CONVECTION

PART – A

1. What is dimensional analysis?

Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method which makes use of the study of the
dimensions for solving several engineering problems. This method can be applied to all types of
fluid resistances, heat flow problems in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

2. State Buckingham  theorem.

Buckingham  theorem states as Follows: “If there are n variables in a dimensionally

homogeneous equation and if these contain m fundamental dimensions, then the variables are
arranged into (n – m) dimensionless terms. These dimensionless terms are called  terms.

3. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis?

1. It expresses the functional relationship between the variables in dimensional terms.

2. It enables getting up a theoretical solution in a simplified dimensionless form.
3. The results of one series of tests can be applied to a large number of other similar problems
with the help of dimensional analysis.

4. What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis?

1. The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis. It only indicates that
there is some relationship between the parameters.
2. No information is given about the internal mechanism of physical phenomenon.
3. Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables.

5. Define Reynolds number (Re).

It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.

Inertia force
Re =
Viscous force

6. Define prandtl number (Pr).

It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity.

Momentum diffusivity
Pr =
Thermal diffusivity

7. Define Nusselt number (Nu).

It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature
gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a
stationary thickness (L) of metre.

1
 Qconv
Nusselt number (Nu) = .
Qcond

8. Define Grash of number (Gr).

It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
viscous force.
Inertia force �Buyoyancy force
Gr =
(Viscous force)2

9. Define Stanton number (St).

It is the ratio of nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and prandtl number.
Nu
St =
Re�Pr

10. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?

The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and those
which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.

11. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?

Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in
each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.

Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequency
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual particle is
zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.

12. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?

In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.

13. What is thermal boundary layer?

In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream velocity.

14. Define convection.

Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures.

15. State Newton’s law of convection.

Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation
Q = h A (Tw – T)

2
This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling.
Where

h – Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m 2K.

A – Surface area in m2
Tw – Surface (or) Wall temperature in K
T - Temperature of fluid in K.

16. What is meant by free or natural convection?

If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.

17. What is forced convection?

If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan,
that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.

18. According to Newton’s law of cooling the amount of heat transfer from a solid surface
of area A at temperature Tw to a fluid at a temperature T is given by _____________.

Ans : Q = h A (Tw – T)

19. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer for flow through cylindrical
pipes?

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

n = 0.4 for heating of fluids
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids

20. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?

1. Reynolds number (Re)

2. Nusdselt number (Nu)
3. Prandtl number (Pr)

21. Define boundary layer thickness.

The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at
which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature.

3
 PART – B

1. Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the
plate maintained at 60C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming
the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2m.

Given : Fluid temperature T = 20C,

Pressure p = 1 bar,
Velocity U = 3 m/s,

Plate surface temperature Tw = 60C,

Width W = 1 m,
Length L = 2m.

Solution : We know,
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
60 + 20
=
2
Tf = 40�C

Properties of air at 40C:

Density  = 1.129 Kg/m3

Thermal conductivity K = 26.56 �10 -3 W / mK,
Kinematic viscosity v = 16.96 �10 -6 m2 / s.
Prandtl number Pr = 0.699
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
3 �2
=
16.96 �10 -6
= 35.377 �10 4

Re = 35.377 �10 4 < 5 �105

Reynolds number value is less than 5  105, so this is laminar flow.

For flat plate, Laminar flow,

Local Nusselt Number Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
Nux = 0.332 (35.377 �10 4 )0.5 �(0.699)0.333
Nux = 175.27
We know that,
hs �L
Local Nusselt Number Nu x =
K
hs �2
� 175.27 =
26.56 �10 -3

4
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 2.327 W/m2K
We know,

Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2  hx

h = 2 �2.327
h = 4.65 W/m2K

Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)

= 4.65 �2 (60 - 20)
[\ Area = width �length = 1�2 = 2]
Q = 372 Watts.

2. Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the
plate is 1 m wide and 80C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

2. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
3. Local friction coefficient,
4. Average friction coefficient,
5. Local heat transfer coefficient
6. Average heat transfer coefficient,
7. Heat transfer.

Given: Fluid temperature T = 20C

Velocity U = 3 m/s
Wide W=1m
Surface temperature Tw = 80C
Distance x = 300 mm = 0.3 m

Solution: We know
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2

80 + 20
=
2
Tf = 50�C
Properties of air at 50�
C
Density  = 1.093 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity v = 17.95 �10 -6m2 / s
Pr andt l number Pr =0.698
Thermal conductivity K = 28.26 �10 -3 W / mK

We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v

5
 3 �0.3
=
17.95 �10 -6
Re = 5.01�10 4 < 5 �105

Since Re < 5  105, flow is laminar

For Flat plate, laminar flow,

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness:

d hx = 5 �x �(Re)-0.5
= 5 �0.3 �(5.01�10 4 )-0.5
d hx = 6.7 �10 -3 m

2. Thermal boundary layer thickness:

d TX = d hx (Pr)-0.333
( )
� d TX = 6.7 �10 -3 (0.698)-0.333
d TX = 7.5 �10 -3 m

3. Local Friction coefficient:

Cfx = 0.664(Re)-0.5
= 0.664 (5.01�10 4 )-0.5
Cfx = 2.96 �10 -3

4. Average friction coefficient:

CfL = 1.328 (Re)-0.5

= 1.328 (5.01�10 4 )-0.5
= 5.9 �10 -3
CfL = 5.9 �10 -3

5. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):

Local Nusselt Number

Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (5.01�10 4 ) (0.698)0.333
Nux = 65.9
We know

Local Nusselt Number

6
 hx �L
Nux =
K
hx �0.3
65.9 = [Q x = L = 0.3m]
23.26 �10 -3
� hx = 6.20 W/m2K
Local heat transfer coefficient h x = 6.20 W / m2K

6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h):

h = 2 �hx
= 2 �6.20
h = 12.41 W / m2K

7. Heat transfer:

We know that,
Q = h A(Tw - T�)
= 12.41�(1�0.3) (80-20)
Q = 23.38 Watts

3. Air at 30C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1.5 m
wide. Calculate the following:

1. Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate,

2. Total drag force,
3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.

Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C

Velocity U = 2 m/s
Length L =2m
Wide W W = 1.5 m

To find:
1. Boundary layer thickness
2. Total drag force.
3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.

