Machine Design Databook PDF

Mechanical Design Data Book

1
Design Data Hand Book
Contents:-
1 Friction Clutches
• Single plate clutches…………………………………………………………………05

• Multi plate clutches……………………………………………………………………05
• Cone clutches………………………………………………………………………………………06
• Centrifugal clutches……………………………………………………………………06
2 Brakes
• External Contracting Brakes…………………………………………………08

• Internal Expanding Brake…………………………………………………………09
• Band Brakes……………………………………………………………………………………………10
• Thermal Considerations………………………………………………………………11
3 Belt Drives
• Geometrical Relationships………………………………………………………12
• Analysis of Belt Tensions………………………………………………………13
• Condition for Maximum Power…………………………………………………13
• Selection of Flat Belts from the Manufacture’s
Catalogue…………………………………………………………………………………………………13
• Selection of V-Belts……………………………………………………………………15
4 Chain Drives
• Roller Chains………………………………………………………………………………………20
• Geometrical Relationships………………………………………………………20
• Power Rating of Roller Chains……………………………………………21
• Sprocket Wheels…………………………………………………………………………………24
5 Rolling Contact Bearings
• Stribeck’s Equation………………………………………………………………………25
• Equivalent Bearing Load……………………………………………………………26
A MEADinfo Publication Shinto Mathew

2
• Load Life Relationship………………………………………………………………26

• Selection of Bearing from the Manufacture’s
Catalogue…………………………………………………………………………………………………27
• Selection of Taper Roller Bearings………………………………32
• Design for Cyclic Load and Speed……………………………………38
• Bearing With a Probability of Survival Other Than
90 Percent………………………………………………………………………………………………38
6 Sliding Contact Bearings
• Effect of Temperature on Viscosity………………………………39

• Hydrostatic Step Bearing…………………………………………………………40
• Energy Losses in Hydrostatic Bearing…………………………40
• Reynold’s Equation…………………………………………………………………………41
• Raimondi and Boyd Method…………………………………………………………41
• Temperature Rise………………………………………………………………………………43
• Bearing Design –Selection of Parameters…………………44
7 Spur Gears
• Standard System of Gear Tooth……………………………………………45

• Force Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………50
• Beam Strength of Gear Tooth…………………………………………………47
• Effective Load on Gear Tooth………………………………………………48
• Estimation of Module Based on Beam Strength………50
• Wear Strength of Gear Tooth…………………………………………………50
• Estimation of Module Based on Wear Strength………51
• Gear Design for Maximum Power Transmitting
Capacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………51
8 Helical Gears
• Virtual Number of Tooth……………………………………………………………52

• Tooth Proportions……………………………………………………………………………53
• Beam Strength of Helical Gears…………………………………………54
• Wear Strength of Helical Gears…………………………………………55
9 Bevel Gears
• Force Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………57

3
• Beam Strength of Bevel Gears………………………………………………58

• Wear Strength of Bevel Gears………………………………………………59
10 Worm Gears
• Proportions of Worm Gears………………………………………………………62
• Force Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………64
• Friction in Worm Gears………………………………………………………………64
• Strength Rating of Worm Gears……………………………………………65
• Wear rating of worm gears………………………………………………………67

4
FRICTION CLUTCHES
Notations:-
D = outer diameter of friction disk.

d = inner diameter of friction disk.
p = intensity of pressure.
P = total operating force.
(M t ) f = torque transmitted by friction.
z = number of pairs of contacting surfaces, for single plate
clutch z=one. (z = number of plates – 1).
µ = coefficient of friction.
p a = intensity of pressure at the inner edge.
α = semi cone angle.
rd = radius of the drum.
rg = radius of the centre of gravity of the shoe in engaged
position.
m = mass of each shoe.
Pcf = centrifugal force.
Ps = Spring force
ω2 = running speed. (Rad/sec)
ω1 = speed at which engagement starts. (Rad/sec)

5
Single Plate & Multi Plate Clutches
Uniform pressure theory

π
P= (D 2 − d 2 )
4
μPz (D3 − d 3 )
(M t ) f =
3 (D 2 − d 2 )
Uniform wear theory

πpa d
P = (D − d )
2
μ Pz
(M t ) f = (D + d )
4

6
Cone Clutches
Uniform pressure theory
π
P= (D 2 − d 2 )
4
μPz (D3 − d 3 )
(Mt ) f =
3sinα (D2 − d 2 )
Uniform wear theory

πp a d
P = (D − d )
2
μ Pz
(M t ) f = (D + d )
4 sin α
Centrifugal Clutches
mω 12 rg
Ps =
1000
μ mr g rd z (ω 22 − ω 12 )
(M t ) f =
1000
Note: - here z = number of shoes.

7
Brakes
Notations:-
E = total energy absorbed by the brake.

K.E = kinetic energy absorbed by the brake.
P.E = potential energy absorbed by the brake.
m = mass of the system.
I = mass moment of inertia of the rotating body.
k = radius of gyration.
v1 , v 2 = Initial and final velocities of the system
ω1 , ω 2 = Initial and final angular velocities of the body
M t = braking torque.
θ = angle through which the brake drum rotates during the
braking period.
1
K .E = m(v12 − v 22 )
2
1
K .E = I (ω 12 − ω 22 )
2
1
K .E = mk 2 (ω 12 − ω 22 )
2
P.E = mgh
E = M tθ

8
External Contracting Brakes

Block brake with short shoe
M t = μNR
Where
Mt = Braking Torque
R = Radius of the Brake Drum
μ = Coefficient of Friction
N = Normal reaction
N = plw
Where
p = Permissible pressure between the block and
the brake drum
l = length of the block
w = width of the block
R X = μN
RY = ( N − P )
(a − μc)
P= ×N
b
Pivoted block brake with long shoe

P = Pmax cos φ
4 R sin θ
h=
2θ + sin 2θ

9
M t = 2 μR 2 wp max sin θ
1
RX = Rwp max ( 2θ + sin 2θ )
2
1
RY = μRwp max (2θ + sin 2θ )
2
Internal expanding brake
μp max Rw[4 R(cosθ 1 − cosθ 2 ) − h(cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ 2 )]

Mf =
4 sin φ max
p Rwh[2(θ 2 − θ1 ) − (sin 2θ 2 − sin 2θ1 )]
M n = max
4 sin φ max
μR 2 p max w(cosθ 1 − cosθ 2 )
Mt =
sin φ max
Mn − M f
P= (Clock wise rotation of the brake drum)
C
Mn + M f
P= (Anti clock wise rotation of the brake drum)
C
φ max = 90 0 when θ 2 > 90 0
φ max = θ 2 when θ 2 < 90 0
Where
p max = maximum intensity of pressure.
μ = coefficient of friction.

10
M f = moment due to friction.

M n = moment due to normal force.
M t = elemental torque due to frictional force.
R = radius of the brake lining.
w = face width of frictional lining.
Band Brakes
P1 = tension on the tight side of the band.

P2 = tension on the loose side of the band.
θ = angle of wrap (rad).
M t = torque capacity of the brake.
R = radius of the brake drum.
M t = ( P1 − P2 ) R
P
p=
Rw
P1
pmax =
Rw
p = intensity of pressure.
w = width of the frictional lining.
Differential band brake.
P2 (a − b × e μθ )
p=
l

11
Thermal Considerations
E
Δt =
mc
Where Δ t = temperature rise of the brake drum assembly

(0C )
E = total energy absorbed by the brake
m = mass of the brake drum assembly
c = specific heat of the brake drum material

12
Belt Drives
GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Open belt drive

D−d
α s = 180 − 2 sin −1 ( )
2C
−1 D − d
α b = 180 + 2 sin ( )
2C
π (D + d ) (D − d ) 2
L = 2C + +
2 4C
Cross belt drive

D+d
α s = α b = 180 + 2 sin −1 ( )
2C
π (D + d ) ( D + d )2
L = 2C + +
2 4C

13
Analysis of belt tension
P1 − mv 2 fα
= e
P2 − mv 2 (For flat belts)
P1 − mv 2 fα sin(
1
θ)
=e 2
P2 − mv 2 (For V-belts)
Power transmitted= ( P1 − P2 )v
Condition for maximum power transmission

Pi
v =
3m
SELECTION OF FLAT BELT FROM THE

MANUFACTURES CATALOGUE
(kW ) max = Fa (kW )

Where (kW ) max = power transmitted by the belt for the
design purpose

14
(kW ) = actual power transmitted by the belt

Fa = load correction factor
Type of load
Fa
(i) Normal load 1.0
(ii) Steady load, e.g. centrifugal pumps-fans-light
machine tools-conveyors 1.2
(iii) Intermittent load, e.g. heavy duty fans-
blowers-compressors- reciprocating pumps-line 1.3
shafts-heavy duty machines
(iv) Shock load, e.g. vacuum pumps-rolling mills-
hammers-grinders 1.5
Arc of contact factor
α s (degrees) 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Fd 1.33 1.26 1.19 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.00 0.97 0.94
HI-SPEED 0.0118 kW per mm width per ply

FORT 0.0147 kW per mm width per ply

15
Standard widths of the belt are as

follows
3-Ply 25 40 50 63 76
4-Ply 40 44 50 63 76 90 100 112 125 152
5-Ply 76 100 112 125 152
6-Ply 112 125 152 180 200
(kW ) corrected = (kW ) max × Fd
For HI-SPEED belt,
0.0118v
Corrected kW rating=
(5.08)
For FORT belt,
0.0147v
Corrected kW rating=
(5.08)
SELECTION OF V-BELTS
Dimensions of standard cross-sections
Belt Section Width Thickness Minimum pitch
W(mm) T(mm) diameter of pulley(mm)
A 13 8 125
B 17 11 200
C 22 14 300
D 32 19 500
E 38 23 630

16
Conversion of inside length to pitch length of the belt

Belt section A B C D E
Difference between pitch length and
inside length (mm) 36 43 56 79 92
Preferred values for pitch diameters (mm)

125 132 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 212 224
236 250 265 280 300 315 355 375 400 425 450
475 500 530 560 600 630 670 710 750 800 900
1000

17
(transmitted _ power _ in _ kW ) × Fa
Number _ of _ belts =
kW _ rating _ of _ belt × Fd × Fl
Where Fa = correction factor for industrial service
Fd = correction factor for arc of contact
Fl = correction factor for belt length

18

19
Li Belt section
A B C D E
3658 - 1.11 1.00 0.90 -
4013 - 1.13 1.02 0.92 -
4115 - 1.14 1.03 0.92 -
4394 - 1.15 1.04 0.93 -
4572 - 1.16 1.05 0.94 -
4953 - 1.18 1.07 0.96 -
5334 - 1.19 1.08 0.96 0.94
6045 - - 1.11 1.00 0.96
6807 - - 1.14 1.03 0.99
7569 - - 1.16 1.05 1.01
0.9
0.8
Fd
0.7
0.6
0.5
120 150 180
α s (Degrees)

20
Chain Drives
Roller Chains
Dimensions and breaking loads of roller chains
Roller Transverse Breaking load for

ISO chain Pitch p diameter Width b1 pitch pt single strand
number (mm) d1 (mm) (mm) (mm) chain (kN)
06 B 9.525 6.35 5.72 10.24 10.7
08 B 12.70 8.51 7.75 13.92 18.2
10 B 15.875 10.16 9.65 16.59 22.7
12 B 19.05 12.07 11.68 19.46 29.5
16 B 25.40 15.88 17.02 31.88 65.0
20 B 31.75 19.05 19.56 36.45 98.1
24 B 38.10 25.40 25.40 48.36 108.9
28 B 44.45 27.94 30.99 59.56 131.5
32 B 50.80 29.21 30.99 58.55 172.4
40 B 63.50 39.37 38.10 72.29 272.2
Geometric Relationships
n1 z
Velocity ratio, i = = 2
n2 z1
zpn
Average velocity, v =
60 × 10 3
Length of the chain, L = Ln × p
Number of links in the
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ z1 + z 2 ⎞ ⎛ z 2 − z1 ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞
2
chain, L n = 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝
p 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝a⎠
Where a = centre distance between the axis of the
driving and driven sprockets.

21
⎧ 2 2⎫
p ⎪⎡ ⎛ z1 + z2 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ z1 + z2 ⎞⎤ ⎡ z2 − z1 ⎤ ⎪
a = ⎨⎢Ln − ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎢Ln − ⎜ ⎟⎥ − 8⎢ ⎥ ⎬
4 ⎪⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 2π ⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
POWER RATING OF ROLLER CHAINS

P1v
kW =
1000
Where
P1 = allowable tension in the chain (N)
v = average velocity of chain

22
(kW _ to _ be _ transmitted ) × K s
kW rating of chain =
K1 × K 2
Where K s = service factor
Multiple strand factors ( K1 )

Number of strands
K1
1 1.0
2 1.7
3 2.5
4 3.3
5 3.9
6 4.6

23
Tooth correction factor ( K 2 )

Number of teeth on the K
driving sprocket 2
15 0.85
16 0.92
17 1.00
18 1.05
19 1.11
20 1.18
21 1.26
22 1.29
23 1.35
24 1.41
25 1.46
30 1.73

24
SPROCKET WHEELS

25
Rolling Contact Bearing

Stribeck’s Equation
C 0 = P1 + 2 P2 cos β + 2 P3 cos (2 β ) + .......... .....

δ2
= cos β
δ1
23
δ 2 ⎛⎜ P2 ⎞
⎟
=
δ 1 ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟
⎠
C 0 = P1 M
Where,
[
M = 1 + 2 (cos β )5 2 + 2 (cos 2 β )5 2 ]
C0 = Static load
δ 1 , δ 2 ... = radial deflections at the respective balls.
360
β=
z
Where
z is number of balls
⎛ z ⎞
⎜ ⎟ is practically constant and Stribeck suggested a value of
⎝M ⎠
⎛ z ⎞
5 for ⎜ ⎟
⎝M ⎠
⎛1⎞
C 0 = ⎜ ⎟ zP1
⎝5⎠

26
P1 = kd 2 Where d is, the ball diameter and factor k

depends upon radii of curvature at the point of contact and
on the modulii of elasticity of the materials.
Stribeck’s Equation
kd 2 z
C0 =
5
Equivalent Bearing Load
P = XFr + YFa
Where, P= equivalent dynamic load
Fr = radial load
Fa = axial or thrust load
X and Y are radial and thrust factors respectively and
there values are given in the manufactures catalogue.
Load Life Relationship

p
⎛C ⎞
L=⎜ ⎟
⎝P⎠
Where L = bearing life (in million revolutions)
C = dynamic load capacity (N)
p=3 (for ball bearing)
p = 10/3 (for roller bearing)

27
Relationship between life in million revolutions and and life in

working hours is given by
60nLh
L=
10 6
Where Lh =bearing life (hours)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
Selection of bearing from manufacture’s

catalogue
X and Y factors for single-row deep groove ball bearings
⎛ Fa ⎞ ⎛ Fa ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ e ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ > e e
⎛ Fa ⎞ ⎝ Fr ⎠ ⎝ Fr ⎠
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ C0 ⎠
X Y X Y
0.025 1 0 0.56 2.0 0.22
0.040 1 0 0.56 1.8 0.24
0.070 1 0 0.56 1.6 0.27
0.130 1 0 0.56 1.4 0.31
0.250 1 0 0.56 1.2 0.37
0.500 1 0 0.56 1.0 0.44
P = XFr + YFa

28
Dimensions and static and dynamic load

capabilities of single–row deep groove ball
bearings.
Principal Basic load

dimensions ratings(N) Designation
(mm)
d D B C C0
10 19 5 1480 630 61800
26 8 4620 1960 6000
30 9 5070 2240 6200
35 11 8060 3750 6300
12 21 5 1430 695 61801
28 8 5070 2240 6001
32 10 6890 3100 6201
37 12 9750 4650 6301
15 24 5 1560 815 61802
32 9 5590 2500 6002
35 11 7800 3550 6202
42 13 11400 5400 6302
17 26 5 1680 930 61803
35 10 6050 2800 6003
40 12 9560 4500 6202
47 14 13500 6550 6303
62 17 22900 11800 6403
20 32 7 2700 1500 61804
42 8 7020 3400 16400
42 12 9360 4500 6004
47 14 12700 6200 6204
52 15 15900 7800 6304
72 19 30700 16600 6404
25 37 7 3120 1960 61805
47 8 7610 4000 16005
47 12 11200 5600 6005

29
52 15 14000 6950 6205

62 17 22500 11400 6305
80 21 35800 19600 6405
30 42 7 3120 2080 61806
55 9 11200 5850 16006
55 13 13300 6800 6006
62 16 19500 10000 6206
72 19 28100 14600 6306
90 23 43600 24000 6406
35 47 7 4030 3000 61800
62 9 12400 6950 16007
62 14 15900 8500 6007
72 17 25500 13700 6207
80 21 33200 18000 6307
100 25 55300 31000 6407
40 52 7 4160 3350 61808
68 9 13300 7800 16008
68 15 16800 9300 6008
80 18 30700 16600 6208
90 23 41000 22400 6308
110 27 63700 36500 6408
45 58 7 6050 3800 61809
75 10 15600 9300 16009
75 16 21200 12200 6009
85 19 33200 18600 6209
100 25 52700 30000 6309
120 29 76100 45500 6409
50 65 7 6240 4250 61810
80 10 16300 10000 16010
80 16 21600 12300 6010
90 20 35100 19600 6210
110 27 61800 36000 6310
130 31 87100 52000 6410
55 72 9 8320 5600 61811

30
90 11 19500 12200 16011

90 18 28100 17000 6011
100 21 43600 25000 6211
120 29 71500 41500 6311
140 33 99500 63000 6411
60 78 10 8710 6100 61812
95 11 19900 13200 16012
95 18 29600 18300 6012
110 22 47500 28000 6212
130 31 81900 48000 6312
150 35 108000 69500 6412
65 85 10 11700 8300 61813
100 11 21200 14600 16013
100 18 30700 19600 6013
120 23 55900 34000 6213
140 33 92300 56000 6313
160 37 119000 78000 6413
70 90 10 12100 9150 61814
110 13 28100 19000 16014
110 20 37700 24500 6014
125 24 61800 37500 6214
150 35 104000 63000 6314
180 42 143000 104000 6414
75 95 10 12500 9800 61815
115 13 28600 20000 10615
115 20 39700 26000 6015
130 25 66300 40500 6215
160 37 112000 72000 6315
190 45 153000 114000 6415

31
Dynamic load capacity

p
⎛C ⎞
L = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P ⎠

32
Selection of Taper Roller Bearings
0.5Fr
Fa =
Y
Where Y is the thrust factor
Equivalent dynamic load for single row taper roller bearings

is given by
P = Fr when(Fa Fr ) ≤ e
P = 0.4 Fr + YFa when(Fa Fr ) > e
Dimensions, Dynamic capabilities and calculation factors for

single row taper roller bearing
d D B C Designation e Y
20 42 15 22900 32004X 0.37 1.6
47 15.25 26000 30204 0.35 1.7
52 16.25 31900 30304 0.30 2.0
52 72.25 41300 32304 0.30 2.0
25 47 15 25500 32005X 0.43 1.4
52 16.25 29200 30205 0.37 1.6
52 19.25 34100 32205B 0.57 1.05
52 22 44000 33205 0.35 1.7
62 18.25 41800 30305 0.30 2
62 18.25 35800 31305 0.83 0.72
62 25.25 56100 32305 0.30 2
30 55 17 33600 32006X 0.43 1.4
62 17.25 38000 30206 0.37 1.6
62 21.25 47300 32206 0.37 1.6
62 21.25 45700 32206B 0.57 1.05

33
30 62 25 60500 33206 0.35 1.7

72 20.75 52800 30306 0.31 1.9
72 20.75 44600 31306 0.83 0.72
72 28.75 72100 32306 0.31 1.9
35 62 18 40200 32007X 0.46 1.3
72 18.25 48400 30207 0.37 1.6
72 24.25 61600 32207 0.37 1.6
72 24.25 57200 32207B 0.57 1.05
72 28 79200 33207 0.35 1.7
80 22.75 68200 30307 0.31 1.9
80 22.75 57200 31307 0.83 0.72
80 32.75 89700 32307 0.31 1.9
80 32.75 88000 32307B 0.54 1.1
40 68 19 49500 32008X 0.37 1.6
75 26 74800 33108 0.35 1.7
80 19.75 58300 30208 0.37 1.6
80 24.75 70400 32208 0.37 1.6
80 32 96800 33208 0.35 1.7
85 33 114000 T2EE040 0.35 1.7
90 25.25 80900 30308 0.35 1.7
90 25.25 69300 31308 0.83 1.72
90 35.25 110000 32308 0.35 1.7
45 75 20 55000 32009X 0.40 1.5
80 26 79200 33109 0.37 1.6
85 20.75 62700 30209 0.40 1.5
85 24.75 74800 32209 0.40 1.5
85 32 101000 33209 0.40 1.5
95 29 84200 T7FC045 0.88 0.68
95 36 140000 T2ED045 0.33 1.8
100 27.25 101000 30309 0.35 1.7
100 27.25 85800 31309 0.83 0.72
100 38.25 132000 32309 0.35 1.7
100 38.25 128000 32309B 0.54 1.1
50 80 20 57200 32010X 0.43 1.4

34
50 80 24 64400 33010 0.31 1.9

85 26 80900 33110 0.40 1.5
90 21.75 70400 30210 0.43 1.4
90 24.75 76500 32210 0.43 1.4
90 32 108000 33210 0.40 1.5
100 36 145000 T2ED050 0.35 1.7
105 32 102000 T7FC050 0.88 0.68
110 29.25 117000 30310 0.35 1.7
110 29.25 99000 31310 0.83 0.72
110 42.25 161000 32310 0.35 1.7
110 42.25 151000 32310B 0.54 1.1
60 95 23 76500 32012X 0.43 1.4
95 27 85800 33012 0.33 1.8
100 30 110000 33112 0.40 1.5
110 23.75 91300 30212 0.40 1.5
110 29.75 119000 32212 0.40 1.5
110 38 157000 33212 0.40 1.5
115 39 157000 T5ED060 0.54 1.1
115 40 183000 T2EE060 0.33 1.8
125 37 145000 T7FC060 0.83 0.72
130 33.5 161000 30312 0.35 1.7
130 33.5 134000 31312 0.83 0.72
130 48.5 216000 32312 0.35 1.7
130 48.5 205000 32312B 0.54 1.1
70 110 25 95200 32014X 0.43 1.4
110 31 121000 33014 0.28 2.1
120 37 161000 33114 0.37 1.6
125 26.25 119000 30214 0.43 1.4
125 33.25 147000 32214 0.43 1.4
125 41 190000 33214 0.40 1.5
130 43 220000 T2ED070 0.33 1.8
140 39 168000 T7FC070 0.88 0.68
140 32 264000 T4FE070 0.44 1.35
150 38 209000 3014 0.35 1.7

35
70 150 38 176000 31314 0.83 0.72

150 54 275000 32314 0.35 1.7
150 54 264000 32314B 0.54 1.1
80 125 29 128000 32016X 0.43 1.4
125 36 157000 33016 0.28 2.1
130 37 168000 33116 0.43 1.4
140 28.25 140000 30216 0.43 1.4
140 35.25 176000 32216 0.43 1.4
140 46 233000 33216 0.43 1.4
145 46 264000 T2ED080 0.31 1.9
170 42.5 255000 30316 0.35 1.7
170 42.5 212000 31316 0.83 0.72
170 61.5 358000 32316 0.35 1.7
170 61.5 336000 32316B 0.54 1.1
90 140 32 157000 32018X 0.43 1.4
140 39 205000 33018 0.27 2.2
150 45 238000 33118 0.40 1.5
155 46 270000 T2ED090 0.33 1.8
160 32.5 183000 30218 0.43 1.4
160 42.5 238000 32218 0.43 1.4
190 46.5 308000 30318 0.35 1.7
190 46.5 251000 31318 0.83 0.72
190 67.5 429000 32318 0.35 1.7
100 145 24 119000 T4CB100 0.48 1.25
150 32 161000 32020X 0.46 1.3
150 39 212000 33020 0.28 2.1
165 47 292000 T2EE100 0.31 1.9
180 37 233000 30220 0.43 1.4
180 49 297000 32220 0.43 1.4
180 63 402000 33220 0.40 1.5
215 51.5 380000 30320 0.35 1.7
215 56.5 352000 31320X 0.83 0.72
215 77.5 539000 32320 0.35 1.7
150 225 48 347000 32030X 0.46 1.3

36
150 270 49 402000 30230 0.43 1.4

270 77 682000 32230 0.43 1.4
320 72 765000 30330 0.35 1.7
320 82 837000 31330X 0.83 0.72
200 280 51 446000 32940 0.40 1.5
310 70 704000 32040X 0.43 1.4
360 64 737000 30240 0.43 1.4
360 104 1140000 32240 0.40 1.5
300 420 76 990000 32960 0.40 1.5

37

38
Design for Cyclic Load and Speeds

⎡ ΣBP 3 ⎤
Pe = 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ΣN ⎦
Bearing With a Probability of Survival Other
Than 90 Percent
1b
⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
⎢ log e⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎛ L ⎞ ⎢ ⎝ R⎠ ⎥
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 90 ⎠ ⎢⎢ log ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎥⎥
L
e⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ R90 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where b = 1.17

39
Sliding Contact Bearing
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

40
Hydrostatic Step Bearing

The following notations are used in the analysis,
W = Trust load
R0 = outer radius of the shaft
Ri = inner radius of the shaft
Pi = supply of inlet pressure
Po = outlet or atmospheric pressure
h0 = fluid film thickness
Q = flow of the lubricant
μ = viscosity of the lubricant
πPi h03
Q=
⎛R ⎞
6 μ log e ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
π Pi ⎢ R 02 − R i2 ⎥
W =
2 ⎢ ⎛ R0 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ log e ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ R i ⎠ ⎥⎦
Energy Losses in Hydrostatic Thrust

Bearing
(kW ) p = Q( Pi − P0 )(10 −6 )
( kW ) p = power loss in pumping
⎡ ⎤ μn ( R0 − Ri )
2 4 4
1
(kW ) f = ⎢
⎣ 58.05 × 10 ⎥⎦
6
h0
( kW ) f = power loss due to friction

41
( kW ) t = ( kW ) p + ( kW ) f
( kW ) t = total power loss
Reynold’s Equation
∂ ⎡ 3 ∂p ⎤ ∂ ⎡ 3 ∂p ⎤ ⎛ ∂h ⎞
⎢ h ⎥ + ⎢h ⎥ = 6 μU ⎜ ⎟
∂x ⎣ ∂x ⎦ ∂z ⎣ ∂z ⎦ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
Raimondi and Boyd Method
Dimensionless performance parameters for full

journal bearings with side flow
⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ ε
⎛ h0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ S φ ⎛r⎞
⎜ ⎟f
⎛ Q ⎞
⎜⎜
⎝ rcn s ⎠
l
⎟⎟
⎛ Qs
⎜⎜
⎝Q
⎞
⎟⎟
⎠
⎛ p ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ p max ⎠
⎝d ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝c⎠
∞ 0 1.0 ∞ 70.92 ∞ π 0 _
0.1 0.9 0.240 69.10 4.80 3.03 0 0.826
0.2 0.8 0.123 67.26 2.57 2.83 0 0.814
0.4 0.6 0.0626 61.94 1.52 2.26 0 0.764
0.6 0.4 0.0389 54.31 1.20 1.56 0 0.667
0.8 0.2 0.021 42.22 0.961 0.760 0 0.495
0.9 0.1 0.0115 31.62 0.756 0.411 0 0.358
0.97 0.03 _ _ _ _ 0 _
1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1.0 ∞ 85 ∞ π 0 _
1 0.1 0.9 1.33 79.5 26.4 3.37 0.150 0.540
0.2 0.8 0.631 74.02 12.8 3.59 0.280 0.529
0.4 0.6 0.264 63.10 5.79 3.99 0.497 0.484
0.6 0.4 0.121 50.58 3.22 4.33 0.680 0.415
0.8 0.2 0.0446 36.24 1.70 4.62 0.842 0.313
0.9 0.1 0.0188 26.45 1.05 4.74 0.919 0.247

42
0.97 0.03 0.00474 15.47 0.514 4.82 0.973 0.152

1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 _
½ 0 1.0 ∞ 88.5 ∞ π 0 _
0.1 0.9 4.31 81.62 85.6 3.43 0.173 0.523
0.2 0.8 2.03 74.94 40.9 3.72 0.318 0.506
0.4 0.6 0.779 61.45 17.0 4.29 0.552 0.441
0.6 0.4 0.319 48.14 8.10 4.85 0.730 0.365
0.8 0.2 0.0923 33.31 3.26 5.41 0.874 0.267
0.9 0.1 0.0313 23.66 1.60 5.69 0.939 0.206
0.97 0.03 0.00609 13.75 0.610 5.88 0.980 0.126
1.0 0 0 0 0 _ 1.0 0
¼ 0 1.0 ∞ 89.5 ∞ π 0 _
0.1 0.9 16.2 82.31 322.0 3.45 0.180 0.515
0.2 0.8 7.57 75.18 153.0 3.76 0.330 0.489
0.4 0.6 2.83 60.86 61.1 4.37 0.567 0.415
0.6 0.4 1.07 46.72 26.7 4.99 0.746 0.334
0.8 0.2 0.261 31.04 8.8 5.60 0.884 0.240
0.9 0.1 0.0736 21.85 3.50 5.91 0.945 0.180
0.97 0.03 0.0101 12.22 0.922 6.12 0.984 0.108
1.0 0 0 0 0 _ 1.0 0
c = R-r
Where c = radial clearance (mm)
R = radius of bearing
r = radius of journal
e
ε=
c
Where e =eccentricity ratio,
ε = eccentricity ratio
⎛ h0 ⎞
ε = 1− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
Where h0 =film thickness

43
⎛ h0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ is called the minimum film thickness variable
⎝c⎠
The Sommerfed number is given by
⎛ r ⎞ μn s
2
S =⎜ ⎟
⎝c⎠ p
Where ns =journal speed

p = unit bearing pressure
The Coefficient of Friction Variable (CFV) is given by
⎛r⎞
(CFV ) = ⎜ ⎟ f
⎝c⎠
Where f is the coefficient of friction
2πn s fWr
Frictional power (kW ) f =
10 6
The Flow Variable (FV) is given by
Q
( FV ) =
rcn s l
Where l = length of the bearing
Q= flow of the lubricant
Temperature Rise
8.3 p (CFV )
Δt =
( FV )
Δt
Tav = Ti +
2

44
Bearing Design – Selection of

Parameters

45
Spur Gears
The pitch circle diameter is given by
d 1 = mz
Centre to centre distance,
mn ( z p + z g )
a=
2
zg np
Here transmission ratio i = =
zp ng
Standard System of Gear Tooth
Choice 1 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.5 3.00 4.0

(preferred) 5.00 6.0 8.00 10.00 12.00 16.00 20.00
Choice2 1.12 1.375 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.50 4.5
5.5 7.00 9.00 11.00 14.0 18.00
Addendum (ha ) =(m)

Dedendum (h f ) =1.25m
Clearance(c) =0.25m
Tooth thickness = 1.5708m
Fillet radius = 0.4m

46
Force Analysis
60 × 10 6 (kW )
Mt =
2πn
2 mt
pt =
d1
Pr = Pt tan α
Pt
PN =
cosα
Number of Teeth
2
z min =
sin 2 α
Pressure angle (α ) 14.5 0 20 0 25 0
z min (Theoretical) 32 17 11
z min (Practical) 27 14 9
Face Width
(3m)<b< (12m)
In preliminary stages of gear design, the face width assumed
as ten times of module.

47
Beam Strength of Gear Tooth

S b = mbσ bY
Values of the Lewis form factor Y for 20 0 full depth involute

system
z Y z Y z Y
15 0.289 27 0.348 55 0.415
16 0.295 28 0.352 60 0.421
17 0.302 29 0.355 65 0.425
18 0.308 30 0.358 70 0.429
19 0.314 32 0.364 75 0.433
20 0.320 33 0.367 80 0.436
21 0.326 35 0.373 90 0.442
22 0.330 37 0.380 100 0.446
23 0.333 39 0.386 150 0.458
24 0.337 40 0.389 200 0.463
25 0.340 45 0.399 300 0.471
26 0.344 50 0.408 Rack 0.484

48
Effective Load on Gear Tooth
(1)For ordinary and commercially cut gears made with form

cutters with v<10m/s
3
Cv =
3+v
(2) For actually hobbled and generated gears with v<20m/s,
6
Cv =
6+v
(3) For precision gears with shaving, grinding and lapping
operations and with v>20m/s,
5 .6
Cv =
5 .6 + v
The pitch line velocity is given by
πd ' n
v=
60 × 10 3
The effective load between two meshing teeth is given by
C s Pt
Peff =
Cv
n the final stages of gear design, when the gear dimensions
are known, the errors specified and the quality of gears
determined, the dynamic load is calculated by the equations
derived by Prof. Spotts. The effective load is given by
Peff = (C s Pt + Pd )
where Pd is the dynamic load
Depending upon the materials of the pinion and the gear,
there are three equations for the dynamic load.
(1) Steel Pinion with steel gear:
en p z p br1 r2
Pd =
2530 (r12 + r22 )

49
(2) C.I Pinion with C.I gear:

en p z p br1r2
Pd =
3785 (r12 + r22 )
(3) Steel Pinion with C.I Gear
en p z p br1r2
Pd =
3260 (r12 + 0.92r22 )
e = sum of errors between two meshing teeth (mm)
e = e p + eg
where e p =error for pinion
e g =error for gear
Source of power
Type of driven
machines Electric Turbine/Multi Single-cylinder
motor cylinder engine engine
Generators-feeding
mechanisms-belt conveyors-
blowers-compressors-agitators 1.10 1.25 1.50
and mixers
Machine tools-hoist and

cranes-rotary drives-piston 1.25 1.50 1.75
pumps-distribution pumps
Blanking and shearing presses

-rolling mills-centrifuges-steel 1.75 2.00 2.25
work machinery

50
Estimation of Module Based on Beam

Strength
13
⎛ ⎧ ⎫⎞
⎜
60 × 10 6 ⎪⎪ (kW )C ( fs ) ⎪⎪ ⎟
⎜
m=⎜ ⎟
⎨ ⎬⎟
s
π ⎪ znCv ⎛⎜ b ⎞⎟⎛⎜ S ut ⎞⎟Y ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜
⎝ ⎪⎩ ⎝ m ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎪⎭ ⎟⎠
Wear Strength of Gear Tooth
σ c2 sin α cos α (1 E1 + 1 E 2 )
K=
1.4

51
S w = bQd 1p K
2z g
Q=
zg − z p
Expression for the load stress factor K can be simplified
when all the gears are made of steel with a 20 0 pressure
angle . in this special case,
E1 = E 2 = 207000 N mm 2
α = 20 0
σ c = 0.27(9.81)( BHN ) N mm 2
where BHN=Brinell Hardness Number.
Therefore,
2
⎛ BHN ⎞
K = 0.16⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
Estimation of Module Based on

Wear Strength
13
⎛ ⎧ ⎫⎞
⎜
60 × 10 6 ⎪⎪ (kW )C ( fs ) ⎪⎪ ⎟
⎜
m=⎜ ⎟
⎨ ⎬⎟
s
π ⎪ z 2p n p Cv ⎛⎜ b ⎞⎟QK ⎪ ⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎪⎩ ⎝m⎠ ⎪⎭ ⎠
Gear Design for Maximum Power
Transmitting Capacity
S w = 2 Pd
Sw
Pt = Pd =
2

52
Helical gears
P
Pn =
cosψ
mn = m cosψ
m n = normal module
m = transverse module
p
pa =
tanψ
tan α n
cosψ =
tan α
zmn
d=
cosψ
m n ( z1 + z 2 )
a=
2 cosψ
ω p zg
i= =
ωg zp
Where i=speed ratio for helical gear
Suffixes p and g refer to the pinion and gear respectively
a is the centre to centre distance between two helical gears
having z1 and z 2 as the number of teeth.
The normal pressure angle is usually 20 0 .
Virtual number of teeth

z
z1 =
cos 3 ψ

53
Tooth proportions
In helical gears, the normal module mn should be selected
from standards. The first preference values of the normal
module are m n (mm) 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5,3,4,5,6,8 and10.
The standard proportions of the addendum and dedendum
are,
Addendum (ha ) = mn
Dedendum (h f ) = 1.25mn
Clearance (c) = 0.25mn
Addendum circle diameter d a is given by
⎡ z ⎤
d a = mn ⎢ + 2⎥
⎣ cos ψ ⎦
Dedendum circle diameter d f is given by
⎡ z ⎤
d f = mn ⎢ − 2 .5 ⎥
⎣ cosψ ⎦
πm
b ≥ n
sin ψ
This is the minimum face width.
Force Analysis
p t = Tangential component
p r = Radial component
p a = Axial or thrust component

pt = p cos α n cosψ
p a = pt tanψ

54
⎡ tan α n ⎤
p r = pt ⎢ ⎥
⎣ cosψ ⎦
2 mt
pt =
d
Beam strength of helical gears
S b = m nσ b Y
Effective load on gear tooth
60 × 10 6 (kW )
Mt =
2πn
2M t
Pt =
d
C s Pt
Peff =
Cv
C s = service factor (from table)
C v = velocity factor
The velocity factor ,
5.6
Cv =
5.6 + v
Dynamic load is given by

55
en p z p br1r2
Pd =
2530 r12 + r22
Peff = (Cs Pt + Pd cos α n cosψ )
S b = Peff ( fs )
Wear strength of helical gears
bQd p K
Sw =
cos 2 ψ
2 z1g
Q=
z1g + z1p
2 zg
Q=
zg + z p
for internal helical gear
2 zg
Q=
zg − z p
⎡1 1 ⎤
σ c2 sin α n cos α n ⎢ + ⎥
K= ⎣ E1 E2 ⎦
1.4

56
α n = Normal pressure angle (20 0 )
2
⎛ BHN ⎞
K = 0.16⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
S w = Peff ( fs )

57
Bevel Gears
D
rb =
2 cos γ
z
z1 =
cos γ
zp
tan γ =
zg
zg
tan Γ =
zp
π
γ +Γ =
2
The cone distance A0 is given by

2 2
⎛ Dp ⎞ ⎛ Dg ⎞
A0 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Force Analysis
⎡ D p b sin γ ⎤
rm = ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
Where rm = radius of the pinion at the mid point along the

face width
b = face width of the tooth

58
Mt
Pt =
rm
Ps = Pt tan α
Where Pt = tangential or useful component which is

perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
Ps = the separating force between the two meshing
teeth
Pr = Pt tan α cos γ
Pa = Pt tan α sin γ
Beam Strength of Bevel Gears
⎡ b ⎤
S b = mbσ bY ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ A0 ⎦
Where S b beam strength of the tooth
m = module at the large end of the tooth
b = face width
σ b = permissible bending stress ( S ut
3)
Y = Lewis form factor based on formative number of
teeth
A0 = cone distance
2M t
Pt =
D
face width of the bevel gear is generally taken as (10 m) or
( A0 3 ) whichever is smaller

59
∴ b = (10 m) or ( A 0 3) (Whichever is smaller)
WEAR STRENGTH OF BEVEL GEARS

Buckingham’s equation
S w = bQd 1p K
Where S w = wear strength
b = face width of gears
Q = ratio factors
d 1p = pitch circle diameter of the formative pinion
K = material constant
d 1p = 2rb
0.75bQD p K
Sw =
cos γ (Buckingham’s equation)
2z g
Q=
z g + z p tan γ
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
σ sin α cos α ⎢
2
c + ⎥
K= ⎣⎢ p
E E ⎥
g ⎦
1. 4
When pinion as well as the gear is made of steel with 20 0
pressure angle, the value of K is given by
2
⎛ BHN ⎞
K = 0.16⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠

60
EFFECTIVE LOAD ON GEAR TOOTH

60 × 10 6 (kW )
Mt =
2πn
2M t
Pt =
D
C s Pt
Peff =
Cv
C s = service factor (from table)
Source of power
Type of driven
Electric Turbine/Multi Single-cylinder
machines motor cylinder engine engine
Generators-feeding
mechanisms-belt conveyors-
blowers-compressors-agitators 1.10 1.25 1.50
and mixers
Machine tools-hoist and

cranes-rotary drives-piston 1.25 1.50 1.75
pumps-distribution pumps
Blanking and shearing presses

-rolling mills-centrifuges-steel 1.75 2.00 2.25
work machinery
C v = velocity factor
The velocity factor for cut teeth is given by

61
6
Cv =
6+v
For general teeth,

5.6
Cv =
5.6 + v
Dynamic load is given by
en p z p b1 r1 r2
Pd
2530 r12 + r22
r1 , r2 Radii of the pinion and gear respectively
b1 Axial width of the gear blank
⎡ D p b sin γ ⎤
r1 = ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
⎡ D g b cos γ ⎤
r2 = ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
Peff = (C s Pt + Pd )
Stress in gear tooth due to bending
S b = Peff ( fs )
Stress in gear tooth due to pitting
S w = Peff ( fs )

62
Worm Gears
Notations:-
z1 = number of starts on the worm
z2 = number of teeth on the worm wheel
q = diametral quotient
m = module
d1 = pitch circle diameter of the worm
d a1 = outer diameter of the worm
d a 2 = outer diameter of the worm wheel
d 2 = pitch circle diameter of the worm wheel
l = lead of the worm
p x = axial pitch of the worm
a = the centre distance
i = the speed ratio.
F = the effective face width
lr = the length of the root of the worm gear teeth.
Proportions of Worm Gears

63
d1
q=
m
l = p x z1
d 2 = mz 2
p x = πm
l = π mz 1
1
a= m( q + z 2 )
2

64
z2
i =
z1
F = 2m (q + 1)
⎛ F ⎞
l r = (d a1 + 2c) sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ a1
d + 2c ⎠
Force Analysis
( P1 ) t = tangential component on the worm
( P1 ) a = axial component on the worm
( P1 ) r = radial component on the worm
2M t
( P1 ) t =
d1
( P1 ) a = ( P1 ) t ×
(cos α cos γ − μ sin γ )
(cos α sin γ + μ cos γ )
sin α
( P1 ) r = ( P1 ) t ×
(cos α sin γ + μ cos γ )
Friction in worm gears

v s = rubbing velocity
v1 = pitch line velocity of the worm
v2 = pitch line velocity of the worm wheel
π d
n 1
v 1 = 1
( 60 )( 1000 )
πd 1 n1
vs =
(60000 ) cos γ
η=
(cosα − μ tan γ )
(casα + μ cot γ )

65
Strength Rating Of Worm Gears

( M t )1 = 17.65 X b1 S b1 ml r d 2 cos γ
( M t ) 2 = 17.65 X b 2 S b 2 ml r d 2 cos γ
( M t )1 , ( M t ) 2 = permissible torque on the worm wheel
X , X b 2 = speed factors for the strength of worm and
b1
worm wheel
S b1 , Sb2 = bending stress factors for worm and worm
wheel

66
m = module
l r = the length of the root of the worm gear teeth.
d 2 = pitch circle diameter of the worm wheel
γ= lead angle of the worm
Power transmitting capacity of the worm gear based on the
beam strength is given by
2π nM t
kW =
60 × 10 6
Where ( M t) is the lower value between ( M t)1 and ( M t) 2 .

67
Wear Rating of Worm Gears
( M t ) 3 = 18.64 X c1 S c1YZ (d 2 )1.8 m

( M t ) 4 = 18.64 X c 2 S c 2YZ (d 2 )1.8 m
( M t )3 , ( M t ) 4 = permissible torque on the worm wheel
X c1 , X c 2 = speed factors for the strength of worm and
worm wheel
S c1 , S c 2 = surface stress factors of the worm and worm

wheel
Yz = zone factor
Thermal Considerations
H g = 1000(1 − η )kW
Where H g = rate heat generation

68
η = efficiency of the of the worm gear (fraction)

kW = power transmitted by the gears
H d = k (t − t 0 ) A
Where H d = rate of heat dissipation
k = overall heat transfer coefficient of housing
(20
walls W m C )
t = temperature of the lubrication oil. ( 0C )
t 0 = temperature of the surrounding air ( C )
0
A = effective surface area of housing

k (t − t 0 ) A
kW =
1000(1 − η )
1000(1 − η )kW
t = t0 +
kA

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Design Data Hand Book

• Single plate clutches…………………………………………………………………05

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