ECBC TRAINING PROGRAM

7TH JANUARY 2019

VISAKHAPATNAM
 Energy
Conservation
Building Code

ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH

1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 4

GENERAL

ECBC COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT:

» Energy Performance Index Ratio (EPI Ratio) ≤ 1

AND

» Mandatory requirements mentioned under §4.2, §5.2 , §6.2, and §7.2

1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 5

ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX

» The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building is

𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐸𝑃𝐼 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠)

» EPI of Standard and Proposed Building shall be calculated by:

• Prescriptive Method
• Building Envelope Trade-off Method
• Whole Building Performance Method
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 6

DETERMINING EPI RATIO

𝑬𝑷𝑰 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑬𝑷𝑰 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑬𝑷𝑰 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
where,
» Proposed Building
• consistent with the actual design of the building, and
• complies with all the mandatory requirements of ECBC
» Standard Building
• has the same building floor area, gross wall area and gross roof area as the
Proposed Building,
• complies with the mandatory requirements §4.2, §5.2 , §6.2, and §7.2, and
• minimally complies with prescriptive requirements of §4.3, §5.3, and §6.3 for
ECBC Buildings.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 7

EPI RATIO-PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD

» EPI Ratio for

• ECBC Compliant Buildings - 1

» EPI Ratio for ECBC+ and SuperECBC Buildings shall be as per Maximum
allowed EPI ratios listed in §9.5
• ECBC+ Compliant Buildings - 0.77 to 0.96 (§9.5)
• SuperECBC Compliant Buildings – 0.66 to 0.93 (§9.5)
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 8

EPI RATIO- WHOLE BUILDING PERFORMANCE METHOD

COMPLIANCE APPROACH
» Calculated using the compliance path defined in §3.1.1 and detailed in
§9.
» The EPI Ratio should be less than or equal to the EPI Ratio listed in
§9.5
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 9

EPI RATIO- CORE AND SHELL BUILDINGS

COMPLIANCE APPROACH
» Calculated for the entire building based on the final design of the
common areas, and
» Relevant Mandatory undertaking(s) in the tenant lease agreement for
the leased areas, as per §3.1.1.1 or §3.1.1.2
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 10

COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

Applicable BUILDING SYSTEMS COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

BUILDING ENVELOPE
PRESCRIPTIVE

REQUIREMENTS
COMFORT SYSTEMS &

MANDATORY
CONTROLS
Trade-off option (for
BUILDING ENVELOPE
LIGHTING & CONTROLS only)

WHOLE BUILDING
ELECTRICAL & RENEWABLE PERFORMANCE
ENERGY SYSTEMS

Required for ALL Compliance

Approaches
1/16/2018
COMPLIANCE APPROACHES
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
» Must be met by all buildings
ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 11
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS
» Minimum performance criteria for all
building systems are set by ECBC
Envelope performance varies
according to climate zone and building
occupancy type
» Easy to follow method: Does not
require expert knowledge
Building materials and systems chosen
and specified according to ECBC
requirements
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 12

COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS

» Must be met by all buildings » Does not allow flexibility
All requirements must be met

» Does not involve computer

simulation
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH
COMPLIANCE APPROACHES
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
» Ventilation, Minimum Space
conditioning equipment efficiencies,
Controls, Piping and Ductwork
insulation, System Balancing,
Condensers and Service Water Heating
13
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS
» Prescribed values of Pumps, Cooling
Towers, Economizers, Variable Flow
Hydronic Systems, Boilers, Energy
Recovery
» Total System Efficiency (Alternate
Compliance Approach)
» Low-energy Comfort Systems
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 14

COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS

» Lighting Control, Exit Signs Prescribed values of
» Interior Lighting power
» Lighting Power Density – Building
Area Method & Space Function
Method
» Installed Interior Lighting Power
» Exterior Lighting Power
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 15

COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS

» Transformers, Energy Efficient Motors, » There is no prescriptive requirement
DG Sets, Metering & Monitoring,
Power Factor Correction, Power
Distribution Systems, UPS
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 16

COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

NEW BUILDING COMPLIANCE

» FULL BUILDING COMPLIANCE - New buildings with completed fit-outs
shall comply with either the provisions of §4 through §7 of this Code or
the Whole Building Performance Method of §9.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 17

COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

CORE AND SHELL BUILDING COMPLIANCE (NEW)

» Compliance with ECBC requirements for the following base building
systems in the common areas:
– Building envelope
– Thermal comfort systems and controls (only those installed by
developer/ owner)
– Lighting systems and controls (only those installed by developer/
owner)
– Electrical systems (installed by developer/ owner)
– Renewable energy systems
Additionally, the tenant lease agreement shall have a legal undertaking
clause to ensure interior fit-outs made by tenant shall be Code
compliant.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 18

COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

ADDITIONS TO EXISTING BUILDINGS

» New connected load demand of the addition plus the existing building exceeds
100 kW or 120 kVA, the additions shall comply with the provisions of §4 through
§47
• The addition shall comply with the applicable requirements, or
• The addition, together with the entire existing building, shall comply with the
requirements of this Code that shall apply to the entire building, as if it were a
new building.

EXCEPTIONS
» When space conditioning is provided by existing systems and equipment, the
existing systems and equipment need not comply with this code.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 19

COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

ALTERATIONS TO EXISTING BUILDINGS

» Connected load or contract demand of the existing building exceeds 100 kW or 120
kVA respectively, part of a building and its systems being altered shall meet the
provisions of §4 through §7.

EXCEPTIONS
» When the entire building complies with all of the provisions of §4 through §7, as if
it were a new building.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 20

BEE Approved Analytical Tools – Energy Simulations (WBP)

ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
Whole Building Performance AECOsim
Method Design Builder
DOE2
EnergyPlus
eQUEST
HAP
IDA-ICE
IES-VE
OpenStudio
Simergy
Trace700
TRNSYS
Visual DOE
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 21

BEE Approved Analytical Tools – DAYLIGHTING

ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
Daylighting AGI32 (Licaso)
Daysim
Design Builder
DIVA
Groundhog
IES-VE
OpenStudio
RadianceRhino-Grasshopper
with Daylighting Plugins
Sefaira
Sensor Placement +
Optimization Tool (SPOT)
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 22

ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS

» Connected Administrative requirements, including but not limited to,

permit requirements, enforcement, interpretations, claims of
exemption, approved calculation methods, and rights of appeal are
specified by the authority having jurisdiction.
1/16/2018 ECBC COMPLIANCE & APPROACH 23

COMPLIANCE DOCUMENTS

BUILDING SYSTEMS COMPLIANCE DOCUMENTS

BUILDING ENVELOPE opaque construction materials and their

thermal properties including thermal
conductivity, specific heat, density along
with thickness; fenestration U-factors,
solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), visible
light transmittance (VLT) and building
envelope sealing documentation;
overhangs and side fins, building
envelope sealing details
SESSION1: BUILDING DESIGN, FORM,
ZONING AND ORIENTATION OPTIMIZATION
 A SHORT HISTORY OF DAYLIGHTING
• 1832: Right to light (UK Prescription Act)
• ~1900: Trotter lux meter............................................

• 1907 ... :Waldram: (sky/daylight factor, uniform sky, 0.2% grumble point)
• 1929 ... : Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
• 1942: Moon & Spencer overcast sky, in 1955 CIE overcast sky
• 1962: Dresler: “Availability of daylight at various latitudes”
• 1970:Publication CIE 16-1970: Daylight
• 1983: Tregenza: Daylight coefficients
• 1990 ... :Ward: Radiance
• 1999: Mardaljevic: (Radiance daylight validation, DCs, ...)
• 2003:CIE Standard General Sky

• AND NOW : Climate based dynamic Daylight analysis

 DIRECT & DIFFUSE RADIATION

SUNLIGHT DAYLIGHT
 TRADITIONAL DAYLIGHTING DESIGN PRACTICE

Daylight Sun light

Quantitative approach:
• Daylight Factor
Overcast skies (sun is never present)
Qualitative approach
• Solar shadows
• Solar patches (interior)
Quantitative approach
• Sun hours
Clear skies (sun is always present)

Daylighting Design
DEFINITIONS
DAYLIGHT FACTOR:
The daylight factor is defined as the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point of interest to
the outdoor horizontal illuminance under the overcast CIE sky.

