The Cambridge Guide To Orchestration - (APPENDICES)

APPENDICES
Copyright © 2013. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
Sevsay, Ertuğrul. The Cambridge Guide to Orchestration, Cambridge University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cuhk-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1182955.
Created from cuhk-ebooks on 2020-01-08 23:51:19.
Electrophones (electronic instruments)
A thorough discussion of electronic instruments is beyond the scope of this book for reasons
that will be discussed below. As an introduction to this extensive and important topic, however,
we would like to provide a general overview of these instruments.
Classification
Electrophones are classified into four groups:
1. instruments with acoustical tone production where the sound is amplified to make it louder
(e.g., electric guitar, electric piano, electric violin)
2. instruments that imitate the sound of existing musical instruments (e.g., Hammond organ)
3. instruments that use pre-recorded instrumental or environmental acoustical or electronic
sounds as a source. These are especially important in musique concrète and experimental
music.
4. instruments that are designed to generate new sounds, with timbres different from those of
traditional acoustical instruments
Thus the tone of an electronic instrument is produced either by electronic manipulation of
acoustically produced tones or directly by electronic tone production. In the latter case oscilla-
tors produce the tone, which is then processed by various systems, such as filters, input, output
and transmission systems, amplifiers and loudspeakers, and so on, together with various effect
devices, microphones, mixers, and so forth. Thus it is obvious that an electrophone consists of
multiple units, which differ according to their structure and the way they function. In consid-
ering today’s fully electronic instruments, we must also understand the two different systems,
analog and digital.
Brief history
Electronic instruments have undergone extensive experimentation and development in a rel-
atively short time. The first notable instrument was the Theremin (1920), which is essentially
an oscillator that generates electronic sounds. Also called the etherophone, it can produce an
infinitely variable pitch, which is regulated by moving the hands in the magnetic field between
two metal antennas. The distance of the hands from the antennas determines the frequency
(pitch) and the amplitude (volume). Usually the right hand controls the frequency and the
left one the amplitude. The theremin had a very characteristic “eerie” sound with glissando
and portamento components. Another similar instrument was the popular ondes Martenot
(1928), which also produced oscillating waves based more or less on the same principles.
Timbre and effects are controlled with keys and buttons. It is played either by a keyboard or by a
ribbon attached to a ring on the player’s finger. In the latter case infinitely variable pitches could
also be produced, permitting a “siren” effect. Patented in 1934, the Hammond organ became a
highly popular electrophone in the post-war era. It is a keyboard instrument with two manuals
(each with 61 keys) and a pedal-board (with 25 to 32 keys). The keys function as switches for
operating rotary, motor-driven generators. The basic timbre, which can be described as a mix-
ture of strings with oboes, can be modified by regulating the harmonics in the tone to imitate
other instruments. It is also possible to create a characteristic tremolo.
While some technicians were working to improve the available electronic instruments of the
new era, others were inventing new instruments, including many varieties of electric pianos
634 Appendices
and organs endowed with many technical features besides tone production. This led to the
invention of the synthesizer in which solid-state circuitry is used to produce the sound, which
is controlled by a keyboard. A synthesizer can imitate the timbres of various instruments and
can also produce many sound combinations and effects that go far beyond the traditional con-
cept of musical tones.
Use
Electronic instruments have been used rather infrequently and unsuccessfully in combination
with acoustic instruments, except in cases where special effects are desired. The main reason the
two types of instrument are rarely combined is timbre: While electrophones lack a general and
characteristic sound, they create strong, non-matching contrasts when combined with acoustic
instruments. Because their sounds have such different origins and qualities, the two groups do
not go well together. (As a matter of fact, non-matching timbres sometimes create a problem
among acoustic instruments as well. This incompatibility of timbre with other instruments is
one of the main reasons why the saxophone, organ, accordion, guitar, and so on have never
become regular members of the orchestra. It is also the reason why trombones are used in a
group rather than individually.)
When acoustic instruments, on the other hand, are manipulated electronically, such as by
amplifying them (in pop music, for example), they usually go well with electronic instruments.
Limitations
Electrophones face another problem in addition to their failure to go well with acoustic instru-
ments: They do not belong to a uniform family. But developments and improvements are taking
place at a rapid pace and are thus difficult to follow, even for the experts. That is why electro-
phones are beyond the scope of this book. Nevertheless, they deserve special attention as basic
tools in the ever-growing area of electronic music and electronic music composition.
Tabulation of the ranges of the
frequently used orchestral instruments
String instruments
Violin 8va
Viola
Cello
Double bass
(sounds one octave lower)
Woodwind instruments
Piccolo Notation Sound
8va
8va
Flute 8va
Oboe
English horn Notation Sound
Clarinet Notation Sound (Cl. in A) Sound (Cl. in B ) Sound (Cl. in C)
636 Appendices
Bass clarinet Notation Sound (B. Cl. in B )
Bassoon
Contrabassoon Notation Sound
8ba
Brass instruments
Horn Notation Sound

Pedal tones Pedal tones
of the B division of the B division
Trumpet Notation Sound (Tr. in A) Sound (Tr. in B ) Sound (Tr. in C)
Tenor trombone the five chromatic tones

between these two notes are missing
Pedal tones
Bass trombone 7 pedal tones

(without F-attachment)
6 pedal tones
(with F-attachment)
Tenor tuba (euphonium)
Tabulation of the ranges of the frequently used orchestral instruments 637
Bass tuba in F in E
Pedal tones Pedal tones

Contrabass tuba in C in B
8ba 8ba
Double (contrabass) tuba
8ba
Percussion instruments
Timpani D/ G/ C/ A/ Piccolo Timpano
bass Timpano large Timpano small Timpano high Timpano
30''–32'' 28''–29'' 25''–26'' 23''–24'' 20''–22''
(75–80 cm) (65–70 cm) (60–65 cm) (55–60 cm) (50–55 cm)
Xylophone Notation Sound

8va
Marimba
Xylomarimba Notation Sound

8va
Orchestra bells (glockenspiel) Notation Sound 8va
or
Vibraphone ( )
Tubular bells (chimes)
638 Appendices
Plucked instruments
Harp 8va
8ba
Keyboard instruments
Piano 8va
8ba
Celesta Notation Sound 8va

8va
Names of frequently used orchestral
instruments in English, Italian, German
and French
English Italian German French
String instruments Strumenti ad arco Streichinstrumente (Instruments à) cordes
violin violino Violine (Geige) violon
viola viola Viola (Bratsche) alto
violoncello violoncello Violoncello violoncelle
double bass contrabasso Kontrabass contrebasse
Woodwind instruments Strumenti a fiato di legno Holzblasinstrumente (Instruments à vent
or legni en) bois
piccolo (flute) ottavino or flauto piccolo Kleine Flöte or petite flûte
Piccoloflöte
oboe oboe Oboe hautbois
English horn corno inglese Englischhorn cor anglais
clarinet clarinetto Klarinette clarinette
bass clarinet clarinetto basso Bassklarinette clarinette basse
bassoon fagotto Fagott basson
contrabassoon contrafagotto Kontrafagott contrebasson
saxophone sassofono Saxophon saxophