NINA CAILI S.

DONATO 11H

SOCIAL SCIENCES
- scientific study of social, cultural, phycological, economic and political forces that guide individuals in
our actions
- group life of human beings

NATURAL SCIENCES
- natural environment
- anthropology, sociology, political science, history, physiology

NOTABLE SCIENTISTS
- “social science” – positivism ; Auguste Comte
- everything has an explanation

- anti-positivism
- not all explained by science

- communism ; Karl Marx

- inequality = all the same > no upper-class/lower-class, no leader

MANIFESTATION OF HUMAN VARIATIONS

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
- differences among people because of race, racial, ethnic backgrounds

SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
- situations where people are discriminated against on the bases of social, economic, racial inequality

POLITICAL IDENTITIES
- expression of an individual’s political opinion

CHANGE

CULTURAL CHANGE
- manifestation of a society through innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other societies

SOCIAL CHANGE
- characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations or value
systems
Manifested in: Fall of groups, community or situational structure and functions change in the statues
and roles of members in the family, work setting, etc.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
invention
- act of creating something that had not existed
- material ; (bow and arrow; airplane)
- social ; (alphabet; texting; jejemon)

discovery
- process of act of finding something unexpectedly or during a search

diffusion
- a spread of culture traits from one group to another
- enculturation – learns from surrounding culture
- socialization – deliberately shaped by society
- association – establishes a connection with another
- integration – likes the culture

POLITICAL CHANGE
- change in the direction of open, participatory and accountable politics change realm of civil and
political societies and in the structure of relations among civil society, political society and the state

IMPORTANCE OF UCSAP

CULTURE
- you will have a sense of awareness of how we behave
- ex. ordinary habits, attitude towards each other and our religions
- preserve it (cultural being)

SOCIETY
- you will know how we live together in an organized way, and how we make decisions about how to
do things with what it’ll be easier for you to mingle with society
- maintain it (social being)

POLITICS
- you are responsible for knowing the law and appointing a component leader
- follow it (political being)

DEFINITION OF CULTURE
- Latin – colere; to cultivate
- complex whole which encompasses everything that a person learns and shares as a member of
society
FORMS OF CULTURE

EXPLICIT CULTURE
- material objects, observable behaviors, rituals, symbols, the way people dress, the kind of food they
eat, music, dance
- transmitted through the five senses; sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch

IMPLICIT CULTURE
- non material or abstract underlying values, the unwritten norms of behavior that guides people
regarding which behavior are considered appropriate or inappropriate
- transmitted through extra sensory perceptions of the heart, soul, and spirit.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

LEARNED
- culture is not inborn, it is learned
- ex. shacking hands, saying thanks
sources of learned culture
- family
- peers
- institutions
- media

SHARED
- culture is not something that an individual alone can posses
- known shared culture ex. how to play sports
- unknown shared culture ex. values, morals

CANNOT BE ISOLATED
- culture does not exist in isolation – it is a product of society
- no man can acquire culture without association with others

CHANGES
- every society has a culture of its own that differs from other societies
- cultures are not uniform

TAKES YEARS TO FORM

- culture exists as a continuous process
- no culture ever remains constant or changeless

ESSENTIAL AND IDEALISTIC

- culture determines and guides various activities of man

TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS

- culture is transmitted from one generation to another – made possible by language
- language is the main vehicle od culture
- learned by persons by other persons, many of them are “handed-down” by elders, parents, teachers
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE

DEFINES SITUATIONS
- each culture has many subtle cues which define each situation – it reveals whether one should fight,
run, or laugh
- one does not know what to do in a situation until he has defined the situation (with the subtle
cues/hints )
- each society have its own cues

DEFINES ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND GOALS

- each person learns from his/her culture what is good, true, and beautiful
- attitudes, values, and goals are defined by culture
- individuals normally learn them as unconsciously as he/she learns the language

DEFINES MYTHS, LEGENDS AND THE SUPER NATURAL

- myths, legends and super natural are important parts of every culture
- may inspire or reinforce effort and sacrifice and bring comfort
- we cannot understand the behavior of any group without knowing something of the myths, legends
and supernatural beliefs they have

PROVIDES BEHAVIOR PATTERNS

- our demands are met
- provides sets or rules to ensure cooperation
- helps in predicting human behavior
- acts as a means of social control through norms
- proves a ready-made view of the universe

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

SYMBOLS
- used to stand for something else
- ex. cross to Christians

LANGUAGE
- systems of words used to communicate
- ex. slang

VALUES
- standards for what is good or desirable
- ex. amricans being individualistic

NORMS
- guidelines for behavior
CATEGORIES OF CULTURE

FOLKWAY
- a norm for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition; not morally significant
- ex. not waiting in line, could get scolding

MORE
- a strict form based on morality
- ex. premarital sex, could get a threatening judgement in the afterlife or get excommunicated

TABOO
- a norm that society hold strongly
- ex. muslim restriction on consumption of pork, could get expulsion from the group

LAW
- a formalized norm enacted by people vested with legitimate authority
- ex. driving when drunk, theft, murder if committed, the person could get cited, get a fine, or got to jail