Answers

Chapter 2

Activity 2.2 (pg. 26 – 27)

Discussion:
1. (a) Naphthalene, C10H8 is a flammable substance.
(b) Water bath method helps to distribute heat evenly. This ensures even heating.
2. (a) To ensure even cooling
(b) To distribute heat evenly
(c) Supercooling will happen
3. During melting, heat energy that is absorbed by the naphthalene particles C10H8 is used to overcome
attraction force between the particles so that the solid changes to liquid.
During cooling, heat energy that is released to the surroundings is balanced by the heat energy released
when particles attract each other to form a solid.

Test Yourself 2.1 (pg. 29)

1. Atom
2. (a) Evaporation
(b) Water molecules more freely and faster
3. (a) Temperature (°C)

50

43

Time (minutes)

(b) Heat energy that is absorbed by the lauric acid particles, C12H24O2 is used to overcome attraction
force between the particles until the solid changes to liquid.

Brain Teaser (pg. 29)

The following table shows the mass and charge of a proton, neutron and electron.
Subatomic particle Proton Neutron Electron
Mass (g) 1.67 × 10–24 1.67 × 10–24  9.11 × 10–28
Charge (C) +1.60 × 10–19 0 –1.60 × 10–19

A proton is positively-charged. An electron is negatively-charged. Because the charge of a proton and

electron is of the same magnitude, the relative charge of a proton is +1 whereas the relative charge of an
electron is –1.

The mass of a proton and neutron is the same.

To determine the relative mass of a proton and neutron, the following formula is used.
Mass of neutron 1.67 × 10–24
=
Mass of proton 1.67 × 10–24
=1

1
To determine the relative mass of an electron, the following formula is used.
Mass of electron 9.11 × 10–28
=
Mass of proton 1.67 × 10–24
= 0.0005 (equal is to 0)
Hence, the relative charge and relative mass of the subatomic particles are as follows.
Subatomic particle Proton Neutron Electron
Relative charge +1 0 –1
Relative mass 1 1 0

Test Yourself 2.2 (pg. 32)

1. (a) Electron
(b) Proton and neutron
(c) Subatomic particle Proton Neutron Electron
Relative charge –1 +1 Neutral
Relative mass 0 1 1
2. (a) James Chadwick
(b) Shell

Nucleus that contains

protons and neutrons

Electron

Brain Teaser (pg. 32)

No. Each element has a specific proton number.

Activity 2.5 (pg. 34)

1. (a) False
(b) Nucleon number = 11 + 12
= 23
(c) Proton number = 7
(d) Number of electrons received = 2
(e) Nucleon number = 4 + 5
=9
(f) Number of neutrons = 40 – 20
= 20
(g) Number of protons = 3
3. BOHRIUM

Test Yourself 2.3 (pg. 36)

1. 23
39
2. 19 Z
3. Number of protons = 11; Number of neutrons = 12; Number of electrons = 10

2
4. (a) 2.8
(b)

(c) Electron

Nucleus that contains

10 p
protons and neutrons
10 n

Test Yourself 2.4 (pg. 39)

1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number / same number of protons but with
different nucleon number / number of neutrons.
2. Atoms W and X
This is because the atom W and X have the same number of protons / same number of protons but
different nucleon number / number of neutrons.
3. Similarity:
• This atom is from the same element, that is oxygen
• The number of protons in the nucleus of this atom is the same
• The chemical properties of these atoms are the same
Differences:
• The nucleon number of all three atoms is different. The nucleon number for oxygen-16 is 16, the
nucleon number for oxygen-17 is 17 and the nucleon number for oxygen-18 is 18.
• The number of neutrons in the nucleus of all three atoms is different. Oxygen-16 has 8 neutrons,
oxygen-17 has 9 neutrons and oxygen-18 has 10 neutrons.
• The physical properties of all three atoms are different.
(79.0 × 24) + (10.0 × 25) + (11.0 × 26)
4. Relative atomic mass of magnesium =
100
= 24.32
5. (a) Cobalt-60
(b) Positive effect:
• Cancer cells can be killed
Negative effect:
• Immunity system is weakened
• Hair loss

Achievement Test 2 (pg. 40 – 41)

1. (a) Physical state Solid Liquid Gas
Substance D, E B, C A
(b) Substance C
(c) Substance B changes from gas to liquid. The kinetic energy of substance B particles decreases. The
attraction force between the particles become stronger.

3
2. (b) Temperature (°C) (b)

Melting
Q R
point

Time (minutes)

(c) Water bath

(d)
Thermometer

Boiling tube

Water
Lauric acid,
C12H24O2

Heat

3. Alcohol evaporates when it is rubbed onto the skin. Heat is absorbed from the skin by alcohol particles
causing Chen Ling to feel cold.
4. (a) Proton
(b) Neutron
(c) X: 2.1
Y: 2.7
Z: 2.8.3
(d) Nucleon number of Z atom = 13 + 14
= 27
5. y = nucleon number of yB isotope
Relative atomic mass of boron = 10.81
(80.0 × 11) + (20.0 × y)
= 10.81
100
880 + 20y = 1081
1 081 – 880
y =
20
y = 10.05
Hence, the nucleon number of yB isotope = 10

4
6. (a) Number of protons = 78
Number of neutrons = 195 – 78
= 117
(b) Charge of platinum ion = 78 – 74
= +4
7. (Suitable student’s answer)
Reasonable
• The dosage of iodine-131 that is given for treatment is small
• The thyroid gland that secretes excess hormone can be destroyed
• Problems caused by hyperthyroidism such as rapid pulse rate, excessive sweating, drastic weight loss
and others can be overcome
Unreasonable
• The thyroid gland is destroyed when undergoing hyperthyroidism treatment using iodine-131
• The thyroid gland plays an important role in producing hormones for body metabolism
• The patient needs to take thyroid pills after undergoing hyperthyroidism treatment

Enrichment corner (pg. 41)

1. (Student’s suitable answer)
Tie a transparent plastic bag at the shoot or stem using a string. Make sure that the transparent plastic
bag is tied tightly. Water vapour produced by the transpiration of plant will accumulate in the plastic
bag and condense to form water.