Solution: Properties of air at 30C

 = 1.165 kg/m3
v = 16 �10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75 �10 - 3 W / mK
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v

7
 2 �2
=
16 �10 -6
Re = 2.5 �105 < 5 �105
Since Re<5 �105 ,flow is laminar

For flat plate, laminar flow, [from HMT data book, Page No.99]

Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness

d hx = 5 �x �(Re)-0.5
= 5 �2 �(2.5 �105 )-0.5
d hx = 0.02 m

Thermal boundary layer thickness,

d txd hx �(Pr)-0.333
=0.02 �(0.701)-0.333
d TX = 0.0225 m
We know,
Average friction coefficient,
CfL = 1.328 (Re)-0.5
= 1.328 �(2.5 �105 )-0.5
CfL = 2.65 �10-3

We know

t
CfL =
U2
2
t
޴ 2.65 10-3
1.165 �(2)2
2
޴ shear stress t = 6.1 10 -3N / m 2
Average
Drag force = Area �Average shear stress
= 2 �1.5 �6.1�10-3
Drag force = 0.018 N
Drag force on two sides of the plate
= 0.018 �2
= 0.036 N

Total mass flow rate between x = 40 cm and x= 85 cm.

8
 5
Dm =  U [ d hx = 85 - d hx = 40 ]
8

Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness

d hx =0.5 = 5 �x �(Re)-0.5
-0.5
U �x �
�
= 5 �0.85 �� �
�v �
-0.5
�2 �0.85 �
= 5 �0.85 ��
�16 �106 �
�
d HX=0.85 = 0.0130 m
d hx=0.40 = 5 �x �(Re)-0.5
-0.5
�U �x �
= 5 �0.40 �� �
�v �
-0.5
�2 �0.40 �
= 5 �0.40 ��
�16 �10-6 �
�
d HX=0.40 = 8.9 �10-3 m
5
(1) � Dm= �1.165 �2 � 0.0130 - 8.9 �10 -3 �
� �
8
Dm = 5.97 �10 -3Kg / s,

4. Air at 30C, Flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 4 m/s. The plate measures 50  30 cm
and is maintained at a uniform temperature of 90C. Compare the heat loss from the plate
when the air flows

(a) Parallel to 50 cm,

(b) Parallel to 30 cm
Also calculate the percentage of heat loss.

Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C

Velocity U = 4 m/s
Plate dimensions = 50 cm  30 cm
= 0.50 �0.30 m2
Surface temperature Tw = 90C

Tw + T�
Solution: Film temperature Tf =
2
90 + 30
=
2
Tf = 60�C

Properties of air at 60C,

9
 = 1.060 Kg/m3
n = 18.97 �10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.696
K = 28.96 �10-3 W/mK

Case (i) : When the flow is parallel to 50 cm.

UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
4 �0.50
=
18.97 �10 -6
Re = 1.05 �105 < 5 �105
Since Re <5 �105 ,flow is laminar

Local nusselt number NUx = 0.332(Re)0.5(Pr)0.333

( )
0.5
NUx =0.332 1.05 �105 �(0.696)0.333

Local nusselt number NUx =95.35

We know
hL
NUx = x
K
hx �0.50
95.35 =
28.96 �10 -3
Local heat transfer coefficient h x = 5.52 W/m2K

We know

Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2 �hx

� h = 2 �5.52
h = 11.04 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q1 = h A(Tw - T�)
= 11.04 �(0.5 �0.3) �(90 - 30)
Q1 = 99.36 W

Case (ii) : When the flow is parallel to 30 cm side.

UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
4 �0.3
=
18.97 �10 -6
Re = 6.3 �10 4 < 5 �105
Since Re<5 �105 , flow is laminar
For flat plate, laminar flow,
Local Nusselt Number

10
NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (0.696)0.333
= 0.332 (6.32 �10 4 )0.5 (0.696)0.333
NUx = 74.008
h xL
We know that, NUx =
K
hx �0.30
74.008 =
28.96 �10 -3
� hx = 7.141 W/m2K

Local heat transfer coefficient h x = 7.141 W/m2K

Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx

h = 2 �7.14
h = 14.28 W/m2K
We know
Heat transfer Q2 = h �A �(Tw - T�)
= h �L �W (Tw - T�)
= 14.28 �0.3 �0.5 �(363 - 303)
Q2 = 128.5W

Case (iii):

Q2 - Q1
% heat loss = �100
Q1
128.5-99.36
= �100
99.36
% heat loss = 29.3%

5. Air at 40C is flows over a flat plate of 0.9 m at a velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate the
following:

1. Overall drag coefficient

2. Average shear stress,
3. Compare the average shear stress with local shear stress (shear stress at the trailing
edge)

Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C

Length L = 0.9 m
Velocity U = 3 m/s.

Solution:

Properties of air at 40C:

11
 = 1.128 Kg/m3
n = 16.96 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.699
K = 26.56 �10 -3 W/mK
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
3 �0.9
=
16.96 �10 -6
Re = 1.59 �105 < 5 �105
Since Re< 5 �105 , flow is laminar
For plate, laminar flow,

Drag coefficient (or) Average skin friction coefficient

CfL = 1.328 �(Re)-0.5

= 1.328 �(1.59 �105 )-0.5
CfL = 3.3 �10 -3
We know
t
CfL =
Average friction coefficient U2
2
U2
t = CfL �
2
3.3 �10-3 �1.128 �(3)2
=
2
Average shear stress t = 0.016 N/m2
We know,

Local skin friction coefficient

Cfx = 0.664 �(Re)-0.5

= 0.664 �(1.59 �105 )-0.5
Cfx = 1.66 �10 -3
we know
t
Cfx =
Local skin friction coefficient U2
2

12
 t
޴ 1.66 10-3
1.128 �(3)2
2
t x = 8.4 �10 N / m
-3 2

Local shear stress t x = 8.4 �10 -3 N / m2

Local shear stress t x 8.4 �10 -3 N / m2
=
Average shear stress t 0.016 N / m2
= 0.52

6. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m long and 0.5 m
wide. The pressure of the air is 6 kN/ 2. If the plate is maintained at a temperature of 70C,
estimate the rate of heat removed form the plate.

Given : Fluid temperature T = 290C

Velocity U = 6 m/s.
Length L =1m
Wide W = 0.5 m
Pressure of air P = 6 kN/m2
= 6 �103 N / m2
Plate surface temperature Tw = 70C

To find: Heat removed from the plate

Solution:

We know
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
70 + 290
=
2
Tf = 180�C

Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure)

 = 0.799 Kg/m3
n = 32.49 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.681
K = 37.80 �10 -3 W/mK

Note: Pressure other than atmospheric pressure is given, so kinematic viscosity will vary with
pressure. Pr, K, Cp are same for all pressures.
Patm
Kinematic viscosity n = n atm �
Pgiven

13
 1 bar
� n = 32.49 �10 -6
6 �103N / m2
[Q Atmospheric pressure = 1 bar ]
105 N / m2
= 32.49 �10 -6 �
6 �103 N / m3

�
Q 1 bar = 1�105N / m2 �
� �
Kinematic viscosity v = 5.145 �10 -4m2 / s.

We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
6 �1
=
5.145 �10 -4
Re = 1.10 �10 4 - 5 �105
Since Re< 5 �105 , flow is laminar

For plate, laminar flow,

Local nusselt number
NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (1.10 �10 4 )0.5 (0.681)0.333
NUx = 30.63
We know
hL
NUx = x
K
hx �1
30.63 = [ Q L = 1 m]
37.80 �10 -3

Local heat transfer coefficient h x = 1.15 W/m2K

We know

Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx

h = 2 �1.15
h = 2.31 W/m2K

We know
Heat transferred Q = h A (T� - Tw )
= 2.31�(1�0.5) �(563 - 343)
Q = 254.1 W

Heat transfer from both side of the plate = 2  254.1

= 508.2 W.

14
7. Air at 40C flows over a flat plate, 0.8 m long at a velocity of 50 m/s. The plate surface is
maintained at 300C. Determine the heat transferred from the entire plate length to air
taking into consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of the boundary layer. Also
calculate the percentage error if the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent nature from
the very leading edge of the plate.

Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C

Length L = 0.8 m
Velocity U = 50 m/s
Plate surface temperature Tw = 300C

To find :

1. Heat transferred for:

i. Entire plate is considered as combination of both laminar and turbulent flow.
ii. Entire plate is considered as turbulent flow.

2. Percentage error.

Solution: We know

Tw - T�
Film temperature Tf = T
2
300 + 40
= = 443 K
2
Tf = 170�C
Pr operties of air at 170�
C:
 = 0.790 Kg/m3
n = 31.10 �10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.6815
K = 37 �10 -3 W/mK
We know
UL
Reynolds number Re=
v
50 �0.8
= = 1.26 �106
31.10 �10-6
Re = 1.26 �106 > 5 �105
Re > 5 �105 ,so this is turbulent flow

Case (i): Laminar – turbulent combined. [It means, flow is laminar upto Reynolds number value is
5  105, after that flow is turbulent]

Average nusselt number = Nu = (Pr)0.333 (Re)0.8 – 871

Nu = (0.6815)0.333 [0.037 (1.26  106)0.8 – 871
Average nusselt number Nu = 1705.3

15
 hL
We know Nu =
K
h �0.8
1705.3 =
37 �10-3

h = 78.8 W / m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient
h=78.8 W/m2K
Head transfer Q1 = h �A �(Tw + T�)
= h �L �W �(Tw + T�)
= 78.8 �0.8 �1�(300 - 40)
Q1 = 16390.4 W

Case (ii) : Entire plate is turbulent flow:

Local nusselt number} Nux = 0.0296  (Re)0.8  (Pr)0.333

NUx = 0.0296  (1.26 106)0.8  (0.6815)0.333

NUx = 1977.57
We know
h �L
NUx = x
K
h �0.8
1977.57 = x
37 �10 -3
hx = 91.46 W/m2K

Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 91.46 W/m2K

Average heat transfer coefficient (for turbulent flow)

h = 1.24  hx
= 1.24 91.46

Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 113.41 W/m 2K

We know Heat transfer Q2 = h  A  (Tw + T)

= h  L  W  (Tw + T)
= 113.41  0.8  1 (300 – 40)
Q2 = 23589.2 W

16
 Q2 - Q1
2. Percentage error =
Q1
23589.2 - 16390.4
= �100
16390.4
= 43.9%
8. Air at 20C flows over a flat plate at 60C with a free stream velocity of 6 m/s. Determine
the value of the average convective heat transfer coefficient upto a length of 1 m in the flow
direction.

Given : Fluid temperature T = 20C

Plate temperature Tw = 60C
Velocity U = 6 m/s
Length L =1m

To find : Average heat transfer coefficient

Solution : We know
Tw - T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
60+20
=
2
Tf = 40�C
Properties of air at 40�
C:
Density  = 1.128 Kg/m3
Thermal conductivity K = 26.56 �10 -3 W/mK
Kinematic viscosity v = 16.96 �10 -6m2 / s
Pr andtl number Pr = 0.699

We know
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
6 �1
=
16.96 �10 -6
Re = 3.53 �105 < 5 �105
Since Re < 5 �105 , flow is laminar
For flat plate, laminar flow

Local nusselt number} Nux = 0.332  (Re)0.5  (Pr)0.333

= 0.332  (3.53  105)0.5  (0.699)0.333
NUx = 175.27

We know,
hx �L
Local nusselt number} NUx =
K

17
 hx �1
175.27 =
26.56 �10 -3
Local nusselt number} NUx = 4.65 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 2 �hx
= 2 �4.65
h = 9.31 W/m2K

9. Air at 25C at the atmospheric pressure is flowing over a flat plate at 3 m/s. If the plate is
1 m wide and the temperature Tw = 75C. Calculate the following at a location of 1m from
leading edge.

i. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

ii. Local friction coefficient,
iii. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
iv. Local heat transfer coefficient

Given : Fluid temperature T = 25C

Velocity U = 3 m/s
Wide W=1m

Plate surface temperature Tw = 75C

Distance =1m

To find:

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness.

2. Local friction coefficient
3. Thermal boundary layer thickness
4. Local heat transfer coefficient

Solution: We know
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
75 + 25
= = 323 K = 50�
C
2
Tf = 50�C
Pr operties of air at 50�
C:
Density  = 1.093
Kinematic viscosity n = 17.95 �10 -6 m2 / s
Prandtl number Pr = 0.698
Thermal conductivity K = 28.26 �13 -3 W/m K
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re= [ Q x = L 1m]
v

18
 3 �1
= -6
= 1.67 �105
17.95 �10

Re = 1.67 �105 < 5 �105

Since Re < 5 �105 ,flow is laminar

For flat plate, laminar flow,

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

d hx = 5 �x �(Re)-0.5
= 5 �1�(1.67 �105 )-0.5
d hx = 0.0122 m

2. Local friction coefficient

Cfx = 0.644 (Re)-0.5

= 0.644 (1.67 �105 )-0.5
Cfx = 1.62 �10 -3

3. Thermal boundary layer thickness,

d TX = d hx �(Pr)-0.333
= 0.0122 �(0.698) -0.333
d TX = 0.01375

4. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):

We know

Local nusselt number} NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

= 0.332 (1.67  105)0.5 (0.698)0.333

NUx = 120.415
h �L
We know, NUx = x
K
hx �1
� 120.415 = [Q x = L = 1m ]
28.26 �10-3
Local heat transfer coefficient} h x = 3.4 W / m2K

10. Atmospheric air at 300 K with a velocity of 2.5 m/s flows over a flat plate of length L =
2m and width W = 1m maintained at uniform temperature of 400 K. Calculate the local heat
transfer coefficient at 1 m length and the average heat transfer coefficient from L = 0 to L =
2m. Also find the heat transfer,

19
Given : Fluid temperature T = 300 K
Velocity U = 2.5 m/s
Total Length L =2m
Width W=1m
Surface temperature Tw = 400 K

To find:

1. Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1 m

2. Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2 m
3. Heat transfer Q

Solution:

Case (i): Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1m

Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
400 + 300
= = 350 K
2
Tf = 77�
C

Properties of air at 77�

C � 80�
C:
 = 1 Kg/m3
n = 21.09 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.692
K = 30.47 �10 -3 W/mK
We know
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
2.5 �1
=
21.09 �10 -6
Re = 118539.45 < 5 �105
Since Re < 5 �105 ,flow is laminar.

For flat plate, laminar flow,

Local Nusselt number} NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

= 0.332 (118539.5)0.5 (0.692)0.333

NUx = 101.18
We know,
hL
Local nusselt number} NUx = x
K

20
 hx �1
101.18 =
30.47 �10 -3
hx = 3.0832 W/m2K

 Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 3.08 W/m2K

Case (ii): Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2m

UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
2.5 �2
Re =
21.09 �10 -6
Re = 237079.18 < 5 �105
Since Re < 5 �105 ,flow is laminar.

For flat plate, laminar flow,

NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

= 0.332 (237079.18)0.5 (0.692)0.333
NUx = 143
h L
We know that, NUx = x
K
hx �2
� 143 =
30.47 �10 -3

Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 2.17 W/m2K

We know that,

Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 2  hx

h = 2  2.17
h = 4.35 W/m2K

Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 4.35 W/m 2K

Case (iii) : Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)

= 4.35  2  1 (400 – 300)
[Q L = 2m; W= 1m]
Q = 870 W.

11. For a particular engine, the underside of the crank case can be idealized as a flat plat
measuring 80 cm  20 cm. The engine runs at 80 km/hr and the crank case is cooled by air
flowing past it at the same speed. Calculate the loss of heat from the crank case surface of
temperature 75C to the ambient air temperature 25C. Assume the boundary layer
becomes turbulent from the loading edge itself.

Given : Area A = 80 cm  20 cm
= 1600 cm2 = 0.16m2

21
Velocity U = 80 Km/hr
80 �103 m
=
3600s
= 22.22 m/s
Surface temperature Tw = 75�
C
Ambient air temperature T� = 25 � C
Flow is turbulent from the leading edge, i.e,. flow is fully turbulent.

To find:
1. Heat loss
Tw + T� 75 + 25
Film temperature Tf = =
2 2
Tf = 50�
C
Properties of air at 50�
C:
 = 1.093 Kg/m3
n = 17.95 �10-6 m 2 / s
Pr = 0.698
K = 28.26 �10 -3 W/mK
We know
UL
Re ynolds number Re =
v
22.22 �0.8
= [ Q L = 0.8m]
17.95 �10-6
Re = 9 �105
Re = 9 �105 > 5 �105
Since Re>5 �105 , Flow is turbulent

For flat plate, turbulent flow,

[Fully turbulent from leading edge – given]

Local Nusselt number} NUx = 0.0296 (Re)0.8 (Pt)0.333

= 0.0296 [9  105]0.8 (0.698)0.33

NUx = 1524.6
h xL
We know that, NUx =
K
hx �0.8
1524.6 = [ Q L = 0.8m]
28.26 �10 -3
hx = 53.85 W/m2K

Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 53.85 W/m2K

For turbulent flow, flat plate

22
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 1.24 h x
h = 1.24  53.85
h = 66.78 W/m2K
We know,
Heat loss Q = h A (Tw - T)
= 66.78  0.16 (75 – 25)
Q = 534.2 W

Formulae used for Tube flow (Internal flow)

1. Bulk mean temperature

T + Tmo
Tm = mi
2
Tmi = Inlet temperature C,
Where
Tmo = Outlet temperature C.
UD
2. Reynolds Number Re =
n
If Reynolds number value is less than 2300, flow is laminar. If Reynolds number values is greater
than 2300, flow is turbulent.

3. Laminar Flow:
Nusselt Number NU – 3.66
[From HMT data book, Page No.116]

4. Turbulent Flow (General Equation)

Nusselt Number Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
n = 0.4 – Heating process
n = 0.3 – Cooling process
[From HMT data book, Page No.119]

This equation is valid for

0.6 < Pr < 160,
Re < 10000
L
> 60
D
For turbulent flow,
0.055
�D �
Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33 � �
�L �
This equation is valid for
L
10 < < 400
D

5. Equivalent diameter for rectangular section,

4A 4(L �W)
Dh (or) Dc = =
P 2(L + W)

23
Where A – Area, m2,
P – Perimeter, m
L – Length, m,
W – Width, m.

6. Equivalent diameter for hollow cylinder

4A
Dh (or) Dc =
P
 2
4� � �D0 - Di2 �
�
= 4
 [ D0 + Di ]
Where D0 - Outer diameter
Di - Inner diameter
7. Heat transfer

Q = h A (Tw – Tm) where A =   D  L

(or)
Q = m Cp (Tmo – Tmi)

Where Tw – Tube wall temperature C,

Tm – Mean temperature C.
Tmi – Inlet temperature C
Tmo – Outlet temperature C.

8. Mass flow rate

m -   A  U Kg/s
Where  - Density, Kg/m3
 2 2
A – Area, D , m
4
U – Velocity, m/s

12. When 0.6 Kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is found
to be heated from 20C to 60C. The heating is achieved by condensing steam on the
surface of the tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is maintained at
90C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow.
0.6
Given : Mass m = 0.6 Kg/min = kg / s
60
= 0.01 Kg/s
Diameter D = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Inlet temperature Tmi = 20�
C
Outlet temperature Tmo = 60�
C
Tube surface temperature Tw = 90 �
C

To find: length of the tube (L)

Solution:

24
 Tmi + Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm =
2
20 + 60
=
2
Tm = 40� C
Properties of water at 40�
C:
 = 995 Kg/m3
n = 0.657 �10-6m2 / s
Pr = 4.340
K = 628 �10 -3 W/mK
CP = 4.178 KJ/KgK = 4178 J/KgK
Mass flow rate m =  A U
m
� U=
A
0.01
=

995 � (0.02)2
4
Velocity U = 0.031 m/s
Let us first determine the type of flow
UD
Re =
n
0.031�0.02
� Re =
0.657 �10 -6
Re = 943.6
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar

For laminar flow,

Nusselt number NU = 3.66

We know

hD
NU =
K
h �0.02
� 3.66 =
628 �10 -3
� h = 114.9 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = mCP Dt
= mCP (Tmo - Tmi )
= 0.01�4178 �(60-20)
Q = 1671.2 W

25
We know that Q = h A DT
= h � �D �L �(Tw - Tm )
= 1671.2 =114.9 � �0.02 �L �(90-40)
L = 4.62m

13. Water at 50C enters 50 mm diameter and 4 m long tube with a velocity of 0.8 m/s. The
tube wall is maintained at a constant temperature of 90C. Determine the heat transfer
coefficient and the total amount of heat transferred if exist water temperature is 70C.

Given:

Inner temperature of water Tmi = 50C

Diameter D = 50mm = 0.05 m
Length L =4m
Velocity U = 0.8 m/s
Total wall temperature Tw = 90C
Exit temperature of water Tmo = 70C

To find:

1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)

2. Heat transfer (Q)

Solution:
Tmi + Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm =
2
50 + 70
=
2
Tm = 60�C
Properties of water at 60�
C:
 = 985 Kg/m3
n = 0.478 �10-6m2 / s
Pr = 3.020
K = 651.3 �10 -3 W/mK

Let us first determine the type of flow:

UD
Re =
n
0.8 �0.05
=
0.478 �10 -6

Re = 8.36 �10 4
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent

26
L 4
= = 80
D 0.05
L
= 80 > 60
D
Re = 8.36 �10 4 > 10,000
Pr = 3.020 � 0.6 < Pr < 160
L
ratio is greater than 60. Re value is greater than 10,000 and Pr value is in between 0.6 and 160
D
so,

Nusselt number NU = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

[Inlet temperature 50C, Exit temperature 70C
 Heating Process, So n = 0.4]
��Nu ޴ = 0.023 (8.36 10 4 )0.8 (3.020)0.4
Nu = 310
hD
We know that Nu=
K
h �0.05
310 =
651.3 �10 -3

Heat transfer coefficient h = 4039.3 W/m2K

Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw – Tm)
= h � �D �L �(Tw - Tm )
= 4093.3 � �0.05 �4 �(90 - 60)
Q = 76139 W

14. What flows through 0.8 cm diameter, 3m long tube at an average temperature of 40C.
The flow velocity is 0.65 m/s and tube wall temperature is 140C. Calculate the average heat
transfer coefficient.

Given : Diameter of tube D = 0.8 cm = 0.008 m

Length L =3m
Average temperature Tm = 40C
Velocity U = 0.65 m/s
Tube wall temperature Tw = 140C

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

 = 995 Kg/m3
n = 0.657 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 4.340
K = 628 �10 -3 W/mK
UD
We know Re =
n

27
 0.65 �0.008
=
0.657 �10 -6
Re = 7914.76
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.
L 3
= = 375
D 0.008
L
10 < < 400
D
L
ratio is in between 10 and 400, Re < 10000, so Nusselt Number Nu = 0.036 (Re) 0.8 (Pr)0.33
D
0.055
�D �
�L �
��
0.055
�0.008 �
޴ (7914.76)
Nu = 0.036 0.8
(4.340) 0.33
� 3 �
� �
� Nu = 55.44

We know
hD
Nusselt number NU=
K

h �0.008
55.44 =
628 �10-3
Heat transfer coefficient h = 4352.3 W/m 2K

15. Air at 15C, 35 m/s, flows through a hollow cylinder of 4 cm inner diameter and 6 cm
outer diameter and leaves at 45C. Tube wall is maintained at 60C. Calculate the heat
transfer coefficient between the air and the inner tube.

Given: Inner temperature of air Tmi = 15C

Velocity U = 35 m/s
Inner diameter Di = 4 cm = 0.04m
Outer diameter Do = 6 cm = 0.06m
Exit temperature of air Tmo = 45C
Tube wall temperature Tw = 60C

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution: We know
Tmi - Tmo
Mean temperature Tm =
2
15 + 45
=
2
Tm = 30�C

28
Properties of air at 30�
C
 = 1.165 Kg/m3
n = 16 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75 �10 -3 W/mK

Hydraulic of Equivalent diameter

 2
4� � �D - Di2 ��
4A 4
De = =
P  [ Do + Di ]
D2 - Di2 �
�
� �
=
Do + Di
(Do + -Di ) (Do - Di )
=
(Do + Di )
= D o - Di
= 0.06 - 0.04
De = 0.02 m
UDc
Reynolds Number Re=
n
35 �0.02
=
16 �10-6
Re = 43750

Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent

For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

This is heating process so, n = 0.4

�޴Nu = 0.023 (43750)0.8 (0.701)0.4
Nu = 102.9
hDe
We know Nu =
K
h �0.02
102.9 =
26.75 �10-3
� h = 137.7 W/m2K.
16. Air at 30C, 6 m/s flows over a rectangular section of size 300  800 mm. Calculate the
heat leakage per meter length per unit temperature difference.

Given : Air temperature Tm = 30

C
Velocity U = 6 m/s

29
 Area A = 300  800 mm2
A = 0.24 m2

To find:
1. Heat leakage per metre length per unit temperature difference.

Solution:

Properties of air at 30�

C
 = 1.165 Kg/m3
n = 16 �10-4 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75 �10-3 W / mK

Equivalent diameter for 300  800 mm2 cross section is given by

4A 4 �(0.3 �0.8)
De = =
P 2 (0.3 + 0.8)
Where P - Perimeter = 2 (L+W)
� De = 0.436 m

We know
UDe
Reynolds Number Re =
n
6 �0.436
=
16 �10 -6
Re = 16.3 �10 4
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.

For turbulent flow general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

Assuming the pipe wall temperature to be higher than a temperature. So heating process 
n = 0.4

޴ = 0.023 (16.3 10 4 )0.8 (0.701)0.4

Nu
Nu = 294.96
We know
hDe
Nusselt Number Nu =
K
h �0.436
� 294.96 =
26.75 �10 -3
Heat transfer coefficient  h = 18.09 W/m2K
Heat leakage per unit per length per unit temperature difference
Q=hP

30
 = 18.09 �[ 2 �(0.3 + 0.8 ]
Q = 39.79 W

17. Air at 333K, 1.5 bar pressure, flow through 12 cm diameter tube. The surface
temperature of the tube is maintained at 400K and mass flow rate is 75 kg/hr. Calculate the
heat transfer rate for 1.5 m length of the tube.

Given : Air temperature Tm = 333 K = 60C

Diameter D = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Surface temperature Tw = 400 K = 127C
75 Kg
Mass flow rate m = 75 kg/hr =
3600 s
m = 0.020 Kg/s
Length L = 1.5 m

To find:
1. Heat transfer rate (Q)

Solution:

Since the pressure is not much above atmospheric, physical properties of air may be taken at
atmospheric condition

Properties of air at 60�

C
 = 1.060 Kg/m3
n = 18.97 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.696
K = 28.96 �10-3 W/mK
UD
Reynolds number Re =
n
We know

Mass flow rate m p D U


0.020 = 1.060 � �D2 �U
4

�� ޴
0.020 = 1.060 (0.12)2 U
4
� U = 1.668 m/s
UD
(1) � Re =
n
1.668 �0.12
=
18.97 �10-6
Re = 10551.3

Since Re > 2300, so flow is turbulent

31
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re>10000)
Nu = 0.023 �(Re)0.8 �(0.696)0.4
Nu = 32.9
hD
We know Nu =
K
h �0.12
� 32.9 =
28.96 �10-3
� h = 7.94 W/m2K
Heat transfer rate Q = h A (Tw - Tm )
= h �( �D �L) �(Tw - Tm )
= 7.94 �( �0.12 �1.5) �(127 - 60)
Q = 300.82 W

18. 250 Kg/hr of air are cooled from 100C to 30C by flowing through a 3.5 cm inner
diameter pipe coil bent in to a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat
transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are

K = 0.0298 W/mK
 = 0.003 Kg/hr – m
Pr = 0.7
 = 1.044 Kg/m3

Given : Mass flow rate in = 205 kg/hr

205
= Kg / s in = 0.056 Kg/s
3600

Inlet temperature of air Tmi = 100C

Outlet temperature of air Tmo = 30C
Diameter D = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
T + Tmo
Mean temperature Tm = mi = 65�
C
2

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:
UD
Reynolds Number Re =
n

Kinematic viscosity n =

0.003
Kg / s - m
3600
1.044 Kg/m3
v = 7.98 �10 -7 m2 / s
Mass flow rate in =  A U

32
 
0.056 = 1.044 � �D2 �U
4

0.056 = 1.044 � �(0.035)2 �U
4

� U = 55.7 m/s
UD
(1) � Re =
n
55.7 �0.035
=
7.98 �10 -7
Re = 2.44 �106

Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent

For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 �(Re)0.8 �(Pr)0.3

This is cooling process, so n = 0.3
�� ޴ = 0.023 (2.44 10 6 )0.8 (0.7)0.3
Nu
Nu = 2661.7

hD
We know that, Nu =
K
h �0.035
2661.7 =
0.0298

Heat transfer coefficient h = 2266.2 W/m2K

19. In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID and 5 cm OD) the air is heated by maintaining the
temperature of the outer surface of inner tube at 50C. The air enters at 16C and leaves at
32C. Its flow rate is 30 m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient between air and the inner
tube.

Given : Inner diameter Di = 3.125 cm = 0.03125 m

Outer diameter Do = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Tube wall temperature Tw = 50C
Inner temperature of air Tmi = 16C
Outer temperature of air tmo = 32C
Flow rate U = 30 m/s

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:
Tmi + Tmo
Mean temperature Tm =
2

33
 16 + 32
=
2
Tm = 24�C
Properties of air at 24�
C:
 = 1.614 Kg/m3
n = 15.9 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.707
K = 26.3 �10-3 W / mK
We know,

Hydraulic or equivalent diameter

 2
4� � �D - Di2 ��
4A 4
Dh = =
P  [ Do + Di ]

=
( Do + -Di ) ( Do - Di )
(Do + Di )
= Do - Di
= 0.05 – 0.03125
Dh = 0.01875 m
UDh
Reynolds number Re =
n
30 �0.01875
=
15.9 �106
Re = 35.3  10-6

Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent

For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

This is heating process. So n = 0.4

�޴Nu = 0.023 (35.3 103 )0.8 (0.707)0.4
Nu = 87.19
hDh
We know Nu =
K
h �0.01875
� 87.19=
26.3 �10-3
� h = 122.3 W/m2K

20. Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 147C.
The flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube wall
is maintained at a temperature of 200C and it is 2 m long.

Given : Diameter D = 50 mm = 0.050 m

34
Average temperature Tm = 147C
Velocity U = 80 cm/s = 0.80 m/s
Tube wall temperature Tw = 200C
Length L = 2m

To find: Average heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution : Properties of engine oil at 147C

 = 816 Kg/m3
n = 7 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 116
K = 133.8 �10-3 W/mK
We know
UD
Reynolds number Re =
n
0.8 �0.05
=
7 �10-6
Re = 5714.2

Since Re < 2300 flow is turbulent

L 2
= = 40
D 0.050
L
10 < < 400
D
For turbulent flow, (Re < 10000)
0.055
�D �
Nusselt number Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33 � �
�L �
0.055
�0.050 �
Nu = 0.036 (5714.2) 0.8
�(116)0.33
�� �
� 2 �
Nu = 142.8
hD
We know Nu =
K
h �0.050
� 142.8 =
133.8 �10 -3
� h = 382.3 W/m2K

21. A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of 20C to an outlet temperature of
40C involves passing the water through a 2.5cm diameter steel pipe. The pipe surface
temperature is maintained at 110C by condensing steam on its surface. For a water mass
flow rate of 0.5 kg/min, find the length of the tube desired.

Given : Inlet temperature Tmi = 20C

Outlet temperature Tmo = 40C
Diameter D = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

35
Piper surface temperature Tw = 110C
Mass flow rate m = 0.5 Kg/min = 8.33  10-3 Kg/s

To find: Length of the tube (L)

Solution: We know
Tmi + Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm =
2
20 + 40
=
2
Tm = 30� C
Properties of water at 30�
C
 = 997 Kg/m3
n = 0.857 �10-6 m 2 / s
Pr = 5.5
K = 610 �10-3 W/mK
CP = 4.178 KJ/Kg K = 4178 J/Kg K
We know
UD
Reynolds number Nu =
n
We know that,
Mass flow rate in =  AU

8.33 �10-3 =  � D2 �U
4

8.33 �10-3 = 997 � �(0.025)2 �U
4
� U = 0.017 m/s
UD
(1) � Re =
n
0.017 �0.025
=
0.857 �10 -6
Re = 495
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar

For laminar flow,

Nusselt number Nu = 3.66

hD
We know that, Nu =
K
h �0.025
3.66 =
610 �10-3

Heat transfer coefficient h = 89.3 W/m 2K

36
Heat transfer Q = m CP DT
= m CP (Tmo - Tmi )
= 8.33 �10 -3 �4178 (40 - 20)
Q = 696.05 W
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - Tm )
= h � �D �L (Tw - Tm )
696.05 = 89.3 � �0.025 �L �(110 - 30)
� L = 1.24 m

37
Formulae used for free convection

Tw - T�
1. Film temperature Tf =
2
where Tw – Surface temperature in C
T - Fluid temperature in C

2. Coefficient of thermal expansion

1
b=
Tf in K

hL
3. Nusselt Number Nu =
K

Where h – Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K

L – Length, m
K – Thermal conductivity, W/mK

4. Grashof number for vertical plate

g �b �L3 �DT
Gr =
v2
Where L - Length of the plate,
DT - Tw - T�
n - Kinematic viscosity, m2 / s,
b - Coefficient of thermal expansion.

5. If GrPr value is less than 109, flow is laminar. If GrPr value is greater than 109, flow is turbulent.

i.e., GrPr > 109,  Laminar flow

GrPr > 109,  Turbulent flow

6. For laminar flow (Vertical plate):

Nusselt number Nu = 0.59 (GrPr)0.25

This expression is valid for,

104 < Gr Pr < 109

7. For turbulent flow (Vertical plate):

Nusselt Number Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333

8. Heat transfer (vertical plate):

Q = h A (Tw - T)

9. Grashof number for horizontal plate:

g �b �Lc 3 �DT
Gr =
v2

38
 W
Where Lc – Characteristic length =
2
W – Width of the plate.

10. For horizontal plate, upper surface heated,

Nusselt number Nu = 0.54 [Gr Pr]0.25

This expression is valid for
2 �10 4 < Gr Pr < 8 �10 6
Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 [Gr Pr]0.333
This expression is valid for 8 �10 6 < Gr Pr <1011

11. For horizontal plate, lower surface heated

Nusselt Number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25

This expression is valid for 105 < Gr Pr < 1011

12. Heat transfer (Horizontal plate)

Q = (hu + hj)  A  (Tw - T)

Where hu – Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient W/m 2 K
Hi – Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, W/m 2K

13. For horizontal cylinder

Nusselt number Nu = C [Gr Pr]m

14. For horizontal cylinder,

Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)

Where A - DL
15.For sphere,

Nusselt number Nu = 2 + 0.43 [Gr Pr]0.25

Heat transfer Q = h  A  (Tw - T)
Where A - 4r2

16. Boundary layer thickness

d x = [3.93 �(Pr)-0.5 (0.952+Pr)0.25 �(Gr)-0.25 ] �x

22. A vertical plate of 0.75 m height is at 170 C and is exposed to air at a temperature of
105C and one atmosphere calculate:

1. Mean heat transfer coefficient,

2. Rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate

Given :

39
 Length L = 0.75 m
Wall temperature Tw = 170C
Fluid temperature T = 105C

To find:

1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)

2. Heat transfer (Q) per unit width

Solution: Velocity (U) is not given. So this is natural convection type problem.
T - T�
Film temperature Tf = w
2
170 + 105
=
2
Tf = 137.5�
C
Pr operties of air at Tf = 137.5�
C = 140�
C
Density  = 0.854 Kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity n = 27.80 �10-6 m2 / s
Prandtl number Pr = 0.684
Thermal conductivity K = 34.89 �103 W / mK
We know that
1
Coefficient of thermal expansion} b =
Tf in K
1
�b =
137.5+273
1
=
410.5
b = 2.4 �10 -3 K -1

We know
g �b �L3 �DT
Grahsof number Gr =
v2
9.81�2.4 �10 -3 �(0.75)3 �(170 - 105)
� Gr =
(27.80 �10-6 )2
޴ = 8.35
Gr 108
޴Gr Pr = 8.35
� 108 0.684
Gr Pr = 5.71�108

Since Gr Pr < 109, flow is laminar

Gr Pr value is in between 104 and 109 i.e., 104 < Gr Pr < 109
So, Nusselt Number

Nu = 0.59 (Gr Pr)0.25

40
 ޴ = 0.59 (5.71 108 )0.25
Nu = 91.21

We know
hL
Nusselt number Nu =
K
h �0.75
� 91.21 =
34.89 �10 -3
� h = 4.24 W/m2K

Heat transfer coefficient h = 4.24 W/m 2K

We know
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T�)
= 4.24 �1�0.75 �(170-105)
[ Q W = 1m]
Q = 206.8 W

23. A large vertical plate 4 m height is maintained at 606C and exposed to atmospheric air
at 106C. Calculate the heat transfer is the plate is 10 m wide.

Given :
Vertical plate length (or) Height L = 4 m
Wall temperature Tw = 606C
Air temperature T = 106C
Wide W = 10 m

To find: Heat transfer (Q)

Solution:
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
606 + 106
=
2
Tf = 356�C
Properties of air at 356�
C = 350�
C
 = 0.566 Kg/m3
n = 55.46 �10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.676
K = 49.08 �10 -3 W/mK
1
Coefficient of thermal expansion} b =
Tf in K

41
 1 1
= =
356 + 273 629
b = 1.58 �10-3K -1
g �b �L3 �DT
Grashof number Gr =
v2
9.81�2.4 �10 -3 �(4)3 �(606 - 106)
� Gr =
(55.46 �10 -6 )2

Gr = 1.61  1011
Gr Pr = 1.61  1011  0.676
Gr Pr = 1.08  1011
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow,
Nusselt number Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333
޴Nu = 0.10 [1.08 1011]0.333
Nu = 471.20

We know that,
hL
Nusselt number Nu =
K
h �4
� 472.20 =
49.08 �10-3

Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.78 W/m 2K

Heat transfer Q = h A DT
= h �W �L �(Tw - T�)
= 5.78 �10 �4 �(606 - 106)
Q = 115600 W
Q = 115.6 �103 W

24. A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 150C in a large tank full of water at 75C. Estimate the rate of heat to be
supplied to the plate to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is dissipated from
either side of plate.

Given :

Length of horizontal plate L = 100 cm = 1m

Wide W = 10 cm = 0.10 m
Plate temperature Tw = 150C
Fluid temperature T = 75C

To find: Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate

Solution:

42
 Tw - T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
150 + 75
=
2
Tf = 112.5�C
Properties of water at 112.5�
C
 = 951 Kg/m3
n = 0.264 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 1.55
K = 683 �10 -3 W/mK
1 1
Coefficient of thermal expansion} b = =
T in K 112.5 + 273
f
b = 2.59 �10 -3 K -1
g �b �L3 �DT
Grashof Number Gr =
v2
For horizontal plate,
W 0.10
Characteristic length L c = =
2 2
Lc = 0.05 m
9.81�2.59 �10-3 �(0.05)3 �(150 - 75)
(1) � Gr =
(0.264 �10 -6 )2
Gr = 3.41�109
Gr Pr = 3.41�109 �1.55

Gr Pr = 5.29  109
Gr Pr value is in between 8  106 and 1011
i.e., 8  106 < Gr Pr < 1011

For horizontal plate, upper surface heated:

Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
޴Nu = 0.15 [5.29 109 ]0.333 +
� Nu = 259.41

We know that,
huLc
Nusselt number Nu =
K
hu �0.05
259.41 =
683 �10 -3
hu = 3543.6 W/m2K

Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h u = 3543.6 W/m2K

43
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:

Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25

޴Nu = 0.27 [5.29 109 ]0.25
Nu = 72.8
We know that,
hL
Nusselt number Nu = 1 c
K
hL
72.8 = 1 c
K
h �0.05
72.8 = 1
683 �10-3
h1 = 994.6 W/m2K

Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h 1 = 994.6 W/m2K

Total heat transfer Q = (hu + h1)  A  DT

= (hu + h1)  W  L  (Tw - T)

= (3543.6 + 994.6)  0.10  (150 – 75)
Q = 34036.5 W

25. A hot plate 20 cm in height and 60 cm wide is exposed to the ambient air at 30C.
Assuming the temperature of the plate is maintained at 110C. Find the beat loss from both
surface of the plate. Assume horizontal plate.

Given :

Height (or) Length of the Plate L = 20 cm = 0.20 m

Wide W = 60 cm = 0.60 m
Fluid temperature T = 30C
Plate surface temperature Tw = 110C
To find:

Heat loss from both the surface of the plate (Q)

Solution:
Tw + T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
110 + 30
=
2
Tf = 70�C

Properties of air at 70�

C:
 = 1.029 Kg/m3

44
n = 20.02 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.694
K = 29.66 �10 -3 W/mK

We know
1 1
Coefficient of thermal expansion} b = =
Tf in K 70 + 273
1
=
343
= 2.91�10 -3 K -1
b = 2.91�103K -1
We know
g �b �L3 �DT
Grashof number Gr =
v2
W
Where Lc - Characteristic length =
2
0.60
Lc = = 0.30 m
2
Lc = 0.30 m
9.81�2.91�10-3 �(0.30)3 �(110 - 30)
(1) � Gr =
(20.02 �10 -6 )2

Gr = 1.5384 �108
Gr Pr = 1.5384 �108 �0.694
Gr Pr = 1.0676 �108
Gr Pr value is in between 8  106 and 1011
i.e., 8  106 < Gr Pr < 1011

For horizontal plate, Upper surface heated,

Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333

0.333
޴ = 0.15 �
Nu �1.0676 108 �
�
Nu = 70.72
We know that,
huLc
Nusselt number Nu =
K
hu �0.30
70.72 =
29.66 �10 -3
hu = 6.99 W/m2K
Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h u = 6.99 W/m2K

For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:

45
Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 (Gr Pr)0.25
= 0.277 [1.06  108]0.25
Nu = 28.15
We know that,
hL
Nusselt number Nu = 1 c
K
h1 �0.30
28.15 =
29.66 �10 -3
� h1 = 2.78 W/m2K

Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h = 2.78 W/m 2K

Total heat transfer Q = (hu + h1 ) �A �DT

= (hu + h1 ) �W �L �(Tw - T�)
�� Q޴= (6.99+2.78) 0.60 0.20 (110-30)
Q = 93.82 W

26. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a consent temperature

of 120C. The pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30C. Find heat loss by natural
convection.

Given :
Vertical pipe diameter D = 80 mm = 0.080 m
Height (or) Length L =2m
Surface temperature Tw = 120C
Air temperature T = 30C

To find: Heat loss (Q)

Solution: We know
Tw - T�
Film temperature Tf =
2
120 + 30
=
2
Tf = 75�C
Properties of air at 75�
C
 = 1.0145 Kg/m3
n = 20.55 �10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.693
K = 30.06 �10 -3 W/mK

46
 1
We know b =
Tf in K
1
= = 2.87 �10 -3 K -1
75 + 273
b = 2.87 �10-3K -1

We know
g �b �L3 �DT
Gr =
v2

9.81�2.87 �10 -3 �(2)3 �(120 - 30)

Gr =
(20.55 �10 -6 )2
Gr = 4.80 �1010
Gr Pr = 4.80 �1010 �0.693
Gr Pr = 3.32 �1010
Since Gr Pr > 109 , flow is turbulent

For turbulent flow,

Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333

= 0.10 [3.32  1010]0.333
Nu = 318.8

We know that,
hL
Nusselt Number Nu =
K
h �2
318.8 =
30.06 �10 -3
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.79 W/m 2K
Heat loss Q = h �A �DT
= h � �D �L �(Tw - T�)
= 4.79 � �0.080 �2 �(120 - 30)
Q = 216.7 W

47