Answers

Chapter 3

Brain Teaser (pg. 44)

The problem is because not all elements can combine with hydrogen or displace hydrogen. Hydrogen exists
as a diatomic molecule and is difficult to exist as monoatomic.

Brain Teaser (pg. 45)

The RAM of magnesium is 24.

Activity 3.2 (pg. 46 – 47)

A. Discussion:
1. 12
2. Washer
1
3. Average mass of one atom of an element compared to mass of one atom of carbon-12
12
B. Discussion:
1
1. Average mass of one molecule compared to mass of one atom of carbon-12
12
2. (Student’s suitable answer)
3. Relative molecular mass is the sum of all relative atomic masses of all atoms that form a molecule
4. (Student’s suitable answer using the following relationship:
RAM of molecule W = RAM of A + RAM of B + RAM of C)

Activity 3.3 (pg. 48)

1. 2 5. 92 9. 294
2. 48 6. 58 10. 242
3. 28 7. 135
4. 17 8. 99

Test Yourself 3.1 (pg. 49)

1
1. Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom of an element compared to mass of one atom
12
of carbon-12
2. (a) 12 lithium atoms (b) 27 helium atoms
3. (a) 16 (c) 98
(b) 148 (d) 46

Activity 3.5 (pg. 51 – 52)

1. (a) 6.02 × 1022 atoms (b) 2.107 × 1024 atoms
2. (a) 7.224 × 1023 molecules (b) 4.816 × 1023 molecules
3. (a) 1.806 × 1024 formula units (b) 1.505 × 1023 formula units
4. (a) 10 mol (c) 0.15 mol
(b) 0.5 mol (d) 6 mol
5. (a) 30 mol (b) 3.612 × 1025 ions
6. (a) 1.204 × 1023 ethene molecules
(b) 4.816 × 1023 H atoms
(c) 7.224 × 1023 atoms

Activity 3.6 (pg. 53 – 54)

1. (a) 22.4 g (b) 61.6 g
2. (a) 0.5 mol (b) 0.06 mol

1
3. 6.6 g
4. 55 g mol–1

Activity 3.7 (pg. 55)

1. 13.44 dm3 at STP; 14.4 dm3 at room conditions
2. (a) 0.002 mol
(b) 1.75 mol
3. 12 dm3

Activity 3.9 (pg. 58)

2. (a) (i) 1.505 × 1023 atoms (ii) 7.224 × 1023 atoms
(b) (i) 4.48 dm 3
(ii) 0.448 dm3
(c) 3.2 g
(d) 2.4682 × 1023 methane molecules; 6.56 g
(e) 2.2 g

Test Yourself 3.2 (pg. 58)

1. (a) 207 g mol–1 (c) 85 g mol–1
(b) 119.5 g mol –1
(d) 160 g mol–1
2. 4.816 × 10 molecules
24

3. 8.5 g
4. 0.15 mol
5. 11.2 dm3
6. 72 g mol–1
7. Yes. 4 g of hydrogen gas contains 2 mol of hydrogen gas, that is 1.204 × 1024 H2 molecules. 14 g of
nitrogen gas contains 0.5 mol nitrogen gas, that is 3.01 × 1023 N2 molecules.

Brain Teaser (pg. 60)

The molecular formula of a compound is a multiple of its empirical formula.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
The molecular formula of some compounds is the same as its empirical formula because, the value of the
multiplication n = 1. The molecular formula of some compounds is different from its empirical formula
because the value of the multiplication n = 2, 3, 4, ...

Brain Teaser(pg. 61)

C3H7

Activity 3.11 (pg. 61)

1. KBr
2. SnCl4
3. YI2
4. C7H14O2

Activity 3.12 (pg. 62)

Discussion
1. To remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium tape
2. Magnesium oxide
3. – Step 6 aims to prevent the loss of white fumes
– Step 7 aims to allow air to enter the crucible so that oxygen in air can react with magnesium tape
– Step 11 aims to ensure that the magnesium is completely burned
4. The results obtained is not accurate and could affect the determination of the empirical formula.

2
Activity 3.13 (pg. 63 – 64)
Discussion:
1. To produce hydrogen gas
2. To remove air in the glass tube
3. To prevent air from entering the apparatus because oxygen in air will oxidize the hot copper back to
copper(II) oxide
4. To ensure that all copper(II) oxide are completely changed to copper

Activity 3.14 (pg. 66)

1. C2H4O2
2. C8H18
3. 16.25 g
4. Urea because the percentage by mass of nitrogen is the highest, that is 46.67%
2(14)
% nitrogen in ammonium nitrate = × 100%
14 + 4(1) + 14 + 3(16)
= 35 %
2(14)
% nitrogen in urea = × 100%
12 + 16 + 2[14 + 2(1)]
= 46.67 %
2(14)
% nitrogen in calcium nitrate = × 100%
40 + 2[14 + 3(16)]
= 17.07 %

Activity 3.16 (pg. 69)

1. (a) Calcium chloride (c) Magnesium nitrate (e) Sodium nitrate
(b) Potassium bromide (d) Zinc carbonate (f) Ammonium chloride
2. (a) Nitrogen monoxide (c) Sulphur trioxide (e) Boron trifluoride
(b) Carbon dioxide (d) Carbon tetrachloride (f) Carbon disulphide
3. Dinitrogen trioxide

Test Yourself 3.3 (pg. 69)

1. Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each element
in a substance.
Molecular formula is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
of a substance.
2. C4H5N2O
3. CaCO3; NaF
4. (a) Molecular formula P2O4; Empirical formula PO2
(b) Diphosphorus tetraoxide

Activity 3.17 (pg. 70)

1. (a) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
(b) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(c) CuCO3(s) → ∆ CuO(s) + CO2(g)
(d) 4Al(s)) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
2. (a) 2KI(aq) + Br2(aq) → I2(s) + 2KBr(aq)
(b) Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(c) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(d) 2AgNO3(s) → ∆ 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(s) + O2(g)

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Activity 3.18 (pg. 71)
Discussion:
1. Activity (a) Reactant and Product (b) Physical state (c) Chemical formula
Reactant:
Copper(II) carbonate Solid CuCO3
A Product:
Copper(II) oxide Solid CuO
Carbon dioxide Gas CO2
Reactant:
Hydrogen chloride Gas HCl
B Ammonia Gas NH3
Product:
Ammonium chloride Solid NH4Cl
Reactant:
KI
Potassium iodide Aqueous
Pb(NO3)2
Lead(II) nitrate Aqueous
C
Product:
Potassium nitrate Aqueous KNO3
Lead(II) iodide Solid PbI2

2. Reaction A
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
Reaction B
HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
Reaction C
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Activity 3.20 (pg. 73 – 74)

1. 5 g
2. 32.5 g
3. 8 g
4. 3.612 × 1023 ammonia molecules

Activity 3.21 (pg. 74)

1. Volume of oxygen (dm3) 1 5 10 20 50
Mass of potassium chlorate(V)
3.403 17.014 34.028 68.056 170.139
required (g)
2. Mass of potassium chlorate(V) (kg) 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2
Volume of oxygen (dm3) 73.469 146.939 293.877 440.816 587.755

Test Yourself 3.4 (pg. 74)

1. (a) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(b) Zn(s) + Cl2(g) → ZnCl2(s)
2. (a) Water and oxygen gas
(b) 10.08 dm3

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Achievement Test 3 (pg. 76 – 77)
1. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance in gram
Molar volume is the volume of one mole of gas
2. Number of particles in a substance = Avogadro’s constant, NA × Number of moles of substance
Number of particles in a substance
(or number of moles of substance = )
Avogadro’s constant, NA
1
3. Mass of one nitrogen atom is 14 times larger than mass of one carbon-12 atom
12
4. (a) C3H4O3 (b) 176
5. Al(OH)3 and MgCO3
6. C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
7. (a) 278 g mol–1
(b) 20.14%
8. YO2
9. Q, R, P
10. Molecular formula is more suitable to be used in an equation because a molecular formula shows the
actual number of each type of atom in a molecular compound. Hence, a stoichiometric equation that
uses molecular formula can give the actual mole ratio of reactants involved. Hence, it can be used to
solve various numerical reaction problems.

Enrichment corner (pg. 77)

1. 3H2O (g) + 2Fe(s) → Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
100 3
Mass of steam = × × 18
56 2
= 48.2 g
2. Total CO2 = 42 × 24 hours × 18 days × 5 people = 90720 g
90720
Mass of LiOH required = × 2 × 24
44
= 98967.27 g
98967.27
Number of absorption tubes =
750
= 131.96
≈ 132 of tubes