ELECTROSTATICS

SECTION-A [1X6=6marks}
1. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected when
its radius is tripled?
2. Find the lower limit to the force between two particles placed at a separation of 1 cm?
3. An electrostatic field line cannot be discontinuous. Why?
4. Two electric field lines never cross each other. Why?
5. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1 m distance experience a force of 8 N. What will be the
force experienced by them if they are held in water, at the same distance? ( Given: K water = 80)
6. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B of identical size have charges qA and qB respectively. A third
sphere C of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first and then in contact with the
second and finally removed from both. What are the new charges on A and B?
SECTION-B [2 x 5=10 marks]
7. Consider two hollow concentric spheres S1 and S2 enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively, as shown in
figure. (i) Find the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the spheres S1
change if a medium of dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟 is introduced in the space inside S1 in place of
air? Deduce the necessary expression
8. In a medium the force of attraction between two point electric charges, distance d apart is
F. What distance apart should these be kept in the same medium so that the force between
them becomes 3F?
9. Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets having surface charge densities 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 such that 𝜎1 > 𝜎2 are
shown in the figure. Write the magnitudes and directions of the net fields in the
regions marked II and III.
10. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by 𝐸⃗ =
𝜎
𝜖0
𝑛̂, where 𝜎 is the surface charge density and 𝑛̂ is the unit vector normal to the
surface in the outward direction.
11. A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface density of
80.0 𝜇𝐶𝑚−2 .
(i) Find the charge on the sphere.
(ii) What is the total electric flux leaving the surface of the sphere?
SECTION C [1 X 5 = 5 marks]
12. Derive an expression for the magnitude of electric field intensity at any point along the equatorial line of a
short dipole. Give the direction of electric field intensity at that point. For a short dipole, what is the ratio of
electric field intensities at two equidistant points from the center of the dipole, one along axial line and
another on equatorial line?
13. Use Gauss law to derive the electric field of the following
a. A infinite line charge
b. A infinite plane sheet of charge
c. A spherical shell for outside point , on the surface and inside point
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
SECTION-A [1X6=6marks}
14. Why the potential inside a hollow is spherical charged conductor constant and has the same value as on the
surface?
15. Distinguish between a dielectric and a conductor?
16. Consider two conducting spheres of radii R1 and R2 with R1 > R2. If the two are at the
same potential, the larger sphere has more charge than the smaller sphere. State
whether the charge density of the smaller sphere is more or less than that of the larger
one.
17. The given graph shows variation of charge ‘q’ versus potential difference ‘V’ for two
capacitors C1 and C2. Both the capacitors have same plate separation but plate area of C2
is greater than that of C1. Which line (A or B) corresponds to C1 and why?
18. Why electric field lines are perpendicular at a point on an equipotential surface of a
conductor?
19. A point charge +Q is placed at point O as shown in figure. Is the potential difference VA-VB positive, negative or
zero?
SECTION-B [2 x 5=10 marks]
20. Two closely spaced equipotental surfaces A and B wth potentials V and V + dV, (where
dV is the change in V), are kept dl distance apart as shown in figure. Deduce the
relation between the elctric field and the potential gradient between them. Write the
two important conclusions concerning the relation between the electric field and
electric potentials.
21. A test charge ‘q’ is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path from A to B
then from B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure. (i) Calculate the potential
difference between A and C. (ii) At which point of the two is the electric potential more
and why?
22. Distinguish between polar and non polar dielectric.
23. What is the area of the plates of 2F parallel plate capacitor having a separation between the plates is 0.5 cm?
24. Deduce the expression for the electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ and having charge
‘Q’. How will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside change when it is completely filled with a
dielectric material of dielectric constant ‘K’?

SECTION C [3 X 3 = 9 marks]
25. Find the ratio of the potential difference that must be applied across the parallel and the series combination
of two identical capacitors so the energy stored in the two becomes the same.
26. (a)How is the electric field due to a charged parallel plate capacitor affected when a dielectric slab is inserted
between the plates fully occupying the intervening region?
(b) A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but
has thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find the expression for the capacitance when
the slab is inserted between the plates.
27. (i) Find the equivalent capacitance between A and B in
the combination given below. Each capacitors of 2𝜇𝐹
capacitance.
(ii) If a DC source of 7V is connected across AB, how
much charge is drawn from the source and what is the energy stored in the network?
SECTION D [1 X 5 = 5 marks]
28. (a) Derive the expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. Hence obtain the expression for
the energy density of the electric field.
(b) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is connected across an uncharged identical capacitor. Show that the
energy stored in the combination is less than the stored initially in the single capacitor.
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Plot of current I versus time interval is given below. Find the charge that flows through the wire
during this time period.
2. How does the random motion of free electrons in a conductor get affected in a conductor when a
potential difference ‘V’ is applied across its ends? Define drift velocity and derive an expression for it
in terms of relaxation time. How is the drift velocity affected when V is doubled and l is halved? If the
length of the conductor is tripled then how will the drift velocity be affected keeping V constant?
3. a. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across
battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of
electrons in the two series.
4. b. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1
X 10-7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 X 10 28 m-3.
5. (i) Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor, derive the expression I =
neAvd and hence deduce the relationship between current density and resistivity of a conductor.
6. (ii) A wire whose cross-sectional area is increasing linearly from its one end to the other, is connected
across a battery of V volts. Which of the following quantities remain constant in the wire?
7. Deduce Ohm's law from elementary ideas and hence write an expression for resistance and
resistivity.
8. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of manganin have the same resistance.
Which wire is thicker?
9. If the length of the conductor is doubled by gradually stretching it how is the resistance affected? If
the radius of a conductor is tripled the how is the resistance affected.
10. The wire is stretched to increase the length by (i) 1% (ii) 10 % . Find the percentage change in
resistance.
11. Define the term conductivity of a metallic wire. Write its S.I unit.
12. Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for conductivity of a wire in
terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between current density and
the applied electric field E
13. Define mobility of a charge carrier. Write the relation expressing mobility in terms of relaxation time.
Give its S I unit
14. Write the limitations of Ohm’s law. Plot a graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for
the material GaAs and indicate the region of negative resistance region.
15. Explain the color coding of carbon resistors. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47
k ± 10% from a large collection. What should be the sequence of color bands used to code it? The
sequence of coloured bands in two carbon resistors R1 and R2 is brown, green, blue and Orange,
black, green. Find the ratio of their resistances.

16. Write the relationship between resistivity and temperature and hence define coefficient of resistivity
from it.
17. Write a relation between current and drift velocity of electrons in a
conductor. Use this relation to explain how the resistance/resistivity of
a (i) conductor and (ii) semiconductor changes with the rise in
temperature and draw the corresponding graph showing the variation
of resistivity with temperature for conductor, alloy and semi-conductor.
Which property of nichrome is used to make it standards resistance
coils?
18. Derive an expression for the current in a circuit with external resistance R when (a) n identical cells of
emf E and internal resistance r are connected in series (b) m identical cells are connected in parallel
19. How does the resistivity of (i) a conductor and (ii) a semiconductor vary with temperature? Give
reason for each case.
 20. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph
showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance R.
21. Predict from t he graph the condition under which ‘V’ becomes equal to ‘E’.
22. What is potential gradient? If the potential gradient along the potentiometer wire be decreased, will
the zero deflection position be obtained at longer or shorter length?
23. A battery of 10 V and negligible internal resistance is connected across the diagonally opposite
corners of a cubical network consisting of 12 resistors each of 1Ω resistance .Use Kirchoff’s rules to
determine (i) the equivalent resistance of the network, and (ii) the total current in the network.
24. Two identical cells, of EMF each are joined in parallel providing supply to an external circuit
consisting of two resistors of 13Ω each joined in parallel. A very high resitance voltmeter reads the
terminal voltgae of the cells to be 1.4 V.Find the internal resistance of each cell.
25. Two cells of emf 1.5 V and 2V and internal resistance 1 Ω and 2 Ω respectively are connected in
parallel to pass a current in the same direction through an external resistance of 5Ω.(a) Draw the
circuit diagram(b) Using Kirchoff’s laws , calculate the current through each branch of the circuit and
potential difference across the 5Ω resistor ?
26. State the principle of potentiometer.
27. Draw the circuit diagram used to compare the emf of two primary cells. Write the formula used. Why
emf of a cell measured by potentiometer is accurate?
28. Describe how will you determine the internal resistance of a primary cell using potentiometer.

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT MAGNETISM

AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (EMI)

1 MARKS
1. A beam of alpha particles projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to an magnetic field along +y axis.
What is the direction of the magnetic field?
Ans. negative z-axis.
2. A particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘v’ enters the region of uniform magnetic field at
right angle to the direction of its motion. How its kinetic energy does gets affected? Ans. No change
3. A narrow beam of protons each having the same momentum, enters a region of uniform magnetic field
directed perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would be the ratio of the radii of the circular
paths described by them? Ans. 1:1
4. State the underlying principle of cyclotron.
5. Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors, define one
ampere of current.
6. Write the underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer.
7. At a place, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is B and angle of dip is 600. What is the value of
horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at equator?
8. On what factors does the magnitude of emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depend?
9. Define the term self- inductance of a coil. Write its S.I unit.
2 MARKS
10. A particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity v. It is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B
directed perpendicular to its velocity. Show that it describes a circular path. Write the expression for its radius.
11. Deduce the expression for the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting around the central nucleus.
12. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9 J/T is placed with its axis at 300 to a uniform magnetic field. It
experiences a torque of 0.063 N-m.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
(ii) In which orientation will the bar magnet be in stable equilibrium in the magnetic field?
13. A square coil of side 10 cm has 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended vertically; the
normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 300 with the direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic field.
If the torque experienced by the coil is equal to 0.96 N-m, find the magnitude of the magnetic field.
 1
14. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, at place is times its vertical component there. Find
√3
the value of the angle of dip at the place. What is the ratio of the horizontal component to the total magnetic
field of the earth at that place?
15. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents.

3 MARKS
16. Deduce the expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle in a magnetic field and show that
this is independent of the velocity or energy of the particle.
17. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in mid- air by a
magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
18. Two identical circular coils P and Q each of radius R, carrying currents 1 A and √3 A respectively, are placed
concentrically and perpendicular to each other lying in the XY and YZ planes. Find the magnitude and direction
of the net magnetic field at the centre of the coils.
19. Derive the expression for magnetic field inside, along the axis of an air cored solenoid.
20. Derive the expression for the force per unit length between two long straight parallel current conductors.
Hence define one ampere.
21. Differentiate between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substance.
22. (i) Define the term mutual inductance of a pair of coils. Write its S.I unit
(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in
0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
5 MARKS
29. State Biot- Savart law and apply it to find the magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current at
a point (a) at its centre (b) on the axis
30. State Ampere's circuital law and apply it to find the magnetic field (a) inside a current carrying
solenoid (b) inside a current carrying toroid
31. Apply Ampere's circuital law to determine the magnetic field at a point due to a long straight current
carrying conductor.
32. Derive an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
33. Derive an expression for the force between long straight conductors carrying current and hence define
1 ampere.
34. Derive an expression for the torque on a current carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field.
35. Describe the principle construction and working of a Moving coil galvanometer.
36. Describe the conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into (a) Ammeter (b) Voltmeter
37. What is radial magnetic field? What is its importance in a moving coil galvanometer? How is a radial
magnetic field realized in moving coil galvanometers?
38. Describe the principle construction and working of a cyclotron. Explain why an electron cannot be
accelerated using a cyclotron.
39. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field when it enters the field (a) perpendicular
to the field lines (b) obliquely making and angle θ with the field lines
40. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron and hence define Bohr
magneton.
ONLY EMI
41. If the magnetic field is parallel to a surface, what is the magnetic flux through the surface ? [1]
42. What is motional emf? [1 ]
43. Define one Henry . [1 ]
44. What happens to self inductance when the number of turns of a coil per unit length is doubled?[1]
45. What is the basic cause of induced emf? [1 ]
46. A closed loop of wire is being moved so that it remains in a uniform magnetic field. What is the current
induced?
47. The electric current in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction of the induced
current inn the metallic loop kept above the wire. [1 ]
48. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by

49. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies with time as = 3t2 + 4t + 9 weber. What is the induced emf at t =
2s ? [2 ]
50. The induced emf of 2V is generated when the current in the circuit changes from 4A to 5A in one
millisecond. Find the Self inductance of the circuit . [2 ]
51. Define eddy currents. What is its disadvantage? [2]
52. State faradays laws on EMI and state them mathematically. [2]
53. In an AC generator a coil with N turns, all of the same area A and total resistance R, rotates with frequency ω
in a magnetic field B. Find the maximum value of emf in the coil. [3]
54. Prove that the magnitude of emf induced in a conductor of
length L when it moves at v m/s perpendicular to uniform
magnetic field B is BLv.

