MENSTRUAL CYCLE

RAWAL CONVENT SCHOOL

PROJECT MENSTRUAL CYCLE

BY:

NAME :- HARSH VISHWAKARMA

CLASS:- 12TH MEDICAL

ROLL NO:-

INDEX

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Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. Reproductive Cycle 3

2. Menstrual Cycle 4

3. Hormones 5

4. Phase of Menstrual Cycle 6

5. Duration of different Phases 7

6. Menstruation 8

7. Follicular Phase 9

8. Ovulation 10

9. Luteal Phase 11

10. Event of Menstrual Cycle 12

11. Hormonal Levels During Different Phase 13

12. Sign of Menstruation 14

13. Menarach & Menopause 14

14. Menstrual Cycle Disorder 15

15. Menstrual Taboos 16

REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
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The female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and
accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase known as reproductive
cycle.

There are two types, which are as follows:

1. Oestrus Cycle:- This cycle occur in non-primate which are cow, rat etc.

2. Menstrual Cycle:- This cycle occur in primates which are apes and human being.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Definition:- Menstrual cycle refers to the cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and
accessory ducts as well as hormones in female primate mammals during the reproductive
phase.

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 In human female, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28-29

days.

 The cycle of events from one menstruation till the next one is known as menstrual
cycle.

HORMONES

1. Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

2. Ovarian Hormones
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I. Estrogen

II. Progesterone

HORMONES AND THEIR FUNCTION

HORMONE SECRETED FROM FUNCTION

FSH Anterior Pituitary  Stimulates follicular growth

 Stimulates estrogen secrtion (from

developing follicles)

Estrogen Ovaries  Development of endometrium

(developing follicle)
 Stimulates LH secretion (follicular
Phase)

 Inhibits LH and FSH (luteal phase)

LH Anterior Pituitary  Surge causes ovulation

 Development of corpus luteum

 Stimulates progesterone secretion

Progesterone Ovaries  Thickening of endometrium

(corpus luteum)
 Inhibits LH and FSH (Luteal Phase)

PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian hormones induces
changes in ovary and uterus results in difference phases.

Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phase

2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase

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3. Ovulation

4. Luteal (Progesterone) Phase

DURATION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Phase of Menstrual Cycle Average Start and End Day

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Proliferative Phase 5-13

Ovulation 13-16

Secretory Phase 16-28

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MENSTRUAL PHASE

 Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase

 Menstruation

o Menstrual bleeding, menses, period

o Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular secretion

and blood

o Cells

o Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels.

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o Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

o Due to strong vasoconstriction and proteolytic activity, functional stratum of

o endomentrial tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding.

It last for 3-5 days.

 Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen level, hypophysis secretes
mor FSH.

 FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation signal to the
endomentrial basal layer

FOLLIUCULAR PHASE

 Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first day of the cycle

 several ovarian follicles are stimulated.

 Follicles complete with each other for development.

 Follicle mature in to Graafian Follicle

 As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amount of estrogen, which thickens
the new functional layer of endometrium in the uterus.

 As in this phase endomentrium regenerate through proliferation this phase is also

known as Proliferative Phase

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 Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus.

 At the end of this phase ovulation occurs.

OVULATION

 During the Follicular Phase, estrogen suppresses production of Luteinizing Hormone

(LH) from the pituitary gland.

 When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above which
they stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop)

 Both LH and FSH attains a peak value called LH Surge.

 The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary,
causing graffian follide ruptrures and release of ovum.

 After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube.

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LUTEAL PHASE

 Graffian Follicle transform as Corpus Luteum.

 Corpus Luteum: solid body formed in an ovary, after ovulation.

 Corpus luteum secrete significant amounts of progesterone, which plays a vital role
in making the endometrium receptive too implantation of the blastocyst.

 High levels of Estogen and Progesterone suppress production of FSH and LH that the
corps luteum needs to maintain itself.

 In absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerate.

 Falling levels of progesterone disgenerate endomentrius lining, trigger menstruation

and the beginning of the next cycle.

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EVENTS OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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SIGN OF MENSTRULATION CYCLE

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A woman may experience:-

 Fluid Retention

 Cramping

 Mood Swings

 Weight Gain

 Breast Tenderness

 Diarrhea

 Constipation

MENACRCHE & MENOPAUSE

Menarche :

 A Woman’s first menstruation.

 Typically occurs around age 12.

 Occurrence depends on overall health and diet.

Menopause:

 End of a woman’s reproductive phase.

 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55

 Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics

MENSTRUAITON CYCLE DISORDER

1. Menorrhagia:- Excess uterine bleeding, prolonged 7 days.

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2. DUB:- Excess, prolonged, frequent bleeding.

3. Oligomenorrhea:- Uterine bleeding occur at interval of 35 days and 6 months.

4. Amenorrhea:- No menses for a least 6 months.

5. Anovulation:- annovulation is the failure of the ovary to release ova over a period of
time generally exceeding 3 months.

MENSTRUAL TABOO

A Menstrual taboo is any social taboo concerned with menstruation.

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In some societies it involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or embarrassing.

Extending even to the mention of menstruation both.

 In public (in the media and advertising)

 In private (amongst the friends, in the household, and with men)

Social behaviour with women during menstruation cycle as follows:-

 Many traditional religions consider menstruation ritually unclean.

 Women and girls are not allowed to enter temples, or take part in many
religious functions while menstruation.

 Women are also supposed to keep away from sacred object even in their own
homes.

 Women are unclean for seven days (Leviticus 12). A women had to ‘purify’
herself after she finished menstruating.

 Women were forbidden from even entering in kitchen during menstruating

days.

 She had to depend on somebody even to take a drinking water from vessel as
it was believed that her touch might pollute that water.

Womanhood is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish it and feel proud
about it. Shame or guilt should not be associated with any gender. This practice of
seclusion of women in this way due to some biological processes associated with their
gender should stop. We all should know that is is totally wrong and it is our duty to
stop it.

Let’s show some courage to eradicate this practice, let’s confront these things
whatever we see them and let’s start this from our homes.

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