Description. Length 8.5–14.0 mm, about 1.7 times as long as wide. Body light gray
or light tan, with extensive spotting with dark brown scales, sometimes dark scales form
stripes on elytra; elytral color pattern formed by light gray, tan, and dark brown scales.
Frons with deep lateral impressions and a prominent ridge dorsad to eye. Rostrum trisul-
cate, median sulcus very broad, shallow, generally narrowed basally, lateral sulci shal-
low, diverging or converging, submedian ridge separating median from lateral sulcus
acutely prominent; surface smooth, completely covered by dense scales, with widely
scattered, very short, stout setae. Pronotum about 1.6 times as wide as long; sides acute-
ly prominent, bituberculate in basal one-fourth, strongly constricted apically and basal-
ly, posterior prominence more or less distinctly rounded; surface with dense, deep,
coarse punctures and large, rounded elevations; postocular lobes well developed, bear-
ing very short bristles. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; base straight, trans-
verse, strongly constricted at lateral angles; sides moderately arcuate; apex narrowly
rounded; striae wide, weakly impressed, with large, shallow, coarse punctures; interstri-
ae usually narrower than striae on disc, wider on declivity, convex; surface covered by
dense, flat, recumbent scales, with semierect, very short, curved, 2–3-ranked scales.
Tibia not dentate on inner apical edge; 1 through 3 with blunt, inconspicuous mucro.
Distribution. Ophryastes tuberosus occurs from southern Alberta through the
western United States into northern Mexico.
Canadian records: Alberta: Medicine Hat.
Comments. This is the largest species of Ophryastes in Canada. Adults can be
easily recognized by the large size, by the trisulcate rostrum, by the strongly expand-
ed, bituberculate lateral edge of the pronotum, and by the large strial punctures and
narrow interstriae.
Adults of Ophryastes tuberosus are found in various situations such as in soil near
pea roots, on cotton, on Malva sp., on soil near Rumex, on turnip leaves, etc.
Tribe Otiorhynchini Schönherr, 1826

Genus Agronus Horn, 1876
Agronus Horn, 1876: 63. Type species: Agronus cinerarius Horn, 1876, subsequent
designation by Pierce (1913: 422). Buchanan (1929b: 102–104); Arnett (1962: 999);
Kissinger (1964: 21); Hatch (1971: 255, 259); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50);
Description. Body small, stout; surface densely covered with recumbent scales
and erect setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, about 0.66 times
109
width of head, strongly expanded at antennal insertions; surface flat, with broad
scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed at rostral
apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-
shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae, passing over middle of eye
when retracted next to head; funicle 7-segmented, segments with long setae; club dis-
tinct, conical, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Prothorax
wider than long, anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface finely punctured.
Elytra broad; scutellum minutely visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with
small, broad, densely placed, recumbent scales intermixed with erect, broad setae,
strial punctures distinct. Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws free, simple.
Comments. Agronus contains three species in North America, one of which

occurs in Canada. A key to the three species is given in Buchanan (1929b).
Agronus carri Buchanan, 1929

Fig. 67; Map 14
Agronus carri Buchanan, 1929b: 102. Hatch (1971: 259); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 50); McNamara (1991: 332).
Description. Length 2.7–4.0 mm, about 1.9–2.0 times as long as wide. Body usu-
ally black but may be dark reddish, legs and antennae often lighter in color. Rostrum
weakly, narrowly, longitudinally sulcate, with shallow, elongate punctures; tip of ros-
trum below level of antennal insertions weakly impressed, with much finer sculpture;
surface of rostrum shiny, with abundant, broad, recumbent, whitish scales and scat-
tered, short, erect, narrowly flattened setae. Pronotum 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long;
sides slightly, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with large, shallow punctures and
with abundant, broad to oval, recumbent, whitish scales, with semierect, narrow,
curved scales intermixed; median line not evident. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as
wide; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae weakly impressed,
shallowly punctured; discal interstriae flat, about 3.0–4.0 times as wide as striae, sur-
face of each interstria shiny, minutely punctured, with abundant, recumbent, whitish
scales and with abundant, curved, narrow, erect scales, these about 6.0 times as long
as wide with blunt tips. Front tibia rounded at apex; all femora swollen on apical half,
without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Agronus carri occurs in southern British Columbia and southern
Alberta, south to Montana.
Canadian records: Alberta: Edmonton, Medicine Hat, Orion. British Columbia:
Hat Creek (Finney Creek sage flats), Kamloops.
Comments. Adults of A. carri are readily recognized by the dense covering of
whitish scales on the pronotum and elytra, by the minutely visible scutellum, and by
the small size of the adults.
Nothing is recorded about this species except that adults were found on sagebrush
(Artemisia sp).
110
Map 14. Collection localities for Agronus carri.
Genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822

Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822: no. 12. Type species: Curculio rhacusensis Germar,
1822, monotypy. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 110); Warner and Negley (1976);
Description. Body usually large, broad, oval. Head not constricted behind eyes.
Rostrum free, longer than head width, strongly expanded at antennal insertions; sur-
face evenly convex. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed
at rostral apex, vaguely defined posteriorly. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-
shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae, passing over eyes when retract-
ed next to head; funicle 7-segmented, segments with long, stout setae; club distinct,
conical, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes small, round. Pronotum wider than long; ante-
rior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface sculpture variable. Elytra broad, fused
along suture; scutellum visible, very small and indistinct; humeral angles rounded;
discal surface with variable sculpture, strial punctures distinct to indistinct. Front tibia
usually curved; femora clavate, with or without teeth. Tibiae rounded at apex; claws
free, simple.
Comments. This well-known, economically important genus contains 14 species
in North America (excluding Greenland), 11 of which are known to occur in Canada,
and an additional one that may occur in southern Alberta or British Columbia. All are
introduced from Europe.
The economic importance of various species of Otiorhynchus in North America
is well documented. The majority of species are serious pests of cultivated plants. The
111
adults are flightless, and the larvae feed underground; several species are known to be
parthenogenetic. In Europe, males have been described for all species, but in North
America, only males of O. ligneus (Olivier), O. meridionalis Gyllenhal, and O. por-
catus (Herbst) are known.
The generic name Brachyrhinus has been frequently used in the literature, espe-
cially in North America. A ruling by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature has validated the name Otiorhynchus (ICZN 1972). Alonso-Zarazaga
and Lyal (1999) list 105 valid subgeneric names under Otiorhynchus. Subgenera have
not been used in the North American literature and are not used in this work.
Key to the species of Otiorhynchus found in Canada

1. Apex of front tibia expanded dorsally; femora toothed; elytra finely granulate
over entire surface; elytral striae fine; pronotum covered with large, flat tuber-
cles; length 9.0–11.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ligustici (Linnaeus) [p. 118]
Apex of front tibia rounded dorsally; combination of characters not as above . . 2
2. Femora not toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Femora 1 and 3 toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Elytra with scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Elytra with hairs only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. All elytral interstriae of equal height, flat; elytra completely covered with
yellow–brown and gray–brown, narrow, submetallic, attenuate scales; strial
punctures large, decreasing in size toward apex; pronotal disc densely punctate-
tuberculate, tubercles smooth, with large, recumbent, attenuate, greenish scales;
rostrum rugose, punctured, with a median carina extending from frontal fovea
to raised emarginate apex; length 5.5–7.5 mm . . . . raucus (Fabricius) [p. 123]
Alternate elytral interstriae more convex; other characters not as above . . . . . 5
5. Alternate elytral interstriae strongly convex, tuberculate, with short, curved

scale rising from each tubercle; strial punctures large, deep, glabrous; elytra,
pronotum, and rostrum with short, narrow scales in scattered spots or generally
distributed; pronotum tuberculate, coarsely granulate; length 3.5–5.0 mm . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . porcatus (Herbst) [p. 122]
Alternate elytral interstriae weakly elevated, each with a row of long, club-
shaped, semierect scales; strial punctures large, each covered with a round
scale; elytra mottled with submetallic tan and brown scales, pronotum with only
brown scales; pronotum densely punctured; length 5.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scaber (Linnaeus) [p. 127]
112
6. Rostrum with a median, longitudinal carina, deeply furrowed on each side of

carina; Y-shaped median carina enclosing triangulate, glabrous area at rostral
apex; elytra elongate-oval, weakly transversely rugose on disc, finely granulate
on sides and apex; body with generally distributed, very short, stiff, semierect,
yellowish setae; pronotum punctate in median portion; length 6.5–9.0 mm . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meridionalis Gyllenhal [p. 119]
Rostrum without a median longitudinal carina; other characters not as above. .

..............................................................7
7. Each elytral interstria with a double row of reddish, curved hairs; pronotum with
dense, round tubercles, each with a reddish to yellowish, curved seta; rostrum
with a deep longitudinal furrow at base . . . . . . rugosostriatus (Goeze) [p. 126]
Each elytral interstria with a single row of curved, yellowish setae; pronotum with
dense, low tubercles medially, these coarser, rougher laterally, each with a yellow-
ish seta; rostrum without median furrow . . . . . . . . . . . ligneus (Olivier) [p. 116]
8. Femora 1 and 3, sometimes 2, with a simple tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
All femora toothed, tooth on front femur bifid or notched at apex, femora 2 and
3 with a simple, rarely bifid, tooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Length 8.0–10.0 mm; elytra with scattered patches of small, golden, metallic,
elongate scales and scattered, curved, yellow hairs; elytral interstriae convex, as
wide as striae, each with an irregular row of low, shiny, tubercles; pronotum
coarsely, densely, evenly tuberculate, each tubercle with a curved, yellow hair;
rostrum with a deep, wide, longitudinal furrow . . sulcatus (Fabricius) [p. 129]
Length 4.0–7.0 mm; other characters not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Elytra densely covered with tan, submetallic, small, round scales, with irregular
patches of lighter scales scattered over surface; each elytral interstria with a row
of small, shiny tubercles, each tubercle with a semierect, golden seta; each stri-
al puncture covered with a round scale; pronotum coarsely, densely tuberculate,
tubercles becoming smaller laterally, scales as on elytra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . singularis (Linnaeus) [p. 128]
Elytra with two or three rows of short, curled setae on each interstria; elytral
interstriae wide, with scattered granules; each strial puncture with a fine, short
seta; pronotum with low tubercles, each tubercle often with a deep puncture . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugifrons (Gyllenhal) [p. 124]
11. Elytra with sparse, fine, yellowish setae; elytral interstriae wide, transversely
rugose; pronotum with large tubercles laterally, with several irregular longitudi-
nal grooves on disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ovatus (Linnaeus) [p. 119]
113
Elytra with dense, yellowish setae; elytral interstriae narrow; pronotum with
small, acute, lateral tubercles and one smooth, uninterrupted, median ridge . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . desertus Rosenhauer [p. 116]
Clé des espèces du genre Otiorhynchus

1. Apex du tibia antérieur élargi dorsalement; fémurs avec une dent; élytres avec
de très petits tubercules sur la surface entière; stries élytrales étroites; pronotum
recouvert de gros tubercules plats; longueur entre 9,0 et 11,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ligustici (Linnaeus) [p. 118]

Apex du tibia antérieur sans élargissement dorsal; combinaison des autres car-
actères différente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Fémurs sans dent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fémurs antérieurs et postérieurs avec une dent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Élytres avec des écailles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Élytres avec des poils seulement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Interstries élytrales de convexité peu prononcée, uniforme; élytres complète-

ment recouverts d’écailles étroites, submétalliques, atténuées, de couleur jaune-
brune et grise-brune; stries élytrales avec de gros points, points décroissant en
grosseur vers l’apex; disque pronotal densément recouvert de points et tuber-
cules, les tubercules lisses, avec de grosses écailles couchées, verdâtres,
atténuées; rostre à surface rugueuse, avec plusieurs points, avec une carène
médiane entre le point frontal et la carène transverse à l’apex du rostre; longueur
entre 5,5 et 7,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raucus (Fabricius) [p. 123]
Interstries élytrales alternantes de convexité plus prononcée; combinaison des
autres caractères différente. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Interstries élytrales alternantes de convexité beaucoup plus prononcée, avec des
tubercules, avec une écailles courte, recourbé sur chaque tubercule; points dans
les stries élytrales gros, profonds, glabres; élytres, pronotum et rostre avec des
écailles courtes, étroites regroupées ensemble ou distribuées sans patron dis-
tinct; pronotum avec des tubercules, avec une surface granulée; longueur entre
3,5 et 5,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . porcatus (Herbst) [p. 122]
Interstries élytrales alternantes de convexité peu prononcée, chacune avec une
rangée de longues écailles semidressées en forme de massue; points dans les
stries élytrales gros, chacun recouvert d’une écaille ronde; élytres avec un
patron de couleur chiné, avec des écailles submétalliques beige et brunes,
pronotum avec des écailles brunes seulement; pronotum densément recouvert
de points; longueur 5.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scaber (Linnaeus) [p. 127]
114
6. Rostre avec une carène médiane longitudinale distincte, dépressions prononcées

de chaque côté de la carène; carène en forme de Y à l’apex du rostre qui ren-
ferme une région glabre; élytres allongées, ovales, avec une rugosité transver-
sale peu prononcée sur le disque, finement granulés sur les côtés près de l’apex;
corps recouvert de poils semidressés très courts, raides, de couleur jaunâtre;
pronotum avec des points distincts dans la région médiane; longueur entre 6,5
et 9,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meridionalis Gyllenhal [p. 119]
Rostre sans carène médiane longitudinale; combinaison des autres caractères
différente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Chaque interstrie élytrale avec deux rangées de poils recourbés rougeâtres;

pronotum densément recouvert de tubercules ronds, chaque tubercule avec un
poil recourbé rougeâtre à jaunâtre; rostre avec un sillon longitudinal profond
près de la base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugosostriatus (Goeze) [p. 126]
Chaque interstrie élytrale avec une rangée de poils recourbés jaunâtre; prono-
tum avec plusieurs tubercules peu convexes dans la région médiane, tubercules
plus rugueux latéralement, chaque tubercule avec un poil jaunâtre; rostre sans
sillon longitudinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ligneus (Olivier) [p. 116]
8. Fémurs antérieurs et postérieurs, parfois médian, avec une dent simple . . . . . 9
Tous les fémurs avec une dent, dent sur les fémurs antérieurs avec deux pointes
ou divisée à l’apex, fémurs médians et postérieurs avec une dent simple,
rarement avec une dent divisée à l’apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Longueur entre 8,0 et 10,0 mm; élytres avec une combinaison de petites écailles
métalliques dorées, regroupées ensemble, et clairsemés de poils jaunes recour-
bés; interstries élytrales convexes, aussi large que les stries, chacune avec une
rangée de petits tubercules lisses disposés de façon irrégulière; pronotum den-
sément recouvert de tubercules uniformes, chaque tubercule avec un poil jaune
recourbé; rostre avec un sillon longitudinal large et profond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sulcatus (Fabricius) [p. 129]
Longueur entre 4,0 et 7,0 mm; combinaison des autres caractères différente. . . 10
10. Élytres densément recouverts de petites écailles beiges, rondes, submétalliques et
avec des regroupements irréguliers d’écailles plus pâles; chaque interstrie élytrale
avec un rangée de petits tubercules lisses, chaque tubercule avec un poil doré semi-
dressé; chaque point des stries élytrales avec une écaille ronde; pronotum densé-
ment recouvert de tubercules, tubercules décroissant de grosseur latéralement,
écailles semblable à ceux sur les élytres . . . . . . . . singularis (Linnaeus) [p. 128]
Élytres avec deux ou trois rangées de poils courts, recourbés sur chaque inter-
strie; interstries élytrales larges, clairsemées de granules; chaque point des stries
élytrales avec un poil court, fin; pronotum avec de petits tubercules, chaque
tubercule souvent avec un point profond. . . . . . rugifrons (Gyllenhal) [p. 124]
115
11. Élytres clairsemés de poils dorés fins; interstries élytrales large, avec une
rugosité transversale; pronotum avec de larges tubercules latéralement, avec
plusieurs sillons longitudinaux irréguliers sur le disque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ovatus (Linnaeus) [p. 119]
Élytres densément recouverts de poils jaunâtres; interstries élytrales étroites;

pronotum avec de petits tubercules pointus latéralement et une carène médiane
longitudinale non interrompue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . desertus Rosenhauer [p. 116]
Otiorhynchus desertus Rosenhauer, 1847

Otiorhynchus desertus Rosenhauer, 1847: 52. Warner and Negley (1976: 260);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 49); McNamara (1991: 331); Palm (1996: 80); Morris
(1997: 16).
Description. As for O. ovatus (p. 119), except that the tooth on the ventral edge
of the front femur is much less distinctly notched, the elytral pubescence is slightly
more dense, and the pronotal disc has only one smooth, uninterrupted median ridge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus desertus is known in North America only from
Newfoundland. In the Palearctic Region, it is found in northwestern and central
Europe, especially in the Alpine and Pyrénées region (Warner and Negley 1976), and
is widespread in Scandinavia (Palm 1996).

Canadian records: Newfoundland: Cape Broyle.
Comments. Otiorhynchus desertus is known in Canada from only one specimen,
collected by Palmen and Lindroth in 1949 at Cape Broyle, Newfoundland. We have
doubts that the specimen is identified correctly, but if so, then we doubt that the
species is established. The specimen is almost identical to specimens of O. ovatus, dif-
fering primarily by the slightly different shape of the tooth on the ventral edge of the
front femur. The characters in the key above were modified from Warner and Negley’s
key (1976). Judging from the variability we have seen in specimens of O. ovatus, the
specimen is very likely a slightly aberrant or worn specimen of O. ovatus. Since no
further specimens have been seen that could be referred to this species, the presence
of O. desertus in Canada should be considered doubtful, at least until it can be defi-
nitely established.
Otiorhynchus ligneus (Olivier, 1807)

Fig. 68; Map 15
Curculio ligneus Olivier, 1807: 378.

Otiorhynchus ligneus: Warner and Negley (1976: 254); O’Brien and Wibmer
59); Morris (1997: 21); Chantal (1998: 106); Majka et al. (2007a).
Description. Length 4.2–6.0 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Body black to
116
light reddish brown, often head and prothorax dark red, elytra lighter red. Rostrum
with a very weak, median carina extending from lower level of eyes to level of anten-
nal insertions, carina sometimes absent; tip of rostrum below level of antennal inser-
tions broadly flat or weakly bisulcate, without carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of
rostrum shiny, finely, densely punctured, with scattered, erect, short, fine setae.
Pronotum 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface
shiny, with numerous, low tubercles, each tubercle with a moderately long, yellowish,
curved seta; median line not evident. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides moder-
ately, evenly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae moderately impressed, deeply
punctured; discal interstriae convex, about as wide as or slightly wider than striae,
occasionally narrower than striae, surface smooth, with a single, median row of yel-
lowish, curved, semierect setae. Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora
swollen on apical half, without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus ligneus occurs from Quebec to Newfoundland. It
also occurs in the western and central regions of Europe.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: Kouchibouguac National Park, St. Andrews,
St. John. Newfoundland: Cape Broyle, Holyrood, Portugal Cove, St. John’s, Tors
Cove. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Economy, Grosses
Coques, Mount Uniacke, Parrsboro, Port Maitland, South Ohio, Sydney, Tusket,
White Point, Yarmouth. Prince Edward Island: Brookfield, Cabot Provincial Park,
Green Gables, North Rustico, Summerside. Quebec: Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

Comments. Adults of O. ligneus are readily recognized by the single, median
row of curved, yellowish setae in each elytral interstria, by the large, deep punctures
in the elytral striae, by the densely tuberculate pronotal disc, and by the lack of a
median groove on the rostrum.
In Europe, adults of O. ligneus feed on a number of herbaceous plants, especially on
Map 15. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus ligneus.
117
Plantago maritimus (Palm 1996). In North America, it has been recorded to feed on let-
tuce (Campbell et al. 1989), and one specimen has the data “alive on trailing arbutus”
(Warner and Negley 1976). Adults have been found in homes but no damage is recorded.
This is one of the few species of Otiorhynchus for which males have been found
in North America (Warner and Negley 1976).
Otiorhynchus ligustici (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 69
Curculio ligustici Linnaeus, 1758: 384.

Otiorhynchus ligustici: Warner and Negley (1976: 241, 247); Becker (1977: 17);
1490); Palm (1996: 187); Morris (1997: 15).
densely covered by short, yellowish setae. Rostrum with a distinct, median, longitu-
dinal carina, weakly sulcate on each side of carina; tip of rostrum with angulate cari-
na enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum densely, deeply punctured, with scattered,
small, narrow, light brown to white scales on median portion, these longer, hairlike on
apical portion. Pronotum 1.3 times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; dis-
cal surface densely tuberculate, tubercles large, moderately elevated, each with a
short, yellowish, recumbent seta; interspaces between tubercles deeply punctured; dis-
tinct median line not evident. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides very broadly
arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae not evident; surface covered by small, very
densely placed tubercles, these smaller than those on pronotal disc, and with small,
dense, yellowish, recumbent flattened setae. Front tibia expanded dorsally at apex; all
femora with a small, acute tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus ligustici is recorded in Canada only from Ontario; it
also occurs in northern New York. In the Palearctic region, O. ligustici is known from
England and Scotland, through northern and central Europe to Siberia, and south to Italy.
Canadian records: Ontario: Guelph, Ottawa, Prescott, Wolfe Island.
Comments. Adults of O. ligustici are readily recognized by their large size, by
the densely tuberculate pronotal disc, by the densely granulate elytra, by the dense
covering of small, yellowish to light brown, recumbent scales, and by the expanded
apex of front tibia.
This species is common and widely distributed throughout the Palearctic region.
The first Canadian specimens were found on Wolfe Island in the St. Lawrence River
about 1965 (Warner and Negley 1976; Becker 1977). The distribution of this species
is probably widespread in southern Ontario.
Otiorhynchus ligustici is a serious pest of alfalfa and is commonly referred to as
the alfalfa snout beetle. The life history and ecology have been summarized by
Campbell et al. (1989) and Schroeder et al. (1995).
118
Otiorhynchus meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834

Otiorhynchus meridionalis Gyllenhal 1834: 571. Warner and Negley (1976: 251);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 49).
Brachyrhinus meridionalis: Hatch (1971: 256).
Description. Length 6.5–9.0 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Body black.
Rostrum deeply, narrowly bisulcate, median carina distinctly elevated, Y-shaped at
apical area; tip of rostrum with a distinctly elevated, large, glabrous, triangular area
bordered by deep, narrow sulcus; surface of rostrum shiny, finely punctured, with
scattered, short, fine setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly
arcuate; discal surface shiny, with numerous, low tubercles laterally, median area
deeply, closely punctured, punctures or tubercles each with a moderately long, yel-
lowish, recumbent seta; median line not evident. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide;
sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae weakly impressed, moderately
deeply punctured; discal interstriae flat to weakly convex, 3.0–4.0 times as wide as
striae, weakly transversely rugose, with numerous, scattered punctures and short,
recumbent setae. Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on api-
cal half, without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus meridionalis occurs in the western United States
from California and New Mexico, north to Washington and Montana; it is not yet
recorded from Canada, but may be found in southern British Columbia and (or)
Alberta. This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region.

Comments. Adults of O. meridionalis are easily recognized by the very distinct
Y-shaped carina on the rostrum, by the punctate median portion of the pronotal disc,
and by the weakly tuberculate lateral portions of the pronotum.
In Europe, O. meridionalis is associated primarily with the Oleaceae, such as
Olea, Ligustrum, Syringa, Forsythia, and Jasminum. It was first reported in North
America at San Jose, California, on California privet, Ligustrum ovalifolium (Keifer
1931). Specimens from Yakima, Washington, were taken on an introduced privet,
Ligustrum vulgare.
The species is included here because it may eventually be found in southern
British Columbia or southern Alberta.
Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 70; Map 16
Curculio ovatus Linnaeus, 1758: 384.

Otiorhynchus ovatus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 111); Warner and Negley (1976:
259); Furniss and Carolin (1977: 329); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); Anderson
82); Anderson (1997: 530, 557); Morris (1997: 15); Majka et al. (2007a).
Brachyrhinus ovatus: Baker (1972: 221); Hatch (1971: 258).
Description. Length 4–5.5.0 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Body usually
119
black but may be dark reddish, legs and antennae often lighter in color. Rostrum flat,
with several, weak, longitudinal carinae, interspaces moderately impressed, narrow,
with moderately deep punctures; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions weak-
ly impressed, with much finer sculpture and without an arcuate carina enclosing nasal
plate; surface of rostrum shiny, with scattered, short, yellowish setae. Pronotum 1.1
times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with large,
strongly elevated, close tubercles, interspaces between tubercles narrow, with small,
deep punctures, and with scattered, moderately long, recumbent, yellowish setae; medi-
anly with several, very distinct, deep, longitudinal grooves, separated by distinct, elevat-
ed, longitudinal ridges. Elytra 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; sides broadly, evenly arcu-
ate; apex broadly rounded; striae weakly impressed, moderately deeply punctured, each
puncture with a very short, fine seta; discal interstriae weakly convex to nearly flat,
weakly elevated, about 2.0–3.0 times as wide as striae, surface of each interstria weak-
ly transversely rugose, with sparse, scattered, short, fine, yellowish setae. Front tibia not
expanded dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half, with a distinct tooth on
ventral edge, tooth on front femora bifid or notched at apex.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus ovatus is exceedingly common and widely distrib-
uted from southern Alaska to southern British Columbia, east to Newfoundland and
south to Florida, Texas, and southern California. In the Old World, it is widely distrib-
uted across Europe and Asia.
Since O. ovatus is found everywhere in southern Canada where plants occur, the
distribution given below and on the distribution map only includes localities selected
to show a picture of the distribution; northernmost records are all recorded.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Anchorage, Cordova, Fairbanks,
Matanuska, Skagway. Alberta: Athabaska, Banff, Bragg Creek, Calgary, Edmonton,
Galloway, Ghost Dam, Highwood, Jasper, Kananaskis, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat,
Pincher Creek, Scandia, Storthoaks, Waterton, Waterton Lakes National Park,
Welling, Writing on Stone Provincial Park, Vermilion. British Columbia:
Abbotsford, Agassiz, Ashcroft, Aspen Grove, Boswell, Bowser, Clearwater, Cobble
Hill, Cranbrook, Creston, Cultus Lake, Dawson Creek, Duncan, Errington, Fairmont,
Field, Golden, Goldstream, Hornby Island, Kamloops, Kaslo, Kootenay Bay,
Kootenay National Park, Lac la Hache, McBride, Mission City, Monte Creek,
Newgate, Nicola, Oliver, Osoyoos, Passmore, Penticton, Pillar Lake, Prince George,
Qualicum Bay, Queen Charlotte Islands (Graham Island, Tlell), Richmond, Robson,
Sorrento, Stikine Valley, Salmo, Salmon Arm, Summerland, Terrace, Vancouver,
Vernon, Victoria, Wellington, Winfield, Wynndel. Manitoba: Aweme, Carberry,
Pierson, Riding Mountain National Park, Spruce Woods Provincial Park, Stocton.
New Brunswick: Bathurst, Charlotte County, Fredericton, Kouchibouguac National
Park, Musquash, Newcastle, Tabusintac. Newfoundland: Corner Brook, Fogo,
Harmon Field, Holyrood, Newstead, Pacquet, Port-aux-Basques, Springdale, St.
John’s, Stephenville Crossing, Topsail. Northwest Territories: Fort Smith. Nova
Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Dartmouth, Eastern Passage, Glace
Bay, Halifax, Kentville, Lawrencetown, Louisbourg, Mount Uniacke, Parrsboro, Port
Maitland, Sable Island, South Ohio, Sydney, Wentworth Provincial Park, Wilmot.
120
Ontario: Almonte, Antrim, Bobcaygeon, Braeside, Brighton, Britannia, Burnstown,

Carleton Place, Chaffey’s Locks, Chatterton, Chalk River, Fitzroy Harbour, Fitz
William Island (Lake Huron), Fonthill, Forestville, Golden Lake, Guelph, Harrow,
Huntley, Iron Bridge, Kitchner, Latchford, Leitrim, Limoges, Manitouwadge,
Marmora, Moonbeam, Niagara Falls, Normandale, Ottawa, Petawawa, Pickle Lake,
Port Arthur, Rondeau Park, Smoky Falls, St. Catherines, St. Lawrence National Park,
Sault Ste. Marie, Savant Lake, Simcoe, Southampton, South March, Sparta,
Stittsville, Stroud, Sulphur Springs, Temagami, Toronto, Trenton, Ventnor, Vineland
Station, Waterloo, White Lake. Prince Edward Island: Bonshaw, Cavendish,
Charlottetown, Clinton, Green Gables, Wilmot Valley. Quebec: Andreville, Baie
Trinité, Cantic, Chicoutimi, Como, Compton, Cowansville, Delisle, Drummondville,
Fort Coulonge, Foster, Frontenac, Gaspé, Gatineau Park, Gracefield, Hebertville,

Hudson Heights, Hull, Île Nepewa, Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Kazabazua, Kilmar,
Knowlton, Lac Bouchette, Lac Etchemin, Lac Mégantic, Lac Mondor, Lachute, La
Pocatière, Laval, Les Becquets, Limbour, L’Isle Verte, Lucerne, Manistique,
Metabetchouan, Métis sur Mer, Mont Joli, Montreal, New Richmond, Normandin,
North Hatley, Norway Bay, Notre Dame Doré, Old Chelsea, Parc Forillon, Pintendre,
Port Daniel, Portneuf Station, Rigaud, Rimouski, Rivière à la Patate, Ste-Anne-de-
Bellevue, St. Faustin, St-Félicien, St-Fulgence, St-Hilaire, St-Roch-Mékinac, St-
Urbain, Ste-Croix, Ste-Marie, Shawbridge, Shawville, Trois-Rivières, Val d’Or,
Villemontel, Venosta, Wakefield. Saskatchewan: Biggar, Big River, Buffalo Pond
Provincial Park, Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Cypress Lakes, Elbow, Foam Lake,
Laura, North Battleford, Orcadia, Prince Albert, Roche Percee, Saskatoon. Yukon
Territory: Judas Creek (60 º 23′N, 134º 08′W).
Comments. Adults of O. ovatus are readily recognized by the deep, longitudinal
grooves on the pronotal disc, which are separated by distinct, longitudinal ridges, by the
flattened, weakly carinate rostrum, by the presence of a bifid or notched tooth on the
ventral edge of the front femur, and by the sparse, short, yellowish setae on the elytra.
Map 16. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus ovatus.
121
Otiorhynchus ovatus is commonly known as the strawberry root weevil and is of

significant economic importance. Adults and larvae frequently cause damage to straw-
berries, but the species is a general feeder and causes damage to seedlings of hemlock,
arborvitae, yew, juniper, and spruce, raspberries, clovers, grasses, and nursery ever-
greens. Campbell et al. (1989), Baker (1972), Furniss and Carolin (1977), and Anderson
(1997) have summarized the life history and economic damage of this species.
There is an abundance of literature treating various aspects of the biology of this
species. In summary, adults are general foliage feeders; larvae feed on roots of a wide
variety of plants. Adults emerge from the soil from late May to mid-June. Oviposition
occurs from May through August. After hatching, larvae burrow into the soil to a
depth of about 10–15 cm and begin to feed on small roots. There are five larval
instars, the last one being completed in the early spring. Larvae construct earthen cells
and pupate until mid-April or May. Adults are all brachypterous. Heavy infestations
of O. ovatus adults may cause serious injury to foliage of young white cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), spruce (Picea spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.), and pine (Pinus spp.); lar-
val feeding is believed to have killed white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings
(Hiratsuka et al. 1995).
Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst, 1795)

Map 17
Curculio porcatus Herbst 1795: 358.

Otiorhynchus porcatus: Warner and Negley (1976: 248); O’Brien and Wibmer
53); Morris (1997: 21).
antenna, tibia, and tarsi reddish. Rostrum with a broad, shallow, median sulcus, later-
al edges of sulcus carinate; tip of rostrum with strongly elevated, angulate carina
enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum minutely reticulate, with numerous, small,
Map 17. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus raucus (G); O. porcatus (L).
122
narrow, light brown scales on median portion, and long setae on apical portion.
Pronotum 1.3 times as wide as long; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; discal surface
densely tuberculate, tubercles moderately large, strongly elevated, each with a very
short, curved, yellowish, recumbent seta; median line narrowly sulcate, moderately
impressed, with dense, short, curved, yellowish scales. Elytra 1.2 times as long as
wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae not impressed, deeply punc-
tured, each puncture glabrous; discal interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7 strongly, acutely elevat-
ed, strongly tuberculate, with a short, curved, yellowish, narrow scale arising from
each tubercle; interstriae 2, 4, and 6 flat, not elevated, smooth, with scattered, very
small, yellowish scales, these often clustered together into vague groups. Front tibia
not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half, without a tooth on
ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus porcatus is recorded in North America only from
Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland. In the Palearctic region, it is recorded from
throughout central Europe. Live specimens from England, Germany, and Austria have
been intercepted several times at eastern United States ports.
Canadian records: Newfoundland: St. John’s. Ontario: Killarney. Quebec:
Montreal.
Comments. Adults of O. porcatus are easily recognized by the strongly elevated
and tuberculate alternate elytral interstriae and by the strongly tuberculate pronotal
disc.
Otiorhynchus porcatus is known to attack Saxifraga spp. and Primula spp. in
Europe and Syringa and Viburnum in North America (Campbell et al. 1989). The lar-
vae feed on small roots and on the bark of larger roots, and the adults feed on the
leaves. No serious damage has been recorded from Canada, but the species could
become a serious pest under the proper conditions. This is one of the few species of
North American Otiorhynchus for which males are known.
Otiorhynchus raucus (Fabricius, 1777)

Fig. 71; Map 17
Curculio raucus Fabricius, 1777: 226.

Otiorhynchus raucus: Warner and Negley (1976: 248); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 50); Anderson (1991: 1395); McNamara (1991: 331); Downie and Arnett
(1996: 1490); Palm (1996: 47); Morris (1997: 17).
Description. Length 5.5–7.5 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body black to red-
dish brown, legs usually lighter in color, elytra completely covered with dense, short,
very narrow, yellowish scales, pronotum with dense hairs and setae intermixed.
Rostrum with an indistinct, very weakly elevated, median, longitudinal carina, very
narrowly, weakly sulcate on each side of carina; tip of rostrum with broadly angulate
carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum densely, very deeply punctured, inter-
spaces between punctures carinate, with numerous, small, narrow, light brown to
123
white scales on median portion, these longer, hairlike on apical portion. Pronotum 1.1
times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface densely tubercu-
late, tubercles large, moderately elevated, each with a distinct, large, median puncture
and each with a short, yellowish, recumbent seta; interspaces between punctures
deeply punctured; median line acutely elevated in middle of disc. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times
as long as wide; sides very broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae distinct,
weakly impressed, with obscure punctures; discal interstriae about 3.0 times as wide
as striae, weakly convex; entire elytral surface covered by small, yellowish to white,
very narrow, recumbent scales, except over strial punctures. Front tibia not expanded
dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half, without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus raucus is recorded in North America from British

Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, and Ontario; also recorded from Idaho (Anderson 1991).
It is widely distributed throughout Europe.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Medicine Hat. British Columbia: Cawston,
Penticton, Summerland. Nova Scotia: Sheffield Mills. Ontario: Dundas, Fonthill,
Golden Lake, London, Nepean, Oakville, Orillia, Orono, Ottawa, Port Hope, Simcoe,
Toronto. Quebec: Aylmer, Lucerne, Montreal.
Comments. Adults of this species are easily recognized by the very dense cover-
ing of light-colored, narrow scales over the elytral surface, by the intermixed narrow
scales and setae on the pronotal disc, and by the absence of a tooth or granule on the
ventral edge of the femora.

Otiorhynchus raucus was first recorded as established in Canada by Hicks in
1947 from specimens collected in 1936 at the Fonthill Nurseries in Fonthill, Ontario.
It has evidently been introduced into British Columbia in recent years, since it is
recorded only from Ontario in Warner and Negley (1976) and O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982), and omitted in Hatch (1971). The British Columbia specimens in the Canadian
National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, were collected in 1979 and 1993.
Larvae of this species are serious pests of various garden vegetables. Adults feed
on the foliage and young shoots of fruit trees. Campbell et al. (1989) summarize the
known biological information of this species.
Otiorhynchus rugifrons (Gyllenhal, 1813)

Fig. 72; Map 18
Curculio rugifrons Gyllenhal, 1813: 319.

Otiorhynchus rugifrons: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 112); Warner and Negley
(1976: 257); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara (1991: 331); Downie and
Arnett (1996: 1491); Palm (1996: 71); Morris (1997: 16).
tarsi and antennae usually reddish. Rostrum flat, with numerous, distinct, longitudinal
carinae, interspaces deeply impressed, narrow, with moderately deep punctures; tip of
rostrum below level of antennal insertions flat, with similar sculpture and with a
124
weakly elevated, arcuate carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum shiny, with
scattered, short, yellowish setae. Pronotum 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long; sides slight-
ly, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with large, deep punctures, interspaces mod-
erately convex, almost tuberculate laterally, with scattered, short, recumbent setae;
median line narrow, weakly impressed. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides
broadly, evenly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae weakly impressed, moderately
punctured, each puncture with a short seta; discal interstriae weakly convex, weakly
elevated, about 2.0–3.0 times as wide as striae, surface of each interstria with a medi-
an row of low tubercles, a median row of erect, long setae, and one or two rows of
shorter setae on each side. Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora
swollen on apical half, with a distinct tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus rugifrons occurs from Quebec to Newfoundland. In

the Old World, it is widely distributed in northern and middle Europe, and in Great
Britain.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: St. John. Newfoundland: Biscay Bay,
Bonne Bay, Cape Broyle, Cow Head, Holyrood, Port-au-Choix, Portugal Cove, Rose
Blanche, Spaniards Bay, St. John’s. Nova Scotia: Sydney. Quebec: St-Pierre-de-
Broughton.
Comments. Adults of O. rugifrons are readily recognized by the deeply grooved
rostrum, by the two or three rows of setae in the elytral interstriae, by the deeply punc-
tured pronotal disc, and by the lack of scales on the surface.

Otiorhynchus rugifrons is reported to be a pest of strawberry (Campbell et al.
1989) and is a pest of saxifrage in Great Britain (Warner and Negley 1976). Males of
this species were recently described from European populations (Heijerman and
Hodge 2005). Fox Wilson (1925) reported peculiar habit of first instar larvae, which
Map 18. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus rugifrons.
125
mine the leaves of saxifrage for a few days after emergence.

Numerous additional localities in Newfoundland are recorded for this species.
The ones listed above are selected to show a picture of the distribution of this species
in that province.
Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus (Goeze, 1777)

Fig. 73; Map 19
Curculio rugosostriatus Goeze 1777: 395.

Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus: Warner and Negley (1976: 252); O’Brien and

Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara (1991: 331); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1490) [mis-
spelled as rugostriatus]; Palm (1996: 51); Morris (1997: 20).
Brachyrhinus rugosostriatus: Hatch (1971: 256).
Description. Length 5.5–8.5 mm, about 1.8 times as long as wide. Body black to
light reddish brown, often head and prothorax black, elytra reddish. Rostrum with a
deep, narrow, median sulcus at base; tip of rostrum with moderately elevated, angu-
late carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum shiny, coarsely punctured, with
scattered, erect, long, fine setae. Pronotum 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long; sides broad-
ly, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with numerous, low tubercles, each tubercle
with a moderately long, reddish to yellowish, curved seta; median line not evident.
Elytra 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; apex broadly
rounded; striae moderately impressed, deeply punctured; discal interstriae convex,
2.0–3.0 times as wide as striae, weakly to strongly tuberculate, more strongly so
toward apex, each with a double row of reddish to yellowish, curved, semierect setae.
Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half, without
a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus occurs in the west from southern
British Columbia, south throughout the western United States to California and New
Mexico, and in the east from Ontario to Nova Scotia, south to Missouri and Georgia.
Map 19. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus rugostriatus.
126
It is widely distributed in the western part of the Palearctic Region.

Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Bowser, Brentwood Bay,
Colwood, Cowichan Lake, Cultus Lake, Elgin, Errington, Grindrod (near Enderby),
Hatzic, Horseshoe Bay, Mission City, Nanaimo, Parksville, Robson, Ruskin, Saanich,
Mesachie Lake, Sidney, Vancouver, Victoria, Wellington. Nova Scotia: Dingwall,
Kentville, Smith’s Cove. Ontario: Ancaster, Arran Lake, Bobcaygeon, DeCew Falls,
Grovesend, Hilton Beach, Lasalle, Lions Head, Midland, Nepean, Niagara Falls,
Oakville, Prince Edward County, Rondeau Park, Sault Ste. Marie, Southhampton,
“Sulphur Springs,” Toronto. Quebec: Aylmer, Bolton Corners, Gatineau, St-Eustache.
Comments. Adults of O. rugosostriatus are easily recognized by the double row
of curved, reddish to yellowish setae in each elytral interstria, by the densely placed,
low tubercles on the pronotal disc, and by the deep sulcus on the basal portion of the
rostrum.
This weevil is occasionally a pest of strawberries when sod has been broken for
planting (Cram and Neilson 1978) and is commonly known as the rough strawberry
root weevil. This species has also been reported to feed on cyclamen, holly, privet,
rose, raspberry, and primrose (Warner and Negley 1976) and on a large number of
other plants (Palm 1996). Campbell et al. (1989) review the life history and habits of
this species.
Otiorhynchus scaber (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 74
Curculio scaber Linnaeus 1758: 379.

Otiorhynchus scaber: Warner and Negley (1976: 248); O’Brien and Wibmer
56); Morris (1997: 22).
Description. Length 5.0 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body black. Rostrum
convex, without obvious impressions or carinae; tip of rostrum with moderately ele-
vated, angulate carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum concealed by dense,
recumbent, small, narrow, light brown scales on median portion, glabrous on apical
portion. Pronotum as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate, more strongly narrowed on
anterior half; discal surface concealed by dense, recumbent, small, round scales, with
a few erect scales intermixed, scattered deep punctures discernable among scales;
median line not evident. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex
broadly rounded; striae not impressed, deeply punctured, each puncture covered by a
round scale; interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7 weakly elevated, weakly tuberculate, with a
median row of moderately long, semierect, curved, yellowish scales; interstriae 2, 4,
and 6 flat, weakly impressed, smooth, completely covered by dense, small, round
scales. Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half,
without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus scaber is recorded in North America only from Nova
127
Scotia. It also occurs in central and northern Europe.

Canadian records: Nova Scotia: Antigonish, Halifax.
Comments. Adults of O. scaber are easily recognized by the weakly elevated
alternate elytral interstriae, which bear a median row of long, semierect, yellowish
scales, by the very dense covering of small, round scales completely covering the sur-
face of the pronotal disc and the elytra, by the presence of a small scale covering each
strial puncture, and by the deeply punctured pronotal disc.
In Europe, O. scaber is a serious forest pest. Adults feed on the foliage and bark
of fir, pine, oak, and larch and on numerous species of herbaceous plants. No damage
due to the activities of adults or larvae of this species has been recorded in Canada.
Otiorhynchus scaber was originally collected by Lindroth in 1951. It has recent-

ly been collected in Halifax and Antigonish (Majka, pers. comm., 2007).
Otiorhynchus singularis (Linnaeus, 1767)

Fig. 75; Map 20
Curculio singularis Linnaeus, 1767: 1066.

Otiorhynchus singularis: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 112); Warner and Negley
(1976: 254); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); Anderson (1991: 1395); McNamara
(1991: 331); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1490); Palm (1996: 62); Morris (1997: 16);
Majka et al. (2007a).
Brachyrhinus singularis: Hatch (1971: 257).
Description. Length 6.5–8.0 mm, about 1.9–2.0 times as long as wide. Body red-
dish brown, head usually slightly darker. Rostrum flat to weakly convex, with a very
weak, longitudinal carina; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions flat to
weakly concave, with a weakly inflated, transverse callus at level of antennal inser-
tions; surface of rostrum shiny, finely, densely punctured, with abundant, small,
recumbent scales and with intermixed, scattered, fine setae. Pronotum about as wide
Map 20. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus singularis.
128
as long; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with numerous, low
tubercles, with abundant, small, recumbent scales between tubercles and longer,
recumbent setae intermixed; median line not evident. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as
wide; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae moderately
impressed, deeply punctured; discal interstriae convex, weakly elevated, distinctly
narrower than striae, surface with a median row of low tubercles and a median row of
semierect, long, narrow setae; entire elytral surface covered by small, round, tan
scales, each strial puncture covered by a scale, and tubercles in each interstria slight-
ly extending above scales. Front tibia not expanded dorsally at apex; all femora
swollen on apical half, with a distinct tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus singularis occurs in the eastern and western portions

of North America. In the west, it occurs only around the Puget Sound area, south to
Oregon and east to Idaho (Anderson 1991); in the east, it occurs at scattered locations
from Newfoundland to southern Ontario, south to Washington, D.C. In the Old World,
it occurs in the cooler western and central regions of Europe.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Brentwood Bay, Elgin, Hope, Sidney,
Tsawwassen, Vancouver, Victoria. New Brunswick: Northumberland County.
Newfoundland: Avondale, Mount Pearl, St. John’s. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton
Highlands National Park, Halifax, Lewis Lake Park, North Bay, Ohio, Sydney,
Wentworth Provincial Park, Yarmouth. Ontario: Guelph, Ottawa. Prince Edward
Island: Woodville Mills. Quebec: Bromont, Gatineau Park, Kilmar, Mount Royal,
Port-au-Saumon, Réserve Duchesnay.
Comments. Adults of Otiorhynchus singularis are readily recognized by the
dense covering of small scales on the pronotum and elytra, by the fact that each stri-
al puncture is covered by a small scale, by the median row of small tubercles and erect
setae in each elytral interstria, and by the transversely convex rostrum, which bears a
very fine longitudinal carina.
Otiorhynchus singularis is a serious pest of raspberry and other small fruits, orna-
mentals, and seedling conifers. The economic damage, and general biology, have been
summarized by Campbell et al. (1989).
Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775)

Fig. 77; Map 21
Curculio sulcatus Fabricius, 1775: 155.

Otiorhynchus sulcatus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 111); Warner and Negley
(1976: 256); Furniss and Carolin (1977: 329); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50);
Anderson (1988: 2409); McNamara (1991: 331); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1491);
Palm (1996: 69); Morris (1997: 17).
Brachyrhinus sulcatus: Baker (1972: 220); Hatch (1971: 257).
Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman, 1843: 323. Thompson (2001: 49).
Description. Length 7.5–9.0 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Body black.
129
Rostrum with a deep median sulcus extending from lower level of eyes to level of
antennal insertions; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions with an acute, Y-
shaped carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum shiny, finely, densely punc-
tured, with scattered, recumbent, short, fine setae. Pronotum 1.2 times as wide as long;
sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface shiny, with numerous, strongly elevated
tubercles, with scattered, sparse, short, yellowish setae; median line not evident.
Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; apex narrow-
ly rounded; striae moderately impressed, deeply punctured; discal interstriae convex,
about 1.5–2.0 times as wide as striae, surface smooth, each interstria with a single,
median row of low tubercles, with scattered, short, recumbent, yellowish setae and
scattered clumps of white to yellowish narrow scales. Front tibia not expanded dor-
sally at apex; all femora swollen on apical half, with a distinct tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Otiorhynchus sulcatus is widely distributed in the eastern and west-
ern portions of North America, and in a small number of localities in the Prairie
Provinces. In the Old World, it is widely distributed throughout northern and middle
Europe as far south as France and Italy. It has been introduced into Australia, New
Zealand, and Tasmania.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Ketchikan. Alberta: Medicine Hat.
British Columbia: Boothroyd, Bowser, Brentwood Bay, Chilliwack, Cobble Hill,
Colwood, Craigellachie, Cultus Lake, Eburne, Elgin, Gabriola Island, Hope,
Huntingdon, Island View Beach, Kamloops, Kaslo, Kelowna, Ladysmith, Langford,

Metchosin (summit Camas Hill), Mission City, Nakusp Hot Springs, Nanoose, Oliver,
Penticton, Port Renfrew, Queen Charlotte Islands (Graham Island, Moresby Island),
Richmond, Ruskin, Saanich, Salmon Arm, Sidney, “Silverdale,” Summerland,
Vancouver, Victoria, Wellington, Witty’s Lagoon (near Victoria), Youbou. Manitoba:
Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Harvey Station, Tabusintac. Newfoundland: Deer Park,
Grand Falls, Hearts Content, Lethbridge, Lewisporte, St. John’s, Topsail, Twillingate.
Nova Scotia: Annapolis Royal, Baddeck, Bridgetown, Cape Breton Highlands
National Park, Cow Bay, Dartmouth, Englishtown, Guysboro, Halifax, Kentville,
Lakeville, Lockport, Louisbourg, New Haven, Port Maitland, Sable Island, Smith’s
Map 21. Collection localities for Otiorhynchus sulcatus.
130
Cove, South Ohio, Sydney, Truro, Woodville, Weymouth. Ontario: Elgin County,
Guelph, London, Manitouwadge, Niagara Falls, Niagara Glen, Ottawa, Red Bay, St.
Catherines, Thessalon, Wiarton. Prince Edward Island: Summerside. Quebec:
Bonaventure Island, Havelock, La Pocatière, Lac Mégantic, Laval, Montreal,
Pierrefonds, Port-au-Saumon, Port Daniel, Pte-Claire, St-Anne-de-Bellevue, St-
Georges de Beauce, Tadoussac, Thetford Mines, Westmount. Saskatchewan: Regina.
Comments. Adults of O. sulcatus are readily recognized by the markedly tuber-
culate pronotal disc, by the presence of scattered clumps of light-colored, narrow
scales on the elytra, which show up distinctly against the black background, by the
large size of the adults, and by the deeply sulcate rostrum.
Otiorhynchus sulcatus is known as the black vine weevil and has been recorded
from more than 150 species of host plants (Warner and Negley 1976). The literature
on the economic importance of this species includes references on greenhouse, nurs-
ery, and other horticultural plants. Campbell et al. (1989) and Baker (1972) provide
information on life history and economic injury.
Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman was a forgotten species from “America borealis”
until Thompson (2001) located the type and confirmed what LeConte and Horn sus-
pected, namely, that O. sayi is a synonym of O. sulcatus. A specimen from Weymouth,
Nova Scotia, in The Natural History Museum, London, England, closely resembles
the type of O. sayi (Thompson 2001).
Genus Sciopithes Horn, 1876

Sciopithes Horn, 1876: 62. Type species: Sciopithes obscurus Horn, 1876, mono-
typy. Van Dyke (1935: 87–920); Arnett (1962: 999); Kissinger (1964: 21); Hatch
(1971: 255, 258); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); McNamara (1991: 331); Alonso-
Description. Body moderate in size, stout; surface completely covered with
recumbent scales and erect, sparse setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum
free, about twice as short as head width, strongly expanded at antennal insertions; sur-
face longitudinally sulcate, with broad scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar.
Scrobes deeply impressed at rostral apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex.
Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with
fine setae, passing over middle of eye when retracted next to head; funicle 7-segment-
ed, segments with long setae; club distinct, conical, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes
small, round, strongly convex. Prothorax wider than long; anterior edge in lateral view
straight; discal surface uneven, concealed by broad scales. Elytra broad; scutellum
minutely visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface completely covered by
broad, densely placed, recumbent scales; striae distinct; apex narrowly rounded.
Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws free, simple.
Comments. Six North American species are included in Sciopithes, but only one
of these occurs in Canada. A key to the species is given in Van Dyke (1935).
131
Most of the species in Sciopithes are not of economic importance, however, S.

obscurus Horn has been reported to be a sporadic pest of strawberries. The adults of
species in this genus are probably general feeders and are found crawling on vegeta-
tion or in the debris under various plants.
Sciopithes obscurus Horn, 1876

Fig. 77; Map 22
Sciopithes obscurus Horn, 1876: 62. Van Dyke (1935: 89); Hatch (1971: 255,
258); Furniss and Carolin (1977: 335); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 50); Anderson
(1988: 2409); McNamara (1991: 331).

Description. Length 4.3–5.5 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide. Body usually
light to dark red, legs and antennae often lighter in color. Rostrum weakly concave at
base, weakly bisulcate to apex, with a low, acute, longitudinal carina; tip of rostrum
below level of antennal insertions bisulcate, with an acute, Y-shaped carina; surface of
rostrum shiny, with abundant, broad, recumbent, white to brown scales and sparse, scat-
tered, short, erect, narrowly flattened setae. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as long;
sides slightly, evenly arcuate; discal surface completely covered with abundant, broad,
oval, recumbent, white to brown scales, with recumbent, very fine, short setae inter-
mixed, white scales more prominent on lateral portions; median line marked by vitta of
Map 22. Collection localities for Sciopithes obscurus.
132
whitish scales. Elytra about 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide; sides broadly, evenly arcu-
ate; apex very narrowly rounded; striae distinct, weakly impressed, shallowly punc-
tured; discal interstriae flat, much wider than striae, interstriae 1 and 3 slightly more ele-
vated, 1 strongly elevated from declivital base to apex; surface, except striae, complete-
ly covered by brown to white, small, oval scales, dark scales often forming a broad, V-
shaped, transverse vitta at declivital base, white scales predominate on declivity and also
placed in scattered groups on disc and lateral areas, each interstria with a median row of
inconspicuous, small, recumbent scales. Front tibia expanded and rounded at apex; all
femora swollen on apical half, without a tooth on ventral edge.
Distribution. Sciopithes obscurus occurs in southwestern British Columbia,
south to California.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Cultus Lake, Duncan, Errington,
Gabriola Island, Goldstream, Kaslo, Ladysmith, Mission City, Nanaimo, Queen
Charlotte Islands (Graham Island), Ruskin, Saanich, Sidney, Vancouver, Vancouver
Island (Lost Lake, Tod Inlet, Duncan, Chemainus, Gordon Head), Vernon, Victoria.
Comments. Adults of S. obscurus are readily recognized by the densely scaly
body, which bears an oblique or broad V-shaped, transverse vitta of dark brown scales
on the elytra, by the mixture of white and light to dark brown scales on the pronotum
and elytra, and by the very narrowly rounded elytral apex.
Campbell et al. (1989) review the economic importance and biology of this
species. Adults of S. obscurus normally feed in the forest under shrubs and are known
to attack ornamentals (especially rhododendron), seedling conifers, raspberries, and
other small fruits. This species, commonly called obscure root weevil, has also been
reported to be a sporadic pest of commercial strawberries. The larvae feed on the
roots, and the adults feed on the margins of leaves. The main damage is caused by the
larvae, which may weaken or kill some plants.
Sciopithes obscurus overwinters in the larval stage in the soil and as adults under
debris. The adults that survive the winter resume egg-laying in the spring; the larvae
that overwinter begin feeding in the spring, pupate about the middle of May, and
emerge from the soil about June and begin laying eggs from July to September.
Oviposition occurs in a fold on the leaf margin. One generation per year is produced.
Sciopithes obscurus is parthenogenetic and flightless and often occurs on new land or
near wooded areas. The adults are nocturnal.
Tribe Peritelini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Geodercodes Casey, 1888
Geodercodes Casey, 1888: 265. Type species: Geodercodes latipennis Casey,
1888, monotypy. Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 23); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 51); McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 171); Anderson
(2002: 779).
Description. Body stout; surface densely covered with round, recumbent scales
133
and narrow, erect scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, much short-
er than head width, not expanded at antennal insertions; surface generally flat, with
abundant scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes lateral, deeply
impressed from rostral apex to eyes. Posterior edge of eye remote from anterior edge
of prothorax, separated by a distance about equal to diameter of eye. Antennal scape
straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending beyond hind edge of eye, slightly longer
than funicle, with dense, round, recumbent scales and narrow, semierect scales; funi-
cle 7-segmented, segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, narrowly conical, twice
as long as wide, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex.
Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge arcuate in lateral view; discal surface
obscurely punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible from above; humeral angles
rounded; discal surface with recumbent and erect scales, strial punctures indistinct.
Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; mucronate
at apex; claws connate, simple.
Comments. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list two species of Geodercodes in
North America. Only one species occurs in Canada.
Geodercodes latipennis Casey, 1888

Fig. 78
Geodercodes latipennis Casey, 1888: 266. Hatch (1971: 266); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 51); McNamara (1991: 332).
Description. Length 2.3–3.6 mm, about 1.7 times as long as wide. Body reddish
brown, completely covered with white to brown scales. Rostrum weakly transversely
impressed at upper level of eyes, with a deep, narrow, longitudinal groove extending
from upper level of eyes to rostral apex; surface broadly sulcate from transverse impres-
sion to below level of antennal insertion, lateral edges of sulcus weakly elevated; tip of
rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly, shallowly impressed, with a strong,
arcuate, transverse carina; surface of rostrum completely covered with broad, round to
oval, recumbent scales, with a few scattered, erect, narrow scales intermixed. Pronotum
1.1 times as wide as long; lateral edges evenly, weakly arcuate, constricted posterior of
anterior edge; discal surface with small, indistinct to concealed punctures, entire surface
covered by small, broad, mostly brown scales, a few white scales predominate along
median and lateral portions, also with intermixed, scattered, erect, narrow scales. Elytra
about 1.3 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae
indistinct, weakly impressed, covered by scales; discal interstriae weakly convex, about
3.0–4.0 or more times as wide as striae, surface completely covered by small, broad,
predominately brown, recumbent scales, light brown or white scales often scattered
among brown scales or arranged in a variegated pattern, may be concentrated near pos-
tero-lateral angles of elytra, interstriae 1–7 also with a median row of erect, narrow,
short scales, these shorter than interstrial width. Abdominal sternites 3–5 shiny, without
scales but with fine setae.
Distribution. Geodercodes latipennis occurs in southern British Columbia, south
134
to California and east to Montana.

Canadian records: British Columbia: Alberni, Cobble Hill, Gabriola Island,
Longdale (11.3 mi. north), Mesachie Lake, Quamichan, Sidney, Stump Falls
Provincial Park (8 mi. northwest of Alberni), Victoria.
Comments. Adults of G. latipennis are recognized by the very densely scaly
body, by the median row of erect, narrow scales on the discal elytral interstria, by the
antennal scape being as long as or slightly longer than the funicle, and by the generic
characters summarized in the generic key.
Nothing is known of the life history or habits of this species except that
specimens have been recorded from moss and litter under mature Douglas fir, oak
and madrone duff, oak duff and moss, aspen and juniper duff, cedar duff and other
similar habitats.
Genus Nemocestes Van Dyke, 1936

Nemocestes Van Dyke, 1936a: 22. Type species: Geoderces incomptus Horn,
1876, original designation. Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 23); Hatch (1971:
267); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 51) [as Geoderces]; ICZN (1987: 207); McNamara
(1991: 332); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1491); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 172);
Anderson (2002: 779).

Description. Body stout, surface completely covered with small, round, recum-
bent scales and sparse, semierect, narrowly flattened to hairlike setae. Head not con-
stricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, distinctly shorter than head width, slightly expand-
ed at antennal insertions; surface weakly sulcate, with abundant scales. Mandible
bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes dorsal, broadly, shallowly impressed from rostral
apex to eyes. Posterior edge of eye remote from anterior edge of prothorax, separated
by a distance about equal to diameter of eye. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-
shaped, extending well beyond hind edge of eye, slightly longer than funicle, with
dense, round, recumbent scales and narrow, semierect scales; funicle 7-segmented,
first two segments greatly elongate, segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, nar-
rowly conical, twice as long as wide, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, mod-
erately to strongly convex. Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge arcuate in lateral
view; discal surface deeply punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible from above;
humeral angles rounded; discal surface completely covered by small, recumbent
scales and sparse, semierect setae or scales in interstriae, strial punctures distinct,
glabrous, each with a minute seta. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae round-
ed at apex; corbel open; mucronate at apex; claws connate, simple.
Comments. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list nine North American species in this
genus under the generic name Geoderces Horn. Because of a misidentification of the
species designated as the type species of Geoderces, the name Geoderces was placed
as a synonym of Phyxelis Schönherr, and Nemocestes was established as the valid
generic name for the group of species discussed below (ICZN 1987).
135
Four species are recognized herein as occurring in Canada. One additional species,
N. montanus, is recorded from California to Washington and would ordinarily be includ-
ed in this treatment; however, we strongly suspect that it is a synonym of N. puncticollis.
Members of Nemocestes are recognized by the very stout body, which is com-
pletely covered by small scales, by the very long first and second, especially the sec-
ond, funicular segments, by the seventh segment of the funicle being longer than
wide, and by the other characters summarized in the above key to genera.
Some of the species are reported to be economic pests, but the life history and
habits of most of the species are unknown.
Key to the species of Nemocestes found in Canada

1. Base of interstria 1 adjacent to scutellum convex, glabrous; semierect to erect
interstrial setae at least slightly flattened or stout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Base of interstria 1 adjacent to scutellum not convex, with scales similar to rest
of elytra; erect interstrial setae very fine, hairlike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . puncticollis Casey [p. 141]
2. Elytral interstria 5 distinctly inflated at apex just before junction of interstriae 4

and 6, forming a rounded tubercle; length 4.2–4.8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tuberculatus Van Dyke [p. 142]
Elytral interstria 5 not, or only very slightly, swollen or inflated at apex; length
6.0–9.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Setae on elytral interstriae, pronotal disc, head, and rostrum fine, hairlike, erect,
generally about 3.0–4.0 or more times longer than length of recumbent scales;
antennal scape reaching well beyond anterior edge of prothorax; apex of inter-
stria 5 slightly, but distinctly, swollen . . . . . . . . . . . incomptus (Horn) [p. 139]
Setae on elytral interstriae, pronotal disc, head, and rostrum distinctly flattened,
semierect, shorter, generally about twice as long as length of recumbent scales;
antennal scape barely reaching anterior edge of prothorax; apex of interstria 5
not swollen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horni Van Dyke [p. 137]
Clé des espèces du genre Nemocestes

1. Base de l’interstrie élytrale 1 près du scutellum convexe, glabre; poils semidressés
à dressés des interstries élytrales au moins un peu aplatis ou élargis . . . . . . . . . 2
Base de l’interstrie élytrale 1 près du scutellum sans convexité distincte, avec des
écailles semblables au reste des élytres; poils dressés des interstries élytrales très
fins, donnant l’apparence à des cheveux. . . . . . . . . . puncticollis Casey [p. 141]
136
2. Interstrie élytrale 5 distinctement plus convexe à l’apex près de la jonction entre

les interstries 4 et 6, formant un tubercule arrondi; longueur du corps entre 4,2
et 4,8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tuberculatus Van Dyke [p. 142]
Interstrie élytrale 5 sans convexité distincte près de l’apex, ou seulement un peu

plus convexe que les interstries 4 et 6, ne formant pas un tubercule arrondi;
longueur du corps entre 6,0 et 9,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Poils sur les interstries élytrales, le disque pronotal, la tête et le rostre fins, don-
nant l’apparence de cheveux, dressés, généralement entre 3,0 et 4,0 fois plus
longs que la longueur d’une écaille couchée; scape antennaire atteignant dis-
tinctement plus loin que le bord antérieur du prothorax; apex de l’interstrie 5

légèrement mais distinctement plus convexe que les interstries 4 et 6 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incomptus (Horn) [p. 139]
Poils sur les interstries élytrales, le disque pronotal, la tête et le rostre fins, dis-
tinctement aplatis, plus courts, semidressés, généralement deux fois plus longs
que la longueur d’une écaille couchée; scape antennaire atteignant de peu le
bord antérieur du prothorax; apex de l’interstrie 5 de convexité semblable aux
interstries 4 et 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horni Van Dyke [p. 137]
Nemocestes horni Van Dyke, 1936

Fig. 23; Map 23
Geoderces melanothrix Horn, 1876: 71 (not Kirby, 1837: 202).

Nemocestes horni Van Dyke, 1936a: 25. Anderson (1988: 2409); McNamara
(1991: 332); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1491).
Geoderces horni: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52).
Description. Very similar to N. incomptus (see Description below). Differs by
setae on elytral interstriae, pronotal disc and rostrum being wider, shorter, and more
recumbent, those on elytral interstriae about twice as long as the recumbent ground
Map 23. Collection localities for Nemocestes horni.
137
138
Weevles body v6.qxp
2/18/08
10:20 AM
Fig. 23. Nemocestes horni. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.

Page 138
scales, and by the absence of a distinctly swollen apex of interstria 5.

Distribution. Nemocestes horni occurs from southern British Columbia, east to
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, south along the Pacific coast to northern California,
and in the east, south to Michigan, Wisconsin, and New York.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Arrowhead, Cowichan Lake,
Gabriola Island, Gold River, Hope, Ladysmith, “Macmillan Park,” Mesachie Lake,
Mission City, Nanoose Bay, Pender Harbor, Port Renfrew, Queen Charlotte Islands
(Graham Island, Lyell Island, Moresby Island, Talunkwen Island, Tanu Island),
Saanich, Sidney, Tofino (21 km south), Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Victoria, Witty’s
Lagoon (near Victoria). New Brunswick: Fredericton, Kouchibouguac National Park,
Tabusintac. Newfoundland: St. Georges. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands

National Park, Pleasant Bay. Ontario: Frater, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Prince
Edward County, Wawa. Quebec: St-Hippolyte. Saskatchewan: Stanley.
Comments. Nemocestes horni was suspected by Van Dyke (1936a) to be, at best,
a subspecies of N. incomptus. The two species are very similar, but may be separated
by the characters given in the key and in the description above. It was not included in
Hatch’s treatment of the weevils of the Pacific Northwest, and was also not listed as
a synonym of any other species of Nemocestes.
Based on an examination of the specimens at hand, we find consistent differences
in the length and type of erect setae on the elytral interstriae and pronotal disc as out-
lined above. Further study is required to determine if these differences are indicative
of specific differentiation.
Nemocestes incomptus (Horn, 1876)

Map 24
Geoderces incomptus Horn, 1876: 72. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52).
Nemocestes incomptus: Van Dyke (1936a: 25); Hatch (1971: 267); Furniss and
Carolin (1977: 328); McNamara (1991: 332).
Description. Length 5.1–7.0 mm, about 1.8 times as long as wide. Body dark red-
dish brown to black, completely covered with various shades of brown scales and setae.
Rostrum weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, very weakly sulcate from
impression to rostral apex, with a weakly elevated, acute, longitudinal, median carina;
tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly, shallowly impressed, with a
weakly elevated, arcuate carina; surface of rostrum completely covered with small,
round, recumbent scales, with numerous, scattered, erect, hairlike setae intermixed.
Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long; sides evenly, very broadly arcuate, very weak-
ly constricted posterior of anterior edge; discal surface with large, deep punctures; entire
surface, including interior of punctures, with small, broad, mostly light to dark brown
scales, a few white scales may predominate along median line and along lateral portions;
also with erect or semierect, hairlike setae scattered over surface, usually each seta aris-
es on rim of puncture. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides evenly, broadly
139
arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct, weakly impressed, with distinct, fine, shal-
low punctures; base of interstria 1 adjacent to scutellum elevated, glabrous; all discal
interstriae flat to very weakly convex, at least 4.0 or more times as wide as striae, sur-
face completely covered by small, broad, predominately dark brown, recumbent scales,
light brown scales often scattered among darker scales or arranged in a vague variegat-
ed pattern, also with interstrial row of erect, hairlike setae, these 3.0–4.0 times longer
than recumbent ground scales; apex of interstria 5 at junction of interstriae 4 and 6 mod-
erately elevated. Abdominal sternites 3–5 shiny, with fine setae.
Distribution. Nemocestes incomptus is known from southern British Columbia
to central coastal California.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Arrowhead, Bowser, Cowichan

Lake, “McMillan Park,” Mission City, Pender Harbor, Queen Charlotte Island,
Quinsam Lake, Saanich, Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Victoria, Wellington.
Map 24. Collection localities for Nemocestes incomptus.
140
Comments. Adults of N. incomptus are recognized by the slightly elevated,

smooth, glabrous portion at the base of interstria 1 adjacent to the scutellum, by the
erect, hairlike setae in the elytral interstriae, and by the distinctly swollen apex of
interstria 5. Adults are very similar to those of N. horni, but differ by the longer, finer
setae on the elytral interstriae, pronotal disc, and rostrum.
Nemocestes incomptus, commonly known as the woods weevil, occurs in or near
wooded areas and is a serious pest of strawberries but also attacks Monterey pine,
Douglas fir, and rhododendrons (Furniss and Carolin 1977).
Nemocestes puncticollis Casey, 1888

Fig. 79
Nemocestes puncticollis Casey, 1888: 264. Van Dyke (1936a: 28); Hatch (1971:
268); McNamara (1991: 332).
Geoderces puncticollis: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52).
Nemocestes sordidus Van Dyke, 1936a: 26. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52).
reddish brown to black, completely covered with various shades of brown scales and
setae. Rostrum weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, slightly sulcate
from impression to rostral apex, with a weakly elevated, acute, longitudinal, median
carina; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly, shallowly impressed,
with a strongly elevated, acute, arcuate carina; surface of rostrum completely covered
with small, round, recumbent scales, with numerous, scattered, erect, setae inter-
mixed. Pronotum 1.2 times as wide as long; sides evenly, broadly arcuate, very weak-
ly constricted posterior of anterior edge; discal surface with numerous, large, deep
punctures; entire surface, including interior of punctures, with small, broad, mostly
brown scales, a few white scales may predominate along lateral portions, also with
moderately long, erect, brown setae scattered over surface. Elytra about 1.4 times as
long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae indistinct, weakly
impressed, often covered by scales; base of interstria 1 adjacent to suture not elevat-
ed nor glabrous; all interstriae flat to weakly convex, at least 4.0 or more times as wide
as striae, surface completely covered by small, broad, predominately dark brown,
recumbent scales, light brown scales often scattered among darker scales or arranged
in a vague variegated pattern, white scales may be concentrated near anterolateral
angles of elytra, interstriae also with 1–3 rows of erect, narrow, short, brown setae,
these shorter than interstrial width. Abdominal sternites 3–5 shiny, with fine scales
and setae.
Distribution. Nemocestes puncticollis occurs in southern British Columbia,
south to California, and east to Idaho and Montana.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Bowser, Creston, Gabriola Island,
Goldstream, Victoria, Youbou.
Comments. Adults of N. puncticollis are recognized by the lack of an elevated,
141
glabrous area on the elytra adjacent to the scutellum, by the small size of the adults,
and by the coarsely punctate pronotal disc.
Adults have been reported to be injurious to strawberries (Campbell et al. 1989).
Specimens have been seen from sifting moss and on cherries.
Nemocestes tuberculatus Van Dyke, 1936

Nemocestes tuberculatus Van Dyke, 1936a: 28. Hatch (1971: 267); McNamara
(1991: 332).
Geoderces tuberculatus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52).
reddish brown to black, completely covered with various shades of brown scales and
setae. Rostrum weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, weakly sulcate
from impression to rostral apex, with a weakly elevated, acute, longitudinal, median
carina; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly, shallowly impressed,
with a strongly elevated, acute, arcuate carina; surface of rostrum completely covered
with small, round, recumbent scales, with numerous, scattered, erect, setae inter-
mixed. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long; sides evenly, broadly arcuate, weak-
ly constricted posterior of anterior edge; discal surface without obvious punctures or
punctures very obscure; entire surface with small, broad, mostly light to dark brown
scales, a few white scales may predominate along median line and along lateral por-
tions; also with moderately long, fine, erect, brown setae scattered over surface. Elytra
about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex somewhat narrowly
rounded; striae indistinct, very weakly impressed, often covered by scales; base of
interstria 1 adjacent to scutellum elevated, glabrous; all discal interstriae flat to very
weakly convex, at least 4.0 or more times as wide as striae, surface completely cov-
ered by small, broad, predominately dark brown, recumbent scales, light brown scales
often scattered among darker scales or arranged in a vague variegated pattern; inters-
triae also with 1–3 rows of erect, short, brown, hairlike setae, these shorter than inter-
strial width; apex of interstria 5 at junction of interstriae 4 and 6 distinctly tuberculate
or inflated, with short, stouter setae. Abdominal sternites 3–5 shiny, with fine scales
and setae.
Distribution. Nemocestes tuberculatus is reported to occur in southern British
Columbia, south along the Pacific coast to northern California.
Canadian records: None seen.
Comments. Nemocestes tuberculatus is recorded from “sw B. C.” in Hatch
(1971) and in O’Brien and Wibmer (1982). No Canadian specimens of this species
have been seen, and the source of the Canadian records is unknown.
Adults of N. tuberculatus may be recognized by the distinctly elevated and
glabrous base of interstria 1 and by the distinct elevation at the apex of interstria 5.
142
Genus Paraptochus Seidlitz, 1868

Paraptochus Seidlitz, 1868: 35. Type species: Paraptochus californicus Seidlitz,
1868 (= Peritelus sellatus Boheman, 1859), monotypy. Horn (1876: 67); Van Dyke
(1935: 92); Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 23); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982:
52); McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 172); Anderson (2002:
779).
Peritelinus Casey, 1888: 263. Type species: Peritelinus variegatus Casey, 1888,
monotypy. Van Dyke (1936a: 20); Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 22); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 51); McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
172); Anderson (2002: 779). syn. nov.
Description. Body stout; surface covered with round, recumbent scales and nar-
row, erect scales and setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, much
shorter than head width, expanded at antennal insertions; surface generally flat, with
abundant scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes dorsal, deeply
impressed at rostral apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex. Posterior edge of eye
remote from anterior edge of prothorax, separated by a distance about equal to diam-
eter of eye. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending beyond posteri-
or edge of eye, distinctly shorter than funicle, with dense, narrow scales; funicle
7-segmented, segments with long setae and sometimes with small, round scales; club
distinct, narrowly conical, 2.2 times as long as wide, distinctly 3-segmented. Eyes
small, round, strongly convex. Prothorax wider than long; anterior edge arcuate in lat-
eral view; discal surface deeply punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible from
above; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with recumbent and erect scales or
stout setae, strial punctures usually distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibia
rounded at apex; corbel open; not mucronate at apex; claws connate, simple.
Comments. The type species of Paraptochus and Peritelinus were examined, and
we could not detect any differences of generic significance. Kissinger (1964) distin-
guishes the two genera by the presence of two mucros at the apex of the female hind
tibia (Paraptochus) vs. the absence of a mucro (Peritelinus). The mucros of
Paraptochus are extremely minute, shorter than the surrounding scales, and occasion-
ally absent. Other characters given by Kissinger (1964), such as the position of the
antennal scrobe, and the length of the seventh segment of the antennal funicle, are
variable and unreliable.
Van Dyke (1935, 1936a) and O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list three species in
each of the above genera in North America. Two species are known to occur in
Canada.
McNamara (1991) lists Peritelinus oregonus Van Dyke from British Columbia.
The source of this record is unknown, and based on Hatch’s observations (Hatch
1971), the name is most likely a synonym of P. variegatus (Casey). Because of these
facts, we have omitted P. oregonus from the Canadian list.
Adults of Peritelinus oregonus have been reported from Quercus garryana and
from filberts, plum, and strawberries in Oregon; adults of Paraptochus sellatus have
143
been reported to attack the foliage of fruit trees (Hatch 1971). An unidentified species
of Paraptochus (probably) has been reported to be a pest of cherry (or wild cherry) in
British Columbia (MacNay and Creelman 1958).
Key to the species of Paraptochus found in Canada

1. Erect setae on elytral interstriae as long as interstrial width, narrowly flattened,
hairlike; segments of antennal funicle with fine setae only; rostrum with longi-
tudinal carina evident only to level of antennal insertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sellatus (Boheman) [p. 144]
Erect setae on elytral interstriae much shorter than interstrial width, broadly flat-
tened, scalelike; segments of antennal funicle with scales and stout setae; ros-
trum with longitudinal carina evident to level of lower edge of eyes. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variegatus (Casey) [p. 145]
Clé des espèces du genre Paraptochus

1. Interstries élytrales avec des poils fins, dressés, étroitement aplati, aussi longs
que la largeur d’une interstrie; articles du funicule antennaire avec des poils fins
seulement; rostre avec une carène longitudinale seulement visible jusqu’à l’in-
sertion antennaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sellatus (Boheman) [p. 144]
Interstries élytrales avec des poils ressemblant à des écailles, dressés, largement
aplati, beaucoup plus étroits que la largeur d’une interstrie; articles du funicule
antennaire avec des écailles et des poils épais; rostre avec une carène longitudi-
nale visible jusqu’au bord inférieur de l’oeil . . . . . variegatus (Casey) [p. 145]
Paraptochus sellatus (Boheman, 1859)

Peritelus sellatus Boheman, 1859: 126.
Paraptochus californicus Seidlitz, 1868: 36.
Paraptochus sellatus: Horn (1876: 67); Van Dyke (1935: 93); Hatch (1971: 268);
dish brown to black, densely covered with white to brown scales and setae. Rostrum
weakly transversely impressed at lower level of eyes, broadly, shallowly sulcate from
transverse impression to level of antennal insertion, lateral edges of sulci weakly ele-
vated; a slightly elevated, acute, longitudinal carina extends to slightly above level of
antennal insertions; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly flattened,
with a sharply elevated, arcuate carina; surface of rostrum (except tip) completely
covered with numerous, broad, round to oval, recumbent scales, with a few scattered,
144
erect, narrow scales intermixed. Antennal funicular segments with fine setae only.
Pronotum 1.3 times as wide as long; sides evenly, moderately arcuate, not noticeably
constricted posterior of anterior edge; entire discal surface, except punctures, covered
by small, broad, white to brown scales, white scales predominate on median and lat-
eral portions, also with intermixed, scattered, erect, narrow scales; punctures of discal
surface smaller than scales, obscurely visible between scales. Elytra about 1.3 times
as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct, very nar-
row, weakly impressed, glabrous, with small, shallow, punctures, each puncture with
an extremely minute seta; discal interstriae generally flat, about 4.0–6.0 times as wide
as striae, surface completely covered by small, broad, white to brown, recumbent
scales in no discernable pattern, each interstria with a median row of erect, narrowly
flattened setae, which are as long as interstria width.

Distribution. Paraptochus sellatus occurs in southern British Columbia, south
through Oregon to central California.
Canadian records: British Columbia: North Bay.
Comments. Adults of P. sellatus may be readily recognized by the long, erect,
slightly flattened setae in a median row on each elytral interstria, by the fine, hairlike
setae on the segments of the antennal funicle, and by the very short, longitudinal cari-
na on the tip of the rostrum.
Nothing is known of the life history or habits of P. sellatus except that the adults
feed on the foliage of fruit trees (Hatch 1971).
Paraptochus variegatus (Casey, 1888), comb. nov.

Fig. 80
Peritelinus variegatus Casey, 1888: 263. Hatch (1971: 265); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 51); McNamara (1991: 332).
dish brown, with white to brown scales and setae. Rostrum weakly transversely
impressed at lower level of eyes, broadly, shallowly bisulcate from transverse impres-
sion to level of antennal insertion, lateral edges of sulci weakly elevated; a weak,
acute, longitudinal carina extends from level of antennal insertions to ventral edge of
eyes; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broadly flattened, with a
sharply elevated, arcuate carina; surface of rostrum (except tip) completely covered
with numerous, broad, round to oval, recumbent scales, with a few scattered, erect,
narrow scales intermixed. Antennal funicular segments with stout setae and small,
recumbent scales. Pronotum 1.3 times as wide as long; sides evenly, weakly arcuate,
not noticeably constricted posterior of anterior edge; entire discal surface, except
punctures, covered by small, broad, white to brown scales, white scales predominate
on median and lateral portions, also with intermixed, scattered, erect, narrow scales.
Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly round-
ed; striae distinct, very narrow, weakly impressed, glabrous, with small, shallow,
145
punctures, each puncture with an extremely minute seta; discal interstriae flat to
weakly convex, about 4.0–6.0 times as wide as striae, surface completely covered by
small, broad, white to brown, recumbent scales, brown scales often concentrated in
elongate patches near postero-lateral angles of elytra, and often predominate over
entire discal surface or occur in an arcuate, transverse band at base of declivity, each
interstria with a median row of short, broadly flattened scales, which are distinctly
shorter than interstrial width.
Distribution. Paraptochus variegatus occurs in extreme south-central British
Columbia, south to California, and east to Montana.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Creston, Nelson, Oliver, Witty’s Lagoon
(near Victoria).
Comments. Adults of P. variegatus may be distinguished from those of P. sella-
tus by the short, broadly flattened scales in a median row on each elytral interstria, by
the presence of recumbent scales on one or more of the segments of the antennal funi-
cle, and by the much longer, longitudinal carina on the frons.
Nothing is known of the life history or habits of P. variegatus except that adults
are found on oak (Quercus garryana), filberts, plum, and strawberries in western
Oregon (Hatch 1971).
Genus Stomodes Schönherr, 1826

Stomodes Schönherr, 1826: 188. Type species: Stomodes tolutarius Schönherr,
1826, original designation. Brower (1954: 6); Kissinger (1964: 21); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 50); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 172); Anderson (2002: 779).
Description. Body small, narrow; surface shiny, with numerous, erect, yellowish
setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, about 0.65 times width of head,
expanded at antennal insertions; surface weakly convex, with a weak, longitudinal,
median carina. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed at ros-
tral apex, almost circular in shape. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped,
extending beyond anterior edge of prothorax, about as long as funicle, with fine setae;
funicle 7-segmented, segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, conical, distinctly
3-segmented. Eyes small, round, weakly convex. Prothorax as long as wide; anterior
edge in lateral view straight; discal surface deeply punctured, striate. Elytra elongate;
scutellum visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with dense, erect setae, stri-
al punctures indistinct. Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws free, simple.
Comments. Stomodes is included here because the species S. gyrosicollis has
been reported to be established in Augusta, Maine, and the species is reported from
that state in O’Brien and Wibmer (1982).
146
Stomodes gyrosicollis Boheman, 1843

Fig. 81
Stomodes gyrosicollis Boheman, 1843: 146. Brower (1954: 6); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 50).
Description. Length 2.7–3.5 mm, about 2.6 times as long as wide. Body reddish
brown to black, shiny, with numerous, erect, yellowish setae. Frons weakly convex.
Rostrum with deep, elongate punctures separating narrow, elevated, shiny carinae,
median carina very weak, not more elevated than others; tip of rostrum broadened,
nasal plate depressed, bordered by an acute carina. Pronotum as long as wide; sides
broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface deeply, densely punctured, densely carinate,
with numerous, long, fine, yellowish setae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; base
transverse, straight; sides evenly, narrowly arcuate; apex very narrowly rounded; stri-
ae not impressed, punctures moderately large, obscure, weakly impressed; discal
interstriae about as wide as striae, difficult to discern, flat, with numerous, small,
obscure punctures. Femora with a very small tubercle on ventral edge near apex. Front
tibia narrowed on apical half, with a dense brush of yellowish setae on ventral edge.
Distribution. Stomodes gyrosicollis has not been recorded from Canada, but may
occur in southern Quebec or in the Maritime Provinces. It is reported introduced and
established at Augusta, Maine (Brower 1954).
Comments. Adults of S. gyrosicollis are readily recognized by the small, rather

narrow body, by the shiny, densely setose body, by the very short rostrum, and by the
elongate antennal scape, which extends beyond the anterior pronotal edge. Adults of
this species superficially resemble those of Barypeithes pellucidus. Adults of both
species are shiny and clothed with only erect setae, with no ground cover present.
Adults of S. gyrosicollis are distinguished by the smaller and narrower body and by
the antennal scape passing over the eye, not below the eye.
This species is a potential pest of alfalfa and other crops.
As noted above, S. gyrosicollis was reported to be introduced and established at
Augusta, Maine; however, to our knowledge, the species has not been collected in
North America since the original report in 1954. The species is included here because
it is included in the checklist of O’Brien and Wibmer (1982), and the species may still
occur in northeastern United States, and conceivably in eastern Canada.
Tribe Phyllobiini Schönherr, 1826

Genus Aphrastus Say, 1831
Aphrastus Say, 1831: 9. Type species: Aphrastus taeniatus Say, 1831, monotypy.
Horn (1876: 98); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 126); Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger
Arnett (1996: 1489); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 173); Anderson (2002: 779).
Aphrastus Schönherr, 1833: 16 [preoccupied genus name]. Alonso-Zarazaga and
147
Lyal (1999: 173); Anderson (2002: 779).

Micronychus Provancher, 1877: 508 [preoccupied genus name]. Type species:
Micronychus sulcatus Provancher, 1877 (= Aphrastus taeniatus Say, 1831), mono-
typy. Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 21); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 55);
McNamara (1991: 333); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1489); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 173); Anderson (2002: 779).
Description. Body moderately large, broad; surface densely covered with recum-
bent scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, about 0.67 times width
of head, expanded at antennal insertions; surface impressed, with broad scales.
Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed at rostral apex, not
distinctly impressed behind apex. Posterior edge of eye very close to or touching ante-
rior edge of prothorax. Antennal scape extending well beyond anterior edge of protho-
rax, straight, elongate, club-shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae;
funicle 7-segmented, segments with long, stout setae; club distinct, conical, twice as
long as wide, vaguely 3-segmented. Eyes moderately large, round, strongly convex.
Pronotum about as wide as long; anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface
deeply punctured. Elytra broad; scutellum visible; humeral angles distinct; discal sur-
face with small, broad, densely placed, recumbent scales, strial punctures distinct.
Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws connate, simple. Front and middle tibia
weakly mucronate at apex.
Comments. Aphrastus contains five species in North America, but only one of
these is suspected to occur in Canada. Adults occur on the leaves of a variety of plants;
the larvae feed in the roots of various plants.
None of the species have been reported to cause economic damage.
Aphrastus taeniatus Say, 1831

Fig. 82
Aphrastus taeniatus Say, 1831: 9. Horn (1876: 99); Blatchley and Leng (1916:
(1996: 1494).
Micronychus sulcatus Provancher, 1877: 509.
light to dark red, legs and antennae often slightly darker. Rostrum deeply, longitudi-
nally grooved from above upper level of eyes to level of antennal insertion; tip of ros-
trum below level of antennal insertions obliquely bisulcate, with an acute, V-shaped
carina enclosing nasal plate; surface of rostrum covered with abundant, broad, recum-
bent, light brown scales and sparse, long, erect setae bordering arcuate carina at ros-
tral apex. Pronotum less than 1.1 times as long as wide; sides slightly, evenly arcuate;
discal surface covered with abundant, broad, oval, recumbent, light to dark brown
scales, with recumbent, very fine, short setae intermixed between large, deep punc-
148
tures that are visible through scales; lateral portions often with a vitta of light brown
scales; median line marked by vitta of dark brown scales. Elytra about 1.7–1.8 times
as long as wide; sides evenly arcuate; apex very narrowly rounded; striae distinct,
weakly impressed, moderately deeply punctured; stria 10 ending at level of hind coxa;
discal interstriae weakly convex, 3.0–4.0 times as wide as striae; surface, except stri-
ae, completely covered by small, oval, brown to white scales, darker scales often tend-
ing to occur on even-numbered interstriae, white scales predominate on sutural inter-
stria and often on lateral or on odd-numbered interstriae, each interstria with a medi-
an row of inconspicuous, small, recumbent setae.
Distribution. Aphrastus taeniatus occurs from Ontario and Quebec, south
throughout the eastern United States to Florida and Mississippi.

Canadian records: Ontario: Provincial record only (two specimens in the
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa). Quebec: Cap Rouge, La Pocatière.
Comments. Adults of A. taeniatus are readily recognized by the dense white to
light and dark brown scales on the body, by the broad, glabrous, nasal plate bordered
by an acute V-shaped carina, and by the tenth elytral stria ending at the level of the
hind coxae.
Adults of A. taeniatus are recorded from ragweed, pokeweed, ironweed, from
leaves of pawpaw and white birch, and taken on sassafras, hazel, alder, and other
bushes; larvae occur in the roots of various grasses (Blatchley and Leng 1916). No
economic damage has been reported.
Genus Evotus LeConte, 1874

Evotus LeConte, 1874: 458. Type species: Otiorhynchus naso LeConte, 1857,
monotypy. Horn (1876: 103); Arnett (1962: 997); Kissinger (1964: 21); O’Brien and
Anderson (2002: 779).
Description. Body large, broad; surface densely covered with recumbent scales
and setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, about 1.3 times longer than
head width, strongly expanded at antennal insertions; surface evenly convex, with
very narrow scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed
at rostral apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex, curved below eyes. Antennal
scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae;
funicle 7-segmented, segments with long, stout setae; club distinct, conical, distinctly
3-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Pronotum wider than long; postoc-
ular lobes very weakly developed; discal surface densely punctured. Elytra broad;
scutellum visible; humeral angles prominent; discal surface with small, broad, dense-
ly placed, recumbent scales intermixed with recumbent, hairlike setae; strial punctures
indistinct. Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws free, simple.
Comments. This genus contains only one species.
149
Evotus naso (LeConte, 1857)

Fig. 83; Map 25
Otiorhynchus naso LeConte, 1857: 56.

Evotus naso: LeConte (1874: 459); Horn (1876: 103); Hatch (1971: 259);
black, densely covered by small, recumbent, white to light brown scales, pale scales
often more prominent on sides and on midline of pronotum. Frons weakly concave.
Rostrum generally flat, median groove very weakly impressed on basal half, more
strongly impressed toward apex; tip of rostrum with very weak, shallow grooves
extending to lateral angles; surface of rostrum densely, finely punctured, with scat-
tered, small, narrow, light brown scales, these slightly longer near eyes. Pronotum 1.2
times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface finely, densely
punctured, surface concealed by dense scales. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; base
slightly recurved, curving forward at humeral angle; sides broadly arcuate; apex nar-
rowly rounded; striae very weakly to not impressed, punctures obscure; discal inters-
triae 5.0–6.0 times as wide as striae, weakly convex. Tibia with stout setae on inner
apical edge and on other surfaces.
Distribution. Evotus naso occurs from Saskatchewan and the southern
Northwest Territories, west to British Columbia, south to Oregon and the north-cen-
tral United States.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Drumheller, Edmonton, Empress, Exshaw,
Map 25. Collection localities for Evotus naso.
150
Fort McLeod, Grande Prairie, Lethbridge, McMurray, Medicine Hat, Peace River,
“Red River,” St. Mary River, Sundre, Valleyview, Waterton. British Columbia:
Agassiz, Alaska Highway (km 455), Chilliwak, Cranbrook, Creston, Fernie, Fort
Nelson, Fort Steele, Frazer Valley, Hatzic, 17 mi. west of Hedley, Kamloops, Oliver,
Osoyoos, Robson, Terrace, Trinity Valley, Williams Lake, Wynndel. Northwest
Territories: Fort Simpson, Highway 5 at 2 km east of junction of Highway 2.
Saskatchewan: Elbow, North Battleford, Prince Albert, Redberry, Saskatoon.
Comments. Adults of E. naso are readily recognized by their large size, by the
very dense covering of small, white to light brown, recumbent scales, which are not
arranged in any definite order, and by the rather long and narrow rostrum.
Genus Phyllobius Germar, 1824

Phyllobius Germar, 1824: 447. Type species: Curculio pyri Linnaeus, 1758, sub-
sequent designation by Schönherr (1826: 15). Horn (1876: 104); Blatchley and Leng
54); ICZN (1981); McNamara (1991: 332); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1494); Alonso-
Description. Body moderately large, elongate; surface covered with recumbent
scales or erect setae. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum about 0.5 times width
of head, not expanded at antennal insertions; surface flat to convex, with setae or nar-
row scales. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed at rostral
apex, not distinctly impressed behind apex. Posterior edge of eye remote from anteri-
or edge of prothorax, separated by a distance about equal to diameter of eye. Antennal
scape extending beyond anterior edge of prothorax, straight, elongate, club-shaped,
distinctly shorter than funicle, with fine setae; funicle 7-segmented, segments with
long, fine setae; club distinct, narrowly conical, 4.0 times as long as wide, distinctly
3-segmented. Eyes moderately large, round, strongly convex. Prothorax wider than
long; anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface finely to deeply punctured.
Elytra elongate; scutellum visible; humeral angles distinct; discal surface with small,
recumbent scales or erect setae, strial punctures distinct. Femora toothed on ventral
edge. Tibiae rounded at apex; corbel open; claws connate, simple. Tibiae 1 and 2
weakly mucronate at apex.
Comments. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list three species of Phyllobius in North
America. All are introduced from the Old World. One of these (P. oblongus (Linn.))
is very common in eastern Canada, one (P. intrusus Kôno) occurs in the northeastern
region of the United States and in Quebec, and the third (P. glaucus (Scopoli)),
although recorded from Canada, probably does not occur here.
Phyllobius glaucus (Scopoli) (as P. calcaratus Fabricius) is recorded from
“Canada” by Horn (LeConte and Horn 1876) based on one specimen. Since, to our
knowledge, no other specimens have been subsequently collected or recorded, we sus-
pect that the record is either a misidentification or represents an introduced species
that has not become established. The species is not included herein.
151
Key to the species of Phyllobius found in Canada

1. Dorsal surface of elytra and pronotum with erect, fine setae; head, pronotum,
and ventral surfaces black or very dark brown; elytra, legs, tip of rostrum and
antennae brown or reddish brown, occasionally body all brown . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oblongus (Linnaeus) [p. 153]
Dorsal surface of elytra and pronotum covered with small, green scales; integu-
ment beneath scales light to dark brown, legs and antennae frequently lighter in
color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intrusus Kôno [p. 152]
Clé des espèces du genre Phyllobius

1. Surface dorsale des élytres et du pronotum avec des poils dressés fins; tête,
pronotum et surfaces ventrales de couleur noire ou brune foncé; élytres, pattes,
apex du rostre et antennes de couleur brune ou brun rougeâtre, parfois corps
entièrement de couleur brune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oblongus (Linnaeus) [p. 153]
Surface dorsale des élytres et du pronotum recouverte de petites écailles vertes;

cuticule sous les écailles de couleur brune pâle ou brune foncée; pattes et
antennes fréquemment plus pâles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intrusus Kôno [p. 152]
Phyllobius intrusus Kôno, 1948

Phyllobius intrusus Kôno, 1948: 169. Kerr (1949); Baker (1972: 218); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 54); McNamara (1991: 332); Duncan (1994: 1); Côté and Bright
(1995); Majka et al. (2007b).
light to dark brown, almost completely covered by small, recumbent, oval, green
scales; legs and antennae very light brown, without scales. Rostrum convex and very
weakly sulcate from lower level of eyes to level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum
below level of antennal insertions broad, flattened; surface of rostrum with extreme-
ly fine, short, erect setae scattered among dense green scales. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times
as wide as long; sides evenly, moderately broadly arcuate, weakly constricted just pos-
terior of anterior edge; discal surface with very fine, erect, light brown scales scattered
among dense, green scales; surface with dense, fine punctures; median line impunc-
tate, weakly elevated. Elytra about 2.4 times as long as wide; sides straight, parallel;
apex somewhat narrowly rounded; striae distinct, moderately deeply impressed, with
deep, distinct punctures; discal interstriae weakly convex, about twice as wide as stri-
ae; surface concealed by abundant, green scales, with very fine, erect, yellowish setae
scattered among scales.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs in New Brunswick, Quebec, and the
northeastern United States. One recent record is from British Columbia.
152
Canadian records: British Columbia: Langley (1994, ex Thuja occidentalis in

nursery). New Brunswick: Hampton Marsh, Meduxnekeag River Valley Nature
Preserve. Quebec: Hemmingford, Sherrington, St-Bernard-de-Lacolle, St-Blaise-sur-
Richelieu, Île Ste-Thérèse.
Comments. Adults of P. intrusus are easily distinguished from those of P.
oblongus by the presence, in adults of P. intrusus, of a dense covering of green scales
on the head, prothorax, and elytra. Other characters are given in the above key.
Phyllobius intrusus was first discovered in Rhode Island in 1947 where it was
quite injurious to arborvitae (Thuja sp.) in evergreen nurseries. At the time of discov-
ery, it was thought to be a native of Japan or of the Asiatic mainland. Kôno, to whom
specimens were sent for identification, agreed and named the species in 1948.
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) record the species in North America only from Rhode
Island, however, additional specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects,
Ottawa, are from Bar Harbor, Winter Harbor, and Mount Desert Island, Maine. Baker
(1972) reports the species from Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, Vermont, and
Pennsylvania. Recently, specimens were collected in New Brunswick, Quebec, and
British Columbia (Duncan 1994; Côté and Bright 1995; Majka et al. 2007b). The
British Columbia specimens probably represent a subsequent introduction, and estab-
lishment is not yet proven.
The biology of the species has been investigated by Kerr (1949). Adults feed on
a variety of species in the genera Thuja, Chamaecyparis, and Juniperus. Eggs are
deposited in groups of about eight, in the soil during May and June. Eggs hatch in
about 15 days. Larvae feed on the roots of the host plant for the remainder of the sea-
son. Winter is spent in the late larval or pupal stage in soil near the roots of the host
plant, and the adults appear from early May to July. Duncan (1996) illustrates the lar-
vae, damage, and the adult.
Phyllobius intrusus, commonly called the arborvitae weevil, is destructive in both
the adult and larval stages, primarily in the larval stage. Damage in nurseries may be
severe where infestations occur over a period of several years. In severely infested
areas, well over 200 larvae may be found feeding on the roots of a single plant (Kerr
1949; Baker 1972).
Phyllobius oblongus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fig. 24; Map 12
Curculio oblongus Linnaeus, 1758: 384.

Phyllobius oblongus: MacNay (1954: 59); Baker (1972, 219); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 54); McNamara (1991: 332); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1494); Palm
(1996: 144); Morris (1997: 29); McCorquodale et al. (2005: 31); Majka et al. (2007a).
Description. Length 4.3–5.1 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Head and
pronotum almost always black, elytra light yellowish to reddish brown, head and
pronotum rarely same color as elytra, legs and antennae same color as elytra or lighter.
153

Fig. 24. Phyllobius oblongus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
154
Rostrum slightly flattened and weakly sulcate from lower level of eyes to level of
antennal insertion; tip of rostrum below level of antennal insertions broad, flattened;
surface of rostrum with sparse, fine, yellowish setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide
as long; sides slightly, evenly arcuate; discal surface with sparse, fine, erect, light
brown setae, setae arising from large, deep punctures; median line impunctate, weak-
ly elevated. Elytra about 1.9 times as long as wide; sides straight, parallel; apex broad-
ly rounded; striae distinct, not impressed, with moderately deep, distinct punctures;
discal interstriae flat, about twice as wide as striae; surface with abundant, scattered,
fine, erect, yellowish setae, those arising from strial punctures slightly shorter, ground
vestiture absent, elytral surface clearly visible.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs in North America, from Prince

Edward Island and Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Michigan, Ohio, New York,
and Connecticut, and also occurs in British Columbia.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Victoria. New Brunswick: Hammond
River, Harvey, Kerry Brook, Kouchibouguac National Park, Scoudove, St-
Léonard. Nova Scotia: Baddeck, Blues Mills, Bornish Hills, Lake Ainslie,
Margaree Forks, New Haven, Scotsville, Stewartdale. Ontario: Aikensville,
Backus Woods (St. Williams), Batchewana Bay, Caledonia, Cayuga, Delhi, Galt,
John Pearce Provincial Park, Kingsville, Little Current, Long Point, Manitoulin
Island, Miller Lake, North Bay, Ojibway, Port Rowan, Rondeau Park, Simcoe,
Walsingham, Waterloo, Wheatley, Windsor. Prince Edward Island: Rose Valley.