55. When primary coil 1 is moved towards secondary coil 2, the

galvanometer shown momentary deflection. What can be done to
have larger deflection in the galvanometer with same battery?
State the related law? [3]
56. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near
another coil P as shown in the figure. Give
reasons to explain the following observations:
57. The bulb B lights
58. Bulb gets dimmer if coil Q is moved towards
left. [3]
59. Define mutual induction. Obtain expression for
coefficient of mutual induction of two long
solenoids [5]
60. Distinguish between self induction and mutual induction.calulate self-inductance of a long solenoid of length l,
numberof turns N and radius r. [5]
61. State Lenz' Law and show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
62. Use Lenz' law to find the direction of induced emf in a coil when (a) a north pole is brought towards
the coil (b) north pole taken away from the coil (c) A south pole is brought towards the coil and (d) a
south pole is taken away from the coil, Draw illustrations in each case.
63. What is motional emf. Deduce an expression for it. State Fleming's right hand rule to find the direction
of induced emf.
64. What are eddy currents? Describe the applications of eddy currents.
65. Explain the working of (a) Electromagnetic Brakes (b) Induction Furnace
66. Which physical quantity is called the INERTIA OF ELECTRICITY? Why is its called so?
67. Define self induction and self inductance. What is its unit? Write its dimensions.
68. Derive an expression for the self inductance of a long solenoid.
69. Explain the phenomenon of mutual induction and define mutual inductance. Write the unit and
dimensions of mutual inductance.
70. What are the factors affecting mutual inductance of a pair of coils? Define coefficient of coupling.
71. Describe the various methods of producing induced emf. Derive an expression for the instantaneous
emf induced in a coil rotated in a magnetic field.
72. What is displacement current? Explain its need.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT-
73. Describe the principle construction and working of an AC generator. Draw neat labeled diagram
74. Define mean value of AC(over a half cycle) and derive an expression for it.
75. Define RMS value of AC and derive an expression for it. ()
76. Show that the average value of AC over a complete cycle is zero.
77. Show that the current and voltage are in phase in an ac circuit containing resistance only.
78. Deduce the phase relationship between current and voltage in an ac circuit containing inductor only.
79. Deduce the phase relationship between current and voltage in an ac circuit containing capacitor only.
80. Draw the phasor diagram showing voltage and current in LCR series circuit and derive an expression
for the impedance
81. What do you mean by resonance in Series LCR circuit? Derive an expression for the frequency of
resonance in LCR circuit.
82. Distinguish between resistance, reactance and impedance.
83. Define quality factor (Q factor) of resonance and derive an expression for it.
84. Describe the mechanism of electromagnetic oscillations in LC circuit and write expression for the
frequency of oscillations produced.
85. Derive an expression for the average power in an ac circuit.
86. Define power factor. Deduce expression for it and explain wattless current?
87. Describe the principle construction theory and working of a transformer.
88. Describe the various losses in a transformer and explain how the losses can be minimized.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
89. Explain the inadequacy of Ampere's circuital law. How was it removed by Maxwell by introducing the
term displacement current?
90. Describe Hertz experiment to demonstrate the production of electromagnetic waves
91. Write the properties of electromagnetic waves.
92. Write any five electromagnetic waves in the order of decreasing frequency and write any two
properties and uses of each
93. Deduce an expression for velocity of em waves in vacuum
94. Establish the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
95. Compare the properties of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves

RAY-OPTICS
96. Derive mirror formula for a concave mirror and convex mirror.
97. Derive an expression for lateral shift and normal shift. On what factors these depend.
98. Define TIR and write the conditions for TIR. Derive a relation between critical angle and the
refractive index of the medium. Also explain the working of isosceles prism and optical fiber.
99. Derive the following relation for a real image formed by a convex refracting surface when the object is
placed in rarer medium. Also write the assumptions and sign convention used.
100. Derive the lens maker’s formula. Also write the assumptions and sign convention used.
101. Derive the lens formula for convex lend and concave lens.
102. Derive the relation for equivalent focal length or power when two thin lenses are placed in
contact to each other. In which condition the lens combination will act as a plane glass sheet.
103. Derive prism formula.
104. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in refracting type astronomical telescope in
the near point adjustment (when image is formed at LDDV i.e. D=25cm). Derive an expression for its
magnifying power. Why the diameter of objective of telescope should be large?
105. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in refracting type astronomical telescope in
the normal adjustment (when image is formed at infinity). Derive an expression for its magnifying
power. How does the magnifying power get affected on increasing the aperture of the objective lens
and why?
106. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation a compound microscope. Explain briefly the
working. Derive an expression for its magnifying power. Why the diameter of objective of microscope
should be small.
107. Draw a labeled diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this telescope
over refracting type telescope.
108. Define resolving power of compound microscope. How does the resolving power of a
compound microscope change when-(a) Refractive index of medium between the object and objective
lens increases (b) Wavelength of the light used is increased (c) decreasing the diameter of objective
(iv) increasing the focal length of its objective.
109. Define the resolving power of astronomical telescope. Write the expression for it and state, on
what factors it depends

WAVE-OPTICS
110. Define wave front. State Huygens principle and verify Snell’s law.
111. State Huygens principle and prove the laws of reflection on the basis of wave theory.
112. What do you mean by interference of light? Explain in brief the Young’s double slit
experiment.
113. What are the coherent sources? Write the conditions for the sustained interference pattern.
Also draw the intensity v/s path difference curve.
114. Find the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. How does the intensity
depend on the width of slit?
115. Find the expression for the fringe width. What is the effect on the fringe width if the whole
apparatus (YDSE) is completely immersed in a liquid of refractive index μ?
116. What do you mean by diffraction of light and state the condition for the diffraction? Obtain the
conditions for secondary maxima and minima. Also draw the intensity distribution curve.
117. Prove that the width of central maxima is twice the width of the secondary maxima. How does
the width of central maxima depend on the width of the slit?
118. State Brewster’s law and prove that the reflected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular
at the angle of polarization.
119. State law of Malus and draw an intensity V/s angle between the plane of transmission of
polarizer and analyzer.
120. What is a Polaroid? How are they constructed? Mention their important applications.
121. Explain Polarization of light. Give any one method to produce plane polarized light.

ATOMS AND NUCLEI

ONE MARK QUESTIONS
122. What will be the ratio of radii of two nuclei of mass numbers A1 and A2?
123. What is Bohr quantization condition for the angular momentum of electron in the second
Orbit?
𝛼 𝛽
124. The sequence is represented as 𝐷 → 𝐷1 → 𝐷2 if the mass numbers and atomic numbers of D2
are 176 and 71 respectively, what is the mass number and atomic number of D.

125. The wavelength of some of the spectral lines obtained in hydrogen spectrum are 9546 A,
6463 A, 1216 A. which one of these wavelengths belongs to Lyman series.
126. Why do α particles have high ionizing power?
127. What happens to the neutron to proton ratio after the emission of alpha particles?
128. Define impact parameter.
129. What is the ratio of nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass number 1:4?

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

130. Assuming the nuclei to be spherical in shape, how does the surface area of nucleus of mass
number A1 vary with that of nucleus of mass number A2?
131. Radioactive isotope of silver has half-life of 20 minutes. What fraction of the original mass
would remain after one hour?
132. Group the following four nuclides into two pairs of isotones and isobars.
3 198 3 197
2𝐻𝑒 , 80𝐻𝑔, 1𝐻 , 79𝐴𝑢
133. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy between the pair of nucleons as the
function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which the nuclear force is attractive and
repulsive.
134. Calculate the radius of the smallest orbit of hydrogen atom.
135. Calculate the frequency of the photon which can excite an electron to -3.4 eV from -13.6 eV.
136. You are given two nuclei 73𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 43𝑌, explain giving reasons as to which one of the nuclei is
likely to be more stable.
137. Show that the speed of the electron in the second orbit of hydrogen like atom He + is equal to
speed of an electron in the hydrogen atom.
138. What are the limitations of Bohr atomic model?
139. The energy levels of an element X are shown in the figure. A photon of wavelength 620 nm is
emitted and this corresponds to which of the transition A, B, C, D or E?
0 A B C
-1 eV D
E
-3 eV

-10 eV

140.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
141. Calculate the speed of electron revolving around the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in order
that it may not be pulled into the nucleus by electrostatic attraction.
142. What is the distance of closest approach and derive an expression for the same?
143. Draw a labeled diagram of Geiger – Marsden experiment on the scattering of α particles. How
is the size of the nucleus estimated based on the experiment?
144. Derive an expression for the potential and kinetic energy of an electron in any orbit of a
hydrogen atom. How does the potential energy change with increasing n?
145. Show that Bohr’s second postulate “The electron revolves around the nucleus only in certain
fixed orbits without radiating energy” can be explained on the basis of de – Broglie hypothesis of
wave nature of electron.
146. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Blamer series of hydrogen spectrum.
Given R= 1.0987 x 107/m.
147. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon in the case of 5626𝐹𝑒 . Given mass of proton =
1.007825 amu. Mass of neutron = 1.00865 amu, mass of the 56 26𝐹𝑒 nucleus is 55.934939 amu.
148. State and explain the laws of radioactive disintegration and hence define disintegration
constant and half life period. Establish the relation between them.
149. Plot a graph between mass number and average binding energy per nucleon and hence
explain the energy released in the process of nuclear fission and fusion.
 FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
150. State the basic postulates Bohr’s atom model. Obtain the relation for the frequency of
spectral lines emitted from hydrogen atom.

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
151. If ni is density of intrinsic charge carrier density; nh and ne are densities of hole and electrons in
extrinsic semiconductor, what is the relation between them?
152. What is the order of the width of depletion layer in p-n junction diode?
153. What is the net charge on p-type and n-type semiconductor?
154. What is the type of charge carriers when a p-n junction is forward biased in (i) forward bias
and (ii) reverse bias
155. At what temperature would an intrinsic semiconductor behave like a perfect insulator?
156. Assuming the characteristics to be nearly liner, over this range, calculate the forward and
reverse bias resistance of the given diode.
157. Sn, C, Si and Ge are all group 14 elements. Yet Sn is a conductor, C is an insulator while Si
and Ge are semiconductors. Why?
158. The ratios of number density of free electrons to holes (ne/nh), for three different materials A, B
and C are equal to one, less than one and more than one respectively. Name the type of semiconductor
to which A, B and C belong. Draw energy level diagrams for the three materials at temperature T > 0
K.
159. A semiconductor has an equal electron and hole concentration of 6 x108 /𝑚3 . On doping with
certain impurity, electron concentration increases to 4x 1010 /𝑚3 . (3)
a. What type of semiconductor is obtained on doping?
b. Calculate the new electron and hole concentration of the semiconductor.
c. How does the energy gap vary with doping?
160. The following table provides the set of values of V and I obtained for a given diode. Assuming the
characteristics to be nearly liner, over this range, calculate the forward and reverse bias resistance of the
given diode.
Biasing V I

Forward Biasing 2.0 V 60 mA

2.4 V 80 mA

Reverse Biasing 0V 0 A

-2 V -0.25 A

161. Distinguish between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands.
162. What are extrinsic semiconductors? Mention its types and explain the mechanism of
conduction in each.
163. Explain the conduction in N Type and P Type semiconductor on the basis of band theory.
164. Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a PN junction diode.
165. Draw the circuit diagram used to determine the VI characteristics of a diode and draw the
forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode. Explain the conclusions drawn from the graph.
166. With the help of a labeled circuit diagram explain the working of half wave rectifier and draw
the input and output waveforms.
167. With the help of a labeled circuit diagram explain the working of full wave rectifier and draw
the input and output waveforms.
168. Write notes on LED, photodiode and solar cell.
169. What is a Zener diode? Draw the VI characteristics of zener diode. Explain Zener breakdown
and describe the use of a zener diode as a voltage regulator.