Report: T.E.

ELECTRICAL B4

L.T.J.S.S.'s Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering,

Koparkhairane

ELECTRIC FISH

Date of Submission: 26 SEPTEMBER 2018

ELECTRIC FISH
 L.T.J.S.S.'s Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering,
Koparkhairane

ELECTRIC FISH

Submitted by:

Sr. No. Roll No. Name Sign

1. 71 Vaishnavi Kadam

2. 70 Utkarsh Lavate

3. 63 Sonal Andhale

4. 72 Vigneshnandakumar Naidu

5. 67 Suraj Shinde

6. 73 Visahl Patil

7. 79 Sanket Patil

Submitted to: Asst. Prof. Mrs. Nomita R. Kolnoorkar

Date of Submission: 26 SEPTEMBER 2018
COPYRIGHTS 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material
(including photocopy or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not
transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written
permission of the copyright holder.
 Forwarding Letter

26 September 2018

To
Asst. Prof. Mrs. Nomita Kolnoorkar
Dept. of Communication Skills,
Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering,
Koparkhairane,
Navi Mumbai.

Respected Madam,

We are glad to represent our report in front of you named 'Electric

Fish’. The report represents information about the generation and
applications of Electric Fish.

We hope that this report will help you to know more about Electric
Fish.

If you desire to know any further information related to the topic, we

shall be glad to help you by providing information and clearing your
doubts. We will be happy if our report reached up to your expectations.

Yours sincerely,

T.E. Electrical B4
 Preface

We the students of T.E. - Electrical (Batch B4), Lokmanya Tilak College of

Engineering, Koparkhairane, are glad to present a Report on ELECTRIC
FISH. The report mainly describes the history, introduction, need, types,
pros and cons and future scope. The main objective of this report is to
provide information. This report has been benefited from the significant
input and collaboration of our team members that comprised and gathered
various information from the available data.
 Acknowledgements

We take this momentous opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude and

regards to our College Management for allowing us to submit this report.

We owe thankful regards to Principal Dr. Vivek Sunnapwar, Vice Principal

Dr. Subhash Shinde, Deans, H.O.D.s and all the teachers of this organisation
for their wholehearted co-operation. Our deepest thanks to the institute for
providing us with Lab facilities, where we could research on our topic and
get ample of information of the report. We are thankful to our College
Library authorities for making valuable references books available for us.

We are particularly grateful for the guidance and assistance given by Asst.
Prof. Nomita Kolnoorkar. Her willingness to give her time so generously
has been deeply appreciated.

Our special thanks are extended to our parents and friends for their
significant suggestions during the course of completing this report.

T.E. Electrical

Batch B4
 ABSTRACT

The depletion of non-renewable resources is forcing our scientists to find out alternative
ways to generate energy. Our renewable sources have been fulfilling our demands these
days but still the development in technology, our improving lifestyles and growing
population along with their demands is forcing us to find out more means to generate energy.
Biology is replete with examples of regeneration, the process that allows animals to replace
or repair cells, tissues and organs. As on land, vertebrates in aquatic environments
experience the occurrence of injury with varying frequency and to different degrees. Studies
demonstrate that there are certain fishes that possess a very high capacity to regenerate
different tissues and organs when they are adults. These fishes can produce very strong
electricity to shock large animals. Some tropical freshwater fishes use electricity for
navigation and communication. They can use electricity to 'feel' its environment, and they
can 'talk' each other using electrical signals. All of these electric fishes produce electricity
from an organ in the tail called an 'electric organ'. Electric fishes have been the subject of
investigation and curiosity for centuries. They use high voltage to track and control prey, as
well as to exhaust prey by causing involuntary fatigue through remote activation of prey
muscles. But their most astonishing behaviour is the leaping attack, during which eels
emerge from the water to directly electrify a threat. Results suggest that the main purpose
of the leaping attack is to strongly deter potential eel predators by briefly causing intense
pain. Apparently, a strong offense is their best defences.
These fishes are used for generation of electricity at low stages, solving our problem of
energy consumption to some extent.
 Table of Contents

Sr. Topic Page No

No.
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is an Electric Fish? 1
1.2 History 3
1.3 Electric Fish Facts 5
2. AQUA GENERATION 8
2.1 Construction 9
2.2 Ideal Conditions for Generation 10
2.3 Operation 10
2.4 Schematic Representation 13
3. TYPES OF ELECTRIC FISH 14
3.1 Classification of Electric Fish 15
3.2 Electric Fish 17
3.3 Elephant Fish 18
3.4 Northern Stargazers 20
3.5 Electric Catfish 21
3.6 Electric Rays 22
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 23
4.1 Advantages 24
4.1.1 Aqua Generation 24
4.1.2 Eco-Friendly Electricity Generation 24
4.1.3 Treatment of Diseases 24
4.1.4 Understanding of Human Physiology 24
4.2 Disadvantages 25
4.2.1 Cannot Generate High Voltage Electricity 25
4.2.2 Disturbance to Biological Diversity 25
4.2.3 Hazardous 25
4.2.4 Scarcity in Many Places 25
4.2.5 Proper Care Should be Taken 25
5. FUTURE SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS 26
5.1 Future Scope 27
5.2 Application 28
6. CONCLUSION 29
6.1 Summarisation 30
6.2 Conclusion 31
APPENDIX A: Questionnaire on Electric Fish
APPENDIX B: Pie Chart Analysis
References
Bibliography
Webliography
GLOSSARY
INDEX
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (FIGURES)

SR NAME PAGE
NO. NO.

1.1 Exitance of Electric Fish 3

1.2 Electric Fish Reproduction Cycle 4
2.1 Power Generation by Electric Fish 11
2.2 Voltage Transformation in Electric Fish Body 11
2.3 Operational Circuit 11
2.4 Power Stages in Aqua Generation 12
2.5 Schematic Representation 13
3.1 Weak Electric Field 15
3.2 Strong Electric Field 15
3.3 Pulse Type Fish Output 16
3.4 Wave Type Fish Output 16
3.5 Electric Fish 17
3.6 Electric Fish Population 18
3.7 Elephant Fish 19
3.8 Elephant Fish Population across Africa 19
3.9 Northern Stargazer 20
3.10 Electric Catfish 21
3.11 Population of Electric Catfish 21
3.12 Electric Ray 22
3.13 Population of Electric Ray 22
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 What is an Electric Fish?
The electric fish (Electrophorus electrics) is an electric fish, and
the only species in its genus. It is capable of generating powerful
electric shocks of up to 650 volts, which it uses for hunting, self-
defence and communicating with fellow fishes. It is an apex
predator in its South American range. Despite its name, it is not a
fish, but rather a knifefish. Electrophorus electrics—everything
about this fish’s scientific name says high voltage! Of the fishes
able to generate an electrical discharge, electric fishes are by far
the champions, producing up to 600 volts!
Electric fish live in muddy waters and have poor vision; they rely
on low-level electrical fields to navigate and explore their
surroundings. Higher levels of voltage are generated to stun or kill
prey and to protect fishes from predators. Although not true fish,
these nearly scale less fish look the part with long, cylindrical
bodies and a slightly flattened head.
The electric fish has no dorsal fin, but the anal fin extends from
the tip of the tail nearly to the chin. This sinuous fin flutters like a
ribbon, allowing the fish to move forward and backward with
equal ease.
Only the front one-fifth of the animal contains vital organs. These
are located directly behind its head. The rest of the body is
comprised of organs that produce electricity.
Electric fishes are mostly blind and use their electric pulses to
navigate There are fishes in the world which produce some
amount of electricity. As the fish produces electricity to move, to
loco mote, to kill its prey. The electricity produced by them can
be trapped by us for various purposes. The electricity produced is

2
 600V 1.5 A during prey and while moving it generates almost 400
V. This supply if trapped can be used for various purposes. This
is a huge amount of supply. Worldwide research is being under
process on this concept. The concept has been used by 2 museums
in china to light us the Christmas tree. FISH is the fish which
produces electricity. This electricity is used by them to sense the
nearby surrounding and also helps them to move and also protect
them.
1.2 History
• Habitat
Electric fishes inhabit fresh waters of the Amazon and Orinoco
river basins in South America, in floodplains, swamps, creeks,
small rivers, and coastal plains. They often live on muddy bottoms
in calm or stagnant waters.

Fig 1.1 Exitance of Electric Fish

• Feeding ecology
Electric fishes feed on invertebrates, although adult fishes may
also consume fish and small mammals. First-born hatchlings will

3
 eat other eggs and embryos from later clutches. The juveniles will
eat invertebrates, such as shrimps and crabs.
• Reproduction
The electric fish is known for its unusual breeding behaviour. In
the dry season, a male fish makes a nest from his saliva into which
the female lays her eggs. As many as 3,000 young will hatch from
the eggs in one nest. Male electric fish are much smaller than the
females.

Fig 1.2 Electric Fish Reproduction Cycle

• In zoos and private collections

These fish have always been sought after by some animal
collectors, but catching them is difficult, namely because the only
reasonable option is to make the fishes tired by continually
discharging their electricity. The fish's electric organs will
eventually become completely discharged, allowing the collector
to wade into the water in comparative safety.
Keeping electric fishes in captivity is difficult and mostly limited
to zoos and aquaria, although a few hobbyists have kept them as
pets.

4
 • Taxonomic history
The species is so unusual that it has been reclassified several
times. Originally, it was given its own family, Electro Phoridae,
and then was placed in a genus of Gymnotidae
alongside Gymnotus.

1.3 Electric Fish Facts

• Size
Electric fishes can grow to more than 8 feet in length and
weigh nearly 45 pounds.
• Range
Electric fish are found in murky pools and calm stretches
of the middle and lower Amazon and Orinoco River basins
in South America.
• Population Status
Electric fish are abundant throughout their range but
cannot be collected without a scientific permit. Some areas
have strict laws prohibiting hobbyists from keeping electric
fishes because they pose a potential threat to local fish and
human populations if they were to escape.
• Predators
Electric fish are top predators in their niche, with few other
animals willing or able to take on these highly charged fish.

• Diet
Juveniles feed on invertebrates such as crabs and
freshwater shrimp. As adults, they eat amphibians, fishes,
and crustaceans.

5
• Although they are called fish, they are more closely related
to the catfish than to the common fish.
• They live in shallow, muddy water and come to the surface
every 10 minutes because they breathe atmospheric air.
• Electric fish can reach 8 feet in length and weigh up to 44
pounds
• They are carnivores (meat-eaters) that eat other fish,
amphibians, birds and small mammals.
• Electric fishes are solitary animals (live on their own).
Group of fishes is called swarm.
• Electricity-producing organ takes 80% of their body. It is
used both for defence against predators and for stunning of
the prey
• Electric fish has around 6000 cells (known as electrolyte)
that produce electricity. They can generate a power of 600
volts, which is 5 time stronger than the electricity generated
in the standard US wall socket.
• Electric fish can produce electric shock strong enough to
knock down a horse.
• Man can die if a fish hits him with several electric shocks.
Luckily, humans don't come in contact with fishes often.
• 20 feet long fish can produce enough electricity to light 12
light bulbs.
• Since fishes have poor eyesight, they generate low-level
electric charge (up to 10 volts) that helps them see their
surrounding and locate a prey.
• Mating is happening during dry season. Male uses saliva to
make a nest for eggs. Female can lay up to 17000 eggs.

6
 Both parents take care of their young. Newly hatched fishes
eat small invertebrates but they also search nests of other
fishes and steal their eggs.
• Electric fish lives around 15 years in the wild and up to 22
years in captivity.

7
 CHAPTER II
AQUA GENERATION

8
2.1 Construction
The construction is simple the rods of metal are suspended in the
pond. Artificial pond is created in which Fishes are put and then
the rods are submerged. The mica sheet is placed at the bottom so
that there is no loss of electricity. The rods that are to be
submerged should be of non-corrosive materials. The battery is to
be connected to the rod directly from the pond, a one-way diode
is attached between the two so that the battery does not discharge
into the pond. The load connected if A.C an inverter circuit will
be required to supply the load from the battery.
The rods submerged are to be non-corrosive as salt water can just
corrode the metal plate. The metal plate used should be conductor
of electricity and should have least resistance i.e. it should pass all
the electricity that passes to it.
The battery capacity to be used should be according to the load
which is to be connected across it.
The one-way diode which is to be connected between the battery
and the rod is very important and it should not let any current or
electricity from the battery to reach the water as if anything like
that happens the fishes in the pond will be killed due to the
electricity
The inverter is also an important component of the system if the
load to be connected across the system is an A.C operated system.

9
2.2 Ideal Conditions for Generation
• Marine water – low voltage, high current electric discharge
• Fresh water – high voltage, low current electric discharge.
• To maximize the power delivered to the surrounding, the
impedances of electric organ and water must be matched.
• In freshwater, the power is limited by the voltage needed
to drive the current through large Resistance of the
medium.
2.3 Operation
The operation of the concept is basic. The electricity which is
produced is liberated into the water by the fish. The electricity in
the water is conducted to the metal rod which is suspended in the
water. The collected electricity is stored into the battery for later
usage. An inverter is used to supply the load if the load is A.C. If
the load to be supplied is D.C than a stabilizer is attached to the
circuit so that the D.C supply which is to be supplied is stable and
does not have ripples present in it. The output produced in this
case is for a very shot interval but the amount of output is
enormously huge. The fish produces electricity due to the tiny
cells which are present on their body surface, the current produced
while moving of the fish is enough to light up a light bulb in
normal circumstances.
The output can be regulated by using additional circuits, even the
type of supply can be changed in this case.

10
 Fig 2.1 Power Generation by Electric Fish

Fig 2.2 Voltage Transformation in Electric Fish Body

Fig 2.3 Operational Circuit

11
Fig 2.4 Power Stages in Aqua Generation

12
2.4 Schematic Representation

Below diagram is the basic representation of Aqua Generation

Circuit. the black box contains the batteries, one-way diodes,
regulators inverters etc. The load connected in this case is D.C
load the positive supply is from the metal plate and negative is put
on the ground surface.

Load

Metal Plate
Black box

Fish pond
Ground

Fig 2.5 Schematic Representation

13
 CHAPTER III
TYPES OF ELECTRIC FISH

14
3.1 Classification of Electric Fish

Electric fishes are various types and are classified on the following
basis: -
1. Based on The Voltage Of E.O.D
a) Weak Electric Fields: - The field in which the magnetic
materials are weakly attracted are known as weak electric
fields.

Fig 3.1 Weak Electric Field

b) Strong Electric Fields: - The field in which the magnetic

materials are strongly attracted are known as strong electric
fields.

Fig 3.2 Strong Electric Field

15
2. Based on The Discharge Pattern
a) Pulse Type: - Brief electrical pulses followed by variable
intervals of silence is known as pulse type.

Fig 3.3 Pulse Type Fish Output

b) Wave Type: - Sinusoidal with duration of electric pulses

comparable to duration of inter-pulse intervals.

Fig 3.4 Wave Type Fish Output

16
3.2 Electric Fish

An Electric Fish can produce DC at up to about 500v (more in

some case) with low ampere output. Electric Fish found in the
middle and lower Amazon basis of South America. It feed frog,
fish and crustaceans. When the Fish locates its prey, the brain
sends a signal through the nervous system to the electric cells.
This opens the ion channel, allowing positively-charge sodium to
flow through reversing the charges momentarily. By causing a
sudden difference in voltage, it generates a current. It generates it
characteristic electrical pulse in a manner similar to a battery in
which stacked plates produce an electrical charge.

Fig 3.5 Electric Fish

It is capable of producing a shock at up to 500 volts and 1 amp of

current. It has ability to generate two types of electric organ
discharges, low voltage and high voltage. Each cell can only
produce 0.15v; through working together the sachs organ
transmits a signal of about 10v in amplitude at around 25 Hz. The
signal by the main organ and Hunter’s organ can be emitted at
rates of several hundred Hz.

17
 Fig 3.6 Electric Fish Population

A Fish generates much less energy than that because its current
flows for only Z Milliseconds additionally, a large part of the
current dissipates into water through the skin. Life span of Fish is
up to 15 years. Population of the electric fish till 2007 is as shown
above in figure 3.6

3.3 Elephant Fish

This fish is found in lakes and rivers throughout East, West and
Central Africa, in particular the lower Niger River basin, the Ogun
River basin and in the upper Chari River. Elephant Noses are very
peaceful and interesting fish. The trunk below their mouth is not
really a nose but is a very sensitive electric organ that is very good
at finding small worms in dark or murky water. It is also useful
for the fish to self-defence, communication and navigation in the
water. Elephant nose fish can produce enough electricity to power
a hair dryer.

18
 Fig 3.7 Elephant Fish

The brain of the Elephant nose makes up 3.1% of its total body
weight. Most fish have brains that weigh less than 1% of their
body weight and the human brain only averages out at 2.3%. Our
Elephant nose fish favourite meal is blood worms. Their life span
is 6 to 10 years and they are in size up to 1.8 feet.

Fig 3.8 Elephant Fish Population across Africa

19
3.4 Northern Stargazers

It is a fish that can reach lengths of 22in (56 cm) and are located
on the eastern shores between the states of North Carolina and
New York in the United States. The Northern stargazer can be
found up to depths of 120 Ft (36 m). Stargazers have a flat
forehead with a lot of body mass up front near the mouth. The
Northern stargazer has a blackish brown body with white spots
that are of the same size all over its head and back. It has three
dark horizontal stripes on its (white) tail. The mouth of the
stargazer faces up so that it can ambush prey while hiding in the
sandy bottoms of coastal bodies of water. The top of the stargazer
has electric organs in the orbitae which can generate and transmit
an electric shock. The Northern stargazers live primarily along the
Seaboard of the United States. They bury themselves in the sand
and wait for prey (usually smaller fish) to come by. Their eyes are
situated on top of the head and poke up through the sand, hence
the name stargazer. Stargazer's scientific name is Astroscopus
guttatus where Astroscopus means "one who aims at the stars" and
guttatustranslating into "speckled" — referring to the white spots
on the fish's back.

Fig 3.9 Northern Stargazer

20
3.5 Electric Catfish

Dark fresh water. Western and Central tropical Africa and Nile
River.Electric catfish have thick lips, tiny eyes, round snouts, and
they have large nostrils. Grayfish brown color with black spots on
the body with cream color on the head. The Electric catfish is a
nocturnal fish, mostly active after sunset. The electric catfish is
widely known for medicinal purposes among , Arabs and
Africans for treating mild anxiety disorder.Physicians in Egypt
use electric catfish to treat Arthritis soreness by asking patients to
stand in the shallow water nearby these fishes to be shocked.

Fig 3.10 Electric Catfish

Additionally, electric catfish is also served as a delicacy in some

countries. Electric catfish can release up to 450 volts when
hunting and defending itself from predators. It is motionless
during the day.

Fig 3.11 Population of Electric Catfish

21
3.6 Electric Rays

The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish

with enlarged pectoral fins, comprising the order
Torpediniformes. They are known for being capable of producing
an electric discharge, ranging from 8 to 220 volts, depending on
species, used to stun prey and for defence. Electric rays are found
from shallow coastal waters down to at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
deep. They are sluggish and slow-moving, propelling themselves
with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other
rays do. They feed n invertebrates and small fish.

Fig 3.12 Electric Ray

Fig 3.13 Population of Electric Ray

22
 CHAPTER IV
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

23
4.1 Advantages
4.1.1 Aqua Generation
Electric eel is used for generation of electricity. Electrodes
extract electricity which is directly A.C. by the fishes which
are kept in a pool for generation of electricity. Electricity is
given to frequency convertors. The frequency is adjusted to
grid frequency.
4.1.2 Eco-friendly electricity generation
This method of generation is eco-friendly. It gives instant
power. No fossil fuels are used. This is simple method of
generation electricity.
4.1.3 Can be used for treatment of some diseases
Scientists have found that the evolutionary trick these fish
use to make such brief discharges could provide new
insights, with a bearing on treatments for diseases such as
epilepsy.
4.1.4 Experiment on fishes to understand human physiology
Fish don’t have brains nearly as complicated as humans, but
many of the structures and pathways are quite similar. That
link offers a new approach to understanding human
physiology. How we extract sensory information, how we
use that to guide our behaviour, how our nervous system
accomplishes that and of course we do experiments with
fish that we cannot do with humans.

24
4.2 Disadvantages
4.2.1 Cannot Generate High Voltage Electricity
These fishes can be used for generation of electricity but
very high voltage generation is not possible. Limited
voltage generation can be done. Low loads can be supply
from this generation.
4.2.2 Disturbance to Biological Diversity
If we collect and use them for electricity generation the
biological cycle may get disturbed. This will affect our Eco
cycle.
4.2.3 Hazardous
These fishes can generate a potential of 500 to 600 V. If
they attack us then we can feel a current of 1 Amp which
will lead us to serve shock. Man can die if an eel hits him
with several electric shocks. Luckily, humans don't come in
contact with eels often.
4.2.4 Scarcity in Many Places
This type of fishes is only available in some places basically
in South America. Therefore, for distinct places it is hard to
transport.
4.2.5 Proper Care Should be Taken
Proper care of fishes should be taken as they can die if
feeding is not done properly. And no. Of fishes per unit area
should be maintained.

25
 CHAPTER V
FUTURE SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS

26
5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

As fossil fuels are depleting at a faster pace and the demand for
energy is increasing every second, brings us to a state when all the
fossil fuels may be depleted and no energy could be produced at a
faster pace. The need of energy can be answered by our project
concept at least by a small percent.
This concept can give us small amount of electricity at any
instance.
It can be used as a constant generation source which can store
power and can apply it later for normal use or rods can be put in
the water source and electricity can be pulled out as the fish
produces it the electricity can be stored and then used later.
A flexible and transparent power source inspired by the electric
fish could be used to power electrical devices in the body, such as
cardiac pacemakers, implantable sensors or prosthetic organs.
Electric fish use metabolic energy to sustain differences in
electrolyte concentration between electrolytes, it is conceivable
that someday we might be able to use our artificial organs to tap
into different fluids in the body.

27
5.2 APPLICATIONS

The application of this concept is near sea shores or near a water

source. A false water source can also be created in this case. This
concept was mainly designed to supply the main lighting load of
the places near sea shores where there is scarcity of electricity or
there is no electricity. It can also be used as a backup supply at
emergency places like hospitals where it could be applied to run
lifesaving equipment’s. It can also be used to supply basic
lighting loads of different houses.
It can be used by farmers also to run their motors to pump water
to the crops.
In short, this project can be applied to supply the basic load at any
place where water source is present or the place where it can be
created.

28
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION

29
6.1 Summarization

Chapter I describes about the history and facts about electric fish.
With increasing demands for energy conventional resources such
as coal, petroleum etc. are depleting. During several decades,
renewable energy technologies have been developed. An electric
fish is any fish that can generate electric fields. A fish that can
generate electric fields are called as electro genic. A fish who has
the ability to detect electric fields are called as electro receptive

Chapter II describes about the construction and operation of aqua

generation. First in the artificial pond non-corrosive electrodes are
placed. Mica sheet is placed at the bottom. Fishes are placed in the
pond. Electricity is extracted by electrodes and give to the battery.
Then inverter is used to supply the load if load is A.C. then output
is regulated to get high voltage and low current fresh water is used
and for low voltage and high current marine water is used.

Chapter III describes about the classification of electric fishes.

Electric fishes are classified on the basis of two things first is
voltage of E.O.D i.e. electric organ discharge under which there
are strong electric field and weak electric field. Second is based
on the discharge pattern of pulses in which the pulses from electric
fish are either pulse type or wave type. There are various kind of
electric fish electric eel, elephant fish, Northern Stargazers,
Electric Catfish, Electric Rays etc.

30
Chapter IV describes about advantages and disadvantages of
electric fish. The main advantage is we can generate electricity
from it. This electricity generation is eco-friendly and pollution
less. We can experiment on fishes to understand human
physiology which is similar to fish body. biological diversity can
be distributed and by continues shock electric fishes can kill us.

Chapter V describes about the future scope and application. As

fossil fuels are depleting there is need of another energy source.
Energy can be harnessed and utilized by humans. Energy
generated can be utilised to supply low loads. Such more non-
conventional generation methods need to be developed in order to
have an eco-friendly and clean environment. Development in non-
conventional generation will ensure electricity in remote areas.

31
6.2 Conclusion

Our project is clearly very simple producing electricity without

destroying the environment. It is completely environmental and
have low labour requirement. They do require some specific
conditions to be present. But this doesn't disturb the habitat and by
far is the most economical way of producing electricity. The
advance way of generation of electricity with the help of electric
fish is been eye catching. It can be used to cure some diseases.
Electricity is extracted by electrodes and give to the battery. Then
inverter is used to supply the load if load is A.C. It can be used to
cure some diseases. The disadvantages are it cannot generate high
voltage electricity.

32
 APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Which type of fishes generates electric fields?

a) Electroreceptive b) Crabotech
c) Electric prawns d) sharkite

2. Which continent does the electric fish belong to?

a) North America b) India
c) South America d) Australia

3. How big can an electric fish be?

a) 2 feet b) 4 feet
c) 8 feet d) 6 feet

4. How many volts can be produced by an electric fish?

a) 250 b) 500
c) 750 d) 100

5. Which specialized structure in an electric fish’s body produces electricity?

a) Electric organ b) Gall bladder
c) Electroreceptive d) Spinal cord

6. What is the life span of a female electric fish?

a) 6-7 years b) 10-15 years
c) 12-22 years d) 15-20 years

7. Which body part in the electric fish’s body insulates it from its own attacks?
a) Electroreceptors b) Dorsal fin
c) Lateral fin d) It’s thick skin

8. What is the ability of electric fish to detect and localize objects around them
termed as?
a) Heat sensing b) Electro-location
c) Ultras onics d) Electroreception

9. What is the percentage of the weight of an electric organ in the electric fish’s
body?
a) 35 b) 60
c) 50 d) 45

10. How many electricity producing cells' odes can an electric fish have?
a) 500 b) 6000
c) 4000 d) 2000
 APPENDIX B
PIE CHART ANALYSIS

Q.1 Which type of fishes generates electric

fields?

6%
22%
45% A) Electroreceptive
B) Crabotech
C) Electric Prawns
27%
D) Sharkite

Q.2 Which continent does the electric fish

belong to?

18%
27%
A) North America
18% B) India
C) South America
37% D) Australia
 Q.3 How big can an electric fish be?

9%
27%
18%
A) 2 feet
B) 4 feet
C) 8 feet

46% D) 6 feet

Q.4 How many volts can be produced by an

electric fish?

22% 14%

A) 250V
B) 500V
36%
28% C) 750V
D) 100V
Q.5. Which specialized structure in an electric
fish’s body produces electricity?

9%
27%

A) Electric organ
41% B) Gall bladder
C) Electroreceptive
23%
D) Spinal cord

Q.6 What is the life span of a female electric

fish?

21% 19%

A) 6-7 years
B) 10-15 years
24%
C) 12-22 years
36%
D) 15-20 years
Q.7 Which body part in the electric fish’s body
insulates it from its own attacks?

14%
36%
A) Electroreceptors
23%
B) Dorsal fin
C) Lateral fin
27% D) Its thick skin

Q.8 What is the ability of electric fish to detect

and localize objects around them termed as?

23% 18%

A) Heat sensing
B) Electro-location
32% C) Ultrasonics
27%
D) Electroreception
Q.9 What is the percentage of the weight of an
electric organ in the electric fish’s body?

14%
24%
A) 35
B) 60
14%
48% C) 50
D) 45

Q.10 How many electricity producing cells odes

an electric fish have?

17%
28%

A) 500
B) 6000
14% C) 4000
41%
D) 2000
 REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Sara Van Duck, Early Bird Nature (Bachelor’s degree in science and
master’s degree in education taught for fifteen years), First Edition March 1,
2008, Learne Publications.

2. The editor of Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com, Electrophorus

electricus.

3. Duncan scheeff, Electrical Eel, Raintree steck-vaughn publisher

4. Huxboldt & Alexander von, Jaguars & Electric Eels, First Edition 1995,
pengin classics

5. Power Electronics By M.D.Singh and K.B.Khanchandani

 REFERENCES
WEBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://www.deere.co.in/en_IN/regional_home.page

2. http://www.jcbindia.com/

3. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/

4. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-electric-eels-gene/

5. http://www.aqua.org/explore/animals/electric-eel

6. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1339462/A-shocking-festive-
display-Japanese-aquarium-uses-electric-EEL-power-6ft-tall-Christmas-
tree.html

7. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/BarryLajnwand.shtml

8. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-electric-eels-evolved-shock-
1454337#slideshow/1386044

9. https://news.wisc.edu/scientists-find-the-shocking-truth-about-electric-fish/

10. https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-
animals/animals/vertebrate.../electric-fish

11. www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-
62252007000300022

12.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/7159/276635d78390ce633a51e
cefd32163bba3ce.pd

13. https://www.popsci.com/why-dont-electric-eels-electrocute-themselves
14. https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/animals/vertebrate-
zoology/electric-fish

15. https://www.shutterstock.com/search/electric+fish

16. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/e/electric-eel/

17. https://www.aqua.org/Experience/Animal-Index/electric-eel
 GLOSSARY

Amphibians: A cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the

frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians.

Arthritis soreness: Inflammation of a joint. When joints are inflamed they can
develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain.

Cartilaginous: Having a skeleton of cartilage.

Crustaceans: An arthropod of the large, mainly aquatic group Crustacea, such

as a crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle.

Delicacy: Fineness or intricacy of texture or structure.

Dorsal: On or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

Embryos: An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

Epilepsy: A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of

sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with
abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Invertebrates: An animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusc,

annelid, coelenterate, etc.

Inverter: An apparatus which converts direct current into alternating current.

Juveniles: A young animal.

Nocturnal: Active at night.

Sinuous: Having many curves and turns.

Stabilizer: A voltage stabilizer is an electrical appliance used to feed constant

voltage current to electrical gadgets like ACs and computers and protects them
from damage due to voltage fluctuations.

Swamps: An area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects.

Torpediniformes: Rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes.

 INDEX

Amphibians 5
Arthritis soreness 18
Cartilaginous 19
Crustaceans 5,14
Delicacy 18
Dorsal 1
Embryos 3
Epilepsy 20
Invertebrates 5,6,19
Inverter 7,8
Juveniles 3,5
Nocturnal 18
Sinuous 1
Stabilizer 8
Swamps 2
Torpediniformes 19