Quebec: Cairnside, Charlemagne, Coaticook, Compton, Côteau-du-Lac, Foster,
Havelock, Île de Carillon, Île-Hébert, Kilbain, Lennoxville, Mont Mégantic, Mont
Orford, Mont Owl’s Head, Montreal, Norbertville, Ormstown, Parc d’Oka (Deux
Montagnes), Philipsburg, Rigaud, St-Anicet, Ste-Clothilde-du-Horton, Windsor.
Comments. Adults of P. oblongus are easily recognized by the black head and
thorax contrasting with the light brown elytra, by the presence of only fine, yellow-
ish setae on the body surfaces (no ground vestiture), and by the elongate body
shape. In less than 5% of the specimens examined, the head, thorax, and ventral
surface are light brown, the same color as the elytra.
Phyllobius oblongus, commonly called European snout beetle, is extremely
common in the southern and eastern parts of Canada. An isolated population occurs
in British Columbia, probably the result of a separate introduction. The species
inhabits open woods, parks, and hedgerows. The adults are active during the day
and can be beaten from trees and bushes (Palm 1996). Adults feed on the leaves of
a wide variety of fruit and shade trees, including birch, elm, maple, willow, iron-
wood, cottonwood, poplar, pear, apple, and plum, while the larvae feed on the roots
of strawberry and various other plants (Baker 1972; Campbell et al. 1989; Pinski
et al. 2005a, b). Damage to sugar maples caused by adult feeding was reported by
Simmons and Knight (1974) and Witter and Fields (1977).
155
Tribe Polydrusini Schönherr, 1823

Genus Pachyrhinus Schönherr, 1823
Pachyrhinus Schönherr, 1823, column 1141. Type species: Curculio mustela
Herbst, 1797 (= Curculio squamulosus Herbst, 1795), original designation. O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485);
Description. Body elongate, surface covered with elongate, recumbent scales.
Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width, not expand-
ed at antennal insertions; apex dorsally with a large, smooth area limited posteriorly
by a broad, arcuate sulcus; surface flat to shallowly sulcate, with abundant, elongate,
recumbent scales; antennal scrobes lateral, not impressed, antennal scape rests below
eye level when retracted next to head. Eye small, strongly convex, posterior edge
remote from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a distinct scar at apex.
Antennal scape shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending beyond
posterior edge of eye, surface with fine, recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, first
and second segments distinctly elongate, all segments with long, fine setae; club dis-
tinct, conical, narrow, about 2.7 times as long as wide, 3-segmented. Pronotum wider
than long; surface with dense, elongate, recumbent scales and scattered, semierect,
narrow scales; anterior edge arcuate in lateral view. Elytra with humeral angles dis-
tinct; scutellum visible from above; discal surface covered by elongate, recumbent
scales and narrow, semierect scales; strial punctures obscure. Femora not toothed on
ventral side. Tibiae with corbel open; tibiae mucronate or not at apex. Tarsal segments
broad, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws connate.
Comments. In most North American literature, Pachyrhinus is referred to as
Scythropus. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) resurrected the name Pachyrhinus, stating
that it was not a nomen nudum and that it was the senior objective synonym of
Scythropus. This genus includes three subgenera (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999),
but since subgeneric names have not been used in the North American literature, we
have not used them here.
Members of Pachyrhinus are recognized by the elongate antennal funicle, by the
broad, smooth area at the rostral apex, which is limited posteriorly by an arcuate,
broad sulcus, and by the prominent maxillae. Eight species are recorded from North
America, three of these are recorded from Canada (O’Brien and Wibmer 1982),
although only two species actually occur in Canada. The genus is in need of revision;
some of the presently recognized taxa probably do not represent distinct species.
The species recognized herein are very variable in scale color. Care must be exer-
cised when using the key, since not all possible color variations could be accounted for.
Adults of the species in this genus feed on the old foliage of pines and Douglas
fir in the spring and early summer and are most often seen on young trees but also
occur on older trees. They bite out chunks of needle tissue and leave a saw-toothed
edge, often causing the needles to die and drop prematurely. The larvae probably feed
on pine roots (Furniss and Carlin 1977).
156
Key to the species of Pachyrhinus found in Canada

1. Elytra with scales of disc not mottled; scales of head, pronotum, and elytral disc
frequently metallic green or metallic golden brown or dull green, brown, or
gray; median elytral suture and sides of elytra pale metallic green, bluish, or dull
white, sometimes disc or entire elytra with intermixed golden or green scales;
legs blackish in male, brownish in female; species with transcontinental distri-
bution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elegans (Couper) [p. 159]
Elytra with mostly brown scales mottled by areas of white to light brown scales;
with darker scales usually yellowish brown, frequently tinged with metallic
greenish especially on pronotum; median elytral suture and sides of elytra mot-
tled with patches of whitish scales; rarely with vestiture of intermixed dark
brown and pale metallic greenish scales; species in British Columbia . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . californicus (Horn) [p. 157]
Clé des espèces du genre Pachyrhinus

1. Élytres sans patron d’écailles chiné; écailles sur la tête, le pronotum et le disque
élytral fréquemment de couleur verte métallique, de couleur dorée métallique
ou de couleur verte, brune ou grise matte; suture médiane élytrale et côté des
élytres avec des écailles de couleur verte métallique, bleuâtre ou blanche matte,
parfois le disque élytral ou les élytres entiers avec un combinaison d’écailles
dorées ou vertes; pattes noirâtres chez les mâles, brunes chez les femelles;
espèce à distribution transcontinentale . . . . . . . . . . . elegans (Couper) [p. 159]
Élytres recouverts en grande partie d’écailles de couleur brunes, avec des

écailles blanches à brune pâle formant un patron de couleur chiné; les écailles
les plus foncées habituellement jaunâtre-brunes, fréquemment teintées avec des
tons verdâtres métalliques principalement sur le pronotum; suture médiane ély-
trale et côté des élytres avec un patron de couleur chiné composé d’écailles
blanchâtres; surface rarement recouverte d’une combinaison d’écailles brunes
pâles et verdâtres métalliques pâles; espèce de la Colombie Britannique . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . californicus (Horn) [p. 157]
Pachyrhinus californicus (Horn, 1876)

Map 26
Scythropus californicus Horn, 1876: 107. Fall (1901: 309); Hatch (1971: 275);
Furniss and Carolin (1977: 335).
Pachyrhinus californicus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330).
Scythropus ferrugineus Casey, 1888: 276. Fall (1901: 309); Hatch (1971: 275).
syn. nov.
157
Pachyrhinus ferrugineus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330).
Description. Length 5.0–7.8 mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Body gener-
ally very dark reddish brown to blackish, legs reddish; surface with a dense covering
of small, recumbent, oval scales and a few, narrow, scattered setae on head, pronotum,
and elytra. Head with frons flattened. Rostrum broadly, shallowly, longitudinally
impressed from level of lower edge of eye to level of antennal insertion; tip of ros-
trum at level of antennal insertions with a distinctly elevated, broad, arcuate elevation,
with a deeply impressed, arcuate impression below, not divided by a longitudinal cari-
na, tip below impression weakly convex, glabrous. Surface of head and rostrum
densely covered by recumbent, light to dark brown scales and scattered, narrow,
recumbent setae, usually also with white scales laterally and ventrally. Pronotum
about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides slightly arcuate; discal surface covered with
recumbent, light to dark brown, oval scales and similar colored, scattered, sparse, nar-
row, recumbent scales, usually with white scales on lateral areas. Elytra about 1.8
times as long as wide, widest at posterior third; sides nearly straight, slightly converg-
ing anteriorly; apex narrowly rounded; striae obsolete or vaguely distinct, punctured
in even, regular rows, punctures very small, shallow; discal interstriae broad, flat;
entire elytral surface with densely placed, small, oval, light to dark brown and white
scales in various patterns, each interstria with a median row of narrow, semierect
scales; elytral declivity sloping, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than those
on disc. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 slightly impressed in male, convex in female,
densely, finely punctate, with similar scales, fifth sternite similar.

Distribution. Pachyrhinus californicus occurs from British Columbia, south to
Baja California and Arizona.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Agassiz, Baynes Lake, Cawston,
Cowichan Lake, Cranbrook, Duncan, Elko, Errington, Fairview, Fort Steele,
Kelowna, Keremeos, Lac la Hache, Monte Lake, Mount Prevost, Nanoose Bay,
Oliver, Osoyoos, Peachland, Summerland, Vaseaux Lake, Vernon, Wellington.
Comments. Adults of P. californicus are similar in appearance to those of P. ele-
gans, except that the color pattern is more diffuse or mottled, and completely green
Map 26. Collection localities for Pachyrhinus elegans (L); P. californicus (G).
158
specimens are absent. In adults of P. californicus, the elytral scales are mostly some
shade of brown, with the white scales scattered along the suture and adjacent inters-
triae. Some specimens have the white scales intermixed among the brown scales all
over the elytral disc. However, many variations on the basic color pattern can be
found.
Pachyrhinus californicus is sympatric with P. elegans in British Columbia.
The adults of this species feed on Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) and various
other pines plus Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). It is commonly known as the
rusty pineneedle weevil. In California, Jensen and Koehler (1969) report egg-laying
from mid-February until May on Monterey Pine. The eggs are laid in rows in a tube
consisting of three needles glued together. The larvae drop to the ground and feed on
small roots of pines. Adults overwinter in the soil. The life cycle takes about 2 years.
In British Columbia, the life history is probably similar, with differences due to vary-
ing climatic conditions. The species is of no economic importance.
The type of Scythropus ferrugineus Casey, in the Casey collection in the United
States National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., was examined. The
type is very similar to specimens of P. californicus, but it is rubbed, so the scale pat-
tern is obscure. Specimens fitting the description and subsequent redescriptions were
seen among specimens of P. californicus. An examination of the aedeagus of definite
specimens of P. californicus and specimens matching the description of P. ferrugineus
were examined, and no differences were seen. The recorded host plants and distribu-
tion of the two “species” are the same, and it is reasonable to conclude that the Casey
species is a synonym.
Pachyrhinus elegans (Couper, 1865)

Fig. 25; Map 26
Polydrosus elegans Couper, 1865a: 63. Couper (1865b: 33); Becker (1974: 70).
Scythropus elegans: Chittenden (1890: 168); Horn (1876: 106); Fall (1901: 309);
Blatchley and Leng (1916: 131); Hatch (1971: 274); Furniss and Carolin (1977: 336).
Pachyrhinus elegans: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330);
Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485); Majka et al. (2007b).
ally blackish, legs yellowish brown, surface with a dense covering of small, recum-
bent, oval scales and a few narrow, scattered setae on head, pronotum, and elytra.
Head with frons flattened. Rostrum with a narrow, median groove extending from
level of lower edge of eye to level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum at level of
antennal insertions with a distinctly inflated, broad, arcuate elevation, with a distinct
arcuate impression below, sometimes divided by a weakly elevated, longitudinal cari-
na, tip below impression flat to weakly convex, glabrous. Surface of head and rostrum
densely covered by recumbent, green, light to dark brown or intermixed green and
brown scales and scattered, narrow, recumbent setae; if with brownish scales then usu-
ally also with white scales laterally and ventrally. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide
159

Fig. 25. Pachyrhinus elegans. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
160
as long; sides slightly arcuate; discal surface covered with recumbent, green or light
to dark brown, oval scales and similar colored, scattered, narrow, recumbent scales,
often with white scales on lateral areas. Elytra about 1.8 times as long as wide, widest
at posterior third; sides nearly straight, slightly converging anteriorly; apex narrowly
rounded; striae distinct, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures very small; discal
interstriae broad, flat; entire elytral surface with densely placed, small, oval, green or
light to dark brown or reddish scales in various patterns, each interstria with a medi-
an row of narrow, semierect scales; elytral declivity very steeply convex, unmodified
except scales slightly smaller than those on disc. Abdominal sternites 1 and 2 slight-
ly impressed in male, convex in female, densely, finely punctate, with similar scales,
fifth sternite similar.
Distribution. Pachyrhinus elegans occurs across Canada, south to Massachusetts

and Indiana in the east and California and Colorado in the west.
Canadian records: Alberta: Banff, Crows Nest Pass, Tp. 71, Rge. 1 W, 6
Mer[idian], Tp. 11, Rge. 1 W, 5 Mer[idian]. British Columbia: Baynes Lake, Corbin,
Cranbrook, Creston, Elko, Fife, Golden, Kamloops, Kuskanook, Lytton, Monte Lake,
Mount Benson (south Vancouver Island), Oliver, Osoyoos, Radium, Salmon Arm,
Skookumchuck, Summerland, Terrace, Thetis Island, Vernon, Windermere, Wynndel.
New Brunswick: Charters Settlement, Clarence Ridge, Grand Bay, Saint John. Nova
Scotia: Kentville, Lunenburg County. Ontario: Addington and Lennox County, Bells
Corners, Constance Bay, Hastings County, Marmora, Pakenham, Trenton. Quebec:

Aylmer, Danford Lake, East Clifton, Laniel, Lennoxville, Papineauville.
Saskatchewan: Cree Lake, Lake Athabaska.
Comments. The adults of P. elegans vary considerably in scale color. In general,
the following combinations can be found. On the head and pronotal disc, the scales
may be all green, all various shades of brown, a combination of green and brown, or
rarely, brassy red. When the scales on the head are a shade of brown, then white or
off-white scales are usually present on the lateral and ventral area. White scales are
often present on the lateral areas of the pronotum. On the elytral disc, the scales may
be completely green, all green with white scales along the suture, or all green with
white scales along the suture and on the lateral areas. Also, the scales may all be a
shade of brown, or brown with white scales on the suture and (or) on the lateral areas,
or the scales may be brassy red with white scales on the suture and (or) the lateral
areas. Many additional color variations on the above themes may be found.
Pachyrhinus elegans occurs mainly on White Pine (Pinus strobus), often in great
abundance in the latter part of April, continuing in decreasing numbers to the middle
of July (Chittenden 1890). Adults also feed on Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta),
Western White Pine (P. monticolae), other species of pines, and Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii). The species is not of notable economic importance.
Howden (1995) described the oviposition structures and behavior of P. elegans.
161
Genus Polydrusus Germar, 1817

Polydrusus Germar, 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio undatus Fabricius, 1781
(= Curculio tereticollis DeGeer, 1775), subsequent designation by Schönherr (1826:
12). Blatchley and Leng (1916: 129); Sleeper (1957); Arnett (1962: 997); Kissinger
(1964: 28); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 42); Wibmer and O’Brien (1986: 46);
McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1484); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 175); Anderson (2002: 779).
Polydrosus Schönherr, 1823: column 1144 [unjustified emendation of Polydrusus
Germar].
Description. Body elongate, surface covered with small, round, recumbent
scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width, not
expanded at antennal insertions; apex dorsally with a small, arcuate, smooth area just
above epistomal edge; surface flat to shallowly sulcate, with abundant, round, recum-
bent scales; antennal scrobes lateral, deeply impressed, antennal scape rests below eye
level when retracted next to head. Eye large, strongly convex, posterior edge remote
from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a scar at apex, sometimes diffi-
cult to detect. Antennal scape shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped,
extending to or beyond posterior edge of eye, surface glabrous or with very fine,
sparse, recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, all segments distinctly elongate, first
and second segments longer than others, all segments with long, fine setae; club dis-
tinct, conical, narrow, about 2.8 times as long as wide, 3-segmented. Pronotum wider
than long; surface with dense, round, recumbent scales; sides arcuate. Elytra with
humeral angles distinct; scutellum visible from above; discal surface densely covered
by round, recumbent scales, with or without sparse, narrow, semierect setae; strial
punctures obscure. Femora toothed or not toothed on ventral side. Tibiae with corbel
open; tibiae mucronate or not at apex. Tarsal segments elongate, third deeply bilobed;
tarsal claws connate.
Comments. In North America, Polydrusus contains seven species of which four
are known from Canada.
Adults of Polydrusus are most easily distinguished by the short and narrow
rostrum, which is distinctly notched at the epistomal edge, by the antennal scrobe
being deeply impressed and bent to pass beneath the eye, by the long, slender
antennae, and by the dense, scaly body vestiture. In addition, the three introduced
species (P. cervinus, P. impressifrons, and P. sericeus) are covered by bright green
scales.
Twenty-four valid subgenera have been proposed in this genus (Alonso-Zarazaga
and Lyal 1999). Their usefulness in separating species in natural assemblages is debat-
able (Korotyaev and Meleshko 1997). We do not use subgenera in our treatment.
162
Key to the species of Polydrusus found in Canada

1. Antennal scape extending to or slightly beyond posterior edge of eye; elytral
interstriae without distinct median row of semierect setae; femora with or with-
out tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Antennal scape extending well beyond posterior edge of eye, reaching, or

almost reaching, anterior edge of pronotum; elytral interstriae with median row
of short, semierect setae; femora without tooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Elytra completely covered with flat, green scales, infrequently scales of whitish
color; apex of rostrum distinctly wider than width of frons; legs and antennae
yellowish brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sericeus (Schaller) [p. 169]
Elytra with flat, green scales and scattered areas without scales but with patch-
es of dark, hairlike, sparse setae, resulting in a black and green patchy color
pattern; tip of rostrum as wide as or narrower than frons; legs and antennae
blackish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cervinus (Linnaeus) [p. 165]
3. Elytra black to very dark brown, usually completely covered by green scales,
infrequently scales may be whitish to yellowish; frons concavely impressed;
legs and antennae light yellowish brown . . . . impressifrons Gyllenhal [p. 166]
Elytra brown, covered with distinctly contrasting brown and white, flat scales.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . americanus Gyllenhal [p. 164]
Clé des espèces du genre Polydrusus

1. Scape antennaire atteignant ou dépassant de peu le bord postérieur de l’oeil;
interstries élytrales sans rangée médiane distincte de poils semidressés; fémurs
avec ou sans dent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Scape antennaire dépassant de beaucoup le bord postérieur de l’oeil, atteignant

ou atteignant presque le bord antérieur du pronotum; interstries élytrales avec
une rangée médiane de poils courts, semidressés; fémurs sans dent . . . . . . . . 3
2. Élytres recouverts d’écailles vertes, plates, parfois les écailles de couleur

blanchâtre; apex du rostre distinctement plus large que la largeur du front; pattes
et antennes de couleur brune-jaunâtre . . . . . . . . . . . sericeus (Schaller) [p. 169]
Élytres recouverts en partie d’écailles vertes, plates et de régions sans écailles

vertes, recouvertes d’un petit nombre d’écailles foncées ayant l’apparence de
poils, formant un patron inégal de couleur foncée et verte; apex du rostre aussi
large ou plus étroit que la largeur du front; pattes et antennes de couleur noirâtre
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cervinus (Linnaeus) [p. 165]
163
3. Élytres de couleur brune foncé à noir, généralement complètement recouverts

d’écailles vertes, la couleur des écailles peut être parfois blanchâtre ou jaunâtre;
front avec une dépression concave; pattes et antennes de couleur brune jaunâtre
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . impressifrons Gyllenhal [p. 166]
Élytres de couleur brune, recouverts d’une combinaison d’écailles plates de

couleur brune et blanche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . americanus Gyllenhal [p. 164]
Polydrusus americanus Gyllenhal, 1834

Map 27
Polydrosus americanus Gyllenhal, 1834: 136.

Cyphomimus dorsalis Horn, 1876: 105.
Polydrusus americanus: LeConte (1876: 428); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 130);
Sleeper (1957: 131, 134); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330);
Description. Length 3.2–4.1 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Body, includ-
ing legs, generally light to dark reddish brown, antennae yellowish brown, surface
with a dense covering of small, recumbent, oval, brown and white scales. Head with
frons flat. Rostrum flat from level of lower edge of eye to level of antennal insertion,
often with a weak, longitudinal, median carina, which extends onto frons; tip of ros-
trum at level of antennal insertions convex. Surface of head and rostrum densely cov-
ered by recumbent, brown and white scales, with a few, scattered, erect, narrow scales.
Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides moderately arcuate; discal surface
covered with recumbent, brown and white, oval scales, with a few, scattered, erect,
narrow scales. Elytra about 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide, very slightly widest at pos-
Map 27. Collection localities for Polydrusus americanus.
164
terior third; sides nearly straight, very slightly converging anteriorly; apex narrowly
rounded; striae distinct, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, with
minute setae; discal interstriae broad, flat; entire elytral surface with densely placed,
small, oval, brown and white scales in an irregular variegated pattern; each interstria
with a distinct, median row of erect scales; elytral declivity sloping, unmodified
except scales slightly smaller than those on disc. Last abdominal sternite of male
broadly rounded. Femora without tooth.
Distribution. This native species occurs throughout eastern North America, from
Ontario and Quebec, south to West Virginia, and west to Kansas.
Canadian records: Ontario: Blenheim, Constance Bay, Fonthill, Greens Creek,
Kingston, Marmora, Niagara Glen, Prince Edward County, Windsor. Quebec:

Berthier, Montreal.
Comments. Adults of P. americanus are easily recognized by the scaly, brown
and white color pattern. It is the only species of this genus in North America with this
variegated color pattern. Additional characters are the long antennal scape, which
extends well beyond the posterior edge of the eye, and the absence of a femoral tooth.
Adults are also somewhat smaller than those of the other species of this genus in
North America.
In Ohio, adults of P. americanus have been beaten from oak, several species of
maple, sycamore, hop-hornbeam, and blue beech.
Polydrusus cervinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Curculio cervinus Linnaeus, 1758: 384.
Polydrusus cervinus: Warner (1971: 57); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); Bright
(1988: 337); McNamara (1991, 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1484); Palm (1996:
Description. Length 4.2–4.8 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide. Body, legs,
and antennae black, surface with small, recumbent, oval, green scales and variable-
sized patches of recumbent, brown setae, these shorter than width of interstria. Head
with frons flat, often with a moderately large, deep, median pit at level of upper edge
of eyes. Rostrum flat or weakly concave from level of lower edge of eye to level of
antennal insertion; tip of rostrum at level of antennal insertions arcuately flattened or
weakly concave. Surface of head and rostrum covered by recumbent, oval, green
scales and scattered, narrow, green scales. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as long;
sides strongly arcuate; discal surface covered with recumbent, green, oval scales with
intermixed, recumbent, moderately long, greenish setae. Elytra about 1.9 times as
long as wide, very slightly widest at posterior third, especially in females; sides near-
ly straight, very slightly converging anteriorly; apex narrowly rounded; striae distinct,
punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, with minute setae; discal
interstriae broad, flat; surface with scattered, small, oval, green scales and black,
apparently denuded areas, which bear short, dark setae; no distinct median row of
setae present; elytral declivity sloping, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than
165
those on disc. Last abdominal sternite of male very weakly emarginate. Femoral tooth
large.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs in Canada only in Quebec, Nova
Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. It is also recorded from New Hampshire and New
Jersey. Also occurs in United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia.
Canadian records: Nova Scotia: Caribou, Jordan Falls Bridge, Kentville,
Kingston, Salt Springs. Prince Edward Island: Cavendish, North Rustico, St.
Patricks, Summerside, Trout River, Vernon Bridge. Quebec: Cookshire, Dunham,
East Clifton, Lennoxville, St-Césaire, St-Hyacinthe.
Comments. Polydrusus cervinus was first recorded from North America (New
Hampshire and New Jersey) by Warner in 1971. Bright (1988) first reported the
species from Canada. In the Old World, this species occurs from the British Isles,
across Europe to Siberia. Adults feed on the leaves of Salix, Populus, Quercus, Betula,
Alnus, Corylus, Acer, and Prunus (Dieckmann 1980). The Prince Edward Island spec-
imens were found eating leaves on apple trees, and the Quebec specimens were found
on strawberries and Prunus cistena. Larvae also feed on the roots of orchard grass,
Dactylis glomerata L. (Warner 1971). Polydrusus cervinus is of minor economic
importance in Europe on birch and may cause concern in North America.
Adults of P. cervinus are easily recognized by the antennal scape extending only
to the posterior edge of the eye, by the presence of a large femoral tooth, and by the
elytral vestiture and color pattern, which consists of dense, small, flat, green to green-
ish blue scales interspersed with black, seemingly denuded, areas that actually bear
fine, recumbent, dark setae.
Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhal, 1834

Fig. 26; Map 28
Polydrosus impressifrons Gyllenhal, 1834: 140.

Polydrusus impressifrons: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 130); Sleeper (1957: 130,
132); Baker (1972: 220); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 43); McNamara (1991: 330);
Downie and Arnett (1996: 1484); Palm (1996: 175); Majka et al. (2007b).
ally black, legs and antennae yellowish brown, surface with a dense covering of small,
recumbent, oval, green (rarely whitish or pale yellowish) scales. Head with frons shal-
lowly concave. Rostrum convex in middle from level of lower edge of eye to just
above level of antennal insertion, with a weakly elevated, transverse swelling just
above level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum at level of antennal insertions arcu-
ately flattened or weakly concave. Surface of head and rostrum densely covered by
recumbent, green scales and a few, scattered, more narrow scales. Pronotum about 1.2
times as wide as long; sides weakly arcuate; discal surface covered with recumbent,
green, oval scales. Elytra about 1.9 times as long as wide, very slightly wider at pos-
terior third; sides straight, very slightly converging anteriorly; apex narrowly round-
166

Fig. 26. Polydrusus impressifrons. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
167
ed; striae distinct, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, with
minute setae; discal interstriae broad, flat; entire elytral surface with densely placed,
small, oval, green or whitish scales; each interstria with an irregular row of narrow,
semierect, brown setae; elytral declivity sloping, unmodified. Last abdominal sternite
of male broadly impressed apically, with apical edge broadly emarginate. Femora
without tooth.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs from Manitoba to Nova Scotia,
south through the eastern United States to New York and Ohio; it also occurs in
Oregon.
Canadian records: Manitoba: Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Charters Settlement.
Nova Scotia: Bridgewater, Fifth Lake Bay, Halifax, Point Pleasant, Sydney. Ontario:
Arnprior, Backus Woods (St. Williams), Belleville, Britannia Heights, “Chatterton,”
Collingwood, DeCew Falls, Delhi, Dunville, Galt, Hastings County, John Pearce
Provincial Park, Kanata, Kingston, Lanark, Manitouwadge, Marmora, Niagara Falls,
Niagara Glen, Normandale, Ottawa, Oxenden, Parkhill, Prescott, Prince Edward
County, Rondeau Park, St. Catherines, St. Williams, Simcoe, South Cayuga, Toronto,
Turkey Point Provincial Park, Wagerville, Windsor. Quebec: Bellefeuille, Brome-
Ouest, Chambord, Coaticook, Compton, East Clifton, Foster, Havelock, Hereford, Île-
Hébert, Kilmar, L’Assomption, Laval-des-Rapides, Lennoxville, Montreal,
Ormstown, Rigaud, St-Anicet, St-Grégoire, Ste-Anne-de-Bellvue, Ste-Clothilde,
Soulange, Sutton, Vaudreuil.

Comments. Adults of P. impressifrons are recognized by the very long antennal
scape, which extends well beyond the posterior edge of the eyes, by the dense, usual-
ly green scales, by the light brown legs and antennae, and by the concave frons.
According to Sheppard (1955) P. impressifrons is native to Europe and was acci-
dentally introduced into New York early in the past century. It is now common in east-
ern Canada. The common name for this species is pale green weevil.
Map 28. Collection localities for Polydrusus impressifrons.
168
Polydrusus impressifrons is reported to be a pest of shade and fruit trees. Adults

feed on the foliage of a large number of plant species but seem to prefer birch, wil-
low, poplar, apple, and pear. The biology and economic importance of P. impressifrons
have been summarized by Campbell et al. (1989).
Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller, 1783)

Fig. 84; Map 29
Curculio sericeus Schaller, 1783: 286.

Polydrusus sericeus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 130); Sleeper (1957: 131);
1484); Palm (1996: 192); McCorquodale et al. (2005: 32); Majka et al. (2007a).
ally light to dark reddish brown to black, legs and antennae yellowish brown, surface
with a dense covering of small, recumbent, oval, green (rarely greenish white) scales.
Head with frons shallowly concave. Rostrum convex from level of lower edge of eye
to level of antennal insertion; tip of rostrum at level of antennal insertions arcuately
flattened. Surface of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent, green scales
and a few, scattered, more narrow scales. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as long;
sides moderately arcuate; discal surface covered with recumbent, green, oval scales.
Elytra about 1.8 times as long as wide, very slightly widest at posterior third; sides
nearly straight, very slightly converging anteriorly; apex narrowly rounded; striae dis-
tinct, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, with minute setae; dis-
cal interstriae broad, flat; entire elytral surface with densely placed, small, oval, green
Map 29. Collection localities for Polydrusus sericeus.
169
scales; each interstria sometimes with a few, narrow, semierect scales intermixed
among broad scales, infrequently these may be in an irregular row; elytral declivity
sloping, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than those on disc. Last abdominal
sternite of male emarginate apically. Femora with a minute tooth.
Distribution. This introduced species occurs from Prince Edward Island to
Ontario, south to Connecticut, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. It also occurs in
Europe.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: Bathurst. Nova Scotia: Sydney, Wreck Cove
Beach. Ontario: Brittania, Constance Lake, Dryden (88 km south), Gloucester,
Grundy Lake Provincial Park, Haileybury, Hemmingford, Kingston, Mattawa (13 km
south), Nepean, Ottawa, Thunder Bay (56 km east), Windsor (Ojibway Park),
Wheatley Provincial Park. Prince Edward Island: Alberton, Cavendish, Millvale, St.
Patricks. Quebec: Berthier, Brome-Ouest, Cookshire, East Clifton, Foster, Iberville,
Lennoxville, Montreal, St-Antoine, St-Bernard-de-Lacolle, Windsor.
Comments. Adults of P. sericeus are easily recognized by the brilliant green
color of the surface scales, by the lack of an obvious median row of setae on the ely-
tral interstriae, and by the shorter antennal scape, which extends only slightly beyond
the posterior edge of the eye.
The phenology and host preference of P. sericeus in the Great Lakes Region were
recently recorded (Pinski et al. 2005a, b). It has been collected by sweeping in canola
fields in Ontario and on wild radish in pea fields in Quebec.
Tribe Sciaphilini Sharp, 1891

Genus Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val, 1854
Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val, 1854: 13. Type species: Barypeithes rufipes
Jacquelin du Val, 1854 (= Omias sulcifrons Boheman, 1843), subsequent designation
by Lacordaire (1863: 59). Blatchley and Leng (1916: 132); Arnett (1962: 999);
Kissinger (1964: 28); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 44); McNamara (1991: 330);
Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 176); Anderson
(2002: 779).
Description. Body stout, surface with long, erect setae. Head not constricted
behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width, strongly expanded at antennal
insertions; apex dorsally just above epistomal edge impressed; surface longitudinally
sulcate, with erect setae; antennal scrobes lateral, deeply impressed, antennal scape
rests below eye level when retracted next to head. Eye small, moderately convex, pos-
terior edge remote from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a scar at apex.
Antennal scape about as long as funicle, slightly curved, elongate, club-shaped,
extending well beyond posterior edge of eye, surface with abundant, erect setae; funi-
cle 7-segmented, first and second segments longer than others, all segments with long,
fine setae; club distinct, conical, narrow, about twice as long as wide, 3-segmented.
Pronotum wider than long; surface with abundant, long setae; sides arcuate. Elytra
170
with humeral angles obsolete; scutellum visible from above; discal surface with only
erect setae in striae and in a single row on interstriae, no ground vestiture present; stri-
al punctures distinct. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel open; tib-
iae mucronate or unarmed at apex. Tarsal segments elongate, third deeply bilobed;
tarsal claws connate.
Comments. Barypeithes contains 35 species in Europe and Asia. One species has
been introduced into North America. Barypeithes pellucidus belongs to the subgenus
Exomias Bedel (see Morris 1997).
Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman, 1834)

Fig. 85; Map 30
Omias pellucidus Boheman, 1834: 507.

Barypeithes pellucidus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 133); Hatch (1971: 275);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 44); Galford (1987); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie
and Arnett (1996: 1485); Palm (1996: 214); Morris (1997: 39); Majka et al. (2007b).
light reddish brown, often dark reddish brown to black, legs and antennae often lighter
in color; surface with abundant, long, erect setae, ground vestiture absent. Head with
frons convex, surface with large, deep punctures. Rostrum longitudinally sulcate from
level of lower edge of eye to level of antennal insertion, surface as on frons; tip of ros-
trum at level of antennal insertions weakly impressed; nasal plate absent. Pronotum
about 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long; sides strongly arcuate; discal surface with dense,
deep punctures and abundant, long, erect setae. Elytra about 1.4–1.5 times as long as
wide, widest near middle; sides broadly rounded; apex narrowly rounded; striae dis-
tinct, weakly impressed, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, dis-
tinct; discal interstriae broad, weakly convex to flat; both striae and interstriae with
abundant, long, erect setae, no ground vestiture present; elytral declivity steeply con-
vex, unmodified except strial punctures smaller than those on disc.
Map 30. Collection localities for Barypeithes pellucidus.
171
Distribution. This introduced European species occurs throughout the United

States, eastern, southern Canada, and British Columbia.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Brunswick, Cassidy, Cowichan, Elgin,
Metchosin, Oak Bay, Royal Oak, Saanich, Tsawwassen, Vancouver, Victoria.
Manitoba: Portage La Prairie Park, Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Brandy Cove,
Charters Settlement, Mary’s Point, Wakefield. Newfoundland: Cape Broyle,
Lomond, Placentia, St. John’s, Topsail. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands National
Park, Halifax, Kentville, South Ohio, Waverley, Yarmouth. Ontario: Ancaster,
Carleton Place, Chaffey’s Locks, Goderich, John Pearce Provincial Park, Kanata,
Kemptville, Lanark, Marmora, Maynooth, Nepean, Ottawa, Parkhill, Port Rowan,
Prince Edward County, Rondeau Provincial Park, Sault Ste. Marie, St. Lawrence
Park, St. Williams, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Wiarton. Prince Edward Island:
Cavendish. Quebec: Buckingham, Cookshire, Durham, Foster, Gatineau Park,
Havelock, Knowlton, Lennoxville, Montreal, Old Chelsea, Sawyerville, Ste-Anne-de-
Bellevue, Ste-Foy.
Comments. Adults of B. pellucidus are easily recognized by the elongate, glo-
bose elytra, which bear only short, semi-recumbent strial setae and long, erect setae
in a single row on each interstria, the setae on the interstriae distinctly longer and
slightly more erect than those arising from each strial puncture. Other than these erect
setae, the elytra bear no other vestiture. The pronotum also bears similar erect setae
and no additional vestiture.

This European species was first discovered in North America in 1886 on Staten
Island, New York (Hatch 1971). It was later found at Seattle, Washington, in 1931 and
in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1936.
Barypeithes pellucidus was reported attacking the fruit and leaf buds of raspber-
ry at Oak Bay, British Columbia, in 1951. It is a known pest of strawberries in Europe.
Galford (1987) reported that in Ohio the preferred feeding sites are the leaves of small
plants or the lower portions of larger plants in contact with the soil. Host plants
included northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white wood aster (Aster divaricatus),
Lowrie’s aster (Aster lowrieanus), American elm (Ulmus americanum), hawthorn
(Crataegus spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), ragwort (Senecio spp.), common
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), and poison ivy
(Rhus radicans).
Genus Brachysomus Schönherr, 1823

Brachysomus Schönherr, 1823, column 1144. Type species: Curculio hirsutulus
Fabricius, 1792 (= Curculio echinatus Bonsdorff, 1785), original designation.
Pavrosomus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829: 94. Type species: Curculio hirsutulus
Fabricius, 1792 (= Curculio echinatus Bonsdorff, 1785), monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga
172

Platytarsus Schönherr, 1840: 919. Type species: Platytarsus setiger Gyllenhal,
1840, original designation. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 176); Anderson (2002:
780).
Thricolepoides O’Brien, 1979: 71. Type species: Thricolepoides clavisetis
O’Brien, 1979 (= Curculio echinatus Bonsdorff, 1785), original designation. Alonso-
Description. Body stout, surface covered with small, elongate, recumbent, and
erect scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width,
weakly expanded at antennal insertions; apex dorsally just above epistomal edge, with
a small, indistinct, triangular, roughened area bordered by a weakly elevated, arcuate,

acute carina; surface flat, with abundant, elongate, recumbent and erect scales; anten-
nal scrobes lateral, deeply impressed, antennal scape rests below eye level when
retracted next to head. Eye large, moderately convex, posterior edge remote from
anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a scar at apex. Antennal scape longer
than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending slightly beyond posterior edge
of eye, surface with abundant, narrow, recumbent, and erect scales; funicle 7-segment-
ed, first segment longer than others, all segments with long, fine setae; club distinct,
conical, narrow, about twice as long as wide, 3-segmented. Pronotum wider than long;
surface with dense, elongate, recumbent, and erect scales; sides arcuate. Elytra with
humeral angles obsolete; scutellum not visible from above; discal surface densely
covered by elongate, recumbent, and erect scales; strial punctures distinct, each with
a minute seta. Femora not toothed on ventral edge. Tibiae with corbel open, unarmed
at apex. Tarsal segments elongate, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws connate.
Comments. Brachysomus contains 27 species distributed throughout Europe and
Asia. One species has been introduced into North America.
Among North American genera, members of Brachysomus are recognized by the
stout body shape, by the lack of elytral humeri, by the abundant, recumbent, and erect
scales on the body, by the unarmed femora, and by the short antennal funicle.
Brachysomus echinatus (Bonsdorff, 1785)

Fig. 86
Curculio echinatus Bonsdorff, 1785: 33.

Curculio hirsutulus Fabricius, 1792: 468.
Brachysomus echinatus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 44); McNamara (1991:
330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485); Palm (1996: 203); Morris (1997: 41).
Thricolepoides clavisetis O’Brien, 1979: 71. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 51).
ally reddish brown to black, legs and antennae often lighter in color, surface with a
moderately dense covering of small, recumbent, narrowly elongate, white scales and
longer, narrower, erect, brownish scales. Head with frons flat, surface strongly
173
strigose. Rostrum flat from lower edge of eye to level of antennal insertion, surface as
on frons; tip of rostrum at level of antennal insertions flattened or weakly biconcave;
nasal plate indistinct. Surface of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent,
white scales and scattered, erect, narrow, brown scales. Pronotum about 1.5 times as
wide as long; sides moderately arcuate; discal surface covered with recumbent, white
scales and scattered, erect, narrow, brownish scales, white scales more densely placed
on median line and on lateral portions. Elytra about 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide,
widest at middle; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; striae distinct, weak-
ly impressed, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures moderate in size, close, dis-
tinct, each with a minute seta; discal interstriae broad, weakly convex, each with two
or three rows of small, recumbent, white scales and a median row of longer, erect, nar-
row, brownish scales; elytral declivity sloping, unmodified except scales slightly
smaller than those on disc.
Distribution. In North America, Brachysomus echinatus is recorded only from
Quebec, Newfoundland, Massachusetts, and Minnesota. It is common in central
Europe.
Canadian records: Newfoundland: Corner Brook, Holyrood. Quebec: Morgan
Arboretum (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue), Ste-Foy, Trois-Rivières.
Comments. Adults of B. echinatus superficially resemble those of Barypeithes
pellucidus, but are easily distinguished by the abundant ground vestiture on the body,
by the smaller size, by the indistinct nasal carina, and by the much more transverse
pronotum.
The adults of B. echinatus are found in a variety of habitats, but most often in
woodlands, in shady and exposed situations, and in gardens. The adults are mostly
active at night, and in cloudy weather may climb into the vegetation. Adults are most
often found under stones in debris and in pitfall traps. In winter, adults hibernate under
moss and various debris. Brachysomus echinatus is polyphagus on hardwoods and
low plants (Palm 1996). Nothing else is recorded concerning details of the life histo-
ry or habits of B. echinatus in Canada.
Genus Sciaphilus Schönherr, 1823

Sciaphilus Schönherr, 1823, column 1139. Type species: Curculio muricatus
Fabricius, 1792 (= Curculio asperatus Bonsdorff, 1785), original designation.
Blatchley and Leng (1916: 132); Arnett (1962: 998); Kissinger (1964: 28); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 44); McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485);
Lygophilus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829 [preoccupied genus name]. Type
species: Curculio muricatus Fabricius, 1792 (= Curculio asperatus Bonsdorff, 1785),
monotypy.
Sphaerilethmus Gistel, 1848: [2]. Type species: Curculio muricatus Fabricius,
1792 (= Curculio asperatus Bonsdorff, 1785), monotypy.
Description. Body stout, surface covered with small, round, recumbent scales.
174
Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, shorter than head width, weakly
expanded at antennal insertions; apex dorsally with a small, triangular, smooth area
bordered by an arcuate, acute carina; surface flat to shallowly sulcate, with abundant,
round, recumbent scales; antennal scrobes lateral, deeply impressed, antennal scape
rests below eye level when retracted next to head. Eye large, slightly convex, posteri-
or edge remote from anterior edge of prothorax. Mandibles bearing a scar at apex.
Antennal scape shorter than funicle, straight, elongate, club-shaped, extending beyond
posterior edge of eye, surface with very fine, sparse, recumbent setae; funicle 7-seg-
mented, first and second segments longer than others, all segments with long, fine
setae; club distinct, conical, narrow, about 2.3 times as long as wide, 3-segmented.
Pronotum wider than long; surface with dense, round, recumbent scales; sides arcu-
ate. Elytra with humeral angles obsolete; scutellum visible from above; discal surface
densely covered by round, recumbent scales and with narrow, erect scales; strial punc-
tures obscure. Femora toothed on ventral surface. Tibiae with corbel open; tibiae
mucronate at apex. Tarsal segments elongate, third deeply bilobed; tarsal claws
connate.
Comments. Only one introduced species of Sciaphilus occurs in North America;
five or six additional species occur in the Old World.
Members of Sciaphilus may be distinguished by the stout body, by the lack of ely-
tral humeri, by the presence, at the rostral apex, of an elevated, triangular-shaped,
smooth area (epistoma) bordered by an acute, arcuate carina, and by the densely scaly
body surface.
Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsdorff, 1785)

Fig. 27; Map 31
Curculio asperatus Bonsdorff, 1785: 34.

Sciaphilus asperatus: Hatch (1971: 276); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 44);
McNamara (1991: 330); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1485); Palm (1996: 199); Morris
(1997: 41).
Curculio muricatus Fabricius, 1792: 489.
Sciaphilus muricatus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 132).
ally black, legs and antennae lighter in color, surface with a dense covering of small,
recumbent, round to oval, green, brownish, and whitish scales. Head with frons flat.
Rostrum weakly concave from level of lower edge of eye to level of antennal inser-
tion, often with a weakly elevated, median carina; tip of rostrum at level of antennal
insertions flattened or weakly biconcave; epistoma distinct. Surface of head and ros-
trum densely covered by recumbent scales and a few, scattered, erect, narrow scales.
Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides moderately arcuate; discal surface
covered with recumbent, round scales. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide, widest
at middle; sides broadly rounded; apex narrowly rounded; striae indistinct, often cov-
ered by scales, punctured in even, regular rows, punctures small, close, indistinct,
175
each with a minute seta; discal interstriae broad, weakly convex; entire elytral surface
with densely placed, small, round, green, brown, and (or) dirty-white scales; each
interstria with a median row of moderately long, erect, narrow, scales; elytral decliv-
ity sloping, unmodified except scales slightly smaller than those on disc.
Distribution. This European species ranges throughout eastern North America,
from Newfoundland to Manitoba and Michigan, south to North Carolina, and in
British Columbia, Alberta, and Idaho in the west.
Canadian records: Alberta: Edmonton. British Columbia: Abbotsford, Agassiz,
Cowichan, Elgin, Horseshoe Bay, Gabriola Island, Laidlaw, Surrey, Tsawwassen,
Vancouver, Yahk. Manitoba: Sandilands Provincial Forrest, Winnipeg. New
Brunswick: Fredericton, Keswick Ridge, Kings County, Kouchibouquac Park, Lower

Sackville. Newfoundland: Badger, “Harmon Field,” Holyrood, Logy Bay, Pasadena,
St. John’s, South Branch, Terra Nova National Park. Nova Scotia: Annapolis Royal,
Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cow Bay, Dartmouth, Goodwood, Ingramport,
Kings County, Kentville, Newport, South Ohio, Sydney, Tusket, Yarmouth. Ontario:
Algonquin Park, Arnprior, Chaffeys Locks, Chatham, Constance Bay, DeCew Falls,
Fitzroy Provincial Park, Fonthill, Goderich, Hastings, Iron Bridge, Jarvis Lake, John
Pearce Provincial Park, Kemptville, Kerr Lake, Lanark, Leitrim, Longlac, Manitoulin
Island, Manitouwadge, Marmora, Nepean, Niagara Glen, North Bay (30 km north),
North Gower, Orillia, Ottawa, Prince Edward County, Rosseau, St. Lawrence National
Park (Grenadier Island), Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Uxbridge. Prince Edward Island:
Cavendish, Charlottetown, Chepstow, North Rustico, Pownal, St. Patricks, Toronto,
Woodville Mills. Quebec: Barnston, Brébeuf, Bromont, Burbridge, Cascapedia,
Côteau-du-Lac, Covey Hill, Disraeli, Dorval, East Clifton, Farm Point, Gatineau Park
(Ramsey Lake), Havelock, Hudson Heights, Île de Carillon, Kazabazua, Kilmar,
Knowlton, Lac-Bouchette, Lac-des-Plages, Lac-Etchemin, Lachute, Lennoxville,
Meech Lake, Montebello, Montreal, Mont Mégantic, Mont St. Hilaire, Mont-Tremblant,
Mont Le Pinacle, Morin Heights, Mount St-Bruno, North Hatley, Notre-Dame-de-la-
Paix, Oka, Perkins, Pte-Fortune, Plaisance, Plessisville, Port-au-Saumon, Potton
Springs, Rigaud, Shawbridge, South Bolton, Ste-Agathe, St-Anicet, Ste-Anne-de-
Map 31. Collection localities for Sciaphilus asperatus.
176

Fig. 27. Sciaphilus asperatus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
177
Bellevue, St-Faustin, St-Fidèle, Ste-Foy, St-Lazare, Sutton, Touraine, Trois-Rivières.

Comments. This parthenogenetic species was first recorded in North America
from Massachusetts in 1880, in Nova Scotia in 1884, and in British Columbia in 1921
(Harrington 1891; Hatch 1971). It is now also common throughout most of eastern
North America.
Adults of S. asperatus are recognized by the broadly rounded elytra, by the pres-
ence of an acute, elevated carina just above the epistoma, by the densely scaly body
covering, by the distinct median row of narrow, erect scales in each elytral interstria,
and by the other characters mentioned in the generic analysis.
Sciaphilus asperatus was reported in great numbers on a market garden farm near
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, damaging young cabbage seedlings (Twinn 1934). Larvae and
adult S. asperatus are pests of strawberry and raspberry in the Palearctic Region. Witter
and Fields (1977) reported that feeding on small sugar maple trees by S. asperatus can
lead to terminal die-back and forking. Notes on the phenology of this species in hard-
wood forests of the Great Lakes Region were recently published by Pinski et al. (2005b).
Tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848

Genus Sitona Germar, 1817
Sitona Germar, 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio lineatus Linnaeus, 1758, sub-
sequent designation by Schönherr (1823: 1141). Blatchley and Leng (1916: 140);
Arnett (1962: 1001); Kissinger (1964: 26); Hatch (1971: 269); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 45); McNamara (1991: 331); Bright (1994); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1486);
Sitones Schönherr, 1840: 253 [unjustified emendation of Sitona Germar].
Description. Body small to moderately large, elongate; surface densely scaly.
Rostrum free, short, broad, with a deeply impressed, narrow, longitudinal groove.
Mandible lacking mandibular scar; surface with flat scales. Scrobe impressed, curved
below eyes. Antennal scape elongate, reaching to middle of eye; funicle 7-segmented,
segments 1 and 2 elongate, remainder shorter, broadly to narrowly oval; club elongate-
oval, 3-segmented. Eye large, round, slightly to strongly protuberant. Pronotum as long
as wide or wider than long; discal surface smooth, finely to roughly punctured. Elytra
elongate; scutellum minute; sides subparallel to broadly arcuate; humeral angles obtuse-
ly angled; discal striae punctured in regular rows, strial punctures of varying size and
depth; discal interstriae wider than striae, finely punctured. Tibia truncate or rounded at
apex, with stout, apical scales; claws slender, divergent, with stout, clawlike setae.
Comments. Sitona is easily distinguished from related genera by the presence of
flat, recumbent scales on the mandibles, by the short, broad rostrum, which bears a
deep, longitudinal, median groove, by the densely scaly vestiture on the body, and by
the absence of an oval scar on the mandibles. Other characters useful for distinguish-
ing Sitona are mentioned in the description above.
Eleven species of Sitona occur in North America, eight of which occur in Canada.
178
The genus was recently revised by Bright (1994). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999)
list three valid subgenera in this genus. Subgenera have not been used in the North
American literature and are not used in this work.
Species of Sitona feed exclusively on species of Fabaceae as larvae, and usually on
the same plant family as adults. It is likely that larvae of Sitona species are obligate feed-
ers on the nitrifying root nodules of papilionaceous plants. Quinn and Howard (1986)
showed a relationship between numbers of larvae of S. hispidulus and the numbers and
biomass of root nodules of Medicago sativa. Several members of this genus are impor-
tant economic pests, attacking and destroying clover, alfalfa, and similar legumes.
Key to the species of Sitona found in Canada and Alaska

1. Vestiture on elytra consisting entirely of narrow to broad recumbent scales; ely-
tral scales reddish brown, with a few scattered white patches laterally; prono-
tum very finely punctured; length 3.6–5.0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flavescens (Marsham) [p. 190]
Vestiture on elytra consisting of intermixed scales and setae, with at least some
erect scales or setae present; elytral scales white, brown, black, or various com-
binations; pronotum coarsely to finely punctured; length variable . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Vestiture on elytra consisting of numerous, recumbent scales and a median row

of very long, erect setae in each interstria; eye weakly convex; elytra 1.5 times
as long as wide; length 3.2–4.0 mm . . . . . . . . . hispidulus (Fabricius) [p. 193]
Vestiture on elytra consisting of numerous intermixed scales and setae, often

with a row of longer, usually white setae or scales at least in alternate interstri-
ae; eyes moderately to prominently convex; elytra at least 1.8 times as long as
wide; body length variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Vestiture on elytra consisting only of small, round, recumbent, white scales

intermixed with slightly narrower, recumbent, brown scales; each interstria
sometimes with a median row of erect, narrow, white or brown scales or inters-
trial scales only weakly elevated or sometimes inconspicuous; prothorax cylin-
drical, distinctly narrower than elytral bases, sides straight to weakly arcuate;
eyes strongly protuberant; length 2.9–4.0 mm . . lineellus (Bonsdorff) [p. 198]
Vestiture on elytra variable, usually consisting of either intermixed, recumbent

scales and setae or with recumbent scales and semierect setae, some erect setae
may be lighter in color, forming a median, interstrial row; prothorax almost as
wide as elytral bases at its widest point, sides broadly arcuate; eye moderately
to weakly protuberant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Anterior edge of front coxal cavities touching groove on prosternum; elytra
often with alternating lines of light and dark scales; length 3.2–4.5 mm . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lineatus (Linnaeus) [p. 196]
179
Anterior edge of front coxal cavities remote from groove on prosternum; color
pattern variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Elytral disc with a combination of round to elongate, flat, white to brown,

recumbent scales and scattered, brown, recumbent setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Elytral disc with abundant, flat, round to oval, recumbent scales intermixed with
recumbent, usually dark setae singly or in small patches and with conspicuous,
semierect, usually white setae in interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7, these usually longer
than other scales or setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Apex of rostrum distinctly bisulcate; setae on elytra abundant, distinctly longer

than scales; length 4.2–6.0 mm . . . . . . . californius Fåhraeus (in part) [p. 184]
Apex of rostrum not sulcate or only very shallowly so, or with a Y-shaped,
broad groove; setae on elytra as long as or slightly longer than scales . . . . . . 7
7. Length 5.3–6.3 mm; apex of aedeagus narrowed, broadly rounded to truncate

(Fig. 29); boreal Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aquilonius Bright [p. 182]
Length 3.5–5.0 mm; apex of aedeagus truncate, apical angles pointed laterally
(Fig. 34); widespread distribution . . . . . . . . . . . cylindricollis Fåhraeus [p. 188]
8. Apex of rostrum not distinctly bisulcate but with a narrow Y-shaped groove,
without distinct median carina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vittatus LeConte [p. 202]
Apex of rostrum distinctly bisulcate, with a distinct median carina . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Apex of aedeagus narrowly truncate (Fig. 31); common species, widely distrib-
uted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . californius Fåhraeus (in part) [p. 184]
Apex of aedeagus weakly emarginate (Fig. 46); endemic species, ranging from
southern British Columbia to Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . lupinus Sleeper [p. 201]
Clé des espèces du genre Sitona

1. Élytres seulement recouverts d’écailles couchées, étroites ou large, couleur des
écailles brune rougeâtre, avec un petit nombre d’écailles blanches latéralement;
pronotum avec de très petits points; longueur du corps entre 3,6 et 5,0. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flavescens (Marsham) [p. 190]
Élytres recouverts d’un mélange d’écailles et de poils, avec au moins quelques

poils ou écailles dressés, couleur des écailles blanche, brune, noire ou d’une
combinaison de couleurs; grosseur et profondeur des points sur le pronotum
variable; longueur du corps variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
180
2. Élytres recouverts de plusieurs écailles couchées, avec une rangée médiane de

longs poils dressés sur chaque interstrie; convexité des yeux faible; élytres env-
iron 1.5 fois aussi long que large; longueur du corps entre 3,2 et 4,0 mm . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hispidulus (Fabricius) [p. 193]
Élytres recouverts d’une combinaison de poils et d’écailles, souvent avec une

rangée médiane de poils ou d’écailles plus long, habituellement blancs, au moins
sur les interstries alternantes; convexité des yeux modérée à proéminente; élytres
au moins 1,8 fois aussi long que large; longueur du corps variable . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Élytres recouverts d’une combinaison de petites écailles blanches, couchées,

rondes et d’écailles brunes, couchées, légèrement plus étroites; interstries ély-

trales parfois avec une rangée médiane d’écailles étroites dressées de couleur
brune ou blanche, écailles de la rangée médiane parfois moins dressées ou indis-
tinctes; prothorax cylindrique, beaucoup plus étroit que la base des élytres, avec
les côtés parallèles à légèrement convexe en vue dorsale; yeux distinctement
protubérant; longueur du corps entre 2,9 et 4,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lineellus (Bonsdorff) [p. 198]
Pubescence des élytres variable, habituellement composée une combinaison

d’écailles et de poils couchés ou avec un combinaison d’écailles couchées et de
poils semidressés, parfois avec des poils dressés plus pâles formant une rangée
médiane sur les interstries élytrales; prothorax presque aussi large que la base
des élytres, avec les côtés largement convexe en vue dorsale; yeux d’une con-
vexité modérée à légèrement protubérant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Bord antérieur de la cavité coxale antérieure atteignant le sillon transverse du

prosternum; élytres généralement avec des écailles formant une succession de
lignes pâles et plus foncées; longueur du corps entre 3,2 et 4,5 mm . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lineatus (Linnaeus) [p. 196]
Bord antérieur de la cavité coxale antérieure n’atteignant pas le sillon transverse

du prosternum; patron de couleur et longueur du corps variables . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Disque élytral avec une combinaison d’écailles couchées, plates, de forme ronde à
étroite, de couleur blanche à brune et clairsemé de poils bruns couchés . . . . . . . . .
..................................................................6
Disque élytral avec une combinaison d’un grand nombre d’écailles couchées,
plates, de forme ronde à ovale, avec des poils couchés habituellement de
couleur foncée disposés de façon unique ou en petit groupe et d’écailles proémi-
nentes, semidressées, habituellement blanches, sur les interstries 1, 3, 5 et 7,
généralement plus longues que les autres poils ou écailles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
181
6. Apex du rostre avec deux sillons distincts; élytres avec un grand nombre de
poils beaucoup plus longs que les écailles; longueur du corps entre 4,2 et 6,0
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . californius Fåhraeus (en partie) [p. 184]
Apex du rostre sans sillons distincts ou avec des sillons peu profonds ou avec
une dépression large en forme de Y; élytres avec des poils aussi longs que les
écailles ou légèrement plus longs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Longueur du corps entre 5,3 et 6,3 mm; apex de l’édéage plus étroit, largement
arrondi à tronqué (Fig. 29); espèce de la région boréale du Canada. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aquilonius Bright [p. 182]
Longueur du corps entre 3,5 et 5,0 mm; apex de l’édéage tronqué, avec les
angles latéraux pointus (Fig. 34); espèce avec une distribution répandue . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cylindricollis Fåhraeus [p. 188]
8. Apex du rostre sans paire de sillons mais avec un sillon en forme de “Y,” sans
carène médiane distincte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vittatus LeConte [p. 202]
Apex du rostre avec une paire de sillons distincts, avec une carène médiane
distincte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Apex de l’édéage étroitement tronqué (Fig. 31); espèce commune, avec une dis-
tribution répandue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . californius Fåhraeus (en partie) [p. 184]
Apex de l’édéage légèrement concave (Fig. 46); espèce indigène, répartitie du

sud de la Colombie Britannique jusqu’à l’Oregon. . . . lupinus Sleeper [p. 201]
Sitona aquilonius Bright, 1994

Figs. 28, 29, 87; Map 32
Sitona aquilonius Bright, 1994: 297. Anderson (1997: 530, 557).

Description. Length 5.3–6.3 mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Integument
black to light brown, antennae, tibiae, and tarsus dark to light reddish brown. Surface
of rostrum flat, very weakly bisulcate at apex, with an acutely depressed, oblique
impression extending from beginning of frontal groove to near outer apical angle of
epistomal edge, with a very weakly indicated median carina between convexities; lat-
eral edges of concavity slightly elevated, extending onto surface of rostrum to just
below lower eye level; surface shiny, distinctly and moderately deeply, closely punc-
tured, with abundant, recumbent, brown and white scales, white scales usually more
obvious near eye, and with intermixed, brown, recumbent to semierect setae, vestiture
in concavity consisting of very small, narrowly elongate, white, recumbent scales and
a few longer, stouter, brown setae. Eyes moderately prominent, convex, about twice
as long as wide (viewed dorsally). Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at mid-
dle; sides moderately arcuate; disc evenly, weakly convex from base to apex; surface
182
smooth, shiny, with numerous, moderate-sized, moderately impressed, close punc-

tures, these separated by a distance less than their diameters; vestiture consisting of
numerous, recumbent, brown or white scales and brown setae, white scales often
forming a median vitta, white scales also scattered over disc but often more common
laterally. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides arcuate; apex narrowly rounded;
humeri distinct; strial punctures very small, weakly impressed, each with a minute
seta; discal interstriae weakly convex, 5.0–6.0 times as wide as striae, surface finely
punctured, covered with recumbent, small, light brown to white scales intermixed
with numerous, fine, brown setae. Declivity broadly sloping, essentially as on disc.
Map 32. Collection localities for Sitona aquilonius.
183
28 29
Figs. 28, 29. Sitona aquilonius; 28, 8th female sternite; 29, apex of aedeagus.
Distribution. Sitona aquilonius occurs in the northern portions of the Yukon

Territory and the Northwest Territories.
Canadian records: Northwest Territories: Reindeer Depot (Mackenzie Delta).
Yukon Territory: Alaska Highway (Mile 813), Klondike Highway at Pelly Crossing,
Kluane National Park (Sheep Mountain), Mayo, 10 km east of McQuesten, Old Crow,
and within 6 mi. east and north, Selkirk.
Comments. Adults of S. aquilonius very closely resemble those of S. cylindricol-
lis, but the adults of S. aquilonius are considerably larger, the declivital region is much
more broadly sloping, the rostral apex is acutely, obliquely impressed, not evenly
biconcave, the apex of the aedeagus and the shape of the eighth sternite of the female
are distinctive (Figs. 28, 29).
This species is found in various habitats. Adults have been collected on
Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum and H. boreale var. mackenzii in the Northwest
Territories. All specimens seen were brachypterous. No other biological information
is available.
Sitona californius Fåhraeus, 1840

Figs. 30–32; Map 33
Sitones californius Fåhraeus, 1840: 267.

Sitona californicus (sic): Hatch (1971: 271); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45);
McNamara (1991: 331).
Sitona californius: Bright (1994: 293).
Sitones ordinarius Fåhraeus, 1840: 266. Bright (1994: 293).
Sitones extrusus Casey, 1888: 282. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones occidentalis Casey, 1888: 285. Bright (1994: 293).
Sitones prominens Casey, 1888: 291. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones hispidiceps Casey, 1888: 292. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones angustulus Casey, 1888: 292. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones explicitus Casey, 1888: 293. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones apacheanus Casey, 1888: 294. Bright (1989: 77).
184
Sitona cockerelli Blaisdell, 1938: 31. Bright (1989: 77).

Sitona bryanti Tanner, 1987: 172. Bright (1994: 293).
Sitona oregonensis Tanner, 1987: 172. Bright (1989: 77).
Description. Length 4.2–B6.0 mm, about 2.4 times as long as wide. Integument
light brown to black, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi similar in color. Surface of rostrum
weakly, longitudinally impressed on upper two-thirds, deeply bisulcate on lower third,
with a distinct, strongly elevated median carina between apical concavities; lateral edges
of apical concavities distinctly elevated, extending above concavities to lower level of
eye; surface shiny, with large, deep punctures, each of these with a long, semierect seta,
surface between punctures bearing numerous, large, flat, recumbent scales, these small-
er, sparser in apical concavities, with a few, erect setae intermixed. Eyes strongly con-
vex, distance across eyes equal to 1.1 times width of pronotum at anterior edge.
Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate; disc weak-
ly convex; surface shiny, with large, deep, close, scattered punctures, each of these bear-
ing a fine, forward-pointing seta, interspaces densely clothed with large, oval, recumbent
white to light brown scales, these usually more densely placed on a median and sublat-
eral vitta; pleural area with large, dense, white scales. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide;
sides parallel on basal half, strongly converging apically; apex narrowly rounded;
humeri distinctly indicated, broadly rounded; strial punctures small, weakly impressed,
each with a minute seta; discal interstriae about 5.0–6.0 times as wide as striae, inters-
triae 1, 3, 5, and 7 slightly elevated, weakly convex, interstriae 2, 4, 6, and 8 flat, sur-
face finely punctured. Declivital region essentially as on disc; interstriae narrower.

Vestiture of elytra consisting usually of three types of scales: (1) a dense covering of
small, round, recumbent dark brown to white scales, (2) numerous fine, recumbent to
semierect, usually dark brown setae scattered between the scales, and (3) a uniseriate,
median interstrial row of longer, white, curved, erect setae, these especially evident on
interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7. Color pattern very variable but usually some variation of the
following: dark brown scales on interstriae 1 and 2, lighter brown scales on remaining
interstriae, with small patches of very dark brown scales or setae, or both, sometimes all
scales are light brown, with several small scattered patches of dark brown scales, some-
times also with small, scattered patches of white scales.
Distribution. Sitona californius occurs in southern British Columbia and south-
ern Alberta, south throughout the western and southwestern United States to northern
Baja California and the state of Mexico, east in the United States through the Great
Plains to Georgia and northern Florida. It is apparently absent from the midwestern
30 31
Figs. 30, 31. S californius; 30, 8th female sternite; 31, apex of aedeagus.
185

Fig. 32. Sitona californius. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
186
and northeastern United States and eastern Canada.

Canadian records: Alberta: Drumheller, Taber. British Columbia: Creston,
Eholt, Goldstream, Metchosin (Camas Hill), Oak Bay, Oliver, Osoyoos, Saanich,
Vancouver, Vernon, Victoria.
Comments. This is a very common native species that is recorded from native
lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus), Ceanothus divaricata, and from a variety of plants such
as plum leaves, peach fruit, crab-apple leaf, alfalfa, apple, wild sunflower, buds of
fruit trees, on Lotus scoparius, on Eleocharis macrostachya, and others. It evidently
is not recognized as an economic pest, although the recorded host range suggests it
could be a potential pest under the right conditions.
Adults of S. californius are distinguished from the other species of Sitona by the
larger, more slender body, by the pronotum being much narrower than the elytral
bases, by the distinctly biconcave apex of the rostrum, and by the variegated color pat-
tern of the elytra. The apex of the aedeagus and the shape of the eighth abdominal seg-
ment of the female are distinctive (Figs. 30, 31).
The elytral vestiture consists of densely placed, recumbent, brownish to off-
white, round scales intermixed with recumbent, usually dark setae and with more
erect, slightly longer, white setae arranged in a somewhat irregular median row on the
first and alternate interstriae. There is considerable variation in this basic scheme. The
erect, white, interstrial setae may be absent or only barely visible. The color pattern is
often a variegated pattern with light and dark setae blending into one another, with no
clear discrete borders between colors, or may have very distinct black or dark brown
spots surrounded by light brown or off-white scales.
Map 33. Collection localities for Sitona californius.
187
The median line of the pronotum almost always has a vitta of white scales, while
the remainder of the pronotal surface bears scattered white scales among the abundant
dark scales. Sometimes all of the pronotal scales (except those on the median line)
may be dark in color with intermixed dark brown, recumbent setae. White scales are
often clustered into a lateral vitta also.
Sitona cylindricollis Fåhraeus, 1840

Figs. 33, 34, 88; Map 34
Sitones cylindricollis Fåhraeus, 1840: 269.

Sitona cylindricollis: Bird (1947: 5–11); Hoffmann (1950: 415–416); Fridrich

(1965: 20–22); Dieckmann (1980: 301); Hatch (1971: 271); Smreczyński (1981: 271);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45); McNamara (1991: 331); Bright (1994: 298); Downie
and Arnett (1996: 1487); Palm (1996: 299); Morris (1997: 58); Majka et al. (2007a).
Sitones procerus Casey, 1888: 284. Bright (1994: 298).
Sitona alpinensis Tanner, 1987: 170. Bright (1989: 77).
black to light brown, antennae, tibiae, and tarsus dark to light reddish brown. Surface
of rostrum flat, lower third shallowly bisulcate, with a distinct, weakly indicated,
median carina between apical concavities; lateral edges of apical concavities distinct-
ly elevated, forming a short ridge extending to just below level of ventral edge of
eyes; surface shiny, with large, deep, close, punctures, each with a curved, flat, white
scale, these scales becoming very small and narrowly elongate toward apical concav-
ities. Eyes moderately prominent, convex, distance across eyes equal to 0.9 times
width of pronotum at anterior edge. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at
middle; sides slightly, evenly arcuate; disc evenly, weakly convex; surface smooth,
shiny, with numerous, moderate-sized, deeply impressed, close punctures, with
Map 34. Collection localities for Sitona cylindricollis.
188
numerous, recumbent, brown or white scales and brown setae, white scales often
forming an indistinct median and sublateral vitta. Elytra 1.8–1.9 times as long as
wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; humeri slightly indicated; strial
punctures small, weakly impressed, each with a minute seta; discal interstriae 5.0–6.0
times as wide as striae, weakly convex, surface finely punctured. Declivity broadly
convex, surface as on disc. Vestiture of elytra consisting of abundant, recumbent,
small, light brown to white scales intermixed with numerous, fine, brown, recumbent
setae.
Distribution. Sitona cylindricollis occurs in every province, except
Newfoundland, south of latitude 55º N, and probably occurs in every state in the
United States. This introduced species is common throughout Europe and western
Asia.
Canadian records: Alberta: Acme, Ardmore, Calahoo, Calgary, Chappice Lake,
Chilliwack, Clover Bay, Coaldale, Clyde, Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Dayton,
Edmonton, Elkwater Lake, Etison, Fort Mcleod, Fort McMurray, George Lake, Ghost
Dam, Judson, Lethbridge, Manyberries, Medicine Hat, Paine Lake, Pincher, Pocoka,
Purple Springs, Scandia, Stettler, Tofield, Wabamun Lake Provincial Park, Waterton
Lakes National Park, Writing in Stone Provincial Park. British Columbia: Argenta,
Creston, Elko, Kamloops, Oliver, Osoyoos, Summerland. Manitoba: Anola, Birds Hill
Provincial Park, Brandon, Deloraine, Falcon Lake, Glenboro, Île des Chenes, Lake
Manitoba Narrows, Mafeking, Minnedosa, Ninette, Sandilands Provincial Forest, Shilo,

Steinbach, Treesbank, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis. New Brunswick: Killoween,
Kouchibouguac National Park, Shediac. Northwest Territories: Fort Smith, Highway
1 (254 km northwest of junction of Hwy. 3). Nova Scotia: Halifax, Newport,
Orangedale, Sydney. Ontario: Arnprior, Bancroft, Bruce Mines, Carleton Place,
Constance Bay, Cumberland, Echo Bay, Grand Bend, Kanata, London, Markham,
Marmora, Mer Blue, Ottawa, Pelee Island, Pembroke, Presqu’ile Provincial Park, Prince
Edward County, Rockliffe, Simcoe, Temamami, Toronto, Victoria Harbor, Walpole
Island. Prince Edward Island: Bedeque, Charlottetown, Millvale, North Rustico,
Pinette. Quebec: Aylmer, Cadillac, Cap-Rouge, Covey Hill, Gatineau, Hull, Gracefield,
Hemmingford, Knowlton, Laprairie, Les Becquets, Métabetchouan, Montreal, Port-au-
Saumon, Richelieu, Rigaud, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, St-Félicien, St-Placide, Venosta.
Saskatchewan: Assiniboia, Borden, Cypress Lake, Elbow, Great Deer, Red Deer River
(Highway 3), Regina, Saskatoon, Sheho, Swift Current, Tompkins, Weyburn. Yukon
Territory: Dawson, Mayo Airport, Selkirk.
33 34
Figs. 33, 34. S. cylindricollis; 33, 8th female sternite; 34, apex of aedeagus.
189
Comments. Sitona cylindricollis is commonly known as the sweet-clover weevil

and is an extremely important pest of sweet-clover. It is a European species that was
first reported from North America in 1924 at Hemmingford, Quebec (Bird 1947). It
was first reported from the United States in 1935 at Middlebury, Vermont. It rapidly
spread westward and reached British Columbia by 1953 (Hatch 1971).
The biology and economic damage of S. cylindricollis has been summarized by
Campbell et al. (1989), and the reader is referred to this publication for more informa-
tion. This species occurs mainly on sweet-clover (Melilotus spp.) but also is found on
alfalfa, alsike clover, and black medick when sweet-clover is unavailable.
Adults of S. cylindricollis are easily recognized by the elytral vestiture, which
consists of abundant, recumbent scales intermixed with short, recumbent setae. No

erect or semierect setae or scales are present on the elytral surface. The apex of the
aedeagus and the shape of the eighth abdominal segment of the female are distinctive
(Figs. 33, 34).
Sitona flavescens (Marsham, 1802)

Figs. 35–37; Map 35
Curculio flavescens Marsham, 1802: 311.

Sitona flavescens: LeConte (1876: 115); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 142);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45); Bright (1994: 283).
Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, 1834: 104. Hatch (1971: 272); O’Brien and Wibmer
black; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi dark reddish black. Surface of rostrum flat on upper
two-thirds, lower third shallowly bisulcate, with a distinct, weakly elevated, longitu-
dinal carina between apical concavities; lateral edges of apical concavities distinctly
elevated, straight, extending almost to level of ventral edge of eyes; surface dull,
densely reticulate, with numerous, close, small punctures, each with a curved, flat,
yellowish scale, these scales becoming slender toward apical concavities. Eyes con-
vex, distance across eyes equal to 0.9 times width of pronotum at anterior edge.
Pronotum 0.9 times as wide as long to as long as wide, widest at middle; sides even-
35 36
Figs. 35, 36. S. flavescens; 35, 8th female sternite; 36, apex of aedeagus.
190

Fig. 37. Sitona flavescens. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
191
ly, strongly arcuate; disc evenly, weakly convex; surface dull, densely, minutely retic-
ulate between small, close, impressed punctures, each puncture with an elongate,
recumbent, yellowish scale. Elytra 1.6–1.7 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcu-
ate; apex narrowly rounded; humeri slightly indicated; strial punctures small, close,
weakly impressed; discal interstriae 5.0–6.0 or more times as wide as striae, surface
densely reticulate; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 very slightly convex, very weakly elevated,
2, 4, and 6 flat to slightly convex. Declivital region as on disc. Vestiture of elytra con-
sisting of abundant, flat, recumbent scales intermixed with sparse, very narrow
(almost hairlike) scales; scales mostly golden or reddish, white scales more abundant
along costal surface or in scattered spots; third interstria often with only narrow hair-
like scales.
Distribution. Sitona flavescens occurs throughout Canada, mainly south of 50º

latitude, and across the United States, south to southern California, New Mexico, and
North Carolina. Introduced from Europe.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Cultus Lake, Cypress Hills, Lethbridge.
British Columbia: Agassiz, Bald Mountain (Kootenay District), Elgin, Kamloops,
Kelowna, Mission City, Nicomen, Oliver, Summerland, Trinity Valley, Vernon,
Victoria. Manitoba: Reynolds. New Brunswick: Bathurst, Fredericton,
Kouchibouguac National Park, Mispec Beach, St. John, Tabusintac, Tracadie.
Newfoundland: Avalon Peninsula, Bishop Falls, Codroy, Come By Chance, Cooks
Bk., Cornerbrook, Cowhead, Deer Lake, Fogo Tilting, Gambo, Gander, Garnish,
Glenbournie, Goobies, Grand Bend, Haricot, Harmon Field, Holyrood, Lethbridge,
Little Bay Island, Millertown Junction, Newhead, Pacquet, Port Saunders,
Pushthrough, South Branch, Spaniards Bay, Stephenville Crossing, St. Fintans, St.
John’s, Terrenceville, Topsail. Nova Scotia: Cow Bay, Dartmouth, Fort Maitland,
Kentville, Louisbourg, Queens County, Sydney, Waverley, Yarmouth. Ontario:
Arnprior, Baptiste Lake, Brent, Constance Bay, Gogama, Hastings County,
Manitouwadge, Marmora, Niagara, Ottawa, Parkhill, Prince Edward County,
Ridgeway, St. Catherines, Toronto, Trenton, Wawa. Prince Edward Island:
Cavendish, Charlottetown, Harrington, Indian River, Launching, Long River, Souris,
St.-Patricks, Summerside, Toronto, Upton, Woodville Mills. Quebec: Alcove, Aylmer,
Map 35. Collection localities for Sitona flavescens.
192
Bonaventure Island, Brome, Covey Hill, Duparquet, Hudson Heights, Iberville,

Kazabazua, Knowlton, Masson, Montreal, Ste-Anne-de-Bellvue, St-Eustache.
Comments. Confusion regarding the valid name for this species was summarized
by Bright (1994). We have decided to maintain usage of Sitona flavescens in order to
maintain nomenclatural stability, although other workers outside of North America
(e.g., Barratt et al. 1996) have used S. lepidus as the valid name for this species. Sitona
flavescens was first recorded in North American by Crotch (1873) and is now one of
the most common species found on clovers, alfalfa, and many other leguminous
plants. The biology has been summarized by Davidson and Lyon (1979) and
Campbell et al. (1989). The apex of the aedeagus and the shape of the eighth abdom-
inal segment of the female are distinctive (Figs. 35, 36).
Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius, 1777)

Figs. 38–40; Map 36
Curculio hispidulus Fabricius, 1777: 226.

Sitona hispidulus: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 140); Hatch (1971: 271–272);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45); McNamara (1991: 331); Bright (1994: 288); Downie
and Arnett (1996: 1487); Palm (1996: 290); Morris (1997: 51); Majka et al. (2007a).
black; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi usually dark reddish black. Surface of rostrum even-
ly convex, surface below level of antennal insertions very slightly concave, without
carina; sides of rostrum not elevated; surface dull, with large, deep punctures, each of
these with a semierect, light brown or white seta, surface between punctures bearing
small, flat, recumbent scales, these generally absent on rostral tip. Eyes weakly con-
Map 36. Collection localities for Sitona hispidulus.
193
vex, distance across eyes equal to 0.9 of width of pronotum at anterior edge. Pronotum
1.2 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides evenly, strongly arcuate; disc weak-
ly convex; surface shiny, with large, deep, scattered punctures, each of these bearing
a stout, erect seta, interspaces densely clothed with whitish scales, white scales form-
ing a distinct median vitta, which blends into white scales on pleural area. Elytra 1.5
times as long as wide; sides parallel on basal two-thirds, sometimes slightly arcuate;
apex narrowly rounded; humeri distinctly evident; strial punctures large, deeply
impressed, usually not visible because of dense surface scales, each puncture with a
small recumbent seta; discal interstriae about 1.5–2.0 times as wide as striae, surface
densely micro-punctate. Declivital region as on disc. Vestiture consisting of very
dense, small, scales that completely cover interstriae and striae and a median, inters-
trial row of long, erect setae; scales all whitish or infrequently a few light brown scales
evident, these sometimes forming indistinct brownish spots.
Distribution. Sitona hispidulus occurs transcontinentally, with rare occurrences
as far north as central Alaska and northern British Columbia and as far south as east-
ern Mexico. This species was introduced in North America in 1875 (Hatch 1971).
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Beaver. Alberta: Lethbridge, Taber.
British Columbia: Agassiz, Bowser, Castlegar, Colwood, Cowichan Lake, Creston,
Duncan, Enderby, Errington, Grand Forks, Horseshoe Bay, Kelowna, Ladysmith,
Metchosin (Camas Hill), Mission City, Nelway, New Westminster, Osoyoos, Oliver,
Penticton, Robson, Saanich, Salmon Arm, Sidney, Squamish, Sumas, Summerland,

Terrace, Thetis Island, Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Vernon, Victoria, Wynndel. New
Brunswick: Bathurst, Cow Bay, Fredericton, Tatamagouche, Williamstown.
Newfoundland: Cooks Bk. Curling, South Branch. Northwest Territories:
MacKenzie River. Nova Scotia: Dartmouth, Newport, South Ohio, Sydney, Sydney
Mines, Truro, Tusket, Yarmouth. Ontario: Arnprior, Arran Lake, Aylmer, Black
Sturgeon Lake, Britannia, Burlington, Chatham, Chatterton, Cobden, Constance Bay,
Eramosa, Gogama, Lakefield, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Leamington,
Manitouwadge, Marmora, Mer Blue, Ottawa, Pinery Park, Prince Edward County,
Southampton, South March, Stratford, Trenton, Ventnor, Vineland Station. Prince
Edward Island: Cavendish Sandspit, Charlottetown, Grahams Road, Harrington,
Launching, Indian River, O’Leary, New Glasgow, New London Bay, Newport, North
Rustico, Summerside, St. Patricks, Upton, Wood Islands, Woodville Mills. Quebec:
Aylmer, Beauharnois, Lac Bouchette, Brome, Chelsea, Cookshire, Covey Hill,
Duparquet, Gaspé, Gatineau Park, Kazabazua, Montreal, Rigaud, Ste-Anne-de-
38 39
Figs. 38, 39. S. hispidulus; 38, 8th female sternite; 39, apex of aedeagus.
194

Fig. 40. Sitona hispidulus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
195
Bellvue, St-Etienne, St-Joachim. Saskatchewan: Glen Ewen, Pilote Butte, Punnichy,

Regina, Roche Percée.
Comments. Sitona hispidulus is commonly known as the clover root curculio. It
is a European species that was first reported from North America in New Jersey
(Hatch 1971). It has since spread across the continent and has become a serious pest
of clover, alfalfa, and other forage legumes. The biology and economic damage of this
species have been thoroughly reviewed by Campbell et al. (1989).
Adults of S. hispidulus are easily recognized by the presence of a median row of
long, erect setae in each elytral interstria (Fig. 40). This is the only species of Sitona
in Canada with this character. In addition, adults are distinguished by the very weak-
ly convex eyes and by the stout body shape. The apex of the aedeagus and the shape
of the eighth abdominal segment of the female are distinctive (Figs. 38, 39).
Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Figs. 41, 42, 89; Map 37
Curculio lineatus Linnaeus, 1758: 385.

Sitona lineatus: Hatch (1971: 269–270); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45);
McNamara (1991: 331); Bright (1994: 292); Palm (1996: 292); Morris (1997: 58).
color variable, from all black to all light brown or head and pronotum black to dark
brown, elytra light brown, antenna, tibiae, and tarsi reddish, femora black with red-
dish base. Surface of rostrum flat on upper two-thirds, lower third distinctly bisulcate,
with an indistinct, median carina between apical concavities; lateral edges of apical
concavities distinctly elevated, forming an arcuate ridge; surface shiny, with close,
large, deep punctures, each puncture with a semierect, flat, narrow scale; interspaces
with narrow, flat, recumbent scales, these sparser and smaller in apical concavities,
intermixed with a few long, erect, scattered setae. Eyes moderately convex, distance
across eyes equal to 0.9 times width of pronotum at anterior edge. Pronotum 1.1 times
as wide as long, widest slightly behind middle; sides evenly, strongly arcuate; disc even-
ly convex; surface shiny, with large, close, deeply impressed punctures, each with a for-
ward-pointing, semierect, flattened seta, interspaces with large, oval, flat, recumbent,
41 42
Figs. 41, 42. S. lineatus; 41, 8th female sternite; 42, apex of aedeagus.
196
white or off-white to brown scales, the white scales denser, usually forming a median
and a sublateral vitta, the off-white to brown scales usually smaller, sparser. Elytra 1.8
times as long as wide; sides parallel on basal half, broadly rounded; apex narrowly
rounded; humeri slightly indicated; strial punctures small, weakly impressed, each bear-
ing a minute seta; discal interstriae 5.0–6.0 times as wide as striae, all evenly, weakly
convex, surface finely punctured. Declivital region as on disc. Vestiture of elytra con-
sisting of intermixed small, elongate scales and recumbent to semierect, flattened setae,
the setae as long as to slightly longer than scales, scales and setae occurring in about
equal numbers. Color pattern variable, usually white scales present on interstriae 3, 5,
and 7 or white scales present only on interstriae 5 and 7, with dark to light brown scales
on interstriae 2, 4, 6, or all scales white or brown with no definite color pattern.
Distribution. Sitona lineatus occurs on southern Vancouver Island, British

Columbia, and on the adjacent mainland and southern Alberta, south to central California
and east to Idaho; also reported from Virginia by Hoebeke and Wheeler (1985). It is
widely distributed throughout Europe, the United Kingdom, and northern Africa.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Bowser, Chilliwack, Cowichan, Cultus
Lake, Hatzic, Royal Oak, Ruskin, Sidney, Vancouver, Victoria. Alberta: Lethbridge,
10 km east of Lethbridge.
Comments. This European weevil was first reported in North America on southern
Vancouver Island in 1936 (Downes 1938). It was taken on the mainland in Washington
and British Columbia in 1942 (Hatch 1971). Sitona lineatus is now common in
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and southern British Columbia; it also occurs in northern
California and in the San Francisco Bay area. It was also collected in coastal areas of
Virginia (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1985). It was taken in southern Alberta in 1997.
Map 37. Collection localities for Sitona lineatus.
197
Sitona lineatus is known commonly as the pea leaf weevil. Adults occur on peas,
beans, sweet peas, alfalfa, various varieties of clover, bird’s foot trefoil, wild and cul-
tivated vetch, chickpea, and has been recorded from thrashed oats. This species has
become established as a serious pest of pea, Pisum sativum. The biology and econom-
ic importance of S. lineatus has been summarized by Campbell et al. (1989) and by
Williams et al. (1991). The reader is referred to these publications for further informa-
tion and for a list of additional pertinent references.
Adults of S. lineatus are readily recognized by the fact that the front coxal cavities
touch the narrow groove located on the ventral surface of the prosternum. This is the
only Canadian species of Sitona with this characteristic. The elytral vestiture consists of
small, oval, recumbent scales intermixed with short, slightly flattened, apically acute,
recumbent setae (Fig. 89). The pronotal vestiture is similar except the setae are more
hairlike. The color pattern is extremely variable, but often has alternating longitudinal
bands of lighter and darker setae on the elytra. These bands may be distinct to vague or
entirely absent, resulting in a uniformly grayish color. The apex of the aedeagus and the
shape of the eighth abdominal segment of the female are distinctive (Figs. 41, 42).
Sitona lineellus (Bonsdorff, 1785)

Figs. 43, 44, 90; Map 38
Curculio lineellus Bonsdorff, 1785: 30.

Sitona lineellus: LeConte (1876: 114); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 143);
McNamara (1991: 331); Bright (1994: 288); Palm (1996: 287); Anderson (1997: 530,
Sitona indifferens Say, 1831: 10. LeConte (1876: 114); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 45).
Sitona scissifrons Say, 1831: 10. LeConte (1876: 114); Hatch (1971: 270); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 45); McNamara (1991: 331); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1487).
Grypidius vittatus Couper, 1865a: 63. Couper (1865b: 33); LeConte (1876: 115);
Becker (1974: 71).
Description. Length 2.9–4.0 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Integument usu-
ally black, sometimes with a reddish tinge; antennae, base and apex of femora, tibiae,
and tarsi reddish. Surface of rostrum generally flat to weakly biconvex on upper two-
thirds, lower third weakly flattened to weakly concave, without a median carina; sides of
rostrum rounded; surface shiny, with large, deep, close punctures, each of these with a
43 44
Figs. 43, 44. S. lineellus; 43, 8th female sternite; 44, apex of aedeagus.
198
curved, semierect, yellowish or brownish scale, surface between punctures bearing

small, white, flat, recumbent scales, these generally smaller, more elongate on rostral tip.
Eyes strongly convex, protuberant, distance across eyes equal to width of pronotum at
anterior edge. Pronotum as long as wide, widest at middle; sides weakly arcuate; disc
weakly convex; surface shiny, with large, deep, close punctures, each of these bearing a
forward-pointing, semierect, narrow, brown scale; scales on interspaces brown or white,
large, oval, recumbent; white scales often form a distinct median vitta and an extensive
lateral vitta. Elytra 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on basal half, broad-
ly rounded behind; apex narrowly rounded; humeri distinctly evident; strial punctures
small, weakly impressed, each with a very small, recumbent seta; discal interstriae weak-
ly convex, about 5.0 or more times as wide as striae, surface densely, finely, micropunc-
tate. Declivital region as on disc. Vestiture very variable, usually consisting of dense,
small, recumbent, interstrial scales, the white scales usually round, the brown scales usu-
ally more slender, arranged in patches, also with a median, interstrial row of longer, more
erect, flattened, white or brown setae, these shorter than width of interstriae, occasional-
ly interstrial scales absent or small, semierect.
Distribution. Sitona lineellus occurs transcontinentally across Canada and the
United States. It also occurs across Europe and Asia.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Butte, Circle, Dawson, Fairbanks, Healy,
Kenai Peninsula, Kukak Bar, Matanuska, Palmer, Pamjartrous, Rampart House,
Skagway, Umiat, Unalakleet. Alberta: Banff, Calahoo, Calgary, Cardston, Clyde,

Crestmore, Crowsnest Pass, Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Edmonton, Elkwater Lake,
Foremost, Fort McMurray, Kananaskis, Lac La Biche, Lac St. Anne, Leduc, Lethbridge,
Manyberries, Medicine Hat, Milk River, Onefour, Peace River, Pincher Creek, Sandy
Point, Scandia, Seba Beach, Waterton Lakes National Park, Wrentham. British
Columbia: Agassiz, Alaska Highway (Mile Post 36), Cherryville, Creston, Duncan,
Map 38. Collection localities for Sitona lineellus.
199
Errington, Fort Nelson, Gordon Head, Grand Forks, Ladysmith, Lost Lake (Vancouver
Island), Lotus, Merrit Valley, Nanaimo, Naramata, Oliver, Osoyoos, Parksville,
Penticton, Robson, Royal Oak, Saanich, Salmon Arm, Sidney, Summerland, Tafiac,
Terrace, Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Vernon, Victoria, Wellington. Labrador: Carter
Basin, Melville. Manitoba: Anola, Aweme, Cedar Lake, Gillam, Glenboro, Îles des
Chenes, Ninette, Norway House, Pierson, Riding Mountain National Park, Sandilands,
Shilo, Warless, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis. New Brunswick: Bathurst, Chatham,
Kouchibouguac National Park, Moncton, St. Stephen, Shediac, Tabusintac.
Newfoundland: Raleigh. Northwest Territories: Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Great
Slave Lake, Norman Wells, Reindeer Depot. Nova Scotia: Baddeck, Ingramport,
Newport, Portaupique, Sable Island, Sydney, Sydney Mines, Truro, Tusket. Ontario:
Black Sturgeon Lake, Carleton Place, Cobden, Elgin, Elk Lake, Foleyet, Gogama,
Grimsby Beach, John Pearce Provincial Park, Kapuskasing, Lake Superior Provincial
Park, Manitouwadge, Marmora, Mattagami, Mer Bleu, Moose Factory, Moosonee, New
Liskeard, North Bay, North Gower, Ogoki, Ottawa, Parry Sound, Point Pelee, Port
Arthur, Rainy River, Rockliffe, Rutherglen, Sibley Park, Sioux Narrows, Smoky Falls,
Thunder Bay, Toronto, Williamsburg. Prince Edward Island: Bangor, Charlottetown,
Dunk River, Hartsville, Hunter River, Lake of Shining Waters, Launching, Millburn,
Millvale, New London Bay, North Rustico, Peakes, Pinette, Pownal, St. Patricks,
Stanley Bridge, Souris, Toronto, Vernon, Wheatly River, Wood Islands, Woodville Mills.
Quebec: Aylmer, Bonaventure Island, Bouchette, Cadillac, Chibougamau, Covey Hill,
Duparquet, Gaspé, Gatineau Park, Hudson Heights, Île d’Anticosti, Knowlton,

Laprairie, La Sarre, Lévis, Luskville, Mont Albert, Mont Joli, Mont Lyall, Montreal,
Notre-Dame-de-la-Doré, Noyan, Outremont, Rawdon, Ste-Anne-des-Monts, Ste-Foy,
St-Hilaire, St-Lambert, Venosta. Saskatchewan: Asquith, Belongee Creek, Cutknife,
Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Hepburn, Indian Head, Lake Regina, Maple Creek,
Oxbow, Regina, Roche Percee, St. Victor, Saskatoon, Scout Lake, Swift Current, Val
Marie, White Fox, Willow Bunch. Yukon Territory: Alaska Hwy. (km 1706), Campbell
Hwy. (Ross River), Dawson, Dempster Hwy. (Mile 129, Ogilvie River), Johnson’s
Crossing, Klo-Kut (Old Crow area), Klondike River (Dempster Corner), Kluane (Silver
City, Slim’s River Delta), Mayo, Mink Creek, North Canol Road (Tenas Creek), Ogilvie,
6 mi. east of Old Crow, 6 mi. north of Old Crow, Pelly Crossing, Ross River, Silver
Creek, Stewart Crossing, Whitehorse (Wolf Creek), Wolverine Creek (Finlayson River).
Comments. Brown (1967) suggested that the usage of the name S. tibialis for this
species was a misidentification and that S. scissifrons should be used as the valid name
instead. More recently, Bright (1994) determined that S. scissifrons is synonymous
with the European S. lineellus. Therefore, most publications on this species in North
America prior to Bright (1994) used either S. tibialis or S. scissifrons.
Adults of S. lineellus show a well-marked sexual dimorphism. The females are
larger than the males, and the abdomen appears inflated so that from the dorsal aspect
the body appears enlarged and stouter on the apical half. Males are smaller and much
more slender.
Adults of S. lineellus are easily recognized by the smaller body size, by the very
narrow pronotum, by the presence of a median row of narrow, erect, white scales in
200
each elytral interstriae (occasionally, these scales are absent), and by the strongly con-
vex eyes. The typical color pattern, with much variation, is as follows: elytral inters-
triae 1 and 2 each with dense, brownish scales, 3–5 with dense, whitish scales, 6 and
8 with brownish scales as in interstriae 1 and 2, and interstriae 7 and 9 with whitish
scales. The apex of the aedeagus and the shape of the eighth abdominal segment of
the female are distinctive (Figs. 43, 44).
Adults of Sitona lineellus occur chiefly on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) but also may
be found on vetch (Vicia cracca), and on various varieties of clover, peas, sweet-
clover and many garden plants. The first report of injury by this species in North
America was in 1925 at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, where pea-flower (Caragana
spp.) seedlings were seriously damaged (Anonymous 1925). Serious injury to alfalfa
was subsequently noted, and by 1954, S. lineellus (as S. scissifrons) was noted as an
abundant species in South Dakota (Anonymous 1954). The bionomics of this species
have been reviewed by Loan (1963), Campbell et al. (1989), and Anderson (1997).
Sitona lupinus Sleeper, 1955

Figs. 45, 46
Sitona lupina Sleeper, 1955a: 155.

Sitona luperina: Hatch (1971: 271) [incorrect spelling].
Sitona lupinus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 271); McNamara (1991: 331); Bright
(1994: 303).
Description. Length 4.5–7.0 mm, about 2.4 times as long as wide. Integument gen-
erally black, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi dark reddish brown. Surface of rostrum flat,
deeply bisulcate on lower third, with a distinct, strongly elevated median carina between
apical concavities; lateral edge of apical concavities sharply elevated, forming an acute
ridge bordering apical concavities and extending almost to lower eye level; surface
shiny, with large, deep punctures, each of these with a long, semierect seta, surface
between punctures bearing numerous, large, oval, recumbent scales, these smaller,
sparser in apical concavities, with a few, erect narrowly scalelike setae intermixed. Eyes
moderately convex, distance across eyes equal to 0.9 times width of pronotum at ante-
rior edge. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides weakly arcuate;
disc weakly convex; surface shiny, with large, deep, close, scattered punctures, each of
45 46
Figs 45, 46. S. lupinus; 45, 8th female sternite; 46, apex of aedeagus.
201
these bearing a fine, forward-pointing seta, interspaces minutely punctured to minutely

rugulose, densely clothed with large, oval, recumbent white to brown scales, the white
scales usually more densely placed on a median and sublateral vitta, brown scales scat-
tered but somewhat more concentrated along sides, with longer, erect setae scattered
between scales. Elytra 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide; sides weakly diverging on basal
half, broadly rounded behind; apex narrowly rounded; humeri slightly indicated, broad-
ly rounded; strial punctures rather large on basal half, becoming smaller on apical por-
tion, distinctly impressed, each with a minute seta; discal interstriae about 4.0–5.0 times
as wide as striae, flat, densely, minutely punctured. Declivital region essentially as on
disc; interstriae narrower. Vestiture of elytra consisting usually of three types of scales:
(1) a dense covering of small, round, recumbent dark brown to white scales; (2) numer-
ous, fine, recumbent to semierect, usually light to dark brown setae scattered between
the scales; and (3) often with a median interstrial row of longer, white, curved, erect
setae, these especially evident on interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7.
Distribution. Sitona lupinus occurs from southern British Columbia to Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Creston.
Comments. The adults of S. lupinus are almost identical in appearance to those
of S. californius. However, the aedeagus and the eighth sternite of the female show
distinct and consistent differences (compare Figs. 30 and 31 with 45 and 46). Adults
of S. lupinus seem to be less densely pubescent on the elytra, especially seen in the
absence or low frequency of erect white setae on the elytral interstriae; the rostral cav-
ities are very slightly deeper, with a more acutely elevated lateral edge, and the adults
average smaller than those of S. californius. Nevertheless, because of the variability
of S. californius, the two species are almost impossible to distinguish by external fea-
tures. The host and distribution may assist in separating the two; S. californius occurs
on a wide variety of plants throughout most of North America, whereas S. lupinus has
been recorded only from Lupinus sericeus and is presently known only from the type
locality in British Columbia and a small series from Oregon.
Sitona vittatus LeConte, 1857

Sitones vittatus LeConte, 1857: 54.
Sitona vittatus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45); Bright (1989: 77).
Sitones sordidus LeConte, 1857: 54. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitona sordidus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones varians Casey, 1888: 283. Bright (1989: 77).
Sitona varians: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones margaritosus Casey, 1888: 284. Bright (1994: 300).
Sitona margaritosus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones eximius Casey, 1888: 286. Bright (1994: 300).
Sitona eximius: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones montanus Casey, 1888: 287. Bright (1994: 300).
Sitona montanus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
202
Sitones alternans Casey, 1888: 288. Bright (1994: 300).

Sitona alternans: Emden and Emden (1939: 301); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones osculans Casey, 1888: 290. Bright (1994: 300).
Sitona osculans: Emden and Emden (1939: 301); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Sitones sparsus Casey, 1888: 283. Bright (1994: 300).
Sitona sparsus: Emden and Emden (1939: 301); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 45).
Description. Length 3.5–4.4 mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Integument gen-
erally black; antennae, tibiae, and tarsus reddish brown. Surface of rostrum flat on upper
two-thirds, lower third distinctly acutely impressed in shape of an inverted “Y,” with an
indistinct, weakly elevated, longitudinal carina between apical concavities; lateral edges
of apical concavities distinctly elevated, straight, extending almost to level of ventral

edge of eyes; surface shiny, with large, deep, close punctures, each with a curved, flat,
whitish scale, these scales becoming slender toward apical concavities. Eyes strongly
convex, distance across eyes about equal to width of pronotum at anterior edge.
Pronotum as long as wide, widest at middle; sides slightly, evenly arcuate; disc evenly,
weakly convex; surface smooth, shiny, with numerous, moderate-sized, deeply
impressed, close punctures, with numerous, recumbent setae, intermixed with a dense
cover of flat, nearly round scales, white scales often forming a distinct median and indis-
tinct sublateral vitta. Elytra 1.8–1.9 times as long as wide; sides broadly arcuate; apex
narrowly rounded; humeri slightly indicated; strial punctures small, close, weakly
impressed; discal interstriae about 4.0 times as wide as striae, distinctly convex, surface
finely punctured. Declivity broadly convex, surface as on disc. Vestiture of elytra con-
sisting of numerous, small, recumbent, light brown to white scales intermixed with
numerous, semierect, flattened setae, usually also with a median row of slightly longer,
more erect, white setae on interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.
Distribution. Sitona vittatus occurs from southern British Columbia to southern
California, east to western Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona, possibly occurs south and
east as far as Texas.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Victoria.
Comments. Adults of S. vittatus are readily recognized by the acutely impressed
rostral apex and by the weakly elevated alternate elytral interstriae. Some specimens
may superficially resemble those of S. californius, but in addition to the characters
mentioned above, the adults of S. vittatus are smaller in size.
The species is of no economic importance.
Tribe Tanymecini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Minyomerus Horn, 1876
Minyomerus Horn, 1876: 17. Type species: Minyomerus innocuus Horn, 1876,
subsequent designation by Pierce (1913: 400). LeConte (1883: 437); Pierce (1913:
400); Arnett (1962: 996); Kissinger (1964: 30); Hatch (1971: 276); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 46); McNamara (1991: 331); Howden (1993: 2); Alonso-Zarazaga and
203
Lyal (1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).

