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Garden Design in History - Japanese & Mughal
Garden Design in History - Japanese & Mughal
The challenge of history is not whether it should be studied, but rather the
interpretation of what is constant and therefore alive today.
Gardens at Versailles
Ile de France
Gardens at Tivoli
English Gardens
The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspired
gardening.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The purpose of the creation of the garden CHANGES OVER TIME
Picturesque
• Majesty
• Grandeur
• Expansive
JAPANESE GARDEN
The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of Japanese culture for many
centuries.
The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of the
country.
Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation of different garden styles in
order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people
could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.
You can idealize it, even symbolize it, but you must never create something that
nature itself cannot.
Without nothing, you cannot have something. i.e. The “emptiness” of portions of the
garden, defines the elements around it. . This space of Emptiness, is called as ‘ma’. It is
the true Spirit of Yin And Yang.
Zen Ideology of “to have nothing is to have everything” is also widely used.
BALANCE, OR SUMI. i.e. Proportions and spaces creation are an essential Design
principle
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
JAPANESEGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
DESIGN PRINCIPLE - Formality
The play of Formality in the garden is symbolic based on the topographical variation
found in the Island.
• Hills (shin) is symbolized as Formal Garden
• Ponds (gyo) is symbolized as Intermediate
• Flat land (so) is symbolized as Informal Gardens
For example: A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder
it has no wabi. We must strive to find that balance
The concepts of MA AND WABI/SABI deal with Time and Space. If the garden is our
space, time is ably presented by the changing seasons.
Seasonal Changes
through the Gardens
of Ryonji Temple
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
JAPANESEGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
DESIGN PRINCIPLE -Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
The fence is a tool to enhance the concept of miegakure, or hide and reveal.
Garden at Tenryu-ji
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
JAPANESEGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
BASIC RULES IN THE DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENS
• STONE LANTERN represents four natural elements: earth, water, fire and wind
• WATER BASIN Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for
visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony.
• BAMBOO FENCES
• SEASONAL PLANTS
• MEANDERING PATHWAYS
Influence of the Zen sect and watercolor painting from Southern China transformed the gardens
to be colorful Japanese garden in the Middle Ages.
Flowers, flowering plants and shrubs were regarded as signs of frivolity and were replaced by
evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.
Stones used are not quarried by the hand of man, but of stones shaped by nature
only
Represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present.
They are placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular
shapes
The Japanese garden can include three possible methods for scenery:
The first is the reduced scale scenery method. The reduced scale method takes actual
natural elements and reproduces them on a smaller scale.
Borrowed views is a technique that refers to artistic use of elements that imply scenes
other than those actually portrayed. An example of this would be a painting of a house in
the city with a seaside dock in the middle of the street to imply a seascape scene.
There is no water present in these gardens. Raked gravel or sand simulates the
essence of water
The rocks/gravel used
are chosen for their
interesting natural
shapes.
3
2
1
5
5
7
1. Sanded Ground
2. Moss
3. Stone
4. Earth Wall
5. Tile Pavement Ground Floor Plan - Ryoanji Stone Garden
6. Ornamental Gate
7. Verandah
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
JAPANESEGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS - Ryoanji Temple
Ryoan-ji (or The Temple of the Peaceful Dragon) is a Zen temple located in northwest
Kyoto, Japan. The temple is one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Middle Garden
E
H
B
D A. Kikugetsu Villa
C B. Crescent Bridge
C. South Pond
D. South Park
F E. Folkcraft House
A F. Mt. Shiun
G. East Gate
H. North Park
Sand Garden near Kikugetsu Villa South Pond behind Kikugetsu Villa
Persian Background
Persian concept of garden includes:
• “ Paradise garden”
• 4 water channels divides the garden into
4 quarters, Char-bagh structure
• Muslim Art - geometric, based on
calculations.
Indian background: The basic quadripartite structure of
• Hindu art - organic, rhythm of nature & a Persian Garden with the Water
humanity; complex & diverse. Feature in the Centre
• Fusion - Indo Islamic themes
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY:
The garden in Islamic Style of architecture is not just another feature it has a well-
defined meaning and it symbolizes the spirituality.
Islam being a religion that was founded in the region of Arabia always gave value to the
vision of a lush green, well laid out, and watered garden and in due course came to
symbolize these gardens.
From this concept the Char Bagh Style of garden planning took root
PLEASURE GARDENS
TOMB GARDENS
FUNCTION:
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION:
• Walled garden.
SCALE:
• Pavilion with throne set in the centre of a tank surrounded by spouting jets of
water.
• Circle: eternity.
watercourses originating from the A. fish and the gardens with beautiful
birds. Royal guests were invited to the
Central, raised pool, were divided into B.
tomb - so the stables and guesthouses
16 flowerbeds,
were also built.
B B
B B
The Taj Mahal Complex can be most 3. The Char Bagh garden Gardens.
conveniently divided into 5 sections.
4. The Jilau Khana containing
1. The 'Moonlight Garden'. accommodation for the tomb attendants
and two subsidiary tombs.
2. The Terrace Area , containing the
mausoleum, mosque and jawab . 5. The Taj Ganji, was originally a bazaar
N
TOMB GARDEN - TAJ MAHAL, Agra GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
Moonlight Garden:
terrace) and
3. The Zenana (harem) garden, on
the third terrace 1
PLEASURE GARDEN - SHALIMAR BAGH, Kashmir GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
RENAISSANCE GARDEN
ITALIAN GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
History: Expression :
Pre Renaissance gardens – Utilitarian – The fundamental purpose was
Vegetables, Herbs & Flower.
to create shapes that respond to the
Hellenistic influence led to the concept of intellectual mind searching for Order, i.e.
PLEASURE GARDENS.
stimulus, to provide for dignity and status
Source of inspiration – POMPIAN to human himself.
HOUSES – Form & Structure were
reflected in Italian Renaissance Garden In Principle the sides overlook the mother
city, i.e. adjoining slopes or hillsides.
Socio-Economic Factor:
• Urbanization Man is the centre of universe
• Wealthy and Powerful, merchant class
originated. Concept of “ Individuality”
• New ideas and scientific knowledge
broadened mental horizons Creating of shapes that responded to
• Talent was recognized the Intellectual Mind searching for
• Art was appreciated Order, Tranquility and Stimulus
• Wealthy people spent on Arts,
Sculptures, Architecture And Gardens
ITALIAN GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
Sitting of a Villa :
Planning:
• Formal Planning
Scale :
Function
• An symbol of Power & Wealth.
• Private pleasure garden for social
gathering, performance & pleasure.
• Summer Retreat
ITALIAN GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
Water :
• Fish Pond
• Fountains
• Cascades
• Water Channels
• Basins
Illusions :
Deception of view – gives false
image or impression or information.
• Statues
• Great vases
Villa Lante, Bagnaia ITALIAN GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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Villa Lante, Bagnaia RENAISSANCE GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
Villa Lante, Bagnaia
Built Component:
There is a strong relationship between FOUNTAINS & CASCADES: Objects of
the built components to other high aesthetics, which were done with
components in site. intricate details.
TERRACES: 3 Terraces.
SCULPTURES: Were work of art done to
STAIRCASES: Designed as an important perfection.
components not as a element of physical
transition from level to another were sited
to create a visual experience while VASES OR POT: Done with great
transcending. attention to details with motif and carving
on them.
BALUSTRADES: Used as an integrating
element.
Vegetation:
Used in various form & type.
Major Components:
BOSQUET: Groves of tree planted in TOPIARY: Pruned plants to shape of
regularity – here not uniform. Path animals and other objects.
penetrates wood, used for walks & hunting,
relaxation.
AVENUES: Diagonal & Straight paths
planted with tress like Cypress, Oak,
PARTERRE : Formal &n composed etc…Mostly evergreen trees were used.
clipped/ pruned hedges in geometric
shapes & pattern, used as lines to divide
spaces.
Water:
Water is used in spectacular way – Unifying element that connects the
invoking feeling of wonder or surprise. different levels along the central axis.
Reservoir is at the top level with two
1st Level: Pool Quadrant
pavilion on either sides of it.
Square pool divided in to 4 equals
bisecting bridges which connects
fountain.
FOUNTAIN OF PEGASUS:
FOUNTAIN OF LAMPS: