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Proklamasyon NG Kasarinlan NG Pilipinas
Proklamasyon NG Kasarinlan NG Pilipinas
Noong umaga ng Setyembre 15, 1898 ay pinasinayaan ang ang Kongreso ng Malolos sa Simbahan ng Barasoain sa
Malolos, Bulacan
Noong Hunyo 23, 1898, sa payo ng bagong tagapayo ni Emilio Aguinaldo na si Apolinario Mabini ,nagtayo ng
bagong uri ng pamahalaang na papalit sa pamahalaang Diktaturyal na tinawag na Pamahalaang Rebolusyunaryo
Siya ang nagbasa La Acta de Independencia o pagpapahayag ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas na siya rin mismo ang
sumulat.
naganap ang pinakamahalagang pangyayari sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, kung saan ipinahayag ni Emilio Aguinaldo
ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas sa mahabang panankop at pang-aapi ng mga Espanyol
Upang maihayag ang pagiging Republika ng Pilipinas ay nagtatag ang Kongreso ng Saligang Batas at nagpadala ng
diplomatiko upang kilalanin ang kalayaan ng bansa.
June 12, 1898, ipinroklama ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo ang Independecia ng Pilipinas sa gitnang bintana ng
kanyang mansyon sa Cavite Viejo, ngayo’y Kawit, Cavite. Ang balcony na nakikita ngayon sa ibabaw ng isang puting
kalabaw ay idinagdag na lamang ng Dekada 1920s.
Unang pagdiriwang ng June 12 Independence Day sa Kawit, Cavite noong 1962: Ang matandang Aguinaldo kasama
si Pangulong Diosdado Macapagal.
Si Xiao Chua sa Independence Balcony sa ibabaw ng isang kalabaw sa Dambanang Pangkasaysayang Emilio
Aguinaldo sa Kawit, Cavite. Dinagdag lang ang balkonahe sa mansyon noong Dekada 1920.
Ang orihinal na bandila na iwinagayway ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo sa pagpapahayag ng kalayaan noong 1898.
Paglalarawan ng pagwawagayway ng watawat ng Pilipinas na makikita sa lumang limang piso.
Idineklara ang kasarinlan noong 12 Hunyo, 1898, sa pagitan ng ikaapat at ikalima ng hapon sa Cavite sa
pinamanang tahanan ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo, 30 kilometro timog ng Maynila. Nakita sa pangyayaring ito ang
pagwagayway ng Pambansang Watawat ng Pilipinas, na siyang ginawa sa Hong Kong ni Marcella Agoncillo, Lorenza
Agoncillo at Delfina Herboza, at ang pagpapatugtog ng Marcha Filipina Magdalo bilang pambansang awit, na
kilalala ngayon bilang Lupang Hinirang, na siyang sinulat ni Julian Felipe at pinatugtog ng bandang San Francisco de
Malabon.[2]
Ang Akto ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ay inihanda, sinulat at binasa ni Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista sa wikang
Kastila. Ang pagpapahayag ay inilagda ng 98 katao, kabilang na dito ay isang opisyal ng hukbong Amerikano na
siyang nakasaksi sa proklamasyon. Ipinahayag ng huling talata na mayroong isang "estranghero" (extrangero sa
wikang Kastila, na nangangahulugang dayuhan) na dumalo sa katitikan, si G. L. M. Johnson, na siyang inilarawan
bilang "mamamayan ng U.S.A, isang Koronel ng Artilerya".[3] Ngunit ang pahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas ay
ipinatupad lamang noong 1 Agosto, kung kailan marami nang mga bayan ang binuo sa ilalim ng mga pamuntunang
inilatag ng Pamahalaang Diktaturya ni Heneral Aguinaldo.[4][5]
Kinalaunan, sa Malolos, Bulacan, binago ng Kongreso ng Malolos ang kapahayagan sa dahil sa paggigiit
ni Apolinario Mabini na siyang tumutol sa orihinal na proklamasyon na nagpapahayag na ang Pilipinas ay inilalagay
sa ilalim ng proteksiyon ng Estados Unidos.
Provisions[edit]
Section 3. Prohibited Acts, The following acts are declared unlawful and prohibited;
(a) Smoking within enclosed public places conveyances, whether stationary or in motion, except in DSAs fully
compliant with the requirements of Section 4 of his Order;
(b) For persons-in-charge to allow, abet or tolerate smoking in places enumerated in the preceding paragraph,
outside of DSAs fully compliant with Section 4 of this Order;
(c) For any person to sell, distribute or purchase tobacco products to and from minors. It shall not be a defense for
the person selling or distributing that he/she did not know or was not aware of the real age of the minor. Neither
shall it be a defense that he/she did not know nor had any reason to believe that the cigarette or any other
tobacco product was for the consumption of the minor to whom it was sold;
(d) For a minor to smoke, sell or buy cigarettes or any tobacco products;
(e) Ordering, instructing or compelling a minor to use, light up, buy, sell, distribute, deliver, advertise or promote
tobacco products;
(f) Selling or distributing tobacco products in a school, public playground, youth hostels and recreational facilities
for minors, including those frequented by minors, or within 100 meters from any point of the perimeter of these
places;
(g) Placing, posting, displaying or distributing advertisement and promotional materials of tobacco products, such
as but not limited to leaflets, posters, display structures and other materials within 100 meters from the perimeter
of a school, public playground, and other facilities frequented particularly by minors, hostel and recreational
facilities for minors, including those frequented by them, or in an establishment when such establishments or its
location is prohibited from selling tobacco products.
(h) Placing any form of tobacco advertisement outside of the premises of point-of-sale retail establishments; and
(i) Placing any stall, booth, and other displays concerning tobacco promotions to areas outside the premises of
point-of-sale locations or adult-only facilities.
The order restricts and penalizes the act of smoking tobacco products in enclosed public places and public
conveyances, whether stationary or in motion, except in certain designated smoking areas. It requires that all
public buildings or places that are accessible or open to the public regardless of ownership or right to access must
be smoke-free inside and within 10 meters (33 ft) from entrances and exits or where people pass or congregate,
and from air intake ducts. This includes but is not limited to:[1]
Government buildings
Schools, colleges and universities
Offices and other workplaces
Restaurants and other food and drink establishments
Hotels and other accommodation facilities
Hospitals, health centers, clinics and nursing homes
Transportation terminals
Churches
Shopping centers, retail stores and other merchandise establishments
Entertainment establishments
Sports venues
Other establishments that provide professional services
Public conveyances include buses and jeepneys, taxicabs, tricycles and other public utility vehicles, rail transit,
airplanes and ships. The order also prohibits smoking in all outdoor spaces where people gather such as parks,
playgrounds, sidewalks, waiting areas, open-air markets and resorts.[1]
The order also covers existing bans on the sale, distribution and purchase of tobacco products to and from minors,
or persons below 18 years old, as well as the restrictions on cigarette advertisements and promotions under the
Tobacco Regulation Act.[4] It also instructs all local government units to form a "Smoke Free Task Force" to help
enforce its provisions.[6]
Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. Lung
diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Cigarette smokingcauses most cases of lung cancer.
Anti-smoking advertising campaigns targeting youth: case studies from USA and Canada
FREE
1. Cornelia Pechmanna,
2. Ellen Thomas Reiblingb
Author affiliations
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assist in planning anti-smoking advertising that targets youth. Using five US state campaigns, one US
research study, and a Canadian initiative as exemplars, an attempt is made to explain why certain advertising
campaigns have been more cost effective than others in terms of reducing adolescent smoking prevalence. Several
factors which prior research and theory suggest may be important to cost effectiveness are examined. Specifically,
three variables pertaining to the advertising message (content, consistency, and clarity) and two variables related
to the advertising execution or style (age of spokesperson and depiction of smoking behaviour) are studied.
DESIGN A case study approach has been combined with supplemental data collection and analysis. To assess
campaign effects, published articles and surveys of adolescent smoking prevalence in campaign versus control
(non-campaign) locations were utilised. Adolescent subjects provided supplemental data on the advertising
message variables. Trained adults content analysed each advertisement to assess the executional variables.
SUBJECTS A total of 1128 seventh grade (age 12–13 years) and 10th grade (age 15–16 years) students participated
in the supplemental data collection effort.
RESULTS An anti-smoking advertising campaign initiated by Vermont researchers was found to be the most cost
effective in that it significantly reduced adolescent smoking prevalence at a low per capita cost. Next in order of
cost effectiveness were California, Massachusetts, and Florida because behavioural outcomes were inconsistent
across time and/or grades. California was ranked higher than the other two because it spent less per capita.
Minnesota and Canada were ineffective at reducing adolescent smoking prevalence, and no comparison outcome
data were available for Arizona. Four factors were found to be associated with increased cost effectiveness: (1) a
greater use of message content that prior research suggests is efficacious with youth; (2) a more concentrated use
of a single efficacious message; (3) an avoidance of unclear messages; and (4) an increased use of youthful
spokespeople that adolescents could more readily identify with. No indication was found that depictions of
smoking undermined campaign effectiveness by inadvertently implying that smoking was prevalent.
CONCLUSIONS The highly cost effective Vermont campaign can be used as a model for future efforts. It is
estimated that 79% of the Vermont advertisements conveyed efficacious messages, 58% concentrated on a single
efficacious message, 70% showed youthful spokespeople, and only 4% contained unclear messages. The results
suggest that, in the less effective campaigns, as few as 25% of the advertisements contained messages that prior
research indicates should be efficacious with youth, as few as 10% of the advertisements focused on one
efficacious message, and up to 32% of the advertisements lacked clearcut messages.