Elissa Casey, 1888: 271. Type species: Elissa laticeps Casey, 1888, subsequent
designation by Pierce (1913: 400). Kissinger (1964: 30); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).
Pseudelissa Casey, 1888: 273. Type species: Pseudelissa cinerea Casey, 1888 (=
Minyomerus languidus Horn, 1876), monotypy. Pierce (1909: 359); Alonso-Zarazaga
Description. Body moderately large, elongate; surface densely scaly, with a
crusty coating. Head constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, very short, broad,
expanded slightly at antennal insertions; surface flat, rugulose, densely scaly.
Mandibles bearing a distinct, oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed, curving below
eyes. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, slightly shorter than funicle,
densely scaly; funicle 7-segmented, segments densely scaly, intermixed with erect,
bristle-like setae; club conical, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex.
Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge in lateral view straight, with a small group
of long, stout setae (postocular bristles) just behind or touching eye; discal surface
uneven, roughly sculptured. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible; humeral angles
rounded; discal surface densely covered with scales and often with a varnish-like coat-
ing, strial punctures not visible. Front legs similar in length to other legs. Tibia round-
ed at apex, mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Minyomerus contains six species in North America, most of which

are distributed in the southwestern portions of the United States and in Mexico. Only
one species occurs in Canada. Although nothing is known of the life history or habits
of any species, Casey (1888) incorrectly suggested that the species are semi-aquatic.
Kissinger (1964) stated that specimens (species not given) were collected on
Gutierrezia spp.
Members of this genus may be recognized by the densely scaly body surface, by
the very short rostrum, and by the small size of the adult.
Minyomerus innocuus Horn, 1876

Fig. 91
Minyomerus innocuus Horn, 1876: 18. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 46);
McNamara (1991: 331); Howden (1993: 2).
distinctly shorter than head width (lateral view); surface completely concealed by
small, white to light brown, broad, recumbent scales intermixed with sparse, semi-
erect, flattened, narrow scales. Surface of frons completely concealed by scales simi-
lar to those on rostrum. Antennal scape with abundant, broad scales. Pronotum about
1.1 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate; discal surface con-
vex, with a weakly impressed, longitudinal, median line, entire surface completely
covered with abundant, small, white to dark brown scales and with short, sparse, semi-
erect, narrow, flattened scales intermixed. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; surface
204
completely concealed by dense, overlapping, light to dark brown scales; each inters-
tria with a median row of short, flattened scales, interstria 2, 4, and 6 appearing weak-
ly impressed, scales in median row shorter or lighter than those in even numbered
interstria. Declivity evenly convex, narrow; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Minyomerus innocuus is known from southern Alberta, south
through the western United States to New Mexico.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Medicine Hat, Suffield.
Comments. The antennal scape of adults of M. innocuus is very densely covered
by overlapping scales and often with what appears to be a dull coating, whereas the
funicle of the adults of Pandeleteius and Tanymecus is shiny, with semierect, slender
scales or setae.
Genus Pandeleteius Schönherr, 1834

Pandeleteius Schönherr, 1834: 129. Type species: Pandeleteius pauperculus
Gyllenhal, 1834 (= Curculio hilaris Herbst, 1797), original designation. Champion
(1911: 185–206); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 119); Howden (1959); Arnett (1962: 997);
Kissinger (1964: 30); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 48); Howden (1993: 5); Downie and
Pandeletius Agassiz, 1846: 272 [unjustified emendation of Pandeleteius

Schönherr]. Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).
Menetypus Kirsch, 1868: 223. Type species: Menetypus hadromeroides Kirsch,
1868, monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).
Pandeletius Gemminger and Harold, 1871: 2208 [unjustified emendation of
Pandeleteius Schönherr]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).
Pandeletejus Horn, 1876: 86 [unjustified emendation of Pandeleteius Schönherr].
Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 179); Anderson (2002: 780).
Description. Body small to moderate in size, elongate; surface densely scaly.
Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, very short, broad, not especially
expanded at antennal insertions, with a well-defined epistoma; surface convex to flat,
with an impressed, median, longitudinal groove, rugulose and densely scaly.
Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes deeply impressed, curving below eyes.
Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, slightly shorter than funicle, with
short, fine setae or narrow scales; funicle 7-segmented, segments densely scaly, inter-
mixed with erect, bristle-like setae; club conical, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round,
strongly convex. Pronotum elongate, about as long as wide; anterior edge arcuate in
lateral view, with distinct, stout setae (postocular bristles) just behind or touching eye;
discal surface uneven, roughly sculptured. Elytra narrow, elongate; scutellum not vis-
ible; humeral angles prominent; discal surface densely covered with scales and often
with a varnish-like coating, strial punctures distinct. Front legs greatly elongate, front
femur often greatly enlarged. Tibia truncate, slightly expanded at apex, mucronate at
inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Adults of Pandeleteius are readily recognized by the distinctly separat-
205
ed front coxae, by the very elongate front legs, by the well-developed epistoma, and by
the presence of distinct postocular bristles on the anterior edge of the prothorax. Two
subgenera have been designated; all species of this genus from north of Mexico are
placed in the nominate subgenus; species from Central America and northern South
America are placed in the subgenus Exmenetypus Voss or the nominate subgenus.
Adults of Pandeleteius are often collected by beating Quercus species. Other
broadleaf trees may also serve as hosts, and some species are associated with various
Fabaceae.
Howden (1959) revised this genus and lists 13 species from North America, most
of which are found in the southwestern portions of the United States and Mexico.
Only one species occurs in Canada.
Pandeleteius hilaris (Herbst, 1797)

Fig. 92; Map 39
Curculio hilaris Herbst, 1797: 58.

Hadromerus hilaris: Say (1831: 10).
Pandeleteius hilaris: Horn (1876: 86); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 120); Howden
(1959: 404); Howden (1993: 5); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 48); McNamara (1991:
331); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1488).

Pandeleteius pauperculus Gyllenhal, 1834: 130.
distinctly shorter than head width (lateral view). Epistoma extends anteriorly in a “V.”
Surface of frons and rostrum with scattered deep punctures, completely covered by
small, white to light brown, broad, recumbent scales and sparse, semierect, flattened,
narrow scales. Antennal scape and funicle with fine, hairlike setae. Pronotum about
1.1 times as long as wide, widest slightly behind middle; sides broadly, evenly arcu-
Map 39. Collection localities for Pandeleteius hilaris.
206
ate; discal surface foveate-punctate, completely covered with abundant, small, white
to dark brown scales and with intermixed short, sparse, semierect, narrow, flattened
scales. Elytra 1.6–1.8 times as long as wide; humeri distinct; discal surface complete-
ly concealed by dense, overlapping, light to dark brown scales; discal striae distinct-
ly impressed, with deeply impressed punctures; each discal interstria with a median
row of short, flattened scales, discal interstriae 3 and 5 weakly elevated. Declivity
evenly convex, narrow, with sutural interstria distinctly elevated; surface as on disc.
Front legs enlarged; femora weakly bowed; inner surface of each front tibia with 7–14
small teeth, sometimes minute granules may be interspersed among them, and with
dense setae sometimes obscuring teeth.
Distribution. Pandeleteius hilaris occurs throughout eastern North America,

from Ontario and Quebec, south to central Florida, and west to Texas, Oklahoma, and
Iowa.
Canadian records: Ontario: Addington and Lennox County, Chatterton, Fonthill,
Hastings County, Maberly, Marmora, Northumberland County, Prince Edward
County, Queenston, Turkey Point, Walsingham. Quebec: Gatineau Park, Luskville.
Comments. This is the only species of this genus that occurs in Canada. The
color pattern of adults of P. hilaris is variable, but adults can be easily recognized by
the densely scaly, elongate body, by the very long, enlarged front legs, by the very
short rostrum with a V-shaped epistoma extending beyond rostrum, and by the pres-
ence of a row of densely placed stout setae on the anterior edge of the prothorax just
behind the eyes.
The common name of P. hilaris is the gray-sided oak weevil. Oak (Quercus spp.)
is the most common host of adults of this species, although they have also been asso-
ciated with hickory (Carya sp.), chestnut (Castanea dentata and C. pumila), beech,
smart-weed (Polygonum spp.), and Ceanothus spp. (Blatchley and Leng 1916;
Howden 1959). The smart-weed record above is probably an incidental occurrence,
and the Ceanothus spp. record probably refers to other, misidentified Pandeleteius
species. In Ontario and Quebec, P. hilaris occurs only within the limited range of the
white oak (Quercus alba) (Howden 1995). Adults feed on leaves of both white oak
and red oak (Quercus rubra).
Howden (1995) described the ovipositional behavior and illustrated the reproduc-
tive tract of this species.
Genus Tanymecus Germar, 1817

Tanymecus Germar, 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio palliatus Fabricius, 1787,
subsequent designation by Schönherr (1823: 1144). Blatchley and Leng (1916: 118);
Horn (1876: 83); Arnett (1962: 996); Howden (1993: 2); Kissinger (1964: 30);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 46); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1487); Alonso-Zarazaga
Description. Body moderately large in size, narrow; surface densely scaly. Head
207
not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, very short, broad, not especially expanded at
antennal insertions, and without a well-defined epistoma; surface weakly convex to flat,
punctured, rugulose, densely scaly. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes
deeply impressed, curved below eyes. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped,
distinctly shorter than funicle, with short, fine setae; funicle 7-segmented, segments with
fine setae; club conical, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, strongly convex. Pronotum
longer than wide; anterior edges arcuate in lateral view, with distinct, stout setae (pos-
tocular bristles) just behind or touching eye; discal surface even, densely punctured.
Elytra narrow, elongate; scutellum visible; humeral angles prominent; discal surface
densely covered with scales, strial punctures distinct. Front legs not greatly elongate or
broader than others. Tibia rounded, slightly expanded at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Tanymecus contains four North American species, only one of which
occurs in Canada. This widely distributed genus contains three subgenera (Alonso-
Zarazaga and Lyal 1999). The New World fauna has not been assigned to subgenera
in the literature (Howden 1993), and we do not use subgenera in this work.
Adults are readily recognized by the presence of distinct postocular bristles on the
anterior edge of the prothorax, by the lack of a distinct epistoma bordered by an acute
carina, by the densely scaly body, and by the larger body size.
Adults of Tanymecus are often collected from under ground cover and by beating
vegetation.
Tanymecus confusus Say, 1831

Fig. 93
Tanymecus confusus Say, 1831: 9. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 46); McNamara
(1991: 331); Howden (1993: 3); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1487).
Tanymecus confertus Gyllenhal, 1834: 88. Horn (1876: 84); Blatchley and Leng
(1916: 119).
Tanymecus variabilis Fåhraeus, 1840: 241. Champion (1911: 179).
Description. Length 5.0–7.0 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Rostrum dis-
tinctly shorter than head width (lateral view). Surface of frons and rostrum with a
short, weakly elevated, longitudinal carina on lower half, apex of rostrum weakly con-
cave; surface with dense, fine punctures, and with small, white to light brown, narrow,
recumbent scales. Antennal scape and funicle with fine, hairlike setae. Pronotum
about 1.1 times as long as wide, widest slightly before middle; sides broadly arcuate
before middle; discal surface closely punctured, with abundant, small, white to dark
brown scales. Elytra about 1.7 times as long as wide; humeri distinct; discal surface
with overlapping, light to dark brown, recumbent scales; discal striae distinctly
impressed, with moderately deep impressed punctures; discal interstria 1 weakly ele-
vated. Declivity evenly convex, sloping, with sutural interstria weakly, distinctly ele-
vated; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Tanymecus confusus occurs in the Northwest Territories,
208
Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, south throughout most of the United States except
absent in the far west and possibly in the Rocky Mountains. McNamara (1991) also
recorded this species from Alberta. Although we could not confirm this provincial
record, we believe that T. confusus could indeed occur in Alberta, and we have kept
the record in the Appendix.
Canadian records: Manitoba: Glenboro, Winnipeg. Northwest Territories:
Territorial record only. Saskatchewan: Willow Branch.
Comments. Adults of T. confusus bear a superficial resemblance to those of some
species of Sitona; however, they are not remotely related. Adults of T. confusus are
recognized by the short, weakly elevated carina on the lower portion of the frons and
rostrum, by the larger body size, and by the presence of a brush of postocular bristles
on the anterior edge of the prothorax.
Tribe Thecesternini Lacordaire, 1863

Genus Thecesternus Say, 1831
Thecesternus Say, 1831: 8. Type species: Brachycerus humeralis Say, 1826,
monotypy. LeConte (1876: 12); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 516); Arnett (1962: 975,
1014); Kissinger (1964: 39); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 71); McNamara (1991:
335); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1507); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 183);
Anderson (2002: 781).
Lithodus Germar, 1834: 420. Type species: Lithodus humeralis Germar, 1834,
Thecosternus Gemminger and Harold, 1871: 2342 [unjustified emendation of
Thecesternus Say]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 183); Anderson (2002: 781).
Description. Antennae short, straight; scape club-shaped, shorter than funicle; funi-
cle 6-segmented; club distinct, conical. Rostrum very short, broad, fitting into a very
deep, very large prosternal excavation anterior of front coxae; mandible lacking scar.
Antennal scrobes deeply impressed, curved below eyes. Eyes nearly covered by anteri-
or edges of prothorax. Pronotum about as long as wide; surface uneven, roughly sculp-
tured. Elytra with humeral angles strongly produced anteriorly; scutellum not visible;
dorsal surface roughly sculptured. Prosternum a large triangular plate anterior of front
coxae. Tarsal segments cylindrical, with stout setae at sides; claws free, simple.
Comments. Thecesternus presently contains seven species in North America;
however, the genus is in need of a thorough revision (Anderson 2002). O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982) record one species in Canada (T. affinis); however, McNamara (1991)
lists two species, T. affinis and T. humeralis, both from Alberta. We have examined
over 60 specimens of “T. humeralis” from Alberta, and all fit within our concept of T.
affinis. Specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, fitting the
description of T. humeralis from New Mexico, Nebraska, Wyoming, Kansas,
Missouri, and Colorado were examined.
Thecesternus is a unique genus, easily recognized by the diagnosis given above.
209
This tribe contains, in North America, only one genus. One additional genus with
two species occurs in South America (Wibmer and O’Brien 1986). A key to the seven
North American species is given by Pierce (1909).
These are medium-sized, roughly sculptured weevils, with the antennae only
weakly elbowed, the ventral portion of the prothorax deeply excavated to receive the
rostrum, the prosternum forming a large, triangular plate anterior of the front coxae,
and the tarsal segments all cylindrical.
McClay and Anderson (1985) discuss the biology and describe the immature
stages of Thecesternus hirsutus Pierce. Their observations likely apply, at least in part,
to T. affinis (LeConte). There is one generation a year. The larva is the overwintering
stage. Larvae hatch from eggs laid in the soil surface, burrow down to the host’s roots
on which they feed externally, causing a gall-like swelling at each feeding site, and
construct earthen cells around themselves and the feeding sites. Pupation probably
occurs in the earthen cells.
The phylogenetic position of this tribe has not been adequately determined.
LeConte and Horn (1876) place it in the family Byrsopidae, but no other authors have
followed this arrangement. Blatchley and Leng (1916) place it between the
Cryptorhynchinae and the Cossoninae. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) place it in a sep-
arate subfamily in the more primitive section of the family just before the Hyperinae.
Thompson (1992), in a comprehensive study of the morphology and taxonomy of
weevils, has placed this group in a separate family Cryptolaryngidae. Thecesternus

could conceivably be placed in one of the subfamilies in which the species have a
prosternal excavation into which the rostrum reposes (Cryptorhynchinae, Zygopinae,
etc.), but the structure of the prosternal excavation in this genus is constructed differ-
ently and is not homologous to that of the other subfamilies. Alonso-Zarazaga and
Lyal (1999) and Anderson (2002) place Thecesternus in the Entiminae, and that place-
ment is followed here.
Thecesternus affinis (LeConte, 1856)

Fig. 94
Lithodus affinis LeConte, 1856: 18.

Thecesternus affinis: Pierce (1909: 339); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 71);
McNamara (1991: 335).
Lithodus erosus LeConte, 1856: 18. Pierce (1909: 339).
Lithodus rectus LeConte, 1856: 18. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 71).
Lithodus rudis LeConte, 1856: 18. Pierce (1909: 339).
Lithodus morbillosus LeConte, 1856: 19. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 71).
Description. Length (head excluded) 6.8–8.6 mm, about 2.1–2.2 times as long as
wide. Frons strongly convex above eye and onto vertex. Rostrum very short, very
broad, narrowed toward mandibles, transversely impressed above epistoma, with a
short, deep, median groove; surface dull, with very large, scattered punctures, usual-
210
ly also with dense, brown scales except on apex where long, stout setae arise.
Antennae with fine setae on scape and funicle; club densely pubescent, setae very
short, fine. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long; sides broadly arcuate; discal
surface uneven, with several round depressions and raised areas, with large, deep,
scattered punctures and densely covered by small, brownish scales. Elytra (measured
along suture) about 1.4 times as long as wide; base straight, transverse; apex narrow-
ly rounded; humeral angles distinctly, sometimes strongly, extended forward; striae
with very large, deeply impressed punctures arranged in regular rows; interstriae very
narrow, third and fifth distinctly elevated; discal and lateral surface often strongly
tuberculate; discal surface covered by very small, very dense, brownish scales, with
small erect scales in a median row on each interstria. Legs densely covered by brown
scales and flattened setae; apex of tibia bispinate.

Distribution. Thecesternus affinis is known in Canada only from Alberta and
Saskatchewan; in the United States, this species occurs from Colorado and Montana,
east throughout the central states.
Canadian records: Alberta: Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Milk River, Tp. 11, Rge.
1 W, 4 Mer[idian], Tp. 14, Rge. 25 W, 4 Mer[idian]. Saskatchewan: Claybank, 5 mi.
east of Craven.
Comments. Nothing is known of the habits of T. affinis or of any species in the
genus except for the report by McClay and Anderson (1985) noted above. Adults of
T. affinis are found under stones, or under dried buffalo or cow dung; there is one
report of it attacking grapevines and hickory (Carya) (LeConte and Horn 1883). Six
specimens have been examined from “Thistle” in Alberta, and several additional
Alberta specimens have been examined from Cirsium undulatum.
Tribe Trachyphloeini Gistel, 1848

Genus Cercopedius Sleeper, 1955
Cercopedius Sleeper, 1955b: 291. Type species: Cercopeus artemisiae Pierce,

1910, monotypy. Kissinger (1964: 22); Hatch (1971: 261); O’Brien and Wibmer
(2002: 781).
Description. Body small, stout; surface completely covered with white to light
brown scales. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, as long as width of
head, not expanded at antennal insertions; surface convex, with broad scales.
Mandible not bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes not evident. Antennal scape
straight, elongate, club-shaped, distinctly longer than funicle, with broad scales and
fine setae; funicle 7-segmented, segment 7 wider than long; segments with long, stout
setae; club distinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, weakly convex.
Prothorax wider than long, anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface
smooth, concealed by dense scales. Elytra broad; scutellum not visible; humeral
211
angles rounded; discal surface densely covered by small, round scales and a median
row of fine, erect, hairlike setae in each interstria; strial punctures small, indistinct.
Tibia expanded and with distinct spines at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Cercopedius is placed in the tribe Trachyphloeini but differs from
the other Canadian representatives of the tribe by the lack of a mandibular scar.
Cercopedius contains only one species in North America.
Cercopedius artemisiae (Pierce, 1910)

Fig. 95
Cercopeus artemisiae Pierce, 1910: 365 Campbell et al. (1989: 169).

Cercopedius artemisiae: Sleeper (1955b: 291), Hatch (1971: 261); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 53); McNamara (1991: 332).
Cryptolepidus artemisiae: Campbell et al. (1989: 196).
Lepidopus parvulus Van Dyke, 1936b: 78.
Description. Length 2.8–3.4 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body dark brown
to black, completely covered by large, round, mostly white scales, often intermixed
with light brown scales. Frons convex, wider than apex of rostrum. Rostrum evenly
convex; surface with large scales and scattered, erect, fine setae. Pronotum about 1.1
times as wide as long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; discal surface smooth, concealed
by dense, recumbent scales, with a few scattered, fine setae intermixed. Elytra about
1.3 times as long as wide; base straight; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded;
striae weakly impressed, with very small, obscure punctures; interstriae about 10 or
more times as wide as striae, convex, completely covered with white to off-white,
recumbent scales and with a median row of fine, erect, hairlike setae.
Distribution. Cercopedius artemisiae occurs from southern British Columbia to
Oregon and Idaho.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Fort Steele, Keremeos, Penticton, Radium,
Savona, Spence’s Bridge, Summerland, Walhachin.
Comments. Adults of Cercopedius artemisiae are easily recognized by the very
dense covering of white to off-white scales on all body surfaces except on the tarsi
and the antennal funicle and club.
Specimens have been taken from “peach buds” and “beating sagebrush.” Hatch
(1971) reports that adults are reported on occasion to attack the buds of seedling fruit
trees at Summerland, B.C., sometimes killing the plants. Campbell et al. (1989: 169,
196) reviewed the economic literature and reported this species to be a pest of apple
and peach trees in British Columbia. Adults of this species (under the name
Cryptolepidus parvulus), together with adults of Omias saccatus LeConte, severely
damaged seedling apricots, peaches, and cherries at Summerland, British Columbia,
by destroying the vegetative buds and frequently killing the seedlings. Serious injury
to young apple trees in the Okanagan Valley and Penticton, British Columbia, was
also caused by adults of C. artemisiae feeding on buds and opening leaves. Anderson
212
(pers. comm., 2003) stated that adults are common on Artemisia tridentata (big sage-
brush), and this plant is likely their native host.
Genus Cercopeus Schönherr, 1842

Cercopeus Schönherr, 1842: 154. Type species: Peritelus chrysorrhoeus Say,
1831, original designation. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 109, 113); Sleeper (1955b:
283); Arnett (1962: 999); Kissinger (1964: 22); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52);
Cercopius Gemminger and Harold, 1871: 2287 [unjustified emendation of
Cercopeus Schönherr]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 183); Anderson (2002: 781).
Description. Body small, stout; surface densely scaly. Head not constricted
behind eyes. Rostrum free, as long as or shorter than head width, slightly expanded at
antennal insertions; surface densely scaly, with nasal plate limited by a very sharp,
strongly arcuate carina. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes short, deeply
impressed, not attaining eyes. Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, about as
long as funicle, with small, recumbent scales and erect, fine scales or setae; funicle 7-
segmented, segment 7 wider than long; segments with long, fine setae; club distinct,
conical, 3-segmented. Eyes small, round, weakly convex. Prothorax wider than long,
anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal surface with a weak longitudinal eleva-
tion on apical third and at middle of base, covered by dense scales. Elytra broad;
scutellum not visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface with weakly impressed
stria, covered by recumbent scales and with a row of erect scales in each interstria.
Tibia rounded at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Cercopeus contains 11 species of which only one (possibly two) may
occur in Canada. Adults are found in woodland litter. Some species are probably
parthenogenetic; one species is known to be bisexual (Kissinger 1964).
One species, Cercopeus chrysorrhoeus (Say) (not treated herein), is recorded
from New York to Michigan and south to Texas, in O’Brien and Wibmer (1982). The
possibility that this species occurs in southern Canada seems remote, but it is possi-
ble and not completely unexpected. See Sleeper (1955b) or Downie and Arnett (1996)
for keys to separate the species.
Cercopeus schwarzi Sleeper, 1955

Cercopeus schwarzi Sleeper, 1955b: 284. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 53).
Description. Length 4.1 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body reddish brown,
completely covered by pearly scales and erect, weakly curved, narrow scales. Frons
with a weak transverse impression above eyes. Rostrum contiguous with frons; sur-
face of rostrum very weakly, longitudinally impressed, covered by pearly scales, these
especially dense between level of antennal insertions and transverse impression above
eyes. Pronotum slightly wider than long; sides very broadly, evenly arcuate, distinct-
213
ly constricted before anterior edge; discal surface with a very weak longitudinal ele-
vation on apical third and at middle of base; entire surface concealed by round, pale
white scales and narrow, erect scales. Elytra about 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; base
arcuate; sides broadly arcuate; apex narrowly rounded; striae weakly impressed, with
very weak, obscure punctures; interstriae weakly convex; surface of entire elytra com-
pletely covered by flat, recumbent scales, all interstriae bear a median row of erect,
slightly curved, narrow scales. Apical edge of front tibia fimbriate with several spin-
ules, which are more slender than the mucro at inner angle.
Distribution. Cercopeus schwarzi is recorded in the United States from Illinois,
Michigan, and Arkansas. It is not recorded from Canada, but possibly occurs in south-
ern Ontario.
Comments. Only the female holotype of this species has been examined (United
States National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.). Since the type locali-
ty of C. schwarzi is given as Detroit, Michigan, it is reasonable to assume that it
occurs in southern Ontario or neighbouring areas. Adults may be recognized by the
characters given in the generic and specific descriptions above.
Genus Trachyphloeus Germar, 1817

Trachyphloeus Germar, 1817: 341. Type species: Curculio scabriculus Linnaeus,
1771, monotypy. Horn (1876: 78); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 114); Hoffman (1950:
230); Sleeper (1955b: 280); Arnett (1962: 1000); Kissinger (1964: 21); Brown (1965:
189); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52); McNamara (1991: 332); Alonso-Zarazaga and
Lyal (1999: 183); Anderson (2002: 781).
Chaetechus Horn, 1876: 77. Type species: Chaetechus setiger Horn (= Curculio
spinosus Goeze), monotypy. Brown (1965: 189); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
183); Anderson (2002: 781).
Description. Body small, stout; surface completely covered with small scales,
often with a crusty coating. Head not constricted behind eyes. Rostrum free, as long
as or shorter than head width, slightly expanded at antennal insertions; surface flat,
with small, dense scales, apex with nasal plate limited by a very sharp, strongly arcu-
ate carina. Mandible bearing a distinct oval scar. Scrobes short, deeply impressed.
Antennal scape straight, elongate, club-shaped, about as long as funicle, with small,
recumbent scales and erect, fine scales or setae; funicle 7-segmented, segment 7 wider
than long; segments with long, fine setae; club distinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes
small, round, weakly convex. Prothorax wider than long, anterior edge in lateral view
straight; discal surface smooth, concealed by dense scales or crusty coating. Elytra
broad; scutellum not visible; humeral angles rounded; discal surface densely covered
by small, round scales, often with a crusty coating, and with a row of stout, erect
scales in each interstria; strial punctures large, indistinct, often not visible under coat-
ing. Tibia expanded and with distinct spines at apex; claws free, simple.
Comments. Three species of Trachyphloeus are recorded from Canada, all are
introduced from Europe. Three subgenera are listed under this genus by Alonso-
214
Zarazaga and Lyal (1999). Subgenera have not been used in the North American lit-
erature and are not used here.
Members of Trachyphloeus are readily recognized by the crusty body coating, by
the large epistomal region, which is limited by an abrupt, arcuate carina, and by the
small, stout body.
Adults of Trachyphloeus are flightless and often wander about in large numbers,
and sometimes enter homes.
Key to species of Trachyphloeus found in Canada

1. Semierect scales on elytral interstriae very small, widely separated, often absent
or indistinct near base, scales longer and more distinct on elytral declivity; api-
cal edge of front tibia with four or five spines similar to mucro; transverse
impression between rostrum and frons present; length 3.1–4.2 mm. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bifoveolatus (Beck) [p. 218]
Semierect scales on elytral interstriae conspicuous, extending in a row from

base to apex; apical edge of front tibia without stout spines, often with numer-
ous spinules more slender than mucro; transverse impression between rostrum
and frons absent; length less than 3.1 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Semierect scales on elytral interstriae narrow, much shorter than width of inter-
stria; abdominal segment 2 as long as 3 and 4 combined; length 2.1–2.6 mm. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . asperatus Boheman [p. 217]
Semierect scales on elytral interstriae broad, equal to or longer than width of

interstria; abdominal segment 2 much shorter than 3 and 4 combined; length
2.5–3.0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aristatus (Gyllenhal) [p. 216]
Clé des espèces du genre Trachyphloeus

1. Écailles semidressées sur les interstries élytrales très petites, séparées d’une
grande distance, souvent absentes ou indistinctes près de la base, plus longues
et distinctes sur la déclivité élytrale; bord apical du tibia antérieur avec quatre
ou cinq épines dapparence similaire au mucro; sillon transverse entre le rostre
et le front présent; longueur du corps entre 3,1 et 4,2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bifoveolatus (Beck) [p. 218]
Écailles semidressées sur les interstries élytrales plus proéminentes, présentes

de la base à l’apex des élytres; bord apical du tibia antérieur sans épines d’ap-
parence similaire au mucro, souvent avec des une rangée de petites spinules plus
étroites que le mucro; sillon transverse entre le rostre et le front absent; longueur
du corps moins de 3,1 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
215
2. Écailles semidressées sur les interstries élytrales étroites, beaucoup plus courtes
que la largeur d’une interstrie; deuxième segment abdominal aussi long que les
troisièmes et quatrièmes segments combinés; longueur du corps entre 2,1 et 2,6
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . asperatus Boheman [p. 217]
Écailles semidressées sur les interstries élytrales larges, de longueur semblable

ou plus longues que la largeur d’une interstrie; deuxième segment abdominal
beaucoup plus court que les troisièmes et quatrièmes segments combinés;
longueur du corps entre 2,5 et 3,0 mm . . . . . . . . aristatus (Gyllenhal) [p. 216]
Trachyphloeus aristatus (Gyllenhal, 1827)

Fig. 96; Map 40
Curculio aristatus Gyllenhal, 1827: 613.

Trachyphloeus aristatus: Brown (1965: 191); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 52);
McNamara (1991: 332); Palm (1996: 121); Morris (1997: 24).
brown to reddish brown, completely covered by a crusty coating, with narrow, erect
scales. Frons flattened to weakly impressed, narrower than rostral apex. Rostrum not
distinctly separated from frons by a transverse impression; surface of rostrum flattened
to weakly, longitudinally impressed, with a narrow, deep, longitudinal, median line; sur-
face covered by crusty coating, with narrow, erect scales. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as
wide as long; sides very broadly, evenly arcuate, weakly constricted before anterior
edge; discal surface smooth; entire surface concealed by crusty coating, with several,
distinct, erect, narrow scales projecting through coating. Elytra about 1.3 times as long
as wide; base straight; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; striae weakly to not
Map 40. Collection localities for Trachyphloeus aristatus.
216
impressed, with small, obscure punctures; interstriae about 4.0 or more times as wide as
striae, weakly convex; striae and interstriae completely covered by a crusty coating,
with a distinct, median row of broad, erect scales extending from base to apex, these
scales only very slightly longer on declivital area; scales on declivital interstriae about
4.0 times as long as wide, rounded at apex, separated in rows by a distance about equal
to their length, about 1.5 times as long as width of interstria. Apical edge of front tibia
fimbriate with numerous spinules, which are more slender than the mucro at inner angle.
Distribution. Trachyphloeus aristatus occurs in Canada in Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; it is introduced from
Europe.
Canadian records: Manitoba: Carman. Nova Scotia: Brier Island, Granville

Ferry. Ontario: Carleton Place, Dunrobin, Islington, King City, Manitouwadge,
Maynooth, New Liskeard, Ottawa, Pembroke, Thunder Bay. Prince Edward Island:
Charlottetown. Quebec: Lac Rolland, Gatineau Park. Saskatchewan: Tp. 6, Rge. 3
W, 3 Mer[idian].
Comments. Adults of T. aristatus are easily distinguished from the other mem-
bers of this genus in Canada by the row of distinct, erect scales on the elytral inters-
triae; similar scales are also present on the pronotum and the rostrum, and by the other
characters as given in the key.
Trachyphloeus aristatus was first recorded in North America from Carleton Place
(near Ottawa), Ontario, in June 1964 (Brown 1965). The beetles were abundant on the
walls of buildings that were surrounded by lawns. Specimens from Thunder Bay,
Ontario, were collected from a grain elevator.
Trachyphloeus asperatus Boheman, 1843

Map 41
Trachyphloeus asperatus Boheman, 1843: 116. Brown (1965: 191); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 52); McNamara (1991: 332); Palm (1996: 123); Morris (1997: 24).
Chaetechus asperatus: Sleeper (1955b: 281).
Chaetechus setiger Horn, 1876: 78. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 114); Buchanan
(1948: 46).
Trachyphloeus olivieri Bedel, 1883: 41. Brown (1965: 191).
brown to black, completely covered by small, round, mostly dirty-white scales, often
with a crusty coating. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex. Rostrum separated
from frons by a transverse impression; surface of rostrum evenly convex, with a nar-
row, deep, longitudinal, median line; surface with small, dense, crusty scales.
Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as long; sides very broadly, evenly arcuate, con-
stricted before anterior edge; discal surface smooth; entire surface concealed by
dense, recumbent scales and a crusty coating, with distinct, erect to semierect, broad
scales. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide; base straight; sides broadly arcuate;
217
Map 41. Collection localities for Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (L); T. asperatus (G).
apex broadly rounded; striae weakly impressed, with moderately large, somewhat
obscure punctures; interstriae about 4.0 or more times as wide as striae, distinctly con-
vex, completely covered with white to off-white, recumbent scales and a crusty coat-
ing, with a distinct, median row of broad, semi-recumbent to erect scales, these slight-
ly larger, more erect, slightly longer on declivital area; scales on declivital interstriae
about 3.0 times as long as wide, rounded at apex, separated in rows by 1.5–2.0 times
their length, shorter than width of interstria. Apical edge of front tibia fimbriate with
numerous spinules, which are more slender than the mucro at inner angle.
Distribution. Trachyphloeus asperatus occurs from Ontario to Nova Scotia,
south in the northeastern states to New York; it also occurs in Europe. O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982) add Oregon.
Canadian records: Nova Scotia: Annapolis Royal. Ontario: Merrickville.
Comments. Adults of T. asperatus may be distinguished from those of the other
Canadian representatives of the genus by their smaller body size (2.1–2.6 mm), by the
absence of stout spines on the apical edge of the front tibia, and by the presence of
very narrow scales on the discal interstriae.
The biology of this species is poorly known. In England, it has been recorded
from Rumex spp. and Lotus spp.; nothing has been recorded about the life history or
habits of this species in Canada.
Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck, 1817)

Fig. 97; Map 41
Curculio bifoveolatus Beck, 1817: 24.

Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus: Buchanan (1937: 312); Brown (1940: 77); Brown
(1950: 202); Sleeper (1955b: 280); Brown (1965: 190); Hatch (1971: 260); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 52); McNamara (1991: 332); Palm (1996: 118); Morris (1997: 25).
Trachyphloeus davisi Blatchley, 1916: 115. Brown (1965: 190).
218
brown to black, completely covered by small, round, mostly off-white scales, often
with a crusty coating. Frons convex, narrower than apex of rostrum. Rostrum separat-
ed from frons by a transverse impression; surface of rostrum evenly convex, with a
narrow, deep, longitudinal, median line; surface with small, dense, crusty scales.
Pronotum about 1.4 times as wide as long; sides very broadly, evenly arcuate, con-
stricted before anterior edge; discal surface smooth, with two round depressions at
postero-lateral angles; entire surface concealed by dense, recumbent scales and a
crusty coating, and with scattered, semierect, narrow, inconspicuous scales. Elytra
about 1.3 times as long as wide; base straight; sides broadly arcuate; apex broadly
rounded; striae weakly impressed, with moderately large, somewhat obscure punc-
tures; interstriae about 5.0 or more times as wide as striae, distinctly convex, com-
pletely covered with white to off-white, recumbent scales and a crusty coating, with a
median row of broad, semi-recumbent to erect scales, these smaller, inconspicuous on
discal area, larger, more erect, longer on declivital area; scales on declivital interstri-
ae about 6.0 times as long as wide, truncate at apex, separated in rows by 1.5–3.0
times their length, shorter than width of interstria. Apical edge of front tibia with 5 or
6 stout spines that are as large as and similar to mucro at inner angle.
Distribution. Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus occurs transcontinentally across
Canada; it also occurs in Europe.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Coleman. British Columbia: Abbotsford,
Coquihalla Highway at Coldwater River, Elgin, Elko, Fernie, Fort Kells, Gabriola
Island, Grand Forks, Kamloops, Penticton, Salmon Arm, 70 Mile House, Vancouver,
Victoria. New Brunswick: Boiestown, Bouctouche, Chipman, Fredericton,
Kouchibouguac National Park, Tabusintac. Newfoundland: Badger, St. John’s,
Topsail. Nova Scotia: Cow Bay, Glace Bay, Halifax, Lower Sackville, Mount
Uniacke, Port Maitland, Riverport, South Ohio, Tusket, Waverley, Yarmouth.
Ontario: Dunrobin, Grovesend, Hamilton, Islington, Kemptville, Manitouwadge,
New Liskeard, Ottawa, Puslinch, Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay, Toronto. Prince
Edward Island: Roseneath. Quebec: Cookshire, Lennoxville, Sawyerville.
Comments. Adults of T. bifoveolatus are easily recognized by the very stout body
often with a crusty coating, by the very dense covering of dirty-white scales, by the
row of distinct, large, narrow scales on each of the declivital interstriae, by the very
small and inconspicuous scales on the discal interstriae, and by the presence of 4 or 5
stout spines on the apical edge of the front tibia.
Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus is usually of only minor economic importance; how-
ever, adults caused serious damage to cucumber and beans in Prince Edward Island
and injured many vegetables and occurred on forage crops (Campbell et al. 1989).
Adults have been recorded injuring strawberries in the lower Fraser River Valley in
British Columbia and injuring seedlings in areas recently planted from grassland in
Oregon (Hatch 1971). In Nova Scotia, adults attacked the lower leaves of tobacco
seedlings, and along with several other species caused considerable damage to newly
set fruit plants. Adults also enter homes where they cause no appreciable damage.
Several specimens from Kamloops, British Columbia, are labeled from Centaurea
maculosa, Cynoglossum officinae, and Linaria dalmatica.
219
The seasonal activity of T. bifoveolatus in western Washington has been investi-

gated by Barstow and Getzin (1985). Their observations are probably valid for west-
ern Canada. This weevil breeds in untended grassland and can be a nuisance to home-
owners when adults migrate in the autumn and spring. This species is univoltine, and
adults are the overwintering stage. Eggs are deposited on foliage of food plants in
May and June, and larvae begin to appear in late May. Larvae feed on the root sys-
tems of the host plants throughout the summer. Pupation occurs in small earthen
chambers from late July to mid-August. New adults begin to appear in late July, and
within a month most begin to leave the fields and seek hibernation sites. Adults feed
on the foliage and crowns of plants; the larvae feed on roots.
Suomalainen (1940) reports that T. bifoveolatus is bisexual and diploid in the

southern parts of its European range and parthenogenetic and triploid in the northern
parts. Males have not been reported in North America. Blatchley reported in error that
the type of T. davisi was a male (Brown 1965).
Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus was first recognized in North America by Horn
(1876), from a single specimen from the “Middle States,“ under the name asperatus.
It was next recorded from Barnveld, New York, by Buchanan (1937). Gibson and
Twinn (1939) reported it from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; it has subsequently
been taken in Ontario in 1949. In the Pacific Northwest it was first recorded from
southeastern British Columbia at Fernie in 1948 (Hatch 1971). It is virtually certain
that the eastern and western populations of this species in North America represent
separate, and probably multiple, introductions (Brown 1965).
Tribe Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863

Genus Anametis Horn, 1876
Anametis Horn, 1876: 43. Type species: Anametis grisea Horn, 1876 (=
Barynotus granulatus Say, 1831), monotypy. Blatchley and Leng (1916: 102); Arnett
(1962: 995); Kissinger (1964: 36); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63); Downie and
Description. Body moderately large, stout; surface densely scaly. Rostrum free,
stout, expanded at apex, surface densely covered by scales and scattered, erect setae.
Mandible stout, with a distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, curved below
eyes. Antennal scape curved, club- shaped, as long as or longer than funicle, extend-
ing to middle of eye and resting on lower portion of eye or below eye when retracted
next to head, with fine, recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, all segments longer
than wide, with setae; club distinct, conical, 4-segmented. Eyes oval, sometimes par-
tially covered by anterior edge of prothorax. Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge
produced into a prominent postocular lobe; discal surface densely punctate- granulate,
completely covered by small scales, and with a few, scattered, erect setae. Elytra
broad; scutellum visible; sides broadly rounded, apex broadly rounded; humeral
angles rounded; discal striae very weakly impressed, with obscure punctures; discal
interstriae obscure, surface completely covered by dense scales. Tibia truncate at
220
apex, hind tibia mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple, toothed.
Comments. Adults of Anametis are recognized by the densely scaly body cover-
ing, by the setose antennal scape, by the elongate segments of the antennal funicle,
and by the combination of other characters mentioned in the above description.
Anametis contains two species in North America, one of which occurs in Canada.
Kissinger (1964) states that this genus is doubtfully distinct from Dichoxenus Horn,
and we concur.
Anametis granulata (Say, 1831)

Fig. 98; Map 42
Barynotus granulata Say, 1831: 12.

Anametis granulata: Blatchley and Leng (1916: 102); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 63); McNamara (1991: 334); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1498).
Anametis grisea Horn, 1876: 43.
Description. Length 5.5–6.7 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum
strongly convex from base to about level of antennal insertions, with a weakly ele-
vated, longitudinal, median callus; edge of nasal plate sharply elevated, arcuately
rounded; surface above level of antennal insertions completely covered by large,
white, gray, and light brown scales, apical area with very small, sparse, round
scales. Frons convex, about as wide as rostral apex, separated from rostrum by a
distinct transverse impression; surface with scales as on rostrum. Pronotum about
1.3 times as wide as long, widest at base; sides broadly arcuate, converging toward
anterior edge; dorsal surface completely covered with dense, small, light to dark
brown scales, also with fine, scattered, erect, brownish setae. Elytra about 1.3
times as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly
rounded; striae weakly impressed, punctures (when visible) small, shallow; inters-
triae about 4.0 times as wide as striae, weakly convex; entire surface covered with
Map 42. Collection localities for Anametis granulata.
221
very dense, small, white or gray to light and dark brown scales, also with interstri-
al rows of fine, erect, light brown setae, these shorter than interstrial width, usual-
ly placed in a single row but often 2-ranked. Declivity steep, evenly convex; strial
rows slightly more deeply impressed; interstrial rows of setae uniseriate, otherwise
surface as on disc.
Distribution. Anametis granulata occurs across Canada from Alberta (possibly
British Columbia), east to Quebec (possibly Newfoundland), and throughout most of
the United States, as far south as Texas and New Mexico in the west, and perhaps
Georgia in the east. McNamara (1991) also recorded this species from British
Columbia. Although we could not confirm this provincial record, we believe that A.
granulata could indeed occur in British Columbia, and we have kept the record in the
Appendix. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) and McNamara (1991) both recorded this
species from Newfoundland. We believe that this may represent an error, and we have
not included this record in the Appendix.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat.
Manitoba: Brandon, Glenboro, Ninette, Winnipeg. Ontario: Ancaster, Chatterton,
Clear Creek, Fisher Glen, Forestville, Grafton, John Pearce Provincial Park, Jordan,
Lambeth, LaSalle, Normandale, Ottawa, Port Dalhousie, Prince Edward County, St.
Catherines, St. Lawrence Islands National Park (Grenadier Island), Walsingham,
Vineland Station. Quebec: Lanoraie, Lucerne. Saskatchewan: Cut Knife, Roche
Percee.
Comments. This is a relatively common species found on foliage of various trees
and shrubs. It has been recorded injuring young peach, pear, and apple trees by eating
the bark and buds at night and has been noted as troublesome in New York (Blatchley
and Leng 1916). Adults of A. granulata have also been noted on the giant ragweed
Ambrosia trifida L., on red clover, and on alfalfa.
Adults of A. granulata are recognized by the very scaly body covering, by the
presence of fine, erect, interstrial setae, by the pronotum being widest at the base, and
by the combination of characters given above in the diagnosis. Adults are flightless.
Genus Byrsopages Schönherr, 1842

Byrsopages Schönherr, 1842: 208. Type species: Byrsopages villosus Boheman,
1842, original designation. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 71); Wibmer and O’Brien
(2002: 781).
Strongylophthalmus Motschulsky, 1860, pl. X. Type species: Byrsopages ventri-
cosus Motschulsky, 1860, monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 184);
Anderson (2002: 781).
Strongylophthalmus Faust, 1894: 192 [preoccupied genus name]. Type species:
not yet designated. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 184); Anderson (2002: 781).
Kurilonus Sharp, 1896: 113. Type species: Kurilonus insolitus Sharp, 1896 (=
Byrsopages villosus Boheman, 1842), monotypy. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
222
184); Anderson (2002: 781).

Description. Body moderately large, slender; surface granulate, with dense,
small setae and scales. Rostrum free, about as long as head width (lateral view),
expanded at apex, sparsely setose. Mandible without scar, flattened, thin, laterally
expanded, semi-transparent along lateral edge, lateral and ventral edge acutely
defined. Scrobe deeply impressed, broad, not curved below eye. Antennal scape
straight, club-shaped, extending slightly beyond anterior edge of eye, resting on eye
when retracted next to head; surface shiny, with a few scattered setae; funicle 7-seg-
mented, first two segments elongate, remaining segments about as long as wide; club
distinct, conical, with two transverse sutures, acutely pointed at tip. Eyes nearly cir-
cular. Pronotum slightly wider than long; anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal
surface densely granulate, with abundant, short, yellowish setae; median line distinct,
glabrous, slightly elevated. Elytra elongate; scutellum not visible; sides weakly arcu-
ate, apex narrowly rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal striae and interstriae not
discernable; interstriae indicated by a median row of setae in each interstria. Tibia
expanded at apex, hind tibia with one mucro at apex; claws simple, free.
Comments. Byrsopages contains only two species, one of which, B. villosus, has
been recorded from Kenai, Alaska (this record needs verification). Byrsopages has
been omitted in every faunal work concerning the North American fauna until 1989
when Wibmer and O’Brien reported it as an addition to their 1982 checklist.
Byrsopages villosus Boheman, 1842

Fig. 99
Byrsopages villosus Boheman, 1842: 209. Alonoso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
184); Anderson (2002: 781).
Byrsopages carinatus Motschulsky, 1860: 168. Wibmer and O’Brien (1989: 7);
McNamara (1991: 335).
Kurilonus insolitus Sharp, 1896: 114.
Description. Length 8.7–9.2 mm, about 2.4 times as long as wide. Rostrum as
long as head width or very slightly longer than wide (lateral view); surface convex,
with densely placed elongate to round punctures and with a broad, median, longitudi-
nal impunctate space; vestiture consisting of very short, sparse, hairlike setae; apex
beyond antennal insertions flat, very weakly impressed, with narrow, longitudinal
carinae. Antennal scape with fine, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.4 times as wide as long,
widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate; anterior edge in lateral view straight; discal
surface evenly convex, densely and evenly granulate, with short, recumbent, very nar-
row, brownish setae scattered between granules; granules smooth, shiny. Elytra 1.5
times as long as wide; entire surface densely granulate, granules smaller than those on
pronotal disc, strial punctures obsolete, and interstriae not discernable except by rows
of (probably) interstrial setae; interstriae 3, 5, and 7 very weakly elevated on posteri-
or half of disc and on declivity; vestiture consisting of rows of erect, yellowish setae
in each interstria and abundant, short, recumbent, narrow, yellowish scales scattered
223
over surface and also concentrated into scattered clumps. Declivity convex, sloping;
surface as on disc except setae in interstriae more erect.
Distribution. In North America, Byrsopages villosus is known only from Kenai,
Alaska. In the Russian Far East, it is known from Siberia, the Kamchatka Peninsula,
the Kuril Islands, and Japan.
Comments. Adults of B. villosus can be recognized by the densely granulate ely-
tral surface, by the mandibles being strongly expanded anteriorly, by the lack of a
mandibular scar, and by the additional characters mentioned in the key to genera.
The generic and specific descriptions given above were prepared from two spec-
imens labeled “US-95YMM-059-061, Yankich I., SE part of Kraternaya Bay,
14.08.1995, Yu. M. Marusik”/“47º 30.64N 152º 48.93E,” a locality about midway

along the Kuril Island chain, donated to the Canadian National Collection of Insects,
Ottawa, by B.A. Korotyaev. We have not seen specimens from Alaska.
Genus Cimbocera Horn, 1876

Cimbocera Horn, 1876: 55. Type species: Cimbocera pauper Horn, 1876, mono-
typy. Van Dyke (1935: 1); Ting (1940); Arnett (1962: 995); Kissinger (1964: 35);
Hatch (1971: 278); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara (1991: 333); Alonso-
Description. Body broadly slender; surface densely scaly, with long, erect setae
on pronotum and elytra. Rostrum free, slightly narrower and longer than head, expand-
ed slightly at apex, surface evenly convex, with a narrow, deep, median line. Mandible
bearing a distinct scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, curved below eyes. Antennal scape
curved, club-shaped, shorter than funicle; funicle 7-segmented, segments 1 and 2
longer, 1 longer than 2, 3–7 short, broader than long, seventh segment often with same
color and vestiture as club; club distinct, conical, 3-segmented. Eyes nearly round,
slightly pointed below, sometimes partially covered by anterior edge of prothorax.
Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge produced into a distinct postocular lobe; dis-
cal surface uneven, roughly sculptured, or tuberculate. Elytra broad; scutellum visible;
sides rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal striae with indistinct punctures; discal
interstriae much wider than striae, punctured. Tibia expanded, broadly rounded at apex,
with stout setae and a stout spine at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Cimbocera contains five species in North America, only one of
which occurs in Canada.
Members of Cimbocera are easily recognized by the moderately large size, by the
evenly convex rostrum, which bears a fine, shallowly impressed, median line, by the
dense scalelike vestiture and erect setae on the pronotum and elytra, and by the stout
setae on the ventral surface of the tarsal segments.
224
Cimbocera pauper Horn, 1876

Fig. 100
Cimbocera pauper Horn, 1876: 56. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 60); McNamara
(1991: 333).
Description. Length 4.7–6.5 mm, about twice as long as wide. Body tan or
brown, usually with small irregular light patches. Frons evenly convex, transversely
impressed at base of rostrum. Rostrum convex, median line narrow, shallowly
impressed; surface densely, finely tuberculate, covered by dense scales and scattered,
long setae. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long; sides strongly arcuate; surface
densely, finely tuberculate, tubercles low, flattened. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as
wide; base straight, transverse; sides moderately, evenly arcuate; apex broadly round-
ed; striae very narrow, shallowly impressed, with indistinct, small punctures; inters-
triae much wider than striae, flat; surface with dense, fine punctures, covered by
dense, flat, recumbent scales and erect, long, brown setae. Femora with small tuber-
cle on ventral portion at apex. Front tibia mucronate. Claws simple, free.
Distribution. Cimbocera pauper occurs from British Columbia to Saskatchewan,
into the northwestern states from Montana to Nevada, east to the Dakotas.
Canadian records: Alberta: Medicine Hat, Suffield, Tp. 2, Rge. 5 W, 4
Mer[idian]. British Columbia: Rock Creek. Saskatchewan: Elbow.
Comments. Adults of C. pauper can be easily recognized by the presence of very

long, erect, brownish setae on the body. It is also the only species of this genus in
Canada.
Genus Connatichela Anderson, 1984

Connatichela Anderson, 1984: 1572. Type species: Connatichela artemisiae
Anderson, 1984, original designation. McNamara (1991: 334); Alonso-Zarazaga and
Lyal (1999: 184); Anderson (2002: 781).
Description. Body elongate-oval, slender; surface with abundant small, broad
scales. Rostrum free, stout, laterally expanded at apex, surface irregularly flattened,
with a transverse impression between rostrum and frons. Mandible stout, with a dis-
tinct obvious scar, ventral edge sharply defined. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow,
dorsal edge acutely defined, directed toward and nearly reaching lower portion of eye.
Antennal scape club-shaped, short, not or barely reaching anterior edge of eye, direct-
ed below eye when retracted next to head, with broad, flat scales and short, recumbent
setae; funicle 7-segmented, second segment only slightly longer than others, all seg-
ments with setae; club 4-segmented, conical, acutely pointed at tip. Eyes oval, close
to or partially covered by anterior edge of prothorax. Prothorax slightly wider than
long; anterior edge produced into a postocular lobe laterally; discal surface evenly
convex, covered by broad, round scales. Elytra narrow, elongate; sides broadly round-
ed; humeral angles rounded; discal striae narrow, with fine punctures; discal interstri-
225
ae wider than striae. Tibia rounded at apex, front tibia mucronate at inner angle, mid-
dle and hind tibia not mucronate; claws connate, simple. Metathoracic wings absent.
Comments. Members of Connatichela can be easily recognized by the elongate-
oval body shape, by the connate tarsal claws, by the geographic distribution, and by
the combination of characters given in the key to genera.
Connatichela artemisiae Anderson, 1984

Fig. 101; Map 43
Connatichela artemisiae Anderson, 1984: 1575. Anderson (1997: 531, 557).

Description. Length 4.1–4.3 mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Rostrum about
0.67 times length of pronotum; surface completely covered by large, round, not over-
lapping scales, with scattered, erect, flattened setae among the scales. Frons with sur-
face as on rostrum. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long; sides evenly arcuate; discal
surface completely covered by large, round, light brown or dirty-white scales, white
scales usually concentrated on median line and on lateral vitta. Scutellum glabrous.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, then
strongly converging to narrowly, evenly rounded apex; striae distinct, very weakly
impressed, strial punctures small, obscure; interstriae 4.0 or more times as wide as
striae, surface flat, completely covered by large, round, light brown to dirty-white
scales, and each interstria with a median row of short, fine, erect setae.
Distribution. Connatichela artemisiae is currently known from the Yukon
Territory and eastern Alaska.
Extant Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: Eagle Bluff. Yukon Territory:
Aishihik River (14 km north of Canyon), Aishihik Road (km 11), Braeburn Lodge (5 km
north), Carmacks, Carmacks (42 mi. north, 35 km south), Dawson, Kluane National
Park (Christmas Bay, Cultus Bay), Little Salmon River, Montague, Pelly Crossing,
Porcupine River (30 mi. east of Old Crow), Stewart Crossing (16 km north, 18 mi. west,
6 km northwest), Tatchum Creek, Whitehorse, Whitehorse (Miles Canyon).
Fossil records: Alaska: Fairbanks. Northwest Territories: Anderson River Delta
at east bank of Iroquois River. Yukon Territory: Old Crow Basin (several sites).
Comments. Adults of C. artemisiae are most easily recognized by the connate
tarsal claws, by the narrow, elongate body shape, by the dense covering of light brown
and dirty-white scales, and by the other characters given in the key to genera.
Adults of C. artemisiae have been collected along dry river banks and on dry
south-facing slopes from plants of a small species of Artemisia, probably A. frigida.
Presence of copulating adults on the Artemisia suggests that larvae feed on the roots
of this plant (Anderson 1984). Adults are all brachypterous. Fossil specimens of this
species, mostly of mid-Wisconsin age, are known from western Northwest Territories,
Alaska, and the Yukon Territory (Anderson 1984). They are generally associated with
sites representative of dry steppe–tundra habitats dominated by grasses,
Chenopodiaceae, and Asteraceae (Artemisia spp.). Specimens were frequently found
226

Map 43. Collection localities for Connatichela artemisiae; (G) fossil records;
(G), modern records.
in deposits containing numerous samples of Lepidophorus lineaticollis and other bee-

tles currently found in dry tundra habitats, along river shorelines, and on xeric south-
facing slopes (Matthews 1982).
Genus Dyslobus LeConte, 1869

Dyslobus LeConte, 1869: 380. Type species: Otiorhynchus segnis LeConte, 1857,
subsequent designation by Horn (1876: 41). Van Dyke (1933: 31–47); Arnett (1962:
996); Kissinger (1964: 35); Hatch (1971: 278, 282); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999:
185); Anderson (2002: 782).
Lepesoma Motschulsky, 1845: 105 [preoccupied genus name]. Type species:
Lepesoma californicum Motschulsky, 1845, monotypy. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61);
227
Lepidosoma Agassiz, 1846: 205 [unjustified emendation of Lepesoma

Motschulsky]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 185); Anderson (2002: 782).
Melamomphus Horn, 1876: 40. Type species: Melamomphus niger Horn, 1876,
Thricomigus Horn, 1876: 48. Type species: Thricomigus luteus Horn, 1876,
Amnesia Horn, 1876: 48. Type species: Dyslobus granicollis LeConte, 1869,
Description. Body moderately large, elongate to stout; surface scaly. Rostrum
free, stout, laterally expanded at apex, surface with a distinct, median, longitudinal
carina. Mandible stout, with a distinct, obvious scar, sometimes acutely pointed below
scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, dorsal and ventral edges acutely defined,
edges obsolete posteriorly. Antennal scape club-shaped, extending to or near posteri-
or edge of eye and resting on eye when retracted next to head, surface with short,
recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, basal two or three segments elongate, remain-
ing segments about as long as wide, except segment 7 is variable, all segments with
setae; club 4-segmented, conical, acutely pointed at tip. Pronotum about as long as
wide; anterior edge produced into a postocular lobe laterally; discal surface smooth to
tuberculate. Elytra broad; scutellum distinctly visible; sides broadly rounded; humer-
al angles weakly angled or rounded; discal striae with fine to coarse punctures, some-
times obsolete; discal interstriae much wider than striae, densely, finely punctured.
Tibia truncate at apex, hind tibia mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Van Dyke (1933) reviewed the species in this genus under the name
Dyslobus, and most subsequent authors have used this generic name. O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982) determined that Lepesoma Motschulsky should be used as the valid
name of this genus. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999) reinstated the name Dyslobus
because they believed that Lepesoma was an unavailable name. The original spelling
of the generic name is Lepesoma, although Motschulsky misspelled the name, as
Leposoma, in the same original publication. Lepesoma was rejected by its author as a
misspelling, and Leposoma is preoccupied. Neave (1939) was the first to cite the dual
spelling, thereby becoming the first revisor, and cited Lepesoma as the valid name. We
are following Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999) by using Dyslobus as the correct
name for this group of species.
About 35 species are currently recognized in Dyslobus, all occurring in the west-
ern half of North America. Eleven species are here recognized from Canada or may
eventually be found here. McNamara (1991) records 10 species with definite
Canadian records, but some of these may be from misidentifications.
Members of Dyslobus can be recognized by the distinct scar on the mandibles, by
the acute projection on the mandibles below the scar, by the prominent postocular lobe
along the prothorax, by the elongate antennal funicle that reaches the posterior edge
of the eye, and by the dense, scaly covering of the body. Adults are found on trees and
shrubs in coniferous forests, on strawberries, and on dune vegetation. The genus is in
need of a comprehensive revision.
228
Key to the species of Dyslobus found in

Canada and Alaska
1. Last segment of antennal funicle more than 1.3 times as long as wide . . . . . . 2
Last segment of antennal funicle as long as wide or very nearly so. . . . . . . . . 5
2. Pronotal surface distinctly granulate or tuberculate; alternate elytral interstriae

strongly elevated, especially posteriorly; 7.3–10.0 mm; British Columbia . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . granicollis LeConte [p. 238]
Pronotal surface essentially smooth, not granulate, not tuberculate; convexity of

elytral interstriae variable; body length variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Elytral declivity evenly convex in lateral view; interstriae at level of elytral

declivity flat; surface of elytra with light brown submetallic scales, intermixed
with patches of white scales, sometimes patches of dark scales along striae;
length 8.4–10.9 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplex Van Dyke [p. 243]
Elytral declivity abruptly inclined in lateral view; interstriae at level of elytral

declivity convex, alternate interstriae sometimes slightly more convex; surface
of elytra variably colored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Strial punctures each with a recumbent scale; interstria on each side of median
elytral suture slightly inflated at base of declivity, without distinct tubercle; dor-
sal surface with dark brown or white scales intermixed with bronze, bluish, or
greenish scales; length 10.5–14.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . lecontei Casey [p. 240]
Strial punctures each with a minute, recumbent seta; interstria on each side of
median elytral suture with distinct tubercle at base of declivity; dorsal surface
with bronze scales intermixed with patches of bluish and (or) whitish scales;
length 8.3–12.5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verrucifer Casey [p. 245]
5. Prosternum with a pair of prominent tubercles behind coxae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prosternum without prominent tubercles behind coxae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Base of third elytral interstria distinctly elevated; humeral angles acutely pro-
jecting forward; setae on elytral interstriae very slender, not flattened, hairlike
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crinitus Bright sp. nov. [p. 235]
Base of third to fifth elytral interstriae not elevated; humeral angles rounded, not
projecting forward; setae on elytral interstriae narrowly flattened, scalelike . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Van Dyke [p. 234]
7. Latero-basal surface of elytra between interstriae 5 and 9 slightly deflected, ele-

vated; sides of elytra frequently constricted before base in dorsal view. . . . . . 8
229
Latero-basal surface of elytra between interstriae 5 and 9 not elevated; sides of

elytra evenly rounded to base in dorsal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Alternate elytral interstriae distinctly more convex; pronotum with small gran-
ules, not more elevated than scales; dorsal surface with recumbent metallic,
green, golden, or brown scales and minute setae; length 9.0–10.0 mm . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viridescens Van Dyke [p. 247]
Alternate elytral interstriae not or only slightly more convex; other characters
not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Alternate elytral interstriae often weakly more prominent, especially posterior-

ly; elytral interstriae with narrow, recumbent scales intermixed with round,
recumbent scales; 6.0–9.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . decoratus LeConte [p. 236]
Alternate elytral interstriae not more prominent than others; elytral interstriae
with erect, fine setae in addition to recumbent, round scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Pronotal surface with distinct, irregular, longitudinal grooves; general color
brown, dull, with sides of pronotum lighter in color, with light patches near
humeri and on apical declivity; elytral striae not impressed to weakly impressed,
strial punctures deeply impressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ursinus (Horn) [p. 243]
Pronotal surface smooth, may be finely rugose but without distinct longitudinal
grooves; general color brown or gray, light areas vague; elytral striae finely to dis-
tinctly impressed, strial punctures finely impressed . . . . . luteus (Horn) [p. 240]
11. Elytral scale color silver, gray, or brownish, with interstriae 1, 3, and 5 often
with white or lighter colored scales predominating; elytral interstriae with mod-
erately long, fine, semierect setae in addition to appressed scales; elytral striae
with large, close, deeply impressed punctures; length 5.0–8.0 mm . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternatus (Horn) [p. 233]
Elytral scale color entirely silvery; elytral interstriae with very long, erect, fine
setae; striae with shallow, elongate, close punctures; length 6.3–8.4 mm . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigrescens (Pierce) [p. 242]
Clé des espèces du genre Dyslobus présentes au

Canada et en Alaska
1. Dernier article du funicule antennaire plus de 1,3 fois aussi long que large . . . . 2
Dernier article du funicule antennaire aussi long que large ou de longueur très
semblable à la largeur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
230
2. Surface du pronotum distinctement granulée ou recouverte de tubercules; inter-

stries élytrales alternantes distinctement plus convexe, convexité plus pronon-
cée postérieurement; longueur du corps entre 7,3 et 10,0 mm; espèce de la
Colombie Britannique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . granicollis LeConte [p. 238]
Surface du pronotum essentiellement lisse, sans apparence granulée, sans

tubercules; convexité des interstries élytrales variable; longueur du corps
variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Déclivité élytrale également arrondie en vue latérale; interstries élytrales plates

au niveau de la déclivité; surface des élytres avec une combinaison d’écailles de
couleur brune pâle submétallique et de groupements d’écailles blanches, parfois

avec des groupements d’écailles foncées le long des stries; longueur entre 8,4 et
10,9 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplex Van Dyke [p. 243]
Déclivité élytrale abruptement déclinée en vue latérale; interstries élytrales con-

vexes au niveau de la déclivité, interstries alternantes parfois plus convexes;
surface des élytres de couleur variée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Chaque point des stries élytrales avec une écailles couchée; interstrie de chaque
côté de la suture élytrale médiane légèrement gonflée à la base de la déclivité,
sans tubercule distinct; surface dorsale avec une combinaison d’écailles brunes
foncées ou blanches et d’écailles brunes, bleuâtres ou verdâtres; longueur entre

10,5 et 14,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lecontei Casey [p. 240]
Chaque point des stries élytrales avec un poil couché très petit; interstrie de
chaque côté de la suture élytrale médiane avec un tubercule distinct; surface
dorsale avec une combinaison d’écailles brunes et des groupements d’écailles
bleuâtres ou blanchâtres; longueur entre 8,3 et 12,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verrucifer Casey [p. 245]
5. Prosternum avec une paire de tubercules proéminents derrière les coxae

antérieures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prosternum sans tubercules proéminents derrière les coxae antérieures. . . . . . 7
6. Base de la troisième interstrie distinctement élevée; angle de l’humérus élytral

projetant antérieurement d’une façon distincte; interstries élytrales avec des
poils très étroits, sans régions aplaties . . . . . . . crinitus Bright sp. nov. [p. 235]
Base des interstries sans élévation distincte; angle de l’humérus élytral arrondi,
sans projection antérieure; interstries élytrales avec des poils étroitement
applatis, donnant l’apparence d’écailles . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Van Dyke [p. 234]
7. Base des élytres entre les interstries 5 à 9 légèrement gonflée, élevée; côtés
des élytres souvent avec une constriction distincte près de la base en vue dor-
sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
231
Base des élytres entre les interstries 5 à 9 sans gonflement, sans élévation; côtés
des élytres largement arrondis près de la base en vue dorsale . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Interstries alternantes des élytres distinctement plus convexes; pronotum avec

de petites granules qui ne sont pas plus élevées que les écailles; surface dorsale
recouverte d’une combinaison d’écailles métalliques vertes, dorées ou brunes et
de très petits poils; longueur du corps entre 9,0 et 10,0 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viridescens Van Dyke [p. 247]
Interstries alternantes des élytres légèrement plus convexes ou de même con-

vexité que les autres interstries; autres caractères variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Interstries alternantes des élytres souvent quelque peu plus convexe, générale-
ment d’avantage sur la région postérieure; interstries élytrales avec une combi-
naison d’écailles étroites, couchées et d’écailles rondes, couchées; longueur du
corps entre 6,0 et 9,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . decoratus LeConte [p. 236]
Interstries alternantes de convexité semblable au autres interstries; interstries

élytrales avec une combinaison de poils fins, dressés et d’écailles rondes,
couchées . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Surface du pronotum avec des sillons longitudinaux distincts, irréguliers, peu
profonds; couleur du corps généralement brune, matte avec les côtés du prono-
tum de couleur plus pâle, avec des groupements d’écailles plus pâles près de
l’angle huméral des élytres et près de l’apex des élytres; stries élytrales sans sil-
lon ou avec un sillon peu profond, points des stries profonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ursinus (Horn) [p. 243]
Surface du pronotum lisse, parfois avec une apparence rugueuse mais sans sil-
lons longitudinaux distincts; couleur du corps généralement brune ou grise, par-
fois avec de vagues régions plus pâles; stries élytrales avec un sillon peu pro-
fond à distinct, points des stries peu profonds. . . . . . . . . luteus (Horn) [p. 240]
11. Élytres avec des écailles de couleur argentée, grise ou brunâtre, avec les inter-
stries élytrales 1, 3 et 5 souvent recouvertes d’écailles blanches ou pâles; inter-
stries élytrales avec une combinaison de poils fins, semidressés, assez longs et
d’écailles couchées; stries élytrales avec de gros points profonds, près l’un de
l’autre; longueur entre 5,0 et 8,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . alternatus (Horn) [p. 233]
Élytres uniformément recouverts d’écailles de couleur argentée; interstries ély-

trales avec un combinaison d’écailles argentées et de longs poils fins, dressés;
stries élytrales avec des points peu profonds, allongés, près l’un de l’autre;
longueur entre 6,3 et 8,4 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigrescens (Pierce) [p. 242]
232
Dyslobus alternatus (Horn, 1876)

Fig. 102; Map 44
Amnesia alternata Horn, 1876: 52.

Dyslobus alternatus: Van Dyke (1933: 36); Hatch (1971: 287).
Lepesoma alternata: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61); McNamara (1991: 333).
Description. Length 5.0–8.0 mm, about twice as long as wide. Rostrum convex,
with a fine, weakly elevated median carina extending from epistomal edge to rostral
base; surface deeply punctured, with numerous, small, round, white to light brown
scales and abundant, erect, fine, brownish setae, scales usually absent at extreme apex.
Frons convex, slightly narrower than rostral apex; surface finely punctured, with
scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funicle as long as wide.
Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate,
very weakly constricted posterior of anterior edge; surface smooth, with obscure, very
low, rounded granules, covered with small, round, gray to dark brown scales and with
erect, brownish, curved setae, these arising from between scales; median line not evi-
dent. Prosternum with a deeply cleft, low, inconspicuous elevation behind front coxae.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded; latero-basal
surface not elevated between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and
scutellum not impressed; discal striae distinct, narrow, weakly impressed, with slight-
ly more deeply impressed punctures, each of these with a minute seta internally; dis-
cal interstriae flat; surface, except striae, completely covered by small, round, white
Map 44. Collection localities for Dyslobus alternatus.
233
to light and dark brown scales and with intermixed scattered, erect, curved, brownish
setae, these generally 2- or 3-ranked in each interstria; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 often with
white scales predominating. Declivity steep, evenly convex; interstriae equally con-
vex on declivital face; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus alternatus occurs from British Columbia to
Saskatchewan, south to California and Montana.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Cypress Hills, Drumheller, Elkwater,
Empress (7 mi. south), Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Onefour, Pincher, Retlaw, Suffield,
Tp. 16, Rge. 10 W, 4 Mer[idian]. British Columbia: Cranbrook, Kamloops, Rampart,
70 Mile House, Vernon. Saskatchewan: Cypress Hills, Dundurn, Elbow, Grasslands
National Park, Great Deer, Rockglen, Saskatoon, Val Marie.

Comments. This is one of the most common species of this genus in Canada.
Adults of D. alternatus are most easily recognized by the evenly rounded latero-basal
surface of the elytra and by the often vittate elytral surface.
Dyslobus bakeri Van Dyke, 1933

Fig. 103; Map 45
Dyslobus bakeri Van Dyke, 1933: 43. Hatch (1971: 287).

Lepesoma bakeri: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61); Anderson (1988: 2409);
McNamara (1991: 333).
convex, flattened at apex; surface above apex deeply punctured, with a longitudinal
groove at level of antennal insertions, median carina weakly elevated; surface with
scattered, small, oval, white to light brown scales and scattered, erect to semierect,
curved, brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex; surface finely
punctured, with scales and setae longer, denser than those on rostrum. Seventh seg-
ment of antennal funicle 1.1 times as long as wide. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide
as long, widest at middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, very weakly constricted pos-
terior of anterior edge; surface smooth, densely, finely punctured, with abundant,
small, oval, white to light brown scales and with semierect, brownish, fine setae;
median line obscure, shallowly impressed near anterior and basal edges. Prosternum
with a pair of prominent tubercles behind front coxae. Elytra about 1.7 times as long
as wide, widest at middle; sides slightly, evenly rounded; latero-basal surface not ele-
vated between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum not dis-
tinctly impressed; discal striae distinct, not impressed, with moderately deeply
impressed punctures, each of these with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae flat,
alternate interstriae very weakly elevated, more strongly elevated toward declivity;
surface completely covered by small, round, white to light and dark brown scales and
scattered, recumbent, flat, brownish, scalelike setae. Declivity steep, evenly convex;
sutural interstriae weakly elevated at declivital base, interstria 3 very weakly elevated
at declivital base, remaining interstriae not elevated on declivital face; surface as on
disc.
234

Map 45. Collection localities for Dyslobus verrucifer (L); D. bakeri (G).
Distribution. Dyslobus bakeri occurs in the Pacific Northwest region from south-
ern British Columbia to Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Cape Cook (Brooks Peninsula), Queen
Charlotte Islands (Graham Island, Moresby Island).
Comments. Adults of D. bakeri are readily recognized by the prominent pair of
tubercles behind the front coxae. Adults of D. bakeri are also more slender and elon-
gate than other species.
Dyslobus crinitus Bright, sp. nov.

Fig. 104
Type material: The holotype (%) is labeled “SASK. Cypress Hills Pr[ovincial]
P[ar]k, Loch Lomond area, 1.VIII.1978, E. Lindquist, spruce poplar litter”/“HOLO-
TYPE Dyslobus crinitus Bright”/“HOLOTYPE Dyslobus crinitus Bright CNC #
23521.” One paratype is labeled “ALTA. Waterton Lks. N[ational] P[ark],
Maskinonge Lk., 14-19.VI.1980, 4200’, J. M. Campbell”/“ex dung trap.” The holo-
type and paratype are in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa. One
specimen, probably of this species but not designated as a paratype, is labeled
“OR[egon]: Hwy 244, 12 mi. east of Ukiah, 13.VII.1991, Lot 3, BF&JL Carr” is also
in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.
235
Description. Length 6.9 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Rostrum convex,
flattened at apex; surface above apex deeply punctured, median carina weakly elevat-
ed; surface with scattered, small, oval, white to light brown scales and scattered, erect
to semierect, curved, brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex; sur-
face densely punctured, with scales and setae longer, denser than those on rostrum.
Seventh segment of antennal funicle 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum about 1.2
times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, very weakly
constricted posterior of anterior edge; surface densely granulate, with shiny granules
and with abundant, small, oval, white to light brown scales, white scales more abun-
dant on lateral areas, and with short, semierect, fine, brownish setae; median line
obscure, very shallowly impressed near anterior and basal edges. Prosternum with a
pair of prominent tubercles behind front coxae. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide,
widest at middle; sides slightly, evenly arcuate; latero-basal surface weakly elevated
between interstriae 5 and 9; bases of interstriae 3 and 5 distinctly elevated, 3 more so
than 5; base of interstria 4 slightly impressed; discal striae distinct, not impressed,
with moderately deeply impressed punctures, each of these with a minute seta inter-
nally; discal interstriae flat, alternate interstriae very weakly elevated, more strongly
elevated toward declivity; surface completely covered by small, round, white to light
and dark brown scales and scattered, recumbent, very short, brownish, hairlike setae.
Declivity steep, evenly convex; sutural interstriae not elevated at declivital base, inter-
stria 3 very weakly elevated at declivital base, remaining interstriae not elevated on
declivital face; surface as on disc.

Distribution. Dyslobus crinitus in known only from the type localities noted
above.
Comments. This is one of only two Canadian species that have a prominent bitu-
berculate elevation just behind the front coxae. Adults of D. crinitus are readily dis-
tinguished from those of D. bakeri, the other species with the bituberculate elevation,
by presence of hairlike setae on the elytral interstriae, and by the distinctly elevated
base of interstria 3. Adults of D. crinitus also closely resemble those of D. ursinus.
The area just behind the front coxae of adults of D. ursinus may be very slightly
swollen, but more often is roughened by large punctures and is more rugose; a promi-
nent bituberculate elevation is not present. The specific epithet refers to the hairlike
setae on the interstriae.
Dyslobus decoratus LeConte, 1869

Fig. 105; Map 46
Dyslobus decoratus LeConte, 1869: 381. Van Dyke (1933: 41); Hatch (1971: 285).
Lepesoma decorata: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 61); McNamara (1991: 333).
Description. Length 5.5–9.0 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide. Rostrum con-
vex, very weakly impressed at apex, with a fine, weakly elevated median carina
extending from level of antennal insertion to rostral base; surface deeply, roughly
punctured, surface with scattered, small, oval, white to light brown scales and scat-
236
tered, short, semierect, flattened, brownish scalelike setae. Frons convex, narrower
than rostral apex; surface finely punctured, densely covered with scales and setae as
on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funicle as long as wide. Pronotum about 1.2
times as wide as long, widest slightly behind middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate,
more strongly arcuate on posterior third, very weakly constricted posterior of anteri-
or edge; surface roughened with small, rounded tubercles and deeply impressed, nar-
row interstriae, and with dense, small, round, white to light brown scales and semi-
erect, brownish, short, scalelike, acute setae; median line narrow, shallowly
impressed. Prosternum with a deeply cleft, very low elevation behind front coxae.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded; latero-basal
surface prominently elevated between interstriae 3 and 9; base of interstria 1 and
scutellum not distinctly impressed, base of interstria 2 impressed; discal striae dis-
tinct, weakly impressed, with more deeply impressed, small punctures, each of these
with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae very weakly convex, alternate inters-
triae distinctly but weakly elevated, more strongly elevated toward declivity; surface
completely covered by small, round, white to light and dark brown scales and scat-
tered, recumbent, more elongate, brownish scales. Declivity steep, evenly convex;
sutural interstriae slightly more strongly elevated than on disc, interstriae 3 and 5 dis-
tinctly elevated, interstria 7 slightly elevated; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus decoratus occurs from southern British Columbia, south
to northern California and east to Montana.
Map 46. Collection localities for Dyslobus decoratus.
237
Canadian records: British Columbia: Creston, Cobble Hill, Duncan, Errington,

Gabriola Island, Kamloops, Merritt, Metchosin (Wittys Lagoon Park), 5 mi. south of
Nanaimo, Parksville, Royal Oak, Saanich, Sidney, Terrace, Trinity Valley, Vancouver
Island, Victoria, Wellington.
Comments. Adults of D. decoratus are readily recognized by the slightly elevat-
ed alternate elytral interstriae, by the elytral vestiture, which is composed of dense,
small, round, white to brown scales, with intermixed, slightly longer and narrower,
usually brownish scales, and by the pronotal vestiture, which consists of small, round
scales and much longer, flattened, acutely pointed, narrow scales.
Johansen and Brannon (1955) reported this species as an occasional pest
of strawberries.
Dyslobus granicollis LeConte, 1869

Fig. 106; Map 47
Dyslobus granicollis LeConte, 1869: 380. Van Dyke (1933: 38); Hatch (1971:
284); McNamara (1991: 333).
Amnesia granicollis: Horn (1876: 50).
Lepesoma granicollis: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62).
Amnesia debilis Casey, 1895: 815.

Amnesia discors Casey, 1895: 814.
Amnesia sculptilis Casey, 1888: 250.
Map 47. Collection localities for Dyslobus granicollis.
238
Dyslobus granicollis vestitus Van Dyke, 1933: 39.

vex, flattened to weakly bisulcate at apex, with a fine, median carina extending from
epistomal edge to rostral base; surface deeply, roughly punctured, with scattered,
small, oval, white to light brown scales and abundant, erect, curved, brownish setae,
median carina often obscured by rough punctures, but if visible then weakly to strong-
ly elevated. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex; surface more finely punctured,
with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funicle twice as long
as wide. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, widest on posterior third; sides
broadly arcuate, more strongly arcuate on posterior third, very weakly constricted
posterior of anterior edge; surface rough, tuberculate, with scattered, small, oval to
round, white to light brown scales between elevations or tubercles and with semierect,
brownish, curved setae, these projecting from top of elevations; median line narrow,
shallowly impressed or variably obscure, except anteriorly. Prosternum with a pair of
low, deeply cleft elevations behind front coxae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide,
widest on posterior third; sides broadly rounded posteriorly, arcuately converging on
anterior two-thirds; latero-basal surface prominently elevated between interstriae 3
and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum not distinctly impressed; discal stri-
ae distinct, weakly impressed, with more deeply impressed, large punctures, each of
these with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae very weakly convex, alternate
interstriae distinctly but weakly elevated, more strongly elevated toward declivity;
surface completely covered by small, round, white to light and dark brown scales and
scattered, semierect, curved, brownish setae. Declivity steep, evenly convex; sutural
interstria more strongly elevated than on disc, interstriae 3 and 5 distinctly elevated at
declivital base, interstria 7 slightly elevated to elytral base, all interstriae not elevated
or only weakly elevated on declivital face; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus granicollis occurs in the Pacific Northwest region from
British Columbia to California.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Cowichan Lake, Cranbrook, Creston,
Duncan, Errington, “Fitzgerald,” Gabriola Island, Gordon Head, Kaslo, “Mount
Newton,” Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay, Otter, Pass Creek, Royal Oak, Saanich, Sidney,
Tappen, Tod Inlet, Vancouver, Victoria, Wellington, Wynndel.
Comments. Adults of D. granicollis are most easily recognized by the elongate
last segment of the antennal funicle, by the strongly roughened pronotal disc, which
bears deep, longitudinal grooves between the tubercles, and by the strongly elevated
alternate elytral interstriae.
Dyslobus granicollis has been reported from cherry, wild gum, salmonberry,
strawberry, and raspberry (Hatch 1971).
239
Dyslobus lecontei Casey, 1895

Dyslobus lecontei Casey, 1895: 811. Van Dyke (1933: 37); Hatch (1971: 283).
Lepesoma lecontei: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62); McNamara, (1991: 333).
deeply bisulcate, with a fine, elevated, median carina; surface densely, roughly punc-
tured, completely covered by small, round, white or light brown scales and long, stout,
brownish setae. Frons convex, slightly wider than rostral apex; surface finely, dense-
ly punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funi-
cle 1.6–1.7 times as long as wide. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, widest
in front of middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, distinctly constricted posterior of
anterior edge; surface concealed by dense, small, round, white to light brown scales
and scattered, flattened, recumbent, brownish setae. Prosternum with a pair of low,
deeply cleft elevations behind front coxae. Elytra 1.8–1.9 times as long as wide,
widest at about middle; sides slightly, evenly rounded, apex narrowly rounded; latero-
basal surface prominently elevated between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1
and 2 and scutellum distinctly impressed; discal striae distinct, not impressed to weak-
ly impressed, with large, deeply impressed punctures, each of these with a minute,
round scale internally; discal interstriae weakly convex, alternate interstriae only
slightly elevated; surface completely covered by very small, round, white to light
brown scales and short, curved, brownish setae. Declivity steep; sutural interstria sub-
angulately elevated at base, interstriae 3 and 5 less elevated than 1, remainder of inter-
striae not elevated; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus lecontei occurs from southern British Columbia, south
through the Cascade Range and the Coast Range to southern Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Langley Prairie, Steelhead, Vancouver.
Comments. Adults of D. lecontei are distinguished by their large body size, by
their elongate body shape, by the deep strial punctures, each of which bears a small
scale internally, by the bisulcate rostrum, and by the steep declivity, with the alternate
interstriae more convex at the base of the declivity.
Dyslobus luteus (Horn, 1876)

Fig. 107; Map 48
Thricomigus luteus Horn, 1876: 48.

Dyslobus luteus: Van Dyke (1933: 35); Hatch (1971: 287).
Lepesoma lutea: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982, 62); McNamara (1991: 333).
vex, slightly flattened to weakly bisulcate at apex, with a fine, median carina extend-
ing from epistomal edge to rostral base; surface deeply, roughly punctured, median
carina often obscured by rough punctures, if visible then weakly to strongly elevated,
with dense, small, round, white to light brown scales and abundant, erect, curved,
brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex; surface finely punctured,
240
with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funicle as long as
wide. Pronotum about 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broadly,
evenly arcuate, very weakly to not constricted posterior of anterior edge; surface very
finely tuberculate, with dense, small, oval to round, white to light brown scales cov-
ering tubercles and with erect, long, brownish setae; median line not evident.
Prosternum without any indication of elevations behind front coxae. Elytra 1.4 times
as long as wide, widest on posterior third; sides broadly rounded posteriorly, arcuate-
ly converging on anterior two-thirds; latero- basal surface prominently elevated
between interstriae 5 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum not distinctly
impressed; discal striae distinct, weakly impressed, with slightly more deeply
impressed punctures, each of these with a minute seta internally; all discal interstriae
equally flat to very weakly convex; surface completely covered by small, round, white
to light and dark brown scales and scattered, long, erect, brownish setae. Declivity
steep, evenly convex; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus luteus occurs from British Columbia to Saskatchewan,
south to Washington, Colorado, and Montana.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Cawston, Merritt, Oliver, Penticton,
Summerland, Vernon. Saskatchewan: Saskatoon.
Comments. Venables (1947) reported that adults of D. luteus damaged leaves of
cultivated raspberries in 1906. Adults entirely removed three or four long, narrow
areas on each side of the midrib, extending from the edge to the midrib. Adults con-
Map 48. Collection localities for Dyslobus luteus.
241
fined their attacks to the large leaves near the base of the canes.
This species is nocturnal, feeding in large numbers at night and hiding during the
day under the surface of the soil and under dead leaves (Venables 1947).
Dyslobus nigrescens (Pierce, 1913)

Fig. 108
Melamomphus nigrescens Pierce, 1913: 384.

Dyslobus nigrescens: Van Dyke (1933: 36); Hatch (1971: 287).
Lepesoma nigrescens: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62).

vex, weakly bisulcate at apex, with a fine, median carina extending from epistomal
edge to level of antennal insertions; surface above apex finely punctured, median cari-
na not visible; surface with abundant, small, oval, white to light brown scales and
scattered, erect, curved, brownish setae. Frons strongly convex, slightly narrower than
rostral apex; surface finely punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh
segment of antennal funicle 1.3 times as wide as long. Pronotum about as long as
wide, widest at middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; surface finely punctured, with
dense, small, oval to round, white to light brown scales and with long, semierect,
brownish setae; median line not evident. Prosternum with a low, deeply cleft eleva-
tion behind front coxae. Elytra 2.6 times as long as wide, widest near middle; sides
evenly rounded on basal half, strongly converging to narrowly rounded apex; latero-
basal surface not elevated; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum not impressed;
discal striae obscure, weakly impressed, with more deeply impressed, elongate punc-
tures, each of these with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae flat, none more ele-
vated than others; surface completely covered by small, round, off-white to light and
dark brown scales, each interstria with a single row of very long, erect, brownish
setae. Declivity steep, evenly convex; interstriae and striae as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus nigrescens occurs in British Columbia and Alberta, and
in the Pacific Northwest region in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Baynes Lake, Cranbrook, Elko,
“Kaleden.” Alberta: Calgary, Tp. 13, Rge. 4 W, 4 Mer[idian], Tp. 14, Rge. 13 W, 4
Mer[idian].
Comments. These are the first records of this species in Canada.
Adults of D. nigrescens are very similar to those of D. alternatus but may be dis-
tinguished by the lack of brownish scales in the elytral interstriae 2, 4, 6, etc. In addi-
tion, adults of this species are recognized by the more elongate body shape, by the
presence of a row of very long setae in each elytral interstria, and by the evenly round-
ed elytral bases.
Nothing is known of the life history or habits of this species except that speci-
mens were taken on fruit trees in Washington (Hatch 1971).
242
Dyslobus simplex Van Dyke, 1933

Dyslobus simplex Van Dyke, 1933: 37. Hatch (1971: 284).
Lepesoma simplex: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62).
weakly bisulcate at apex, with a fine, median carina between convexities; surface
above apex moderately deeply, moderately roughly punctured, median carina strong-
ly elevated; surface with scattered, small, round, white to light brown scales and scat-
tered, fine, semierect, brownish setae. Frons convex, wider than rostrum at apex; sur-
face finely punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of anten-
nal funicle about 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum very slightly wider than long,
widest before middle; sides broadly arcuate, weakly constricted or somewhat flattened
at about middle, very weakly constricted posterior of anterior edge; surface smooth,
densely, finely punctured, almost completely concealed by abundant, round, white to
light brown scales, with recumbent, brownish, curved setae; median line weakly indi-
cated basally or completely obsolete. Prosternum with an obscure, notched, or cleft
swelling behind front coxae. Elytra about 1.8–1.9 times as long as wide, widest on
posterior third; sides slightly arcuate, strongly converging on posterior one-third; lat-
ero-basal surface not elevated between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2
and scutellum not distinctly impressed, punctures in striae 1 more deeply impressed;
discal striae distinct, weakly impressed, with more deeply impressed punctures, these
without a distinct seta or scale internally; discal interstriae flat to very weakly convex;
surface completely covered by small, round, white to light and dark brown scales,
setae absent. Declivity steep, evenly convex; interstriae not elevated on declivital
face; surface as on disc, except sutural interstria with scattered setae.
Distribution. Dyslobus simplex is not recorded from Canada but occurs in the
Cascade Mountain region of Oregon and Washington and possibly occurs in southern
British Columbia.
Comments. Adults of D. simplex may be distinguished by the characters men-
tioned in the key to species.
Dyslobus ursinus (Horn, 1876)

Fig. 109; Map 49
Amnesia ursina Horn, 1876: 51.

Dyslobus ursinus: Van Dyke (1933: 34); Hatch (1971: 286).
Lepesoma ursina: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62); McNamara (1991: 333).
Amnesia rauca Horn, 1876: 51. syn. nov.
Dyslobus tanneri Van Dyke, 1933: 42. syn. nov.
Lepesoma tanneri: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62); McNamara (1991: 333).
convex, arcuately impressed to flattened, deeply punctured at apex, with a distinct,
strongly elevated median carina extending from near level of antennal insertion to ros-
243
tral base; surface deeply, roughly punctured, with scattered, small, elongate, white
scales and scattered, fine, semierect, brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than ros-
tral apex; surface densely punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh seg-
ment of antennal funicle about as long as wide. Pronotum about 1.3 times as wide as
long, widest at middle; sides very broadly, evenly arcuate, very weakly constricted
posterior of anterior edge; surface rough, distinctly tuberculate, with deep, longitudi-
nal grooves between rugae and with scattered, small, oval, white scales between and
on tubercles and with erect, fine, brownish, curved setae, these projecting from top of
elevations; median line very narrowly impressed to not evident. Prosternum with a
pair of small swellings behind front coxae. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, widest at
middle; sides broadly, evenly rounded; latero-basal surface prominently elevated
between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum not distinctly
impressed; discal striae not impressed, with deeply impressed, large punctures, each
of these with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae flat; surface completely cov-
ered by small, round, white to light and dark brown scales and numerous, erect, fine,
brownish setae, these 2- or 3-ranked in each interstria. Declivity very steep, interstri-
ae flat, not elevated; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus ursinus occurs from southern British Columbia, south to
Oregon and east to Utah and Wyoming.
Canadian and Alaskan records: Alaska: near Haines, Haines Highway (Mile 8.5).
Alberta: Coleman, Waterton Lakes. British Columbia: Canal Flats, Coquihalla Hwy.
Map 49. Collection localities for Dyslobus ursinus.
244
at Goldwater River, Courtenay, Creston, Cultus Lake, Duncan, Elgin, Gabriola Island,
Gordon Head, Kamloops, Kootenay Lake, Merritt, Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay, Nelson,
Okanagan Centre, Oliver, Revelstoke, Saanich, Salmon Arm, Sicamous, Sidney,
Summerland, Vancouver Island (Mount Douglas), Vernon, Victoria, Westbank,
Wynndel.
Comments. Adults of D. ursinus are recognized by the distinctly tuberculate
pronotal surface, which has deep grooves between the rugae and also bears sparse
scales, and by the densely scaly elytral surface with two or three rows of fine, erect
setae in each interstria.
The holotype of Dyslobus tanneri was examined and compared with numerous
specimens of D. ursinus, which had previously been compared to the holotype of

Amnesia ursina. No differences could be detected.
Dyslobus verrucifer Casey, 1895

Fig. 47; Map 45
Dyslobus verrucifer Casey, 1895: 812. Van Dyke (1933: 38); Hatch (1971: 283).
Lepesoma verrucifera: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62); McNamara (1991: 333).
Dyslobus bituberculatus Pierce, 1913: 388.
deeply, longitudinally bisulcate, arcuately impressed at apex, with a very fine, weak-
ly elevated median carina; surface with abundant, small, round, white to light brown
scales and scattered, semierect, curved, brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than
rostral apex; surface finely punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh
segment of antennal funicle 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum very slightly wider
than long, widest behind middle; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, very weakly constrict-
ed posterior of anterior edge; surface smooth, densely, finely punctured, almost com-
pletely concealed by abundant, round, white, green, or light to dark brown scales and
scattered, fine, recumbent, brownish setae; median line narrow, shallowly impressed
or variably obscure. Prosternum with a deep, longitudinal impression behind front
coxae. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, widest on posterior third; sides broadly, even-
ly rounded; latero-basal surface weakly elevated between interstriae 3 and 9; base of
interstria 2 and scutellum distinctly impressed; discal striae distinct, weakly
impressed, with large, deeply impressed punctures, each of these with a minute seta
internally; discal interstriae very weakly convex, 3 and 5 elevated; surface complete-
ly covered by small, round, white, greenish to light and dark brown scales and scat-
tered, very short, recumbent setae. Declivity steep; sutural interstria distinctly, strong-
ly to weakly bituberculate at base, sometimes interstriae 3 and 5 also weakly elevat-
ed at base; remaining interstriae not elevated on declivital face; surface as on disc,
except sutural interstria bears scattered, long setae.
Distribution. Dyslobus verrucifer occurs from British Columbia through the
northwestern United States to Oregon, east to Montana and Wyoming.
245

Fig. 47. Dyslobus verrucifer. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
246
Canadian records: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Donald Station, Forest-

Barriere, Lillooet, McBride, Merritt, Nanoose Bay, Trinity Valley, Vancouver,
Vancouver Island (Mount Benson), Vernon, Winfield, Wynndel.
Comments. The adults of D. verrucifer may be easily recognized by the distinct
swelling or very large bituberculate elevation in the sutural interstriae at the declivi-
tal base, and by the deeply bisulcate rostrum.
Dyslobus viridescens Van Dyke, 1933

Dyslobus viridescens Van Dyke, 1933: 40. Hatch (1971: 285).
Lepesoma viridescens: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62).

Description. Length 9.0–10.0 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide. Rostrum flat-
tened at apex, with a fine, median carina extending from epistomal edge to upper bor-
der of impressed area; surface above apex deeply, roughly punctured, median carina
often obscured by rough punctures, if visible then weakly to strongly elevated; surface
with scattered, small, oval, white, greenish, or light brown scales and abundant, semi-
erect, curved, brownish setae. Frons convex, narrower than rostral apex; surface finely
punctured, with scales and setae as on rostrum. Seventh segment of antennal funicle as
long as wide. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at middle; sides broad-
ly, evenly arcuate, very weakly constricted posterior of anterior edge; surface smooth,
with scattered, small, oval to round, white, green, or light brown scales and with scat-
tered, semierect, brownish, curved setae; median line narrow, shallowly impressed or
variably obscure, except anteriorly. Prosternum with a slight swelling behind front
coxae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded poste-
riorly, arcuately converging on anterior two-thirds; latero-basal surface prominently ele-
vated between interstriae 3 and 9; bases of interstriae 1 and 2 and scutellum distinctly
impressed; discal striae distinct, weakly impressed, with more deeply impressed punc-
tures, each of these with a minute seta internally; discal interstriae flat, alternate inters-
triae distinctly but weakly elevated, more strongly elevated toward declivity; surface
completely covered by small, round, light and dark brown scales, sometimes with green-
ish scales in patches, and scattered, semierect, curved, brownish setae. Declivity steep,
evenly convex; sutural interstriae more strongly elevated than on disc, interstriae 3 and
5 distinctly elevated at declivital base, interstria 7 slightly elevated to elytral base, inter-
striae 3, 5, and sometimes 7 only weakly elevated on declivital face; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Dyslobus viridescens is not recorded from Canada but occurs along
the west coast in Oregon and Washington and possibly occurs in southern British
Columbia.
Comments. Adults of D. viridescens may most easily be recognized by the short
seventh segment of the antennal funicle, and by elytral interstriae 3 and 5 being slight-
ly elevated on the posterior portion of the elytra and on the declivity. There are patch-
es of greenish scales on the elytra and pronotum of some specimens.
247
Genus Panscopus Schönherr, 1842

Panscopus Schönherr, 1842: 266. Type species: Barynotus erinaceus Say, 1831,
original designation. Horn (1876: 42); Pierce (1913: 390); Blatchley and Leng (1916:
103); Arnett (1962: 995); Kissinger (1964: 36); Hatch (1971: 279); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 63); McNamara (1991: 333); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1497);
Description. Body moderately large, stout; surface densely scaly. Rostrum free,
stout, usually as long as or longer than head width, laterally expanded at apex, surface
usually with a distinct median carina and often with lateral carinae. Mandible stout,
with a distinct, obvious scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, dorsal and ventral
edges acutely defined, edge obsolete posteriorly. Antennal scape strongly club-
shaped, extending to or just beyond anterior edge of eye (occasionally reaching pos-
terior edge of eye), resting on lower part of eye when retracted next to head, surface
with dense, recumbent scales and narrow, flattened, semierect scales; funicle 7-seg-
mented, basal two segments elongate, remaining segments about as long as wide, all
segments with stout setae; club 4-segmented, conical, acutely pointed at tip. Prothorax
wider than long, anterior edge produced into a prominent postocular lobe; discal sur-
face tuberculate or rugose, usually with a deep, median, longitudinal sulcus. Elytra
broad; scutellum minutely visible; sides broadly rounded; humeral angles distinct;
discal striae with coarse punctures, each of these covered by a round scale; discal
interstriae as wide as or wider than striae, variously sculptured. Tibia truncate at apex,
with a stout spine on inner angle, hind tibia mucronate at inner angle; claws free, sim-
ple.
Comments. In North America, about 27 species are currently recognized, of
these, 15 occur or may occur in Canada.
Members of Panscopus may be recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar,
by the prominent postocular lobe, by the presence of a small scale covering each stri-
al puncture, by the metepisternal suture being fused for most of its length (except in
P. costatus), and by the generally large size of the adults.
Panscopus was revised by T.G. Spanton as a doctoral dissertation at the
University of Alberta (1992). Unfortunately, Dr. Spanton passed away before his dis-
sertation could be published. A manuscript based on Spanton’s thesis will be pub-
lished shortly by his dissertation supervisor (Ball, pers. comm., 2007).
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) and McNamara (1991) record P. maculosus
Blatchley from Ontario; however, Spanton (1992) records this species from mid-Iowa
to the Chicago area of Illinois and Indiana, south to Kentucky. Since neither we nor
Spanton have seen specimens from Ontario and the presently known distribution of
the species is too far south, this species is omitted in this treatment.
The genus, as recognized here, is very variable and includes a number of species-
groups that have been recognized as subgenera by most workers. The subgeneric des-
ignations are not used in this work and will be treated in an upcoming publication (see
above).
248
Key to the species of Panscopus found in Canada

1. Pronotal disc without a median, longitudinal sulcus; disc of pronotum tubercu-
late; eastern species; length 5.7–6.1 mm . . . . . . ovatipennis Buchanan [p. 262]
Pronotal disc with a distinct, median, longitudinal sulcus; sculpture of disc of

pronotum variable; western species (except erinaceus Say) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Metepisternal suture clearly defined for the greater part of its length, not appear-
ing fused with metasternum, not covered by elytra; disc of pronotum coarsely
rugose, with stout, semierect scales arising from the summits of the elevations;
elytral interstriae 1, 3, 5, and basal part of 7 elevated, with irregular double row
of stout, erect scales; length 7.3–7.8 mm . . . . . . . . costatus Buchanan [p. 256]
Metepisternal suture obliterated or defined for only a short distance near hind
coxae; other characters not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Elytra with conspicuous polished tubercles; antennal scape with setae only; scales
on elytra and pronotum off-white or greenish; length 8.3–11.2 mm . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gemmatus (LeConte) [p. 258]
Elytra not tuberculate; antennal scape with setae or scales; scales on elytra and
pronotum variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Base of elytra more or less thickened and laterally protuberant; sides of elytra
slightly constricted behind base; all elytral interstriae with semierect scales;
scape reaching halfway across eye; eastern species; length 6.6–9.0 mm . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . erinaceus (Say) [p. 257]
Base of elytra not thickened or raised, sides behind humeri not sinuate; other
characters not as above; western species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Antennal scape extending nearly to or beyond posterior edge of eye. . . . . . . . 6
Antennal scape extending only to anterior edge of eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Alternate elytral interstriae distinctly more convex; even-numbered elytral

interstriae almost without semierect scales; color black to cinereous; length
7.7–9.9 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spantoni Bright, sp. nov. [p. 264]
All elytral interstriae evenly convex; color cinereous; length 5.3–7.0 mm . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . squamosus Pierce [p. 265]
7. All elytral interstriae flat or weakly convex; elytral setae slender, acute or near-
ly so at apex, about equally distributed on all interstriae; pronotal disc with a
weakly developed longitudinal sulcus; length 6.6–8.7 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aequalis (Horn) [p. 254]
249
Elytral interstriae 1, 3, 5 elevated, setae more numerous than on other interstri-

ae; elytral setae flattened, blunt at apex (acute in longus); pronotal disc with a
distinct longitudinal sulcus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Rostrum slender, with a narrow, median, longitudinal carina; alternate elytral

interstriae distinctly more convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rostrum stout, uni-carinate or tricarinate; alternate elytral interstriae slightly

more convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Scales on dorsal surface, at least in part, green; antennal scape setose only, sur-
face visible between setae; rostrum about 3.0 times as long as thick at base;
length 6.3–7.3 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . johnsoni Van Dyke [p. 259]
Dorsal surface without green scales; antennal scape setose and squamose, the
surface completely covered; rostrum stouter; length 6.0–8.5 mm . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Buchanan [p. 255]
10. Hind tibia nearly generally straight, its inner surface with uniform fine setae
(except some specimens of tricarinatus); rostrum usually with distinct median
and lateral carinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hind tibia slightly curved near apex, its inner surface with a small number of
distinctly thicker, shorter, darker spines in addition to setae; rostrum usually
with weak median carina or without carina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Elytral interstriae uniformly convex or alternate interstriae very slightly more
convex; rostrum with single faint carina medially or without carina; length
8.8–10.2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . longus Buchanan [p. 260]
Alternate elytral interstriae distinctly more convex; carinae on rostrum variable

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. All elytral interstriae with semierect scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Even-numbered elytral interstriae nearly or completely without semierect

scales; length 6.1–7.5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ovalis Pierce [p. 261]
13. Pronotum widest in front of middle; rostrum without distinct longitudinal cari-
nae; length 5.5–7.1 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torpidus (LeConte) [p. 266]
Pronotum widest at or about middle; rostrum usually with three distinct carinae;
length 5.3–6.5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tricarinatus Buchanan [p. 267]
14. Color brownish black; even-numbered elytral interstriae without semierect

scales; length 6.9–9.7 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . abruptus (Casey) [p. 253]
250
Color pale brown; even-numbered elytral interstriae with semierect scales

throughout their entire length; length 7.4–9.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugicollis Buchanan [p. 263]
Clé des espèces du genre Panscopus

1. Disque du pronotum sans sillon médian longitudinal distinct; disque du prono-
tum recouvert de tubercules; espèce de l’Est; longueur entre 5,7 et 6,1 mm . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ovatipennis Buchanan [p. 262]
Disque du pronotum avec un sillon médian longitudinal distinct; sculpture de la

surface du disque du pronotum variable; espéce de l’Ouest (excepté pour eri-
naceus Say) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Suture métépisternale distincte presque sur la totalité de sa longueur, sans l’ap-

parence d’être fusionnée au métasternum, sans être recouverte par les élytres;
disque du pronotum d’apparence rugueuse, avec des écailles épaisses, semi-
dressées sur le sommet des élévations; interstries élytrales 1, 3 et 5 et région
près de la base de l’interstrie 7 avec deux rangées irrégulières d’écailles épaiss-
es, dressées; longueur entre 7,3 et 7,8 mm . . . . . . . costatus Buchanan [p. 256]
Suture métépisternale indistincte ou distincte seulement sur une courte distance

près des coxae postérieures; autres charactères variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Élytres avec des tubercules luisants distincts; scape antennaire avec des poils;
élytres et pronotum avec des écailles beige ou verdâtres; longueur entre 8,3 et
11,2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gemmatus (LeConte) [p. 258]
Élytres sans tubercules distincts; scape antennaire avec des poils ou des écailles;
élytres et pronotum avec des écailles de couleur variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Base des élytres légèrement plus épaisse et divergente latéralement; côtés des
élytres souvent avec une constriction près de la base en vue dorsale; interstries
élytrales avec des poils; scape antennaire atteignant le milieu de l’oeil; espèce
de l’est; longueur entre 6,6 et 9,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . erinaceus (Say) [p. 257]
Base des élytres sans épaississement distinct; côtés des élytres sans constriction
près de la base en vue dorsale; autres charactères variables; espèce de l’ouest .
..............................................................5
5. Scape antennaire atteignant le bord postérieur de l’oeil ou presque . . . . . . . . . 6
Scape antennaire atteignant seulement le bord antérieur de l’oeil . . . . . . . . . . 7
251
6. Interstries alternantes des élytres distinctement plus convexes; interstries ély-

trales les moins convexes presque sans poils semidressés; couleur du corps
noire à cendrée; longueur du corps entre 7,7 et 9,9 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spantoni Bright, sp. nov. [p. 264]
Interstries élytrales de convexité semblable; couleur du corps cendrée; longueur

du corps entre 5,3 et 7,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . squamosus Pierce [p. 265]
7. Interstries élytrales plates ou légèrement convexes, de convexité semblable;

élytres avec des poils minces, pointus ou presque pointus à l’apex, poils dis-
tribués de façon semblable sur toutes les interstries; disque du pronotum avec
un sillon médian longitudinal peu profond; longueur entre 6,6 et 8,7 mm. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aequalis (Horn) [p. 254]
Interstries élytrales 1, 3, 5 plus convexes, avec un plus grand nombre de poils

semidressés que les interstries moins convexes; élytres avec des poils applatis,
avec l’apex tronqué (pointu dans longus); disque du pronotum avec un sillon
médian longitudinal distinct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Rostre étroit, avec une carène médiane longitudinale étroite; interstries élytrales
alternantes distinctement plus convexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rostre épais, avec une carènes médianes longitudinales peu distincte ou avec
trois carènes distinctes; interstries élytrales alternantes légèrement plus con-
vexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Surface dorsale du corps avec au moins un petit nombre d’écailles vertes; scape
antennaire avec des poils, surface de la cuticule visible entre les poils; rostre
approximativement 3.0 fois aussi long que la largeur à la base; longueur du
corps entre 6,3 et 7,3 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . johnsoni Van Dyke [p. 259]
Surface dorsale du corps sans écailles vertes; scape antennaire entièrement

recouvert de poils et d’écailles; rostre plus épais; longueur du corps entre 6,0 et
8,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bakeri Buchanan [p. 255]
10. Tibia postérieur généralement droit, avec des poils fins uniformes sur la surface
interne (sauf pour certains spécimens de tricarinatus); rostre généralement avec
trois carènes distinctes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tibia postérieur légèrement courbé près de l’apex, avec un petit nombre

d’épines épaisses, courtes et foncées sur la surface interne en plus des poils fins;
rostre généralement avec une carène médiane peu distincte ou sans carène médi-
ane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Interstries élytrales de convexité uniforme ou interstries alternantes légère-

ment plus convexes; rostre avec une carène médiane peu prononcée ou sans
carène médiane; longueur du corps entre 8,8 et 10,2 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . longus Buchanan [p. 260]
252
Interstries élytrales alternantes de convexité distinctement plus prononcée;

carènes du rostre variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Toutes les interstries élytrales avec des écailles semidressées . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Interstries élytrales alternantes sans écailles semidressées ou avec un très petit

nombre d’écailles semidressées; longueur du corps entre 6,1 et 7,5 mm . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ovalis Pierce [p. 261]
13. Largeur maximale du pronotum antérieure au milieu; rostre sans carènes longi-
tudinales distinctes; longueur du corps entre 5,5 et 7,1 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torpidus (LeConte) [p. 266]
Largeur maximale du pronotum au milieu ou près du milieu; rostre avec trois

carènes longitudinales distinctes; longueur du corps entre 5,3 et 6,5 mm . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tricarinatus Buchanan [p. 267]
14. Corps brun-noir; interstries élytrales sans écailles semidressées; longueur du

corps entre 6,9 et 9,7 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . abruptus (Casey) [p. 253]
Corps brun pâle; interstries élytrales avec des écailles semidressées; longueur
du corps entre 7,4 et 9,0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugicollis Buchanan [p. 263]
Panscopus abruptus (Casey, 1895)

Nomidus abruptus Casey, 1895: 819. Pierce (1913: 395).
Panscopus (Nomidus) abruptus: Buchanan (1927: 29); Buchanan (1936b: 15);
McNamara (1991: 334).
Panscopus abruptus: Hatch (1971: 290); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
Description. Length 6.9–9.7 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Rostrum with-
out carinae visible through vestiture; nasal plate indistinct, usually glabrous, with a
broad, U-shaped carina; surface of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent
to semierect, overlapping, striate scales, and scattered, recumbent, broad, flattened
setae. Antennal scape extending to anterior edge of eyes, with dense scales and setae.
Pronotum 1.1–1.2 times as wide as long, widest near middle; sides broadly arcuate;
median longitudinal sulcus on disc distinct or shallow and indistinct posteriorly, deep-
er at anterior half; discal surface coarsely rugose; ground vestiture of disc consisting
of dense, overlapping, striate, dark brown to nearly black scales, with patches of
lighter colored scales and setae postero-laterally. Elytra about 1.3–1.4 times as long as
wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; alternate interstriae slightly ele-
vated, with double to partly triple rows of recumbent, short, blunt setae; even-num-
bered interstriae flat, without setae; ground vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping,
striate, dark brown to nearly black scales, with patches of lighter colored scales and
setae on humeri. Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus abruptus is known from southern British Columbia,
253
south to central California, and east to western Idaho.

Canadian records: British Columbia: Copper Mountain, Manning Provincial
Park, Merritt, Midday Valley.
Comments. The adults of P. abruptus may be recognized by the non-setose even-
numbered elytral interstriae, by the absence of carinae on the frons, and by the more
blackish color.
This species is known to be an occasional pest of strawberries in Washington
State (Johansen and Brannon 1955; Hatch 1971). Plant associations for P. abruptus
also include Abies concolor, Abies spp., Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus spp., and Vaccinium spp.
(Spanton 1992).
Panscopus aequalis (Horn, 1876)

Fig. 110; Map 50
Nocheles aequalis Horn, 1876: 55.

Nocheles vestitus Casey, 1888: 251.
Panscopus (Neopanscopus) aequalis: Pierce (1913: 397); Buchanan (1927: 27);
Buchanan (1936b: 13); McNamara (1991: 334).
Panscopus aequalis: Hatch (1971: 290); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62).
Description. Length 6.6–8.7 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Rostrum with
median and lateral carinae absent; nasal plate indistinct, carina acute, V-shaped; sur-
face of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent, overlapping, gray scales and
Map 50. Collection localities for Panscopus aequalis.
254
recumbent, stout, blunt, setae. Antennal scape extending to just beyond anterior edge
of eye, with dense scales and setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, widest at
about middle; sides narrowly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on disc incomplete
or indistinct, more obvious on anterior half; discal surface coarsely rugose, with over-
lapping, gray scales and scattered, recumbent setae. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as
wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; all interstriae equally, slightly
convex, each with a complete row or partially double row of semierect, fine, acute
setae; ground vestiture consisting of flat, recumbent pale gray scales or with patches
of beige-colored, overlapping, striate scales. Declivity steep, broadly convex; surface
as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus aequalis is known from British Columbia to southwest-

ern Manitoba, south to Colorado, southern Utah, and eastern California.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Cardston, Cypress Hills, Drumheller,
Edmonton, Empress, Ghost Dam, Gleichen, Highwood River, Hilda, Lacombe,
Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Milk River, Orion, Patricia, Strathmore, Sylvan Lake,
Tilley, Waiparous. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Cawston, Chilcotin, Coquihalla
Highway at Coldwater River, Creston, Kamloops, Keremeos, Marysville, McLeod
Meadows, Merritt, Midday Valley, Osoyoos, Pencticton, Princeton, Quesnel, Radium,
Spences Bridge, Summerland, Vernon. Manitoba: Aweme, Treesbank.
Saskatchewan: Attons Lake, Cut Knife, Cypress Hills, Earl Gray, Hague, Oxbow,
Rosthern, Rutland, Saskatoon, Val Marie.

Comments. Adults of P. aequalis may be distinguished by having all of the ely-
tral interstriae equally convex, by the narrow, semierect, acute setae in rows on all of
the elytral interstriae, and by the coarse rugose-tuberculate surface of the pronotum,
with tubercles visible through the vestiture.
Plant associations recorded by Spanton (1992) include alfalfa, Artemisia rothroc-
ki, Chrysothamnus spp., Rosa spp., Salix spp., and Populus tremuloides. MacNay and
Creelman (1958) reported this species as a pest of peaches in British Columbia. The
species is not considered to be of major economic importance.
Panscopus bakeri Buchanan, 1936

Fig. 111
Panscopus (Nomidus) bakeri Buchanan, 1936b: 17.

Panscopus bakeri: Hatch (1971: 291); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
a narrow, median, longitudinal carina and with faint lateral carinae visible through
vestiture; nasal plate distinct, glabrous, finely rugulose, and with a distinct V-shaped
carina; surface of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent, striate scales and
scattered, recumbent, flattened setae, with a group of 8–10 setae above eyes. Antennal
scape extending to just beyond anterior edge of eye, with dense, recumbent scales and
scattered setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, widest at about middle; sides
255
broadly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on disc broad, deeply impressed, extend-
ing entire length of pronotum, deeper and broader in anterior half; discal surface
coarsely rugose-tuberculate, apices of tubercles visible through vestiture, vestiture
consisting of recumbent, round, striate scales and scattered, recumbent, flattened, stri-
ate setae. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broad-
ly rounded; alternate interstriae more convex, each with an irregular row of recum-
bent, flattened setae; even- numbered interstriae flat, without setae; ground vestiture
consisting of dense, overlapping, recumbent, striate, cinereous scales, with areas of
beige scales. Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus bakeri occurs in British Columbia and Washington.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Richmond, Trinity Valley,

Vernon, Voght Valley.
Comments. The adults of P. bakeri may be distinguished by the short antennal
scape, which bears setae and squamous scales, and by the elevated alternate elytral
interstriae, which bear more numerous setae than on the even-numbered interstriae.
No information on the life history or habits of this species is available.
Panscopus costatus Buchanan, 1927

Panscopus (Pseudopanscopus) costatus Buchanan, 1927: 33. Buchanan (1936b:

12); McNamara (1991: 334).
Pseudopanscopus costatus: Hatch (1971: 288).
Panscopus costatus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
with a broad transverse depression between eyes, without carinae or if carinae present
then not visible through vestiture; nasal plate with a distinct V-shaped carina; surface
of head and rostrum densely covered by scattered, recumbent or semierect, broad
scales, and with 10–12 broad, flattened, semierect to erect setae forming a dense
clump above each eye. Antennal scape extended to middle of eye, with dense, over-
lapping, striate scales and scattered, semierect, broad, flattened setae. Pronotum
1.1–1.5 times as wide as long, widest at about middle, broader posteriorly than ante-
riorly; sides broadly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on disc broad; discal surface
irregularly rugose-tuberculate, with dense striate scales and scattered, recumbent, flat,
broad, striate, scalelike setae. Elytra about 1.8 times as long as wide; sides broadly
rounded; apex narrowly rounded; alternate interstriae more convex, with double or
partly triple row of recumbent to semierect, broad, flat, scales; even-numbered inter-
striae flat or slightly convex, setae few or absent; ground vestiture consisting of dense,
flat, recumbent, overlapping, light brown to beige scales. Declivity steep, convex; sur-
face as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus costatus occurs on southern Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, and in northwestern Washington.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Chiliwack, Victoria.
256
Comments. Adults of P. costatus may be recognized by the very broad, deep,

median, longitudinal sulcus of the pronotal disc, by the costate alternate elytral inter-
striae, by the very broad, flat, scalelike elytral setae, and by the metepisternal suture
being clearly defined for most of its length, not fused with the metasternum nor cov-
ered by the elytra.
Spanton (1992) reports that two specimens he examined were recorded from
strawberry plants.
Panscopus erinaceus (Say, 1831)

Map 51
Barynotus erinaceus Say, 1831: 11.

Panscopus erinaceus: Horn (1876: 42); Blatchley and Leng (1916: 104); O’Brien
and Wibmer (1982: 63); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1497).
Panscopus (Panscopus) erinaceus: Pierce (1913: 393); Buchanan (1927: 27);
Panscopus carinatus Pierce, 1913: 398.
Description. Length 6.6–9.0 mm, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Rostrum with a
broad transverse depression between eyes and between rostrum and frons and with a dis-
tinct, rounded, longitudinal median carina covered by vestiture; nasal plate large, obvi-
ous, but not clearly delimited, merging into punctate region near apex of rostrum; sur-
face of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent, overlapping scales and sparse
rows of recumbent, slightly flattened setae on each side of rostrum and sparse, scattered
setae on frons and with loose groups of 10–12 setae above eyes. Antennal scape extend-
ed to anterior third of eye, with recumbent striate scales and recumbent setae. Pronotum
Map 51. Collection localities for Panscopus erinaceus.
257
1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, widest at about middle; sides broadly arcuate; median lon-
gitudinal sulcus on disc narrow, shallow; discal surface irregularly rugose-tuberculate,
tubercles covered by dense, overlapping, recumbent scales and scattered recumbent
setae, the setae inserted on high points of surface. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide;
sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; interstriae weakly convex, odd-numbered
interstriae slightly more elevated, each interstria with a single row of setae, sometimes
even-numbered interstriae with discontinuous row of setae, or with a few setae near base
and near declivity; ground vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping, striate, nearly
round, recumbent, beige to brown scales, and rows of recumbent to semierect setae.
Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus erinaceus occurs from Minnesota through southern

Ontario to the New England states, southward to southern West Virginia.
Canadian records: Ontario: Chalk River, Jockvale, Leamington, Ottawa, Prince
Edward County. Quebec: Harrington Lake, Gatineau Park.
Comments. Adults of P. erinaceus are distinguished by the eastern distribution,
by the base of elytra being more or less thickened and laterally protuberant, by all the
elytral interstriae with setae, and by the evenly curved sides of the pronotum.
One specimen in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, is labeled
“Rubus,” and the species has been reported taken from wild grape (Blatchley and
Leng 1916).
Panscopus gemmatus (LeConte, 1857)

Fig. 112; Map 52
Tyloderes gemmatus LeConte, 1857: 56.

Phymatinus gemmatus: Horn (1876: 53).
Panscopus (Phymatinus) gemmatus: Pierce (1913: 391); Buchanan (1927: 27);
Panscopus gemmatus: Hatch (1971: 288); Furniss and Carolin (1977: 329);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 62); Anderson (1988: 2409).
a weak transverse depression between eyes and with a narrow, median longitudinal
carina; nasal plate with a distinct V-shaped carina; surface of head and rostrum dense-
ly covered by recumbent, narrow scales, these becoming more hairlike toward rostral
apex. Antennal scape extended to middle of eye, with slightly flattened, blunt, recum-
bent setae. Pronotum about as long as wide, widest at about middle; median longitu-
dinal sulcus on disc shallower posteriorly, deeper and wider anteriorly; discal surface
with shiny, round tubercles, each of these with a seta at apex. Elytra about 1.6 times
as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex narrowly rounded; alternate interstriae
more convex, with rows of shiny tubercles, each of these with a slightly flattened,
blunt, recumbent seta projecting from apex, a few similar tubercles on even-numbered
interstriae, these not in continuous rows as on odd-numbered interstriae; ground vesti-
258
Map 52. Collection localities for Panscopus gemmatus.
ture consisting of dense, striate, recumbent, overlapping, cupreous to pale green

scales. Declivity steep, convex; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus gemmatus occurs from the Queen Charlotte Islands and
Vancouver Island in British Columbia, south through western Washington to Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: “Engelwood,” Juskatla, Kwuna Point,
Mesachie Lake, Port Hardy, Port Renfrew, Queen Charlotte Islands (Graham Island,
Moresby Island), Rennell Sound, Vancouver Island (Parker Creek), Victoria.
Comments. The large size of the adults, the shiny tubercles on the pronotum and
elytra, and the vestiture of metallic green scales will serve to distinguish P. gemmatus
from other species in the genus.
Adults of P. gemmatus feed on a wide variety of plants. Spanton (1992) records
plants from nine genera representing four families of angiosperms as well as two gen-
era of coniferous gymnosperms. Most of the records originate from rosaceous plants,
most of these from Rubus. The species is not recognized to be of significant econom-
ic importance, although it has been reported as an occasional pest of strawberries in
Washington State (Johansen and Brannon 1955).
Panscopus johnsoni Van Dyke, 1935

Panscopus johnsoni Van Dyke, 1935: 9. Hatch (1971: 290); O’Brien and Wibmer
(1982: 63).
Panscopus (Nomidus) johnsoni: Buchanan (1936b: 1).
259
a narrow, median carina and with lateral carinae absent; nasal plate indistinct,
glabrous, V-shaped carina indistinct; surface of head and rostrum densely covered by
recumbent, greenish scales and with a small group of 6–8 slightly flattened, recum-
bent setae above each eye. Antennal scape extending to just beyond anterior edge of
eye, with narrow, recumbent setae. Pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, widest
at about middle; sides weakly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on disc deeply
impressed, distinct carinae border sulcus on anterior third; discal surface coarsely,
irregularly tuberculate, with dense, recumbent, striate scales and setae, each of these
at apex of tubercle. Elytra 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex
broadly rounded; alternate interstriae distinctly carinate, each with row of recumbent,
broad setae; even-numbered interstriae flat, without setae; ground vestiture consisting
of dense, flat, recumbent, gray or beige and light green scales arranged in large, irreg-
ular patches. Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus johnsoni is presently known only from Humptulips,
Grays Harbor County, Washington. It undoubtedly occurs in a much wider area, and
almost certainly occurs in southern British Columbia.
Comments. Adults of P. johnsoni may be recognized by the short scape, which
bears setae only, by the greenish dorsal scales, by the costate, setose, alternate elytral
interstriae, and by the lack of tubercles on the elytra.
Presently, P. johnsoni is only known from the 11 specimens in the type series.
Panscopus longus Buchanan, 1936

Panscopus (Nomidus) longus Buchanan, 1936b: 16.
Panscopus longus: Hatch (1971: 291); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 6).
usually with a narrow, median, longitudinal carina; nasal plate distinct, glabrous,
finely rugulose, and with a distinct V-shaped carina; surface of head and rostrum
densely covered by recumbent, striate scales, without a clearly defined clump of
setae above eyes. Antennal scape extending to middle of eye, with dense, flat,
oblong, recumbent scales and narrow, recumbent setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as
wide as long, widest at about middle; sides broadly arcuate; median longitudinal sul-
cus on disc broad, shallowly impressed, extending entire length of pronotum, this
impression less obvious at middle, more obvious at posterior quarter and anterior
third; discal surface coarsely rugose-tuberculate, apices of tubercles visible through
vestiture, each tubercle with a seta at apex, vestiture consisting of dense, round to
oval, overlapping, creamy white to light brown, striate scales. Elytra about 1.5 times
as long as wide; sides broadly rounded to nearly parallel; apex broadly rounded;
interstriae slightly convex, alternate interstriae slightly more so, each with a row of
narrow, acute, semierect setae, interstriae 3, 5, and 7 with a partly double row of
setae; ground vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping, striate scales, these
unevenly patterned with broad areas of very light scales and areas of light brown
scales. Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
260
Distribution. Panscopus longus is presently known only from the type locality,
Peshastin, Washington. It undoubtedly occurs in a much wider area and potentially
occurs in southern British Columbia.
Comments. The adults of P. longus may be recognized by the alternate elytral
interstriae being very slightly elevated, noticeable especially near the base of the ely-
tra, by the elytral setae being more numerous on the alternate interstriae, but with the
even-numbered interstriae bearing a complete row of setae, by the narrow, acute,
semierect setae, and by the weakly uni-carinate or non-carinate rostrum.
No information on the life history or habits of this species is available.
Panscopus ovalis Pierce, 1913

Fig. 113; Map 53
Panscopus (Nomidus) ovalis Pierce, 1913: 396. Buchanan (1927: 30); Buchanan
(1936b: 15).
Panscopus ovalis: Hatch (1971: 292); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
a distinct, narrow, median, longitudinal carina and with distinct, lateral carinae on dor-
sum; nasal plate distinct, glabrous, finely rugulose, and with a distinct V-shaped cari-
na; surface of head and rostrum densely covered by scales and scattered setae, with a
clearly defined clump of 8–10 setae above eyes. Antennal scape extending to anterior
Map 53. Collection localities for Panscopus ovalis.
261
edge of eye, with dense scales and setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long,
widest at about middle; sides broadly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on disc
broad, shallowly impressed, extending entire length of pronotum; discal surface
coarsely rugose-tuberculate, each tubercle with a seta at apex; vestiture on disc con-
sisting of dense, round to oval, overlapping, gray to beige scales and scattered setae.
Elytra about 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly
rounded; alternate interstriae more convex, more so in males, with double to triple
rows of setae; even-numbered interstriae flat, without setae or with few setae near
base. Declivity convex, steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus ovalis is known from southwestern British Columbia to
Saskatchewan, south into northern Idaho.

Canadian records: Alberta: Edmonton, Olds. British Columbia: Creston, E.
Palliser River Basin, Fort Steel, Kootenay National Park. Saskatchewan: Prince
Albert National Park, “Willow.”
Comments. The adults of P. ovalis may be recognized by the alternate elytral
interstriae being elevated, with an irregular double or partly triple row of blunt setae,
by the flat even-numbered interstriae, which are without setae, and by the strongly
rugose and punctured pronotal disc with a deep, median sulcus.
No information on the life history or habits of this species is available. Specimens
of P. ovalis have been found on foliage of Alnus tenuifolia, Cornus stolonifera, Ribes
spp., Salix spp., and Vaccinium spp. (Spanton 1992).
Panscopus ovatipennis Buchanan, 1936

Panscopus (Parapanscopus) ovatipennis Buchanan, 1936b: 6. McNamara (1991:
334).
Panscopus ovatipennis: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
Panscopus ovatipennis ovatipennis: Downie and Arnett (1996: 1497).
Panscopus (Parapanscopus) ovatipennis verrucosus Buchanan, 1936b: 7.
Panscopus ovatipennis verrucosus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63); Downie and
Arnett (1996: 1498).
a broad transverse depression between eyes and with a distinct, broad, longitudinal
median carina dorsally and with lower, less elevated, lateral carinae; nasal plate indis-
tinct, merging into punctate region near apex of rostrum; surface of head and rostrum
densely covered by recumbent scales, with two indistinct rows of semierect setae on
each side of middle, setae above eyes scattered, not forming a dense clump above each
eye. Antennal scape with narrow, recumbent setae and scales. Pronotum wider than
long, widest near middle, broader posteriorly than anteriorly; sides broadly arcuate;
disc without median longitudinal sulcus; discal surface with polygonal raised areas,
each of these with a ring of 5–8 recumbent scales and a seta-bearing puncture at cen-
ter. Elytra as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; interstriae
262
weakly, subequally convex, 3 and 5 slightly elevated near base, each interstria with a
single row of narrow, semierect setae; ground vestiture consisting of dense, flat,
recumbent scales in irregular pattern of pale tan, cupreous, and brown. Declivity
steep; surface as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus ovatipennis is known from southern Ontario, southward
in the United States to southern North Carolina.
Canadian record: Ontario: Hamilton.
Comments. Adults of Panscopus ovatipennis may be recognized by the vestiture
of setae and scales on the scape, which nearly conceals the integument, by the wide
prothorax with strongly curved sides, and by the presence of flat, round, or polygonal
raised areas on the pronotal disc, each of these with a ring of scales and a seta in the
middle.
Spanton (1992) examined only six specimens of P. ovatipennis, plus the holotype
that is labeled “Hamilton, Canada.” Only the holotype was studied. The description
and comments above are largely from Spanton’s treatment, with additional observa-
tions from the holotype.
Panscopus rugicollis Buchanan, 1927

Panscopus (Nomidus) rugicollis Buchanan 1927: 31. Buchanan (1936b: 15);

McNamara (1991: 334).
Panscopus rugicollis: Hatch (1971: 290); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
Panscopus remotus Van Dyke, 1949: 55. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63). syn. nov.
Description. Length 7.4–9.0 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Rostrum usu-
ally without carinae visible through vestiture, faint longitudinal carina visible on some
specimens; nasal plate indistinct, usually glabrous, with a broad, U-shaped carina; sur-
face of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent to semierect, overlapping,
striate, dark brown scales, and scattered, recumbent, broad, flattened setae. Antennal
scape extending to anterior edge of eye, with dense scales and setae. Pronotum
1.1–1.2 times as wide as long, widest near middle; sides broadly arcuate; median lon-
gitudinal sulcus on disc distinct, deeper at anterior half; discal surface coarsely
rugose; ground vestiture of disc consisting of dense, overlapping, striate, dark brown
scales and scattered, recumbent setae. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; sides
broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; alternate interstriae slightly elevated, with
partly double row of coarse, blunt setae; even-numbered interstriae flat, with single
row of setae; ground vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping, striate, dark brown
Distribution. Panscopus rugicollis is known from central British Columbia,
south to southern California, and east to western Idaho. McNamara (1991) also
recorded this species from Alberta. We have not included P. rugicollis from Alberta in
the Appendix, based on the data in Spanton (1992).
Canadian records: British Columbia: Endako, Hope Mountains, Quesnel.
263
Comments. The adults of P. rugicollis are very similar to those of P. abruptus but
may be distinguished by the even-numbered elytral interstriae being setose for their
entire length, and by the lighter color.
Spanton (1992) examined the types of P. rugicollis and P. remotus and came to
the conclusion the type of P. remotus was just a dark specimen of P. rugicollis. No
other distinguishing characters could be found to justify the recognition of P. remotus
as a distinct species. The synonymy was suggested in Spanton’s unpublished 1992
dissertation.
Panscopus spantoni Bright, sp. nov.

Fig. 114
Panscopus torpidus of authors, not LeConte 1857.

Type material: The female holotype bears the labels “Olympia, Wash., VII-28-
28/Pres. by Thos Craig, collector”/“Collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco, Calif.”/a round red-bordered circular label with “Holotype”/
“California Academy of Sciences, Type No.17026”/“HOLOTYPE Panscopus span-
toni Bright.” The allotype and 26 paratypes bear the same labels, except for the holo-
type labels. Appropriate type labels have been affixed to each specimen. The holotype,
allotype, and 21 paratypes are in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco;
5 paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.
Description. Length 8.1–9.9 mm, about 2.3–2.4 times as long as wide. Very dark
brown to black, with areas of medium or light brown scales posteriorly and laterally
on elytra. Head and rostrum contiguous; rostrum with a narrow, shiny, acute, longitu-
dinal, median carina, and with an indistinct lateral sulcus on each side of carina; sur-
face of frons and rostrum roughly punctured, with scattered, recumbent setae.
Antennal scape as long as, or longer, than rostrum; scape extending to or beyond pos-
terior edge of eye, surface with fine, recumbent setae. Pronotum less than 1.1 times as
long as wide, widest slightly in front of middle; discal surface coarsely rugose-tuber-
culate, with a deeply impressed, median, longitudinal sulcus extending nearly the
entire length; vestiture on surface consisting of scattered, recumbent setae located on
summits of low, rounded tubercles; a few scattered, recumbent, striate scales lateral-
ly, these absent dorsally. Elytra elongate-oval, 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides
broadly arcuate, strongly converging on posterior third; ground cover consisting of
dense, overlapping, recumbent, striate scales; each strial puncture covered by a scale
slightly larger than adjacent, surrounding scales; alternate interstriae more convex,
each with an irregular, double to partly triple row of recumbent, narrow setae; even-
numbered interstriae flat, without erect scales. Declivity nearly vertical in males,
reflexed in females; surface essentially as on disc. Tip of aedeagus broadly rounded.
Distribution. Panscopus spantoni occurs from the southern mainland of British
Columbia, south through western Washington and Oregon.
Canadian records: British Columbia: “V.” [Vancouver?].
264
Comments. Most adults of P. spantoni may be recognized by the elongate scape,

which reaches the posterior edge of the eye, by the alternate elytral interstriae being
distinctly costate with narrow, flattened setae, by the even-numbered elytral interstri-
ae being nearly non-setose, and by the black to cinereous color.
Specimens of P. spantoni have been collected from hemlock duff, oak litter, vine
maple duff, on moss near logs, and on alder, dandelion, red clover, and strawberry.
This is the species described by Spanton (1992) as “P. longiscapus” (unpub-
lished). It is also the species known by most authors as P. torpidus (LeConte). This
latter name is now the senior synonym of the species known by most authors as P. pal-
lidus Buchanan. This species is named in recognition of the revisionary work on this
genus done by T.G. Spanton. Additional specimens, not designated as paratypes, have
been seen from Seattle, Washington; Humptulips, Washington; Forks, Claliam Co.,
Washington; and Cannon Beach, Oregon (all in the California Academy of Sciences).
Panscopus squamosus Pierce, 1913

Panscopus (Panscopidius) squamosus Pierce, 1913: 394.
Panscopus (Nocheles) squamosus: Buchanan (1927: 28); Buchanan (1936b: 9).
Panscopus squamosus: Hatch (1971: 289); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
Panscopus (Panscopidius) dentipes Pierce, 1913: 395.
Panscopus (Nocheles) dentipes: Buchanan (1927: 28).

Panscopus (Nocheles) squamosus dentipes: Buchanan (1936b: 9).
Panscopus squamosus dentipes: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
an indistinct, thin, longitudinal median carina, sometimes incomplete or absent in
some specimens and with lateral carinae absent or incomplete in most specimens;
nasal plate indistinct, merging into punctate region near apex of rostrum, V-shaped
carina present; surface of head and rostrum with semierect to recumbent setae, with-
out a clearly defined clump of setae above eye. Antennal scape extending to or beyond
posterior edge of eye, with sparse, recumbent setae. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide
as long, widest before middle; sides broadly arcuate; median longitudinal sulcus on
disc deeply impressed, narrow; discal surface coarsely rugose-tuberculate, with scat-
tered, semierect to recumbent, flattened setae. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide;
sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; interstriae weakly, sub-equally convex,
alternate interstriae not distinctly elevated above even-numbered interstriae, all inter-
striae with irregular rows of semierect to recumbent, flattened setae and dense, over-
lapping, recumbent, slightly elongate, striate scales. Declivity convex, steep; surface
as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus squamosus occurs in southern British Columbia, south
to Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. This is a new record for Canada.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Kelowna (5 mi. south), Okanagan Mission.
Comments. Adults of P. squamosus are recognized by the evenly convex elytral
265
interstriae, by the antennal scape, which almost reaches the posterior edge of the eye,
and by the deeply impressed, narrow median sulcus on the pronotal disc.
One specimen examined was collected “in a garden.”
Panscopus torpidus (LeConte, 1857)

Fig. 115; Map 54
Hylobius torpidus LeConte, 1857: 55. LeConte (1874: 456).

Nocheles torpidus: Horn (1876: 55).
Panscopus (Nocheles) torpidus: McNamara (1991: 333).

Panscopus (Nomidus) pallidus Buchanan, 1927: 31. Buchanan (1936b: 15). syn. nov.
Panscopus pallidus: Hatch (1971: 291); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
with an indistinct, narrow, median, longitudinal carina, sometimes obscured by vesti-
ture, usually also with indistinct lateral carinae, surface occasionally non-carinate;
nasal plate distinct, glabrous, finely rugulose, with an indistinct V-shaped carina; sur-
face of head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent scales and scattered, recum-
bent, flattened setae, with a loosely defined clump of setae above eyes. Antennal scape
extending to anterior edge of eye, with dense recumbent scales and scattered, recum-
bent setae. Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, widest in front of middle; medi-
an longitudinal sulcus on disc broad, shallowly impressed, extending entire length of
pronotum, this impression broader and deeper in anterior half; discal surface coarse-
ly rugose- tuberculate, apices of tubercles visible through vestiture, each tubercle with
Map 54. Collection localities for Panscopus torpidus.
266
a seta at apex; ground vestiture of disc consisting of dense, pale gray to beige scales.
Elytra about 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly
rounded; alternate interstriae more convex, with partly double row of setae, even-
numbered interstriae flat, with incomplete rows, or nearly complete rows of setae in
some specimens; ground vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping, pale gray to beige
Distribution. Panscopus torpidus occurs from southern British Columbia to
southern Alberta, south through Washington to Montana.
Canadian records: Alberta: Calgary, Coleman, Crow’s Nest Pass, Ghost Dam,
Porcupine Hills, Waterton. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Boswell, Canal Flat,
Carlin, Christina Lake, Cranbrook, Creighton Valley, Creston, Eagle River, Elko, Erie,
Fernie, Fife, Fort Steele, Golden, Grand Forks, Gray Creek, Howser, Kamloops,
Kikumun Creek Provincial Park, Kimberly, Kootenay National Park, Larkin, Lorna,
Lumby, Mara, Marysville, Merritt, Midday Valley, Nelson, New Denver, Newgate,
Nicola, Oliver, Osoyoos, Paul Lake, Paulson, Pencticton, Radium, Richmond,
Robson, Rock Creek, Rossland, Salmo, Salmon Arm, Sanca, “Sentinel Mountain,”
Sicamous, Silver Star Provincial Park, Six Mile Creek, Stagleap Creek, Toby Creek,
Trinity Valley, Vernon, Wynndel.
Comments. The adults of P. torpidus may be recognized by the fact that all the
elytral interstriae bear setae, by the pronotum being widest in front of middle, by the
ashen gray vestiture, and by the indistinct rostral carinae, which are obscured by vesti-
ture, appearing in some specimens to be uni-carinate or non-carinate.
This is a relatively common species that has been recorded from a number of
plants. It has been reported as an occasional pest of strawberries and raspberries in
Washington State and Oregon (Johansen and Brannon 1955; Hatch 1971).
The holotypes of Hylobius torpidus LeConte and Panscopus pallidus Buchanan
were examined by Spanton (1992) and were considered to represent one species. The
species erroneously recognized as P. torpidus by Pierce (1913), Buchanan (1927,
1936b), Hatch (1971), and others is herein described as Panscopus spantoni.
Panscopus tricarinatus Buchanan, 1927

Panscopus (Nomidus) tricarinatus Buchanan, 1927: 32. Buchanan (1936b: 15).
Panscopus tricarinatus: Hatch (1971: 291); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 63).
with three, distinct, narrow, longitudinal carinae, these sometimes obscured by vesti-
ture; nasal plate indistinct, glabrous, with an indistinct U-shaped carina; surface of
head and rostrum densely covered by recumbent to semierect scales, with a loosely
defined clump of 6–8 setae above eyes in some specimens. Antennal scape extending
to middle of eye, with flat, oblong, recumbent scales and narrow, recumbent setae.
Pronotum 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, widest near middle; median longitudinal sul-
cus on disc deeper at anterior third; discal surface rugulose; ground vestiture of disc
267
consisting of dense, overlapping, striate scales and scattered, recumbent setae. Elytra
about 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded;
alternate interstriae more convex, with double to partly triple rows of setae; even-
numbered interstriae flat, with a single row of recumbent, flattened setae; ground
vestiture consisting of dense, overlapping, striate scales. Declivity convex, steep; sur-
face as on disc.
Distribution. Panscopus tricarinatus is known from southern British Columbia
and from the vicinity of Mount Hood, Oregon, and Mount Adams, Washington, at ele-
vations between 910 and 1830 m.
Canadian records: British Columbia: Summit Lake.
Comments. The adults of P. tricarinatus may be recognized by the tricarinate

rostrum, by the pronotum being widest near the middle, and by the rows of setae on
all elytral interstriae.
Several specimens of P. tricarinatus are recorded from “lupine” (Spanton 1992).
This is the first record of P. tricarinatus in Canada. Three specimens were col-
lected sweeping sparse vegetation along the margins of a creek.
Genus Phyxelis Schönherr, 1842

Phyxelis Schönherr, 1842: 122. Type species: Barynotus rigidus Say, 1831, orig-
inal designation. Horn (1876: 57); LeConte and Horn (1883: 445); Blatchley and Leng
59); Downie and Arnett (1996: 1495); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 186);
Anderson (2002: 782).
Geoderces Horn, 1876: 70. Type species: Trachyphloeus melanothrix Kirby, 1837
(= Barynotus rigidus Say, 1831), original designation. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982:
51); ICZN (1987: 207).
Description. Body small, stout; surface often with a crusty coating, with erect
scales. Rostrum free, stout, laterally expanded at apex, surface completely concealed
by very dense scales, with a few, erect, stout setae. Mandibles stout, with a distinct,
obvious scar. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow, lateral edges acutely defined.
Antennal scape club-shaped, extending nearly to posterior edge of eye and resting on
or above eye when retracted next to head; funicle 7-segmented, basal two segments
elongate, remaining segments about as long as wide, all segments with setae; club dis-
tinct, conical, 3-segmented, acutely pointed at tip. Eyes oval, partially covered by
anterior edge of prothorax. Pronotum wider than long; anterior edge produced into a
prominent postocular lobe; discal surface completely covered by small scales. Elytra
broad; scutellum not visible; sides broadly rounded; humeral angles rounded; discal
striae obsolete, striae and interstriae completely covered by dense scales. Tibia trun-
cate at apex, hind tibia mucronate at inner angle; claws free, simple.
Comments. Phyxelis contains two species in eastern North America, one of
which occurs in Canada.
268
Phyxelis rigidus (Say, 1831)

Fig. 48; Map 55
Barynotus rigidus Say, 1831: 11.

Phyxelis rigidus: Schönherr (1843: 124); Horn (1876: 57); Blatchley and Leng
Arnett (1996: 1496).
Trachyphloeus melanothrix Kirby, 1837: 124.
Phyxelis glomerosus Boheman, 1843: 123.
Phyxelis setiferus Boheman, 1843: 124.
Phyxelis latirostris Blatchley, 1916: 107. syn. nov.

weakly convex from base to edge of nasal plate, edge of epistoma sharply elevated,
acutely angled; surface completely covered by gray to light brown scales except in
nasal plate. Pronotum about 1.4–1.5 times as wide as long, widest behind middle;
sides broadly arcuate; dorsal surface concealed by dense, small, gray to light brown
scales, also with scattered, erect, brownish, narrow setae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as
wide, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded; apex broadly rounded; surface con-
cealed by very dense, small, gray to light brown scales, also with rows of stout, erect,
light brown scales, these shorter than distance between rows. Declivity steep, evenly
convex; surface as on disc except erect scales longer, more slender.

Distribution. Phyxelis rigidus occurs from Alberta to Nova Scotia, south
throughout the eastern half of the United States to Georgia. McNamara (1991) also
recorded this species from Newfoundland. Although we could not confirm this
provincial record, we believe that P. rigidus could indeed occur in Newfoundland, and
we have kept the record in the Appendix.
Canadian records: Alberta: Cypress Hills and Tp. 3, Rge. 27, W 4 Mer[idian].
Manitoba: Riding Mountain National Park. New Brunswick: Boiestown,
Fredericton, French Lake. Nova Scotia: Annapolis Royal, Berwick, Cow Bay,
Dartmouth, Kentville, Port Maitland, South Ohio, Sydney, Yarmouth. Ontario:
Almonte, Ancaster, Backus Woods (St. Williams), Carleton Place, Chaffeys Locks,
Chatham, Clear Creek, Decew Falls, Grenadier Island (St. Lawrence Islands National
Park), Grovesend, Hopetown, John Pearce Provincial Park, Leamington, Leitrim,
Limoges, Marmora, Nepean, Niagara Glen, Ottawa, Point Pelee, Prince Edward
County, Puslinch, Rondeau Park, Simcoe, Tillsonberg, Toronto, Walsingham. Prince
Edward Island: Chepstow. Quebec: Beech Grove, Brome, Cowansville, Ferme-
Neuve, Gatineau Park, Hudson Heights, Johnville, Kazabazua, Knowlton, Lac
Roddick near Bouchette, Masson, Montreal, Pointe-du-Lac, Rigaud, Trois-Rivières,
Wakefield, Wright.
Comments. This is a common species usually found under ground debris or
stones or by sweeping vegetation.
Adults of P. rigidus are easily recognized by the very dense scaly vestiture, which
is often obscured by a crusty coating, by the short rostrum, by the presence of a pos-
269
tocular lobe along the anterior edge of the prothorax, by the even rows of erect scales
on the elytra, and by the other characters mentioned in the descriptions above. The
erect rows of scales on the elytra arise in the elytral interstriae, although the strial
rows, which would mark the interstriae, are often not visible. Frequently, very faint
impressed rows (striae) can be detected; however, the strial punctures are almost
always concealed under the scale covering.
No economic importance has been reported for this species.
The holotype of Phyxelis latirostris Blatchley, in the Purdue University collec-
tion, was examined. Blatchley (1916) established this species based on the following:
(1) second segment of the antennal funicle distinctly longer than the first vs. scarcely
longer than first in P. rigidus, and (2) rostrum as broad as the head, with a strong trans-
verse impression, vs. rostrum distinctly narrower than the head, with a feebly trans-
verse impression. We have examined numerous specimens and find that the antennal
character is variable and that all specimens, including the holotype, have a second
funicle segment distinctly to slightly longer than the first, with no distinct breaks in
the continuum. Also, the depth of the transverse impression between the rostrum and
the frons is variable, and we cannot see any additional characteristics that could be
used to distinguish species. Blatchley’s name is therefore placed in synonymy under
P. rigidus.
The Alberta records listed above are based on two specimens. Although both
specimens are covered with an incrustation, the one from Cypress Hills is much more
reddish on the legs, the ventral surface, the rostrum, and on the head. The other spec-
imen also seems to be more reddish under the incrustation, and both may represent
another species. If they are an undescribed species, formal description should be
delayed until more specimens are available.
Map 55. Collection localities for Phyxelis rigidus.
270
Weevles body v6.qxp
2/18/08
10:21 AM
Fig. 48. Phyxelis rigidus. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.