Reference: Reinhart C F, “Tutorial on the Use of Daysim Simulations for Sustainable Design”, Harvard Design School, pp. 9-12,2010.
DAYLIGHT FACTOR
 DESIGN SKY CONDITION

The recommended design sky illuminance for different climatic zone is

as follows –
–Cold Climate -6800 lux
–Composite Climate –8000 lux
–Warm-Humid –9000 lux
–Temperate –9000 lux
–Hot-Dry –10500 lux

•For integration with the artificial lighting during daytime working

hours an increase of 500 lux in the recommended sky design
illuminance for daylighting is suggested. Source: NBC-2005
Manipal University Jaipur, Sundaram Architects.
 WHY AN ALTERNATIVE TO DAYLIGHT FACTOR APPROACH

The DF is the standard recognised daylighting metric in any place in the World
where there is an interest in daylighting.

Reasons for the success of the DF approach:

• If the natural lighting is sufficient on an overcast day, it is likely to be more
than adequate when the sun is shining.
• But ... a daylight factor optimised building admits as much light as possible,
therefore the ideally daylit building would be fully glazed! This is clearly in
contrast with comfort requirements.
• A densely overcast sky looks the same whichever direction one faces -
North, South, East or West. Therefore the effect of the orientation vanishes
from the calculation.
• But ... the simplification introduced with the use of the daylight factor does
not account for building location and orientation, season, time of day,
direct solar penetration, variability of sky conditions. It is not possible to
predict glare.
Climate Based Daylight Modelling(CBDM)
CBDM is the prediction of any luminous quantity using
realistic sun and sky conditions derived from standardized
climate data.
Source:
–Simulation of annual daylightingprofiles for internal illuminance–John Mardaljevic, Lighting Research and Technology, 2000
–The simulation of annual daylight illuminancedistributions –a state of the art comparison of six RADIANCE based methods
–C.F. Reinhart & S. Herkel, Energy and Buildings, 2000
 DEFINITIONS

USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINANCES:

Useful Daylight Illuminances (UDI), proposed by Mardaljevic and Nabil in 2005, is a dynamic
daylight performance measure that is also based on work plane illuminances. As its name
suggests, it aims to determine when daylight levels are ‘useful’ for the occupant, i.e. neither
too dark (<100 lux) nor too bright (>2000 lux). Based on the upper and lower thresholds of
2000 lux and 100 lux, UDI results in three metrics, i.e. the percentages of the occupied times
of the year when the UDI was achieved (100-2000lux), fell-short (<100 lux), or was exceeded
(> 2000 lux)

Reference: Reinhart C F, “Tutorial on the Use of Daysim Simulations for Sustainable Design”, Harvard Design School, pp. 9-12,2010.
CLIMATE BASED DYNAMIC LIGHTING SIMULATION
•Input: 1) weather data, 2) 3D model, 3) sensor points

•Pre-process: calculation of daylight coefficients to save time. If dynamic daylighting

systems are used, such as movable blinds, sun tracking systems, electrochromic
glazing, etc., different sets of daylight coefficients need to be calculated.

•Simulation: coupling of daylight coefficients with climate data over the chosen time
basis and occupancy profile. For dynamic systems, a control algorithm triggers the use
of the different set of daylight coefficients.

•Results: time series of illuminance and/or luminance (annual, seasonal, daily, etc ...)

•Post-process: time series can be plotted, and other indicators can be calculated
(daylight autonomy, continuous daylight autonomy, useful daylight illuminance, annual
light exposure).

Source: New dynamic lighting simulation (Francesco Anselmo) from Arup

Source: New dynamic lighting simulation (Francesco Anselmo) from Arup
SESSION 2: SHADING, DAY LIGHTING, GLASS
SELECTION:
Fenestrations

Fenestrations provide light, ventilation and views. Glass is used extensively in

buildings.
 Glazing area
80-90% of the total
area and therefore the
most important part to
address for achieving
energy efficiency

Frame
Important to optimize
the overall efficiency of
the window
Double Glazed Unit (DGU) is being used today; especially in large commercial buildings
 88

The double glazed units have superior insulation properties compared with single glazing which
help reduce solar heat gain.
Double Glazing
» The cavity between the panes determine
the insulation capability of glass. The cavity
is usually vacuum or can be filled with air.
» It can also be filled with inert gases such as
argon, krypton or a transparent gel
medium
 90

Heat Transfer through fenestrations

Mode of Heat Transfer Affected By ECBC’s role in regulating

Heat Transfer
• U-factors & Solar Heat
Thermal Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
CONDUCTION properties of of glazing
fenestration • Wall-Window Ratio (WWR)
assembly • Skylight Roof Ratio (SSR)
CONVECTION Air movement at the surface • Maximum Air Leakage
• Solar Heat Gain
Indirect and direct Coefficient of Glazing and
solar radiation Skylights
RADIATION
• Wall Window Ratio (WWR)
• Skylight Roof Ratio (SSR)
Three important properties of glass
» U-factor
• Reduces heat gain by conduction
» SHGC [Solar Heat Gain Coefficient]
• Reduces heat gain by radiation
» VLT [Visual Light Transmittance]
• Admits daylight inside the building
 92

Radiation heat gain is a

major concern for
glazing
U-factor or U-value
» It is the rate of heat loss or gain due to temperature difference across surfaces of
glass.
» Units: w/sqm K

» Low U-factor = less heat gain

U-value for different glazing

U-value (W/ hr-sqm-C) comparison

Ordinary Glazing 6
DGU with ½” air gap 3.5
DGU with ½” air gap + Low-e coating 2.9

DGU + Low-e + Argon 2.6

SHGC – Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
» Solar radiation absorbed by glass ends up in
the building as HEAT.
» SHGC measures the ‘net solar gain’ by the
glazing system
» SHGC indicates the ability of glass to BLOCK
HEAT
» Very important glass property especially in
hotter climates.
SHGC – Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
» SHGC is a fraction
• Clear glass has SHGC of 0.85
• It means 85% of the total solar radiation
incident on the glass is absorbed.

» Low SHGC = less heat gain

SHGC – Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
» Special metallic coatings are done on glass to
provide good SHGC
» This increases the cost of glass
» Best alternative is to SHADE the WINDOW !
VLT – Visual Light Transmittance
» Fraction of visible light transmitted through
the glazing
» Affects daylight and visibility

» High VLT = more daylight

VLT – Visual Light Transmittance
» VLT varies between 0 and 1
• Clear glass has VLT of 0.85
• It means 85% of visible light is
transmitted through glass

» Generally, low SHGC = low VLT, because

glass tends to have a tint.
In this example, direct solar radiation is incident in the room through the glass. This
will gradually heat the space.
What can be done to counter direct solar radiation?
Adding external shade/overhang will cut the solar radiation which is evident in the
diagram. Another option could be to use a glass with good SHGC that will mimic the
shading effect. Which option would be economical is not difficult to guess.
 102

Optimization of fenestration for energy performance

» Balance between window size and glazing selection

» Appropriate design of shading devices
» Vary glazing selection by façade, if possible
» For optimum energy performance balance, wall window ratio (WWR),
SHGC (glazing and shading), U-value and VLT need to be balanced
 103

ECBC regulates heat gain through fenestration through

» Site and orientation

• ECBC regulates maximum glazing are (Window-to-Wall Ratio)
» Shading devices
• ECBC takes into account reduction in heat gain through of shading
devices
» Glazing properties
• ECBC regulates solar heat gain factor (SHGC, U-value and VLT)
 104

ECBC requirement (mandatory)

4.2.1 Fenestration
» U-factors, SHGC and VLT shall be determined for the overall
fenestration product (including the sash and frame) in accordance with
ISO-15099 by an accredited independent laboratory, and labeled or
certified by the manufacturer.
 105

ECBC requirement (prescriptive)

4.3.3 Vertical Fenestration
(a)Maximum allowable Window Wall Ratio (WWR) is 40% (applicable to
buildings showing compliance using the Prescriptive Method, including
Building Envelope Trade-off Method)
(b) Minimum allowable Visual Light Transmittance (VLT) is 0.27
(c)Assembly U-factor includes both frame and glass area weighted U-
factors
(d) Assembly SHGC includes both frame and glass area weighted SHGC
 106

ECBC requirement (prescriptive)

4.3.3 Vertical Fenestration

Table 4-10 Vertical Fenestration effective SHGC Requirements for ECBC buildings

Composite Hot and dry Warm and Temperate Cold

humid
Maximum U-factor (W/m2K) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Maximum SHGC Non-North 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.62

Maximum SHGC North 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.62

for latitude ≥ 1 5 ° N

Maximum SHGC North 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.62

for latitude < 1 5 ° N
See Appendix A for default values of unrated fenestration.
 107

ECBC requirement (prescriptive)

4.3.4 Skylights

Table 4-14 Skylight U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2.K)

Climate Maximum U-factor Maximum SHGC
All climatic zones 4.25 0.35
 108

A good glass should have

low U-value, low SHGC
and high VLT
1/16/2018 An Introduction to ECBC 109

Shading the Fenestrations

 110

Shading the glass is critical to block direct solar radiation

 111

Shading the glass is critical to block direct solar radiation

Some of the benefits are..

» Reduces overheating of spaces
» Reduces cooling loads from the envelope
» Reduces glare
 112

Equivalent SHGC
» It is important to design shading devices with the right size in order to
adequately block direct sun through the fenestration
» Shaded fenestrations can have a relaxed SHGC requirement.
» Shaded fenestrations should calculate the equivalent SHGC
 113

Equivalent SHGC calculation method

» Equation 4.1: 𝑺𝑬𝑭=(𝐶3×𝑃𝐹3)+(𝐶2 ×𝑃𝐹2)+(𝐶1× 𝑃𝐹)+𝐶0
» Where,
» 0.25≤𝑃𝐹≥1.0, and,
» C3, C2, C1 and C0 are the coefficient of shading equivalent factor
(SEF), listed in ECBC Table 4-12 and Table 4-13.
» Shading Equivalent Factor (SEF) is calculated as follows

Equivalent SHGC = SHGC of unshaded fenestration

Shading Equivalent Factor (SEF).
 114

Table 4-12 Coefficients of Shading Equivalent Factors for Latitudes greater than or equal to 15 ºN

Overhang + Fin Overhang Fin

Coefficients C3 C2 C1 C0 C3 C2 C1 C0 C3 C2 C1 C0
North -0.03 -0.23 1.09 0.99 -0.02 -0.10 0.43 0.99 0.14 -0.39 0.62 0.99
East 4.49 -6.35 4.70 0.52 -0.05 0.42 0.66 1.02 0.12 -0.35 0.57 0.99
South -4.09 8.14 -0.73 1.32 -1.01 1.91 0.24 1.12 0.53 -1.35 1.48 0.88
West -1.21 3.92 -0.56 1.28 1.52 -2.51 2.30 0.76 0.02 -0.15 0.46 1.01
North-East -0.95 1.50 0.84 1.18 2.19 -3.78 2.62 0.72 -1.64 3.07 -1.05 1.30
South-East 2.67 -4.99 5.68 0.32 -0.93 1.37 0.76 0.99 0.68 -1.47 1.35 0.88
South-West -0.50 1.36 2.45 0.73 -3.23 5.61 -1.56 1.32 1.86 -3.81 2.71 0.69
North-West -6.85 11.7 -3.92 1.89 -0.22 0.19 0.74 1.01 -2.02 2.63 -0.18 1.14
 115

Table 4-13 Coefficients of Shading Equivalent Factors for Latitudes less than 15 ºN
Overhang + Fin Overhang Fin
Coefficients C3 C2 C1 C0 C3 C2 C1 C0 C3 C2 C1 C0
North -0.09 -0.29 1.41 1.05 -0.05 -0.10 0.54 1.02 0.10 -0.40 0.77 1.01
East -0.55 0.89 1.28 0.97 -0.62 0.88 0.51 1.02 0.15 -0.41 0.56 0.98
South -4.09 6.98 -1.92 1.41 -2.49 4.89 -2.45 1.43 1.57 -3.35 2.62 0.59
West -1.99 3.82 -0.19 1.18 -0.16 0.10 0.89 0.97 0.06 -0.22 0.48 0.99
North-East -1.73 3.45 -0.02 1.23 0.10 -0.55 1.15 0.92 -0.26 0.30 0.48 1.02
South-East -2.06 4.32 -0.96 1.41 -0.60 0.90 0.37 0.94 0.83 -1.42 1.22 0.92
South-West -2.06 4.48 -1.13 1.40 -0.39 0.50 0.60 0.87 1.56 -3.17 2.41 0.73
North-West -0.53 0.72 1.79 0.93 0.10 -0.38 0.96 0.96 0.24 -0.57 0.90 0.97
 116

Shading the glass is

critical for hot climate to
reduce heat gain from
direct solar radiation
 118

Goals of daylighting
» Provide sufficient illuminance
» Minimize glare
» Provide overall visual comfort
» Improved aesthetics
» Occupant comfort, productivity and health
» Reduction of electric lighting energy usage
 119

More daylight is not always better

 120

The art and science of daylighting is largely about

understanding how to control the admission of daylight
into buildings

– MEEB, Grondzik et al
 121

Factors affecting daylight

» Orientation
» Form
» Fenestrations
» External shading devices
 122

Orientation
 123

Form and Orientation

» Building orientation can determine the availability of daylight inside
the building
» Depending on the function and location of the building, the form can
be useful in providing self shading or complete solar access
 124

Window Wall Ratio (WWR)

» It is the percentage of
window area to the wall
area
» More WWR = more
fenestrations = more light
and heat
 125

Skylight Roof Ratio (SRR)

» It is the percentage of
skylight area to roof
area.
 126

External shading
 127

Mutual shading
 128

Key metrics in daylighting

» Quantitative metrics
» Illuminance
• The amount of light falling on a surface is called illuminance.
• Units: Lux
» Daylight Factor
• It is a ratio of interior illuminance to exterior illuminance.
 129

Key metrics in daylighting

Qualitative metrics
» Brightness
» Contrast
» Glare
 130

Good daylighting design will

aim for uniformly distributed
light levels without glare. It will
ensure a balance of light and
heat.
 131

Useful Daylight Illuminance

» UDI is defined as the annual occurrence of illuminances across the
work plane that are within a range considered “useful” by occupants
(Nabil and Mardaljevic 2005).
 132

Useful Daylight Illuminance

» The UDI considers the range between 100 lux and 2000 lux on the
workplane as ‘useful daylight’.
» Above this threshold, daylight is not desired due to potential glare or
overheating.
» Daylight levels below this range is considered inadequate for tasks.
» The workplane is considered as the horizontal plane at a height of 30
inches or 760mm.
 133

ECBC requirement (mandatory)

4.2.3 Daylighting
» Above grade floor areas shall meet or exceed the useful daylight
illuminance (UDI) area requirements listed in Table 4-1 for 90% of the
potential daylit time in a year
 134

ECBC requirement (mandatory)

Building Category Percentage of above grade floor area meeting the

UDI requirement for 90% of the potential daylit
time in a year
ECBC ECBC+ SuperECBC
Business 45% 55% 70%
Educational
No Star Hotel 30% 40% 50%
St
ar
H
ot
Assembly Exempted
el
He
alt
hc
ar
e
Resort 45% 60% 75%
Shopping Complex 10% 15% 20%
 135

ECBC requirement (mandatory)

» Assembly buildings and other buildings where daylighting will interfere
with the functions or processes of 50% (or more) of the building floor
area, are exempted from meeting the requirements listed in Table 4-1.
 136

Daylight compliance
» Compliance can be shown by two methods
• Using computer simulation
• Manual calculations
 137

4.2.3.1 Daylighting Simulation Method

» Only BEE approved software
» a work plane height of 0.8 m above the finished floor.
» The period of analysis shall be fixed for 8 hours per day, anytime
between 8:00 AM IST to 5:00 PM IST, resulting in 2,920 hours in total
for all building types except for Schools. Schools shall be analyzed for 7
hours per day, anytime between 7:00 AM IST to 3:00 PM IST
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4.2.3.1 Daylighting Simulation Method

» UDI shall be calculated for at least one point for each square meter of
floor area
» Surrounding obstructions shall be modeled.
» Actual VLT of the glazing shall be used
» Following assumptions shall be made in case the material specification
is not available
Table 4-2 Default Values for Surface Reflectance
Surface Type Reflectance
Wall or Vertical Internal Surfaces 50%
Ceiling 70%
Floor 20%
Furniture (permanent) 50%
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4.2.3.2 Manual Daylighting Compliance Method

» Daylight extent factors (DEF) mentioned in Table 4-3 shall be used for
manually calculating percentage of above grade floor area meeting the
UDI requirement for 90% of the potential daylit time in a year.
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4.2.3.2 Manual Daylighting Compliance Method

Latitude Window Type Shading VLT < 0.3 VLT ≥ 0.3
North South/ West North South/ West
East East
≥15°N All No shading 1.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.1 0.7
window types
<15°N 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.6 1.5 .8

East/ North/ South West East/ North/ West

South
All latitude types Vision window All 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.5
shading
types
Clerestory 1.8 1.6 2.1 1.8
with
PF>0.4

DEF shall be multiplied with the head height of the vertical fenestration to compute the daylight penetration
potential
SESSION 3: MANDATORY & PRESCRIPTIVE REQ
SESSION 4: CASE STUDY
Thank you
Jeevan@terraviridis.co.uk