Basic Human Embryology

By: E. Suryadi
Faculty of Medicine UGM
 Conception
PRENATAL
Ovum S perm

Zigote

mitotic
Cleavage

Morula
differensiation
Blastulation

Blastula restriction

Histogenesis
2w
Embryo Embryonic
bilaminair morphogenesis

organogenesis

Embryonic
trilaminair

fetus
8w 3838 w
 Embryology is the study of the development of
Embryo or a part of Developmental Anatomy
 Developmental anatomy is continuous process
 That begins when an ovum is fertilized by a
sperm until ends at death
 A process of change and growth which transform
the zygote as a single cell into a multi cellular,
multi tissues, multi organs in adult human body
 Development usually divide into prenatal and post
natal
 Natal (=birth) is a dramatic event during
development

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 Term of Prenatal Period
 Zygote: the cell result from fertilization of an
ovum by a sperm
 Cleavage: Mitotic division of zygote
 Formation of daughter cells (=blastomeres) become
smaller and smaller
 Blastomere is totipotent cell or multi-potent cell
 Morula: when 16 blastomeres have formed
 Blastocyst (=blastula) = forming a cavity this
converts from the morula into a blastocyst
 Embryo: developmental stage from the
bilaminar embryonic disc form until all major
structure are present (2nd – 8th week) 4
 Fetus:
Prenatal period after the embryonic period
(8th) to birth
 Concepts:
The product of conception it includes all
structure which develop from zygote to
both embryonic and extra embryonic
tissues

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 Parts of Conceptus
Intraembryonic tissue:
 Ectoderm
 Mesoderm:
Paraxialis
Lateralis and coelom intraembryonicum
intermediate
 Endoderm
Extraembryonic tissue:
Trophoblast: cytotrophoblast and syncytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic Mesoderma: somatic and splanchnic
Cavity: sacus vitelinus; amnion; chorion (coelom
extraembryonicum)
In mothers tissue: lacunae (spatium intervillosum), Decidua
( basalis, capsularis and parietalis)
 Stages of development for
prenatal period
 Early development is segmentation &
blastulation/cleavage (the first week)
 Formation of the bilaminare embryo and
implantation (the second week)
 Formation of the trilaminare embryo and
morphogenetion (the third week)
 The embryonic period and organogenetion ( the
fourth to the eight week)
 The fetal period (the ninth week to birth)

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OOCYT &
ZYGOTE

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 Early division of zygote into multiple cells
Cleavage without increase in size, partitions
contents

Morula
solid ball of cells

The second week: implantation and

chorion formation

Zygote

Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity
The second week:
implantation and
chorion formation
 Implantation - embedding of
blastocyst into uterine lining begins at day 7

Blastocyst - with blastocoele cavity

Trophoblast - outer layer of cells
Inner cell mass - will form embryo

Trophoblast forms syncytial

trophoblast- erodes into endometrium
Cellular trophoblast - carries nutrients
to inner cell mass

Lacunae and primary villi formed

by trophoblast
All of these form placental tissues

Fig 28-3
3w

4W
 The third week
 Major changes occur as the bilaminar
embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar
embryo composed of three primary germ
layer
 In the third week usually the first sign that a
woman may be pregnant
 Laboratory pregnant test depend on the
presence of human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG), a hormone produced by trophoblast
and excreted in the mother’s urine
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 The third week
 Primitive streak formation
 Notochord Formation
 Neural Tube Formation
 Somite Formation
 Coelom Formation
 Blood and Blood Vessel Formation
 Villi Formation

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The Fourth To Seventh Weeks

 The beginning of all major external and

internal structures during this period
 This critical period at development, if
teratogen exposure this period will cause
major congenital malformation
 The three primary germ layers will be
differentiated into various tissues and organs
 The end at this period the main organ
system have been established
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 Folding At The Embryo

 Longitudinal and transverse folding converts

the flat trilaminar embryo disc into a C
shaped cylindrical embryo
 The formation at head, tail and lateral folds
is a continue sequence of events and result
in a constriction between the embryo and
the yolk sac
 The dorsal part at yolk sac is incorporated
into the embryo as the primitive gut

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 The head fold result in the heart coming to
lie ventrally and brain becoming the most
cranial part at the embryo
 The tail fold causes the connecting stalk and
allantois to move to the ventral surface of
the embryo
 The external appearance of the embryo is
greatly affected by the formation at the brain,
heart, liver, somites, limbs, ears, nose and
eyes

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 The concepts development in
uterus cavitys

Minggu
ke-5 Minggu
ke 10

Minggu Minggu
ke-20 ke-40
Proses
Diferensiasi
Jaringan

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 Morfogenesis awal
 Gastrulasi merupakan proses terbentuknya 3
lapis jaringan embryonal, yang merupakan
prekursor semua jaringan tubuh dan orientasi
axial ditetapkan pada embrio.
 Selama gastrulasi diskus embrionikus bilaminar
diubah menjadi trilaminar.
 Terjadi perubahan bentuk sel, rearrangement,
pergerakan dan perubahan kemampuan
adhesive yang berkontribusi pada gastrulasi.
 Gastrulasi merupakan permulaan morfogenesis
dan merupakan kejadian yang signifikan selama
minggu ketiga.
 Pengaturan morfogenesis
 Untuk itu diperlukan perangkat pengatur dan mengubah
proses yang dikenal sebagai ”signaling pathways”.
 Molekul signaling pathways dibedakan menjadi 4 macam
yaitu: morphogen; Notch atau delta; transcription factors;
dan receptor tyrosine kinase.
 Morfogen adalah sebagai bahan untuk faktor ekstrinsik
yang mengarahkan proses diferensiasi dan migrasi
morfologi jaringan.
 Kecuali keberadaan morfogen, juga kuantitas morfogen
akan mempengaruhi bentuk sel dan jaringan
 Perbedaan Morfogenesis dan
Differensiasi
 Morfogenesis: proses perubahan bentuk
melalui beberapa kemampuan :sel adesi,
pergerakan sel, proliferasi sel, fusi sel dan
kematian sel sehingga menghasilkan
bentuk baru.
 Differensiasi: proses dimana 1 atau lebih
sel mengalami perubahan pola ekspresi
gen tertentu sehingga dihasilkan suatu
tipe sel atau jaringan yang berbeda
Organogenesis : Periode pembentukan organ (Masa
Kritis Perkembangan Embryo terhadap teratogen}

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TERIMA KASIH