Page 271
271
Genus Tropiphorus Schönherr, 1842

Tropiphorus Schönherr, 1842: 257. Type species: Curculio mercurialis Fabricius,
1801 (= Curculio elevatus Herbst, 1795), original designation. Kissinger (1964: 35);
O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 64); ICZN (1988: 73); McNamara (1991: 334); Downie
and Arnett (1996: 1498); Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 187); Anderson (2002:
782); Majka and Anderson (2007).
Tropidophorus Gistel, 1856: 152 [unjustified emendation of Tropiphorus
Schönherr]. Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 187); Anderson (2002: 782).
Synirmus Bedel, 1883: 61 [unnecessary replacement name for Tropiphorus and
Tropidophorus]. Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999: 187); Anderson (2002: 782).
Dochorhynchus Desbrochers, 1897: 3. Type species: Dochorhynchus caudulatus

Desbrochers, 1897 (= Tropiphorus styriacus Bedel, 1883). Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal
(1999: 187); Anderson (2002: 782).
Description. Rostrum stout, elongate, laterally expanded at apex; dorsal surface
with a median, longitudinal carina; apex arcuately impressed. Mandibles stout, lack-
ing obvious scar, ventral edge sharply defined. Scrobe deeply impressed, narrow,
dorsal edge acutely defined above antennal insertions. Antennal scape club-shaped,
reaching posterior edge of eye when retracted next to head, with moderately long,
recumbent setae; funicle 7-segmented, first and second segment elongate, remaining
segments round, all segments with setae; club 3-segmented, conical. Pronotum wider
than long; anterior edge not produced into a distinct postocular lobe, edge bearing
short bristles; discal surface finely, densely punctured, median line carinate or not.
Elytra broad; scutellum not visible or only very minutely visible; sides broadly
rounded; humeral angles distinct or not; apex narrowly rounded; striae obscurely
punctured; discal interstriae much wider than striae, densely, finely punctured, with
scattered, small granules; vestiture scalelike. Tibia rounded at apex, mucronate at
inner angle; claws connate, simple.
Comments. Brown (1967) and O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) list three species in
Tropiphorus from Canada, all introduced from Europe. However, T. elevatus (Herbst)
has apparently been found only once, at Cape Broyle, Newfoundland (Lindroth 1957).
Since no additional specimens have been recorded, the establishment of this species
in North America cannot be confirmed.
Members of Tropiphorus are characterized by the lack of a mandibular scar, by
the lack of a distinct postocular lobe along the anterior edge of the prothorax, by the
connate tarsal claws, and by the other characters given in the key to genera and in
the diagnosis. An alternative key to the species is available in Majka and Anderson
(2007).
272
Key to the species of Tropiphorus found in Canada

1. Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum; humeral angles prominent; dorsal
surface with many or all scales metallic either green or coppery . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Elytra at base scarcely wider than pronotum; humeral angles not prominent; dor-
sal surface lacking metallic scales, most scales white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . obtusus (Bonsdorff) [p. 274]
2. Elytral interstriae 3, 5, 7, and 8 slightly to moderately more convex, remaining

interstriae flat; each elevated interstriae with a row of setae that differ from setae
on flat interstriae; dorsal surface with many whitish scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elevatus (Herbst) [p. 274]
All elytral interstriae flat, alternate interstriae not elevated, lacking special
setae; dorsal surface with all scales more or less metallic or coppery . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . terricola (Newman) [p. 275]
Clé des espèces du genre Tropiphorus

1. Base des élytres légèrement plus large que la base du pronotum; angle de
l’humérus élytral proéminent; surface dorsale avec des écailles entièrement, ou
en partie, de couleur métallique verte ou cuivrée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Base des élytres à peine plus large que la base du pronotum; angle de l’humérus
élytral sans proéminence; surface dorsale sans écailles métallique, la plupart des
écailles de couleur blanche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . obtusus (Bonsdorff) [p. 274]
2. Interstries élytrales 3, 5, 7 et 8 légèrement à modérément plus convexes, les

autres interstries plates; chaque interstrie plus convexe avec une rangée de poils
différents des poils sur les autres interstries; surface dorsale avec plusieurs
écailles blanchâtres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elevatus (Herbst) [p. 274]
Interstries élytrales plates, de convexité semblable, avec des poils semblables;

surface dorsale avec presque entièrement des écailles métalliques vertes ou
cuivrées . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . terricola (Newman) [p. 275]
273
Tropiphorus elevatus (Herbst, 1795)

Fig. 116
Curculio carinatus Müller, 1776: 66 [preoccupied species name].
Tropiphorus carinatus: O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 64); McNamara (1991: 332);
Majka and Anderson (2007).
Curculio elevatus Herbst, 1795: 235.
Tropiphorus elevatus: Lindroth (1957: 65); Brown (1967: 91); Palm (1996: 250);
Morris (1997: 47).
Description. Length 5.6–7.0 mm. Evidently similar to the following species but
differs by the elevated third, fifth, seventh, and eighth elytral interstriae, each of which
bears a median row of setae that differs from those in the flat interstriae, and by the
predominately white scales on the flat interstriae.
Distribution. In Canada, Tropiphorus elevatus has been recorded only once from
Newfoundland by Lindroth (1957). Brown (1967) stated that Lindroth’s specimens
came from Cape Broyle, on the southeasternmost portion of the island. In Europe, this
species occurs from the southern portion of Norway and Sweden to northern France,
northern Germany, and northern Poland (Palm 1996).
Canadian records: Newfoundland: Cape Broyle.
Comments. As pointed out by Silfverberg (1977), Curculio carinatus Müller,
1776, is a junior primary homonym of C. carinatus Linnaeus, 1767 (now Minyops

carinatus), and therefore cannot be used as a valid species name. The oldest available
name for the species in Tropiphorus is T. elevatus (Herbst). The presence of T. cari-
natus in Canada is questionable. No specimens have been seen since the original
series collected by Lindroth. It is included here because of this record and to enable
individuals to recognize the species should it be found again. No specimens have been
seen during the preparation of this work.
Tropiphorus obtusus (Bonsdorff, 1785)

Fig. 117
Curculio obtusus Bonsdorff, 1785: 37.

Tropiphorus obtusus: Brown (1940: 74; 1950: 201; 1967: 91); O’Brien and
Wibmer (1982: 64); McNamara (1991: 334); Palm (1996: 254); Morris (1997: 47);
Majka and Anderson (2007).
with a variable pattern of white to off-white scales. Rostrum very slightly shorter than
head width; surface flat, with several, weakly elevated, longitudinal carinae at level of
antennal insertions; surface covered with numerous, small, oval, lightly colored
scales; apex below level of antennal insertions with an arcuate impression, tip below
impression swollen. Pronotum about 1.2 times as wide as long; sides weakly arcuate,
nearly straight on posterior two-thirds; discal surface with dense, fine, shallow punc-
274
tures; disc without a median carina. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide, at base
slightly wider than pronotum; sides broadly arcuate, humeral angles not evident; apex
narrowly rounded; striae extremely weakly evident; entire discal surface finely gran-
ulate and minutely punctate, with very small, scattered, oval, recumbent scales; inter-
striae scarcely discernable, much wider than striae; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 weakly con-
vex, with a median row of semierect, slightly longer scales; interstriae 2, 4, and 6 flat,
with less numerous scales in median row, median row of scales absent in interstria 2.
Distribution. Tropiphorus obtusus occurs in Nova Scotia and possibly
Newfoundland. O’Brien and Wibmer (1982) and McNamara (1991) record this
species from Newfoundland without a locality. Because we could not confirm this
provincial record, and because there is a strong possibility that it was based on a
misidentified specimen, we have not included the record in the Appendix. We have
not been able to verify this record, and therefore it is not included here. This species
is introduced from Europe.
Canadian records: Nova Scotia: South Ohio, Yarmouth.
Comments. Tropiphorus obtusus was first tentatively reported from Canada by
Brown in 1940, and the identification was confirmed by Brown in 1950. At present,
the species is only known from Nova Scotia, and possibly Newfoundland.
Tropiphorus obtusus inhabits grasslands and meadows; adults can be found under
stones and debris. It is polyphagous, recorded from plants such as Rumex,
Ranunculus, Leontodon, and Mercurialis in northern Europe (Palm 1996). Nothing is

recorded on the life history or biology of this species in Canada.
Tropiphorus terricola (Newman, 1938)

Fig. 49; Map 56
Curculio tomentosus Marsham, 1802: 270 [preoccupied species name].

Tropiphorus tomentosus: Brown (1940: 74).
Barynotus terricola Newman, 1838: 173 [replacement name].
Tropiphorus terricola: Brown (1967: 91); O’Brien and Wibmer (1982: 64);
McNamara (1991: 332); Palm (1996: 252); Morris (1997: 48); Majka and Anderson
(2007); Majka et al. (2007b).
black, covered with small, metallic or coppery scales. Rostrum as long as head width;
surface with a distinct, median, longitudinal carina extending from level of antennal
insertions to about midpoint of frons; surface covered with numerous, small, oval,
lightly colored scales; apex below level of antennal insertions with an arcuate impres-
sion, tip below impression swollen. Pronotum about 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long;
sides weakly arcuate on anterior half, nearly straight or slightly constricted on poste-
rior half; discal surface with dense, fine, shallow punctures; disc with a distinct, weak-
ly elevated, median carina. Elytra about 1.1 times as long as wide, at base slightly
wider than pronotum; sides broadly arcuate, humeral angles prominent; apex narrow-
275
ly rounded, subacuminate; striae distinct, marked by rows of large, shallow punctures

and often less dense vestiture; elytral interstriae flat, much wider than striae, finely
granulate and minutely punctate, with small, scattered, oval, recumbent scales, these
may be very slightly smaller and less erect than those in striae.
Distribution. Tropiphorus terricola occurs from Quebec to Newfoundland. Like
the other species in this genus in North America, it is introduced from Europe.
Canadian records: New Brunswick: Grand Bay. Newfoundland: Bonnie Bay,
Kilbride, Norris Point, St. John’s. Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands National Park
(Neils Brook), Newport, Sydney, Truro. Prince Edward Island: Basin Head (Kings
Co.), Charlottetown, Southport, Vernon Bridge. Quebec: Lauzon, Quebec.
Comments. Tropiphorus terricola was first reported from several localities in

eastern Canada by Brown (1940). At present, T. terricola is known from the region of
Quebec City, Quebec, to Newfoundland.
Specimens of Tropiphorus terricola inhabits wooded areas, open land, and
slopes. Adults are active both day and night, and can be taken by sweeping but are
often found under stones and debris (Palm 1996). Adults have been reported to cause
damage to strawberries and the crown and leaf stem of newly set, small fruits in Nova
Scotia (Campbell et al. 1989).
Adults of T. terricola may be easily distinguished by prominent humeral angles
of the elytra, by the flat elytral interstriae, which lack a median row of scales, and by
the completely metallic or coppery scales on the elytra.
Map 56. Collection localities for Tropiphorus terricola.
276

Fig. 49. Tropiphorus terricola. Habitus. Scale = 1 mm.
277
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292
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293
Appendix
Checklist of Entiminae recorded from Canada and Alaska (subfossil records excluded). X, pres-
ent; *, introduced species; AK, Alaska; YT, Yukon Territory; NT, Northern Territory; NU,
Nunavut; BC, British Columbia; AB, Alberta; SK, Saskatchewan; MB, Manitoba; ON, Ontario;
QC, Quebec; NB, New Brunswick; NS, Nova Scotia; PE, Prince Edward Island; LB, Labrador;
NF, Newfoundland.
Taxon AK YT NT NU BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE LB NF
Tribe Alophini
Lepidophorus Kirby
alternatus Van Dyke X
inquinatus (Mannerheim) X X
lineaticollis Kirby X X X X
pumilus Buchanan X X
thulius (Kissinger) X X
Plinthodes LeConte
taeniatus (LeConte) X
Trichalophus LeConte
alternatus (Say) X X X X X X X
didymus (LeConte) X X
granicollis Van Dyke X
simplex (LeConte) X X X X
Tribe Brachyderini
Strophosoma Billberg
melanogrammum (Forster)* X X X X X X
Tribe Cneorhinini
Philopedon Schönherr
plagiatum (Shaller)* X X X X X
Tribe Cyphicerini
Calomycterus Roelofs
setarius Roelofs* X X
Cyrtepistomus Marshall
castaneus (Roelofs)* X
Myosides Roelofs
seriehispidus Roelofs* X
Tribe Geonemini
Barynotus Germar
moerens (Fabricius)* X
obscurus (Fabricius)* X X X X X X
schoenherri (Zetterstedt)* X X X X X
Stamoderes Casey
lanei (Van Dyke) X
Trigonoscuta Motschulsky
pilosa iridescens Pierce X
Tribe Hormorini
Agasphaerops Horn
nigra Horn X
Hormorus Horn
undulatus (Uhler) X X X X X X X X
Tribe Naupactini
Naupactus Dejean
cervinus Boheman* X
Tribe Omiini
Omias Germar
minor Hatch X
saccatus (LeConte) X
Tribe Ophryastini
Ophryastes Germar
cinerascens (Pierce) X
sulcirostris (Say) X X X X
tuberosus LeConte X
Tribe Otiorhynchini
294
Appendix (continued).
Agronus Horn
carri Buchanan X X
Otiorhynchus Germar
desertus Rosenhauer* X
ligneus (Olivier)* X X X X X
ligustici (Linnaeus)* X
ovatus (Linnaeus)* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
porcatus (Herbst)* X X X
raucus (Fabricius)* X X X X X
rugifrons (Gyllenhal)* X X X X
rugosostriatus (Goeze)* X X X X
scaber (Linnaeus)* X
singularis (Linnaeus)* X X X X X X X
sulcatus (Fabricius)* X X X X X X X X X X X
Sciopithes Horn
obscurus Horn X
Tribe Peritelini
Geodercodes Casey
latipennis Casey X
Nemocestes Van Dyke
horni Van Dyke X X X X X X X
incomptus (Horn) X
puncticollis Casey X
tuberculatus Van Dyke X
Paraptochus Seidlitz
sellatus (Boheman) X
variegatus (Casey) X
Tribe Phyllobiini
Aphrastus Say
taeniatus Say X X
Evotus LeConte
naso (LeConte) X X X X
Phyllobius Germar
intrusus Kôno* X X X
oblongus (Linnaeus)* X X X X X X
Tribe Polydrusini
Pachyrhinus Schönherr
californicus (Horn) X
elegans (Couper) X X X X X X X
Polydrusus Germar
americanus Gyllenhal X X
cervinus (Linnaeus)* X X X
impressifrons Gyllenhal* X X X X X
sericeus (Schaller)* X X X X X
Tribe Sciaphilini
Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val
pellucidus (Boheman)* X X X X X X X X
Brachysomus Schönherr
echinatus (Bonsdorff)* X X
Sciaphilus Schönherr
asperatus (Bonsdorff)* X X X X X X X X X
Tribe Sitonini
Sitona Germar
aquilonius Bright X X
californius Fåhraeus X X
cylindricollis Fåhraeus* X X X X X X X X X X X
flavescens (Marsham)* X X X X X X X X X
hispidulus (Fabricius)* X X X X X X X X X X X
lineatus (Linnaeus)* X X
lineellus (Bonsdorff)* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
295
Appendix (concluded).
vittatus LeConte X
Tribe Tanymecini
Minyomerus Horn
innocuus Horn X
Pandeleteius Schönherr
hilaris (Herbst) X X
Tanymecus Germar
confusus Say X X X X
Tribe Thecesternini
Thecesternus Say
affinis (LeConte) X X
Tribe Trachyphloeini
Cercopedius Sleeper
artemisiae (Pierce) X
Trachyphloeus Germar
aristatus (Gyllenhal)* X X X X X X
asperatus Boheman* X X
bifoveolatus (Beck)* X X X X X X X X
Tribe Tropiphorini
Anametis Horn
granulata (Say) X X X X X X
Byrsopages Schönherr
villosus Boheman X
Cimbocera Horn
pauper Horn X X X
Connatichela Anderson
artemisiae Anderson X X
Dyslobus LeConte
alternatus (Horn) X X X
bakeri Van Dyke X
crinitus Bright sp. nov. X X
decoratus LeConte X
granicollis LeConte X
lecontei Casey X
luteus (Horn) X X
nigrescens (Pierce) X X
ursinus (Horn) X X X
verrucifer Casey X
Panscopus Schönherr
abruptus (Casey) X
aequalis (Horn) X X X X
bakeri Buchanan X
costatus Buchanan X
erinaceus (Say) X X
gemmatus (LeConte) X
ovalis Pierce X X X
ovatipennis Buchanan X
rugicollis Buchanan X
spantoni Bright sp. nov. X
squamosus Pierce X
torpidus (LeConte) X X
tricarinatus Buchanan X
Phyxelis Schönherr
rigidus (Say) X X X X X X X X
Tropiphorus Schönherr
elevatus (Herbst)* X
obtusus (Bonsdorff)* X
terricola (Newman)* X X X X X
Total 11 8 10 1 69 33 21 17 35 37 24 32 22 2 23
296
Map of Canada and Alaska (abbreviations as in preceding table).

297

Figs. 50–52. Habitus of Alophini, Lepidophorus. 50, L. alternatus; 51, L. lineaticollis;

52, L. pumilus.
298

Figs. 53–55. Habitus of Alophini. 53, Plinthodes taeniatus; 54, Trichalophus alternatus;
55, T. didymus.
299

Figs. 56–58. Habitus. 56, Alophini, Trichalophus granicollis; 57, Cyphicerini, Calomycterus
setarius; 58, Cyphicerini, Cyrtepistomus castaneus.
300

Figs. 59–61. Habitus of Geonemini. 59, Epicaerus imbricatus; 60, Stamoderes lanei;
61, Trigonoscuta pilosa iridescens.
301

Figs. 62–64. Habitus. 62, Hormorini, Agasphaerops nigra; 63, Naupactini, Naupactus cervinus;
64, Ophryastini, Ophryastes cinerascens.
302

Figs. 65–67. Habitus. 65, Ophryastini, Ophryastes sulcirostris; 66, O. tuberosus;

67, Otiorhynchini, Agronus carri.
303

Figs. 68–70. Habitus of Otiorhynchini, Otiorhynchus. 68, O. ligneus; 69, O. ligustici;

70, O. ovatus.
304

Figs. 71–73. Habitus of Otiorhynchini, Otiorhynchus. 71, O. raucus; 72, O. rugifrons;

73, O. rugostriatus.
305

Figs. 74–76. Habitus of Otiorhynchini, Otiorhynchus. 74, O. scaber; 75, O. singularis;

76, O. sulcatus.
306

Figs. 77–79. Habitus. 77, Otiorhynchini, Sciopithes obscurus; 78. Peritelini, Geodercodes
latipennis; 79. Peritelini, Nemocestes puncticollis.
307

Figs. 80–82. Habitus. 80, Peritelini, Paraptochus variegatus; 81, Peritelini, Stomodes gyrosi-
collis; 82, Phyllobiini, Aphrastus taeniatus.
308

Figs. 83–85. Habitus. 83, Phyllobiini, Evotus naso; 84, Phyllobiini, Polydrusus sericeus;
85, Sciaphilini, Barypeithes pellucidus.
309

Figs. 86–88. Habitus. 86, Sciaphilini, Brachysomus echinatus; 87, Sitonini, Sitona
aquilonius; 88, S. cylindricollis.
310

Figs. 89–91. Habitus. 89, Sitonini, Sitona lineatus; 90, S. lineellus; 91, Tanymecini,
Minyomerus innocuus.
311

Figs. 92–94. Habitus. 92, Tanymecini, Pandeleteius hilaris; 93, Tanymecini, Tanymecus con-
fusus; 94, Thecesternini, Thecesternus affinis.
312

Figs. 95–97. Habitus of Trachyphloeini. 95, Cercopedius artemisiae; 96, Trachyphloeus arista-
tus; 97, T. bifoveolatus.
313

Figs. 98–100. Habitus of Tropiphorini. 98, Anametis granulata; 99, Byrsopages villosus;
100, Cimbocera pauper.
314

Figs. 101–103. Habitus of Tropiphorini. 101, Connatichela artemisiae; 102, Dyslobus alterna-
tus; 103, D. bakeri.
315

Figs. 104–106. Habitus of Tropiphorini, Dyslobus. 104, D. crinitus; 105, D. decoratus;

106, D. granicollis.
316

Figs. 107–109. Habitus of Tropiphorini, Dyslobus. 107, D. luteus; 108, D. nigrescens;

109, D. ursinus.
317

Figs. 110–112. Habitus of Tropiphorini, Panscopus. 110, P. aequalis; 111, P. bakeri;

112, P. gemmatus.
318

Figs. 113–115. Habitus of Tropiphorini, Panscopus. 113, P. ovalis; 114, P. spantoni;

115, P. torpidus.
319

Figs. 116, 117. Habitus of Tropiphorini, Tropiphorus. 116, T. elevatus; 117, T. obtusus.
320
Index
Page numbers of principal entries are in boldface. For weevil taxa, synonyms are in
italics, family-group names are in capital letters, and original combinations are in
square brackets.
Abies 254 Artemisia 55, 88, 105, 108, 110, 213, 226, 255
Abronis 90 artemisiae, Connatichela 225, 226, 227, 296, 315
abruptus, Panscopus [Nomidus] 250, 253, 254, 264, artemisiae, Cercopedius [Cercopeus] 103, 211, 212,
296 296, 313
Acer 166 Asiatic oak weevil 77
ACICNEMIDINAE 8 aspen 135
Acmaegenius 57, 58 asperatus, Sciaphilus [Curculio] 75, 174, 175, 176,
Adelognatha 5, 6 177, 178, 295

aequalis, Panscopus [Nocheles] 249, 252, 254, 255, asperatus, Trachyphloeus 215, 216, 217, 218, 220,
296, 318 296
affinis, Thecesternus [Lithodus] 209, 210, 211, 296, aster 172
312 Asteraceae 226
Agasphaerops 27, 29, 36, 39, 90, 91, 92, 294, 302 Asynonychus 98, 99
Agronus 26, 35, 109, 110, 295, 303 Atriplex 89, 105, 108
albus, Omias 101 ATTELABIDAE 1
alder 149, 265 azalea 77
alfalfa 118, 147, 179, 187, 190, 193, 196, 198, 201,
222, 255 BAGOINAE 8, 16, 23
alfalfa snout beetle 118 bakeri, Dyslobus 229, 231, 234, 235, 236, 296, 315
Alnus 166, 262 bakeri, Lepidophorus 45, 46, 47
ALOPHINI 3, 13, 20, 43, 294 bakeri, Panscopus 250, 252, 255, 256, 296, 318
alpinensis, Sitona 188 BARIDIDAE 7
alternans, Sitona 203 BARIDINAE 8, 15, 22
alternatus, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 230, 232, 233, 234, Barynotus 28, 30, 37, 40, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 294
242, 296, 315 Barypeithes 28, 37, 170, 171, 295, 309
alternatus, Trichalophus [Hypsonotus] 59, 60, 61, bean 198, 219
294, 299 beech 77, 165, 207
alternatus, Lepidophorus 44, 45, 46, 47, 294, 298 Betula 108, 166
Ambrosia 222 bifoveolatus, Trachyphloeus [Curculio] 215, 218,
americanus, Polydrusus 163, 164, 165, 295 219, 220, 296, 313
Amnesia 228 birch 149, 155, 166, 169
Amydrogmus 105 bituberculatus, Dyslobus 245
Anametis 31, 41, 220, 221, 296, 314 black vine weevil 131
angustulus, Sitona 184 Brachybamus 11, 18
antennal club 4 BRACHYCERIDAE 7
antennal funicle 4 BRACHYCERINAE 7, 9
ANTHONOMINAE 8 BRACHYDERINAE 8, 9, 24
ANTHONOMINI 13, 14, 20 BRACHYDERINI 66, 294
ANTHRIBIDAE 1 BRACHYRHININAE 9, 24
apacheanus, Sitona 184 Brachyrhinus 112
Aphrastus 26, 35, 147, 148, 295, 308 Brachysomus 29, 38, 172, 173, 295, 310
APIONIDAE 1 Bradyrhynchus 86
apple 75, 87, 155, 166, 169, 187, 212, 222 BRENTIDAE 1
apricot 103, 212 brunneus, Trichalophus 61, 63
aquilonius, Sitona 180, 182, 183, 184, 295, 310 bryanti, Sitona 185
arborvitae 122, 153 Byrsopages 32, 42, 222, 223, 296, 314
arborvitae weevil 153
Archopactus 98 cabbage 178
aristatus, Trachyphloeus [Curculio] 215, 216, 217, Caccophryastes 105
296, 313 Cacochromus 86
321
calcaratus, Phyllobius 151 Cornus 262

californicus, Pachyrhinus [Scythropus] 157, 158, coryli, Strophosoma [Curculio] 66, 67
159, 295 Corylus 166
californicus, Paraptochus 143, 144 COSSONINAE 2, 7, 8, 15, 22, 210
californicus, Sitona 184 costatus, Panscopus 248, 249, 251, 256, 257, 296
californius, Sitona 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, cotton 109
202, 203, 295 cottonwood 155
Calomycterus 30, 39, 73, 74, 294, 300 crab-apple 187
canola 170 Crataegus 172
Caragana 201 crinitus, Dyslobus 229, 231, 235, 236, 296, 316
carinatus, Byrsopages 223 Cryptolepidus 103, 212
carinatus, Panscopus 257 CRYPTORHYNCHINAE 8, 16, 23, 210
carinatus, Tropiphorus [Curculio] 274 cucumber 219
carri, Agronus 110, 111, 295, 303 Cucurbita 89

Carya 207, 211 Curculio 2
Castanea 207 CURCULIONIDAE 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16
castaneus, Cyrtepistomus [Myllocerus] 76, 77, 294, CURCULIONINAE 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21,
300 22
Ceanothus 187, 207 CURCULIONINI 14, 21
cedar 122, 135 CURCULIONOIDEA 1, 7, 8
Centaurea 219 cyclamen 127
Cercopedius 32, 41, 211, 212, 296, 313 CYCLOMINAE 8, 12, 18, 19
Cercopeus 25, 34, 213 cylindricollis, Sitona 180, 182, 184, 188, 189, 190,
Cercopius 213 295, 310
cervinus, Naupactus 99, 294, 302 CYLYDRORHINAE 8
cervinus, Polydrusus [Curculio] 162, 163, 165, 166, Cynoglossum 219
295 CYPHICERINI 73, 294

CEUTORHYNCHINAE 8, 15, 22, 23 Cyrtepistomus 30, 39, 75, 76, 294
Chaetechus 214
Chamaecyparis 153 Dactylorhinus 70
Chenopodiaceae 226 Dactylorrhinus 70
cherry 144, 172, 239 Dalea 106
chestnut 77, 207 dandelion 172, 265
chickpea 198 davisi, Trachyphloeus 218, 220
chrysorrhoeus, Cercopeus [Peritelus] 213 debilis, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 238
Chrysothamnus 105, 255 deciduous cusp 1, 3, 6
Cimbocera 31, 40, 224, 296, 314 decoratus, Dyslobus 230, 232, 236, 237, 238, 296,
cinerascens, Ophryastes [Tosastes] 106, 107, 108, 316
294, 302 dentipes, Panscopus 265
Cirsium 82, 172, 211 desertus, Otiorhynchus 114, 116, 295
clavisetis, Brachysomus [Thricolepoides] 173 Dichoxenus 221
CLEONINAE 8 didymus, Trichalophus [Alophus] 57, 58, 59, 61, 62,
clover 122, 179, 190, 193, 196, 198, 201, 222, 265 63, 294, 299
clover root curculio 196 discors, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 238
club (see antennal club) Dochorhynchus 272
CNEORHININI 70, 294 dogwood 77
cockerelli, Sitona 185 dorsalis, Polydrusus [Cyphomimus] 164
collaris, Ophryastes 109 DRYOPHTHORINAE 7, 8, 10, 11, 17
columbianus, Ophryastes [Tosastes] 107 DRYOPHTHORINI 10, 17
confertus, Tanymecus 208 Dryophthorus 10, 17
confusus, Tanymecus 208, 209, 296, 312 Dyslobus 29, 31, 39, 40, 227, 228, 229, 230, 296,
conicus, Rhinocyllus 1 315, 316, 317
Connatichela 30, 39, 225, 226, 296, 315 Dystirus 105
CONODERINAE 8, 15, 16, 22, 23
constrictus, Trichalophus [Alophus] 61 echinatus, Brachysomus [Curculio] 172, 173, 174,
corbel 5 295, 310
322
elegans, Pachyrhinus [Polydrosus] 157, 158, 159, glaucus, Phyllobius 151

160, 161, 295 globatus, Philopedon [Curculio] 70
Eleocharis 187 glomerosus, Phyxelis 269
elevatus, Tropiphorus [Curculio] 272, 273, 274, Glycine 75
296, 320 godmani, Asynonychus 98, 99
Elissa 204 granicollis, Dyslobus 228, 229, 231, 238, 239, 296,
elongatus, Mesagroicus 96 316
elongatus var. incertus, Mesagroicus 96 granicollis, Trichalophus [Acmaegenius] 58, 59, 63,
elongatus var. nevadianus, Mesagroicus 96 294, 300
elongellus, Mesagroicus 96, 97 granicollis vestitus, Dyslobus 239
elm 155, 172 granulata, Anametis [Barynotus] 221, 222, 296, 314
Elymus 90 grape 211, 258
elytral interstriae 4 Graphognathus 98
elytral striae 4 grass 90, 122, 149, 166, 226

Emphyastes 12, 18 gray-sided oak weevil 207
ENTIMINAE 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 20, 24, grisea, Anametis 220, 221
33, 43, 210 Gutierrezia 204
Epagrius 86 GYMNETRINAE 8
Ephedra 89, 106 gyrosicollis, Stomodes 146, 147, 308
Epicaerus 30, 40, 86, 301
epistomal region 2 hawthorn 172
erectus, Omias 102, 103 hazel 149
EREMNINAE 8, 9, 24 hazelnut 77
erinaceus, Panscopus [Barynotus] 248, 249, 251, Hedysarum 184
257, 258, 296 hemlock 122, 265
ERIRHININAE 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 hickory 77, 207, 211
erosus, Thecesternus [Lithodus] 210 Hilaria 89

Eupagoderes 105 hilaris, Pandeleteius [Curculio] 205, 206, 207, 296,
European snout beetle 155 312
Evotus 26, 27, 35, 37, 149, 295, 309 hirsutulus, Brachysomus [Curculio] 172, 173
eximius, Sitona 202 hispidiceps, Sitona 184
Exmenetypus 206 hispidulus, Sitona [Curculio] 179, 181, 193, 194,
Exomias 171 195, 196, 295
explicitus, Sitona 184 holly 127
extrusus, Sitona 184 Holodiscus 102
hop-hornbeam 165
Fabaceae 179, 206 HORMORINI 90, 294, 302
ferrugineus, Pachyrhinus [Scythropus] 157, 158, Hormorus 27, 29, 36, 39, 92, 94, 294
159 horni, Nemocestes 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 295
filbert 143, 146 humerus/humeri 3
fir 128, 135, 141, 156, 159, 161 HYLESININAE 8
flavescens, Sitona [Curculio] 179, 180, 190, 191, HYLOBIINAE 8
192, 193, 295 HYPERINAE 8, 13, 20, 210
Forsythia 119
fossil 52, 55, 226, 227 imbricate 5
Franseria 89 imbricated snout beetle 87
frons 4 imbricatus, Epicaerus [Liparus] 87, 301
Fuller rose weevil 99 impressifrons, Polydrusus 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,
funicle (see antennal funicle) 168, 169, 295
incertus, Mesagroicus elongatus var. 96
geminatus Philopedon [Curculio] 70 incomptus, Nemocestes [Geoderces] 135, 136, 137,
gemmatus, Panscopus [Tyloderes] 249, 251, 258, 139, 140, 141, 295
259, 296, 318 indifferens, Sitona 198
Geoderces 135, 268 innocuus, Minyomerus 203, 204, 205, 296, 311
Geodercodes 27, 36, 133, 134, 295, 307 inquinatus, Lepidophorus [Liophloeus] 43, 44, 45,
GEONEMINI 78, 294 48, 49, 50, 294
323
insolitus, Byrsopages [Kurilonus] 222, 223 Lophalophus 43

interstriae (see elytral interstriae) Lotus 187, 218
intrusus, Phyllobius 151, 152, 153, 295 lupine 187, 268
iridescens, Trigonoscuta pilosa ssp. 89, 90, 294, 301 Lupinus 187
ironweed 149 lupinus, Sitona 180, 182, 201, 202
ironwood 155 luteus, Dyslobus [Thricomigus] 228, 230, 232, 240,
ITHYCERIDAE 1 241, 296, 317
Ithycerus 7 Lygophilus 174
intrusus, Phyllobius 151, 152, 153, 295
maculosus, Panscopus 248
Jasminum 119 madrone 135
johnsoni, Panscopus 250, 252, 259, 260 MAGDALINAE 8
juniper 122, 135, 153 MAGDALIDINI 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21
Juniperus 122, 153 Malva 109

mandibular scar 1, 3, 4, 6
Kissodontus 80 maple 155, 165, 178, 265
Kurilonus 222 margaritosus, Sitona 202
MECININI 11, 15, 18, 22
Laemosaccus 14, 21 Medicago 84, 179, 201
lanei, Stamoderes [Mimetes] 82, 88, 294, 301 medick 190
larch 128 Melamomphus 228
larvae 2, 6, 7, 52, 55, 61, 77, 89, 92, 106, 112, 122, melanogrammum, Strophosoma [Curculio] 66, 67,
123, 124, 125, 128, 133, 148, 149, 153, 155, 156, 68, 69, 294
159, 166, 178, 179, 210, 220, 226 melanothrix, Nemocestes [Geoderces] 137
latipennis, Geodercodes 133, 134, 135, 295, 307 melanothrix, Phyxelis [Trachyphloeus] 268, 269
latirostris, Ophryastes 105 Melbonus 86
latirostris, Phyxelis 269, 270 Melilotus 190

lecontei, Dyslobus 229, 231, 240, 296 Menetypus 205
Leontodon 275 Mercurialis 82, 275
Lepesoma 227, 228 meridionalis, Otiorhynchus 112, 113, 115, 119
Lepidocricus 95 Merionus 78
Lepidophorus 13, 20, 32, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 294, Mesagroecus 95
298 Mesagroicus 28, 37, 95, 96
Lepidosoma 228 MESOPTILIINAE 8, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21
lepidus, Sitona 190, 193 Micronychus 148
LEPTOPIINAE 8, 9, 24 Mimopactus 98
LEPYRINI 12, 19 minor, Mesagroicus 96, 97
lettuce 118 minor, Omias 100, 101, 102, 294
ligatus, Ophryastes 108 Minyomerus 24, 33, 203, 204, 296, 311
ligneus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 112, 113, 115, moerens, Barynotus [Curculio] 80, 81, 82, 84, 294
116, 117, 295, 304 MOLYTINAE 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23
ligustici, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 112, 114, 118, Montanus, Nemocestes 136
295, 304 montanus, Sitona 202
Ligustrum 119 morbillosus, Thecesternus [Lithodus] 210
lily weevil 92 mucro 5, 6
Linaria 219 muricatus, Sciaphilus [Curculio] 174, 175
lineaticollis, Lepidophorus 43, 44, 46, 50, 51, 52, Mylacus 100
55, 227, 294, 298 Myosides 25, 34, 77, 79, 294
lineatus, Sitona [Curculio] 105, 178, 179, 181, 196,
197, 198, 295, 311 nasal plate 2
lineellus, Sitona [Curculio] 179, 181, 198, 199, 200, naso, Evotus [Otiorhynchus] 149, 150, 151, 295,
201, 295, 311 309
Lithodus 209 NAUPACTINI 95, 294, 302
LIXINAE 8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23 Naupactus 27, 36, 98, 294, 302
longiscapus, Panscopus 265 Nemocestes 27, 36, 135, 136, 138, 295, 307
longus, Panscopus 250, 252, 260, 261 NEMONYCHIDAE 1
324
Neopanscopus 254 parvulus, Cercopedius [Lepidopus] 212

nevadianus, Mesagroicus elongatus var. 96 pauper, Cimbocera 224, 225, 296, 314
nigra, Agasphaerops 90, 91, 92, 294, 302 pauperculus, Pandeleteius 205, 206
nigrescens, Dyslobus [Melamomphus] 230, 232, Pavrosomus 172
242, 296, 317 pawpaw 149
Nocheles 254, 265, 266 pea 109, 170, 198, 201
Nomidus 253, 255, 259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 267 pea leaf weevil 198
Notiodes 14, 21 peach 103, 187, 212, 222, 255
pear 155, 169, 222
oak 77, 128, 135, 146, 165, 172, 207, 265 pellucidus, Barypeithes [Omias] 147, 171, 172, 174,
oblongus, Phyllobius [Curculio] 103, 151, 152, 153, 295, 309
154, 155, 295 PERITELINI 133, 295
obscure root weevil 133 Peritelinus 143
obscurus, Barynotus [Curculio] 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, Phanerognatha 6

84, 294 Philopedon 5, 28, 38, 70, 72, 294
obscurus, Sciopithes 131, 132, 133, 295, 307 Philopedum 70
obtusus, Tropiphorus [Curculio] 273, 274, 275, 296, PHYLLOBIINI 147, 295, 308, 309
320 Phyllobius 26, 35, 103, 151, 152, 154, 295
occidentalis, Sitona 184 Phymatinus 258
Oenothera 89 Phyxelis 31, 41, 135, 268, 271, 296
Olea 119 PIAZORHININI 14, 21
Oleaceae 119 Piazorhinus 14, 16, 21, 23
olivieri, Trachyphloeus 217 Picea 122
Omias 26, 35, 100, 101, 104, 294 pilosa iridescens, Trigonoscuta 89, 294, 301
OMIINI 100, 294 pine 122, 128, 141, 156, 159, 161
Omorus 100 Pinus 122, 159, 161, 254
onion 87 PISSODINAE 8
Ophryastes 5, 30, 39, 105, 106, 294, 302 PISSODINI 15, 22
OPHRYASTINI 105, 294 Pisum 198
orchard grass 166 plagiatum, Philopedon [Curculio] 70, 71, 72, 73,
ordinarius, Sitona 184 294
oregonensis, Sitona 185 Plantago 118
oregonus, Peritelinus 143 PLATYPODIDAE 1, 7
osculans, Sitona 203 PLATYPODINAE 3, 7, 8, 10, 16
OTIODOCEPHALINI 13, 20, 21 Platytarsus 173
OTIORHYNCHINAE 8, 9, 24 Plinthodes 31, 33, 40, 42, 55, 56, 58, 294, 299
OTIORHYNCHINI 109, 294, 303, 304, 305, 306, plum 143, 146, 155, 187
307 poison ivy 172
Otiorhynchus 26, 34, 92, 111, 112, 114, 295, 304, pokeweed 149
305, 306, 307 POLYDROSINAE 9, 24
ovalis, Panscopus 250, 253, 261, 262, 296, 319 Polydrosus 162
ovatipennis, Panscopus 249, 251, 262, 263, 296 POLYDRUSINI 156, 295
ovatipennis verrucosus, Panscopus 262 Polydrusus 28, 29, 38, 162, 163, 167, 295, 309
ovatus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 113, 116, 119, 120, Polygonum 207
121, 122, 295, 304 poplar 155, 169, 235
Populus 166, 255
Pachyrhinus 28, 29, 38, 156, 157, 160, 295 porcatus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 112, 114, 122,
pale green weevil 168 123, 295
pallidus, Panscopus 265, 266, 267 postocular bristles 4
Pandeleteius 6, 24, 33, 205, 206, 296, 312 potato 87, 97
Pandeletejus 205 prickly pear 108
Pandeletius 205 primrose 127
Panscopus 30, 31, 40, 41, 248, 249, 251, 296, 318, Primula 82, 84, 123
319 PRIONOMERINAE 8
Parapanscopus 262 privet 119, 127
Paraptochus 26, 35, 143, 144, 295, 308 procerus, Sitona 188
325
prominens, Sitona 184 Salix 166, 255, 262

Prunus 52, 166, 172 salmonberry 239
Pseudelissa 204 sassafras 149
Pseudopanscopus 256 Saxifraga 123
Pseudotsuga 159, 161 saxifrage 125, 126
pumilus, Lepidophorus 45, 46, 52, 294, 298 sayi, Otiorhynchus 129, 131
puncticollis, Nemocestes 136, 141, 295, 307 scaber, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 112, 114, 127, 128,
pygidium 4 295, 306
scape 2, 4
Quercus 143, 146, 166, 172, 206, 207 scar (see mandibular scar)
schoenherri, Barynotus [Curculio] 81, 84, 85, 294
rabbitbush 108 schwarzi, Cercopeus 213, 214
radish 170 SCIAPHILINI 170, 295, 309, 310
ragweed 149, 222 Sciaphilus 28, 29, 37, 38, 75, 174, 175, 177, 295
ragwort 172 Sciopithes 26, 35, 131, 132, 295, 307
rainieri, Lepidophorus 44, 45, 53 scissifrons, Sitona 198, 200, 201
Ranunculus 82, 275 SCOLYTIDAE 1, 7
raspberry 52, 122, 127, 129, 133, 172, 178, 239, SCOLYTINAE 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 16
241, 267 scrobe 2, 3
raucus, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 243 sculptilis, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 238
raucus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 112, 114, 122, 123, Scythropus 156
124, 295, 305 sellatus, Paraptochus [Peritelus] 143, 144, 145, 146,
rectus, Thecesternus [Lithodus] 210 295
recumbent 5 Senecio 172
remotus, Panscopus 263, 264 seriata, Hypera 55
RHAMPHINI 11, 14, 18, 21 seriatus, Trichalophus [Alophus] 59
Rhinocyllus 1, 15, 16, 22, 23 sericeus, Polydrusus 162, 163, 169, 170, 295, 309
rhododendron 69, 133, 141 seriehispidus, Myosides 77, 78, 79, 294
Rhus 172 setarius, Calomycterus 73, 74, 75, 294, 300
RHYNCHAENINAE 8 setiferus, Phyxelis 269
RHYNCHITIDAE 1 setiger, Lepidophorus 44, 45, 53, 54
RHYNCHOPHORINAE 7, 8 setiger, Trachyphloeus [Chaetechus] 214, 217
RHYTIRRHININAE 8 simplex, Dyslobus 229, 231, 243,
Ribes 262 simplex, Trichalophus 58, 59, 64, 65, 66, 294
rigidus, Phyxelis [Barynotus] 268, 269, 270, 271, singularis, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 113, 115, 128,
296 129, 295, 306
roots 2, 6, 61, 77, 89, 90, 106, 109, 122, 123, 133, Sitona 1, 3, 32, 41, 95, 99, 178, 179, 180, 295, 310,
148, 149, 153, 155, 156, 159, 166, 210, 220, 226 311
Rosa 84, 255 Sitones 178
rose 99, 127, 259 SITONINI 178, 295, 310, 311
rostrum 1, 2, 3, 6 smart-weed 207
rough strawberry root weevil 127 sordidus, Nemocestes 141
Rubus 258, 259 sordidus, Sitona 202
rudis, Thecesternus [Lithodus] 210 soybean 75
rugicollis, Panscopus 251, 253, 263, 264, 296 spantoni, Panscopus 249, 252, 264, 265, 267, 296,
rugifrons, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 113, 115, 124, 319
125, 295, 305 sparsus, Sitona 203
rugosostriatus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 113, 115, Sphaerilethmus 174
126, 127, 295 spruce 122, 235
Rumex 78, 109, 218, 275 squamosus, Panscopus 249, 252, 265, 296
rusty pineneedle weevil 159 Stamoderes 3, 27, 28, 36, 37, 82, 87, 88, 294, 301
stefanssoni, Lepyrus 58
sacattus, Omias [Ptochus] 101, 102, 103, 104, 212, stefanssoni, Trichalophus 58
294 Stomodes 25, 34, 146, 308
sagebrush 88, 108, 110, 212, 213 strawberry 122, 125, 127, 155, 178, 239, 257, 265
sagebrush weevil 103 strawberry root weevil 122
326
striae (see elytral striae) Trachyphloeus 25, 34, 77, 78, 214, 215, 296, 313
Strongylophthalmus 222 trefoil 198
Strophosoma 5, 29, 38, 66, 67, 68, 294 tricarinatus, Panscopus 250, 252, 253, 267, 268, 296
Strophosomum 66 Trichalophus 31, 33, 41, 42, 57, 58, 59, 65, 294, 299,
Strophosomus 66 300
sulcatus, Otiorhynchus [Curculio] 113, 115, 129, Trifolium 84
130, 131, 295, 306 Trigonoscuta 6, 25, 27, 34, 36, 89, 294, 301
sulcatus, Aphrastus [Micronychus] 148 Tropidophorus 272
sulcifrons, Agasphaerops [Panscopus] 90 TROPIPHORINI 220, 296, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318,
sulcirostris, Ophryastes [Liparus] 106, 107, 108, 319, 320
294, 303 Tropiphorus 1, 32, 42, 272, 273, 277, 296, 320
sunflower 187 tuberculatus, Nemocestes 136, 137, 142, 295
sweet-clover 190 tuberosus, Ophryastes 106, 107, 109, 294, 303
sweet-clover weevil 190 turnip 109

sycamore 165 TYCHIINAE 8
Synirmus 272 TYCHIINI 11, 18
Synolobus 73
Syringa 119, 123 Ulmus 172
uncus 5, 6
TACHYGONINI 16, 23 undulatus, Hormorus [Chlorophanus] 92, 93, 94, 95,
taeniatus, Aphrastus 147, 148, 149, 295, 308 294
taeniatus, Plinthodes [Hylobius] 55, 56, 57, 294, 299 ursinus, Dyslobus [Amnesia] 230, 232, 236, 243,
tanneri, Dyslobus 243, 245 244, 245, 296, 317
TANYMECINAE 9, 24
TANYMECINI 4, 203, 296, 311, 312 Vaccinium 254, 262
Tanymecus 24, 33, 205, 207, 208, 296, 312 variabilis, Tanymecus 208
Tanysphyrus 13, 20 varians, Sitona 202

Taraxacum 172 variegatus, Paraptochus [Peritelinus] 143, 144, 145,
tarsal claws 4, 5 146, 295, 308
terricola, Tropiphorus [Barynotus] 273, 275, 276, verrucifer, Dyslobus 229, 231, 235, 245, 246, 247,
277, 296 296
THECESTERNINAE 8, 24 verrucosus, Panscopus ovatipennis ssp. 262
THECESTERNINI 10, 17, 209, 296, 312 vestiture of body 4, 5
Thecesternus 10, 17, 31, 41, 209, 210, 296, 312 vestitus, Dyslobus [Nocheles] 254
Thecosternus 209 vestitus, Dyslobus granicollis ssp. 239
thistle 172, 211 vetch 198, 201
Thricolepoides 173 Viburnum 123
Thricomigus 228 Vicia 84, 201
Thuja 122, 153 villosus, Byrsopages 222, 223, 224, 296, 314
thulius, Lepidophorus [Vitavitus] 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, Viola 82
55, 294 viridescens, Dyslobus 230, 232, 247
THYLACITINAE 9, 24 Vitavitus 43, 44
tibial armature 4 vittatus, Sitona [Grypidius] 198
tibialis, Sitona 200 vittatus, Sitona 180, 182, 202, 203, 296
tobacco 84, 219
tomentosus, Tropiphorus [Curculio] 275 wild gum 239
torpidus, Panscopus 264, 265 willow 88, 155, 169
torpidus, Panscopus [Hylobius] 250, 253, 266, 267, woods weevil 141
296, 319
Tosastes 105 yew 122
TRACHODINI 12, 19
TRACHYPHLOEINI 3, 211, 212, 296, 313 ZYGOPINAE 8, 210
327

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Weevils of Canada and Alaska – Volume 2

Retired, Faculty Affiliate

NRC Research Press

©2008 National Research Council of Canada

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper.

Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication data

Coleoptera curculionidae entiminae / Donald E. Bright and Patrice Bouchard

(The Insects and arachnids of Canada, 0706-7313 ; pt. 25)

1. Curculionidae — Canada 2. Curculionidae — Alaska

I. National Research Council Canada

QL585.B74 2008 595.76’8 C2007-980197-8

NRC Monograph Publishing Program

Editor: P.B. Cavers (University of Western Ontario)

About the Series

The Insects and Arachnids of Canada

Partie 1. Récolte, préparation et conservation des Insectes, des Acariens et des

L.A. Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1978.

Clé des sous-familles de Curculionidae représentées au Canada et en Alaska ...... 16

Lepidophorus inquinatus (Mannerheim, 1852) ...................................... 48

Genus Cyrtepistomus Marshall, 1913 .......................................................... 75

Genus Epicaerus Schönherr, 1834 .............................................................. 86

Hormorus undulatus (Uhler, 1856) ........................................................ 93

Genus Agronus Horn, 1876 ........................................................................ 109

Otiorhynchus raucus (Fabricius, 1777) ................................................ 123

Geodercodes latipennis Casey, 1888 .................................................... 134

Phyllobius oblongus (Linnaeus, 1758) ................................................ 153

Polydrusus cervinus (Linnaeus, 1758).................................................. 165

Tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 .............................................................................. 178

Tribe Trachyphloeini Gistel, 1848.................................................................... 211

Tribe Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863 .................................................................... 220

Panscopus johnsoni Van Dyke, 1935.................................................... 259

Genus Tropiphorus Schönherr, 1842 .......................................................... 272

Montréal, Montreal, Quebec; G. Deschênes-Wagner, Université Laval, Québec,

keys are provided, as well as habitus illustrations of representative species.

(LeConte, 1854); Alophus seriatus Mannerheim, 1853 = Trichalophus alternatus

Ithyceridae, Nemonychidae, Platypodidae1 and Rhynchitidae. Also included in Part 1

Figs. 3–8. 3, 4, Mandibles of generalized weevil, illustrating position of mandibular scar. 5,

Refinements to Kissinger’s work were made by a number of workers. In 1982,

Thompson (1992) prepared a thoughtful and detailed assessment of the morphol-

Curculionidae included six subfamilies: Brachycerinae, Curculioninae,

Anderson (2002), assisted by various specialists, reviewed the classification of

*Treated as separate families in Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999).

by Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (1999; with subsequent additions and corrections in

nosed weevils (see Table 1).

Key to subfamilies of Curculionidae

or more longitudinal grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part)

Both mandibles without a distinct scar or cusp; rostrum variable in length or

2. Rostrum usually stout (may appear to be moderately slender), usually shorter

apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entiminae (in part)

Rostrum normally as long as or longer than prothorax, thickness variable; anten-

3. Antenna distinctly elbowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Antenna straight, not elbowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5. Rostrum at rest free, not fitting into a median channel in prosternum . . . . . . 6

Antennal funicle 5–7 segmented; antennal club distinctly segmented, setation

7. Antennal scape extending well beyond posterior edge of eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . .