-RAY BEAM PROPERTIES 1.

Mark the statement which is not a disavantage of a prescriptive regulation

Prepared by Togap P Marpaung
a. its routine use can lead to a “compliance culture” instead of a “safety culture”.

1. The factor which is a measure of the number of electrons striking the X –ray tube b. its preparition can be difficult and requires considerable practice, specific knowledge and
anode per second is: experience.
a. kilovoltage
b. miliampere c. it is easily applicable to a specific practice.
c. filament current
d. peak voltage d. its reviewing and amending is necessasry to keep pace with changes in technology.
e. filament voltage
2. The factor which determines the potential difference between the filament and the 2. Guidance levels for medical exposure shall be established for use by medical
anode of an X-ray is the: practitioners. The guidance levels are not intended:

a. mA a. to be a reasonable indication of doses for average sized patients.

b. mAs
b. to provide guidance on what is achievable with current good practice rather than on what
c. filament current
should be considered optimum performance.
d. filament voltage
e. kVp.
c. to limit or to constrain higher exposures if these are indicated by sound clinical judgement.
3. Characteristic photons from the target of an X-ray tube are characteristic of the:
d. to be revised as technology and techniques inmprove.
a. incident electron energy
b. incident photon energy
c. kVp
d. target material 3. Exemption should not be granted to permit practices that would otherwise not be:
e. mA
4. The potential energy lost by an electron when it moves closer to the nucleus of a. optimized.
atom:
b. justified.
a. is converted into additional kinetic energy of the electron
b. causes the nucleus of the atom split c. notified.
c. is transferred to the nucleus
d. results in the formation of a neutron d. ALARA.
e. is given off as a photon.
5. Bremsstrahlung refers to: 4. Read very carefully the following criteria. Two from the criteria laid down can not be
considered as criteria for exemption of practices and sources within practices without
a. the continuous spectrum of photons is emitted by an X-ray tube further consideration from the requirements of the BSS.
b. the energy of a photon emitted by an X-ray tube
c. the energy of a proton a. the expected effective dose incurred to any user due to the practice or source is in the order of
d. charged particles 10 µSv per year and the collective dose committed by one year of performance of the
e. c, and d above. practice is no more than about 1 person Sv.

b. the expected effective dose incurred to any member of the public due to the practice or source
is in the order of 10 µSv per year and the collective effective dose committed by one year of
performance of the practice is no more than about 1 person Sv.
c. the expected effective dose incurred to any member of the public due to the practice or source
is in the order of 10 µSv per year and an assessment for the optimisation of protection shows
that exemption is the optimum option.
d. the expected effective dose occured to any member of the public due to the practice or source
may exceed 10 µSv per year but the collective dose committed by one year of performance
of the practice is no more than about 1 person Sv.
5. Read carefully following statements related to clearance levels. Only one of them is with
the BSS.
a. clearance levels shall not be approved by the Regulatory Authority.
b. clearance levels ≥ exemption levels.
c. clearance levels ≤ exemption levels.
d. for bulk amounts of materials, clearance > > exemption levels.
6. Mark the unreasonable criteria:
The Regulatory Authority is reviewing an application for a temporary change in dose
limitation. Such change shall be approved only exceptionally and for a limited period of
time, if the Regulatory Authority determines that:
a. special circumtances exist which require such temporary change.
b. visitors be accompanied in the specific working area by a person knowledgeable about the
protection and safety measures.
c. the practice is still justified and radition safety is optised.
d. workers involved have been consulted and their agreement was obtained.
7. Which one of following devices should be subject to licensing?
a. Mammography X-ray equipment.
b. Linear accelerator.
c. a set of calibration sources for educational use.
d. LDR brachyterapy equipment.
8. The basic purpose of a regulatory system for practices with radiation sources is
a. to balance benefits and detriments of the use of radiation sources for individuals and society.
b. to eliminate possible harmful effects of radiation to exposed workers, patients’ public and
enverinment.
c. to prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects and to minimize the stochastic effects.
d. to tensure full safety in the use of radiation sources in medical, industrial, agriculture,
research and other practices.
9. Primary responsibility for radiation safety is held by
a. designated Radiation Protection Officer as an individual competent in radiation protection
matters relevant for the practice.
b. any exposed worker as part his duty to follow applicable rules and procedures for protection
and safety.
c. Regulatory Authority established by national legislation.
d. licensees and/or employers.
10. For medical exposure, dose limits are not applied
a. at all.
b. for patients only.
c. for patients in radiotherapy.
d. for patients and persons voluntary helping in the support and comport of patients.
11. Pregnancy is not a reason to exclude a female worker from work, but
a. working conditions of pregnant female worker should be appropriately adopted.
b. pregnant female worker is not allowed to work in cotrolled areas.
c. pregnant female worker is not allowed to work with unsealed sources.
d. pregnant female worker should be temporarily moved to other type of work without radiation
risk.
12. Worker occupationally exposed to effective dose higher than 50 milisievert (mSv) shall
not with radiation souces
 b. nuclear medicine using I-131.
a. at least until the end of the year.
c. commercial sale of references check sources.
b. for ever.
d. teletherapy facility using Co-60.
c. until his fitness for such work is recognized as a result of health surveillance.
17. Graded enforcement means
d. until report of the event is accepted by the Regulatory Body.
a. action taken by the regulatory authority for non compliance of the licensees to regulatory
13. Exposures grater than a dose limit shall be communicated to the regulatory Authority requirements.

a. as soon as possible . b. enforcement action is based on the nature of non compliance and implications to safety.

b. monthly or in the case of accidents immediately. c. imposition of maximum penalty for repeated non compliances.

c. after investigation of the event an a written report on its cause and with recommendations for d. issuance of suspension order until corrective actions are implemented by the licences.
preventing the recurrence.
18. The regulatory authority must have the following powers and responsibilities clearly
d. as a part of the regular annual radiation safety report only. defined in the law, EXCEPT.

14. Qualified experts are a. standard setting and rule making powers.

a. the most experienced and competent workers capable to advise others to perform their work b. inspections of licensee’s facility and enforcement of the regulatory requirements, including the
safely. conduct of unannounced inspection.

b. individuals recognized as having expertise in a relevant field of specialization.
c. Radiation Protection Officers.
d. designated by the registration or licensee and approved by the regulatory authority.
15. Clearance levels are activity concentration and/or total values used
c. grant of exemptions from regulatory requirements based on a set of criteria and establishment
of clearence levels for radioactive waste.
d. setting up guidance levels for medical diagnosis using radiation source.
19. To implement the role and functions of the regulatory authority in the national
emergency plan, which of the following is required

a. for evaluation of proper decontamination of the workplace. a. appropriate trained manpower.

b. in releasing radioactive material from regulatory control. b. equipment and facilities.

c. as maximum activity for patients in therapy on discharge from hospitals. c. logistic support and funding.

d. as un upper value in the dose optimization process. d. all of the above.

16. Which of the following applications using radioactive sources would notification be 20. Emergency exercises are necessary for the following purposes, EXCEPT:
sufficient for purposes of regulatory control?
a. to assess the effectiveness and adequacy of the emergency plan and procedures.
a. Industrial radiography using Ir-192.
b. to ensure that emergency response capabilities remain effective.
 e. exercise control over individual dose.
c. to generate more resources for the intervening organization for the maintenance of the
emergency plan. 24. Hiring of consultans by regulatory authority is governed by the following politics:

d. to provide information which can be used as a basis for the modification and/or revision of the a. consultans should be effectively independent of the operator.
emergency plan.
b. the use consultants shall not relieve the regulatory authority of any of its responsibilities.

c. the regulatory authority’s responsibility for making dicisions and recomendations may be
nstruction: In questions 21-25, encircle the letter of the incorrect anwer delegated to the consultant, subject to the country’s regulations.

21. The following essential technical services should be available to the regulatory authority 25. The regulatory authority should be empowered to:

a. dosimetry services a. develop safety pricinciples and criteria.

b. calibration services. b. establish regulations and issue guidance documents and advice.

c. analitycal services. c. require operators to conduct safety assesments on behalf of the regulator.

d. accreditation for services. d. issue, amend, suspend and revoke authorizations.

e. academic program in regulation.

22. Staffing levels will depend on:

a. the size, scope and complexity of practices.

b. the nature of the regulation (prescriptive/performance).

c. the country geographical condition.

d. the extend to which practice specific guidance documents and standard assesments plans
used.

e. the status of the regulatory program i.e. organization, implementatiaon, or operational phase.

23. The purpose of monitoring external and internal doses is to:

a. provide security and confidence in safety procedures.

b. provide legal evidence.

c. identify poor working practise.

d. identify personnel changes in working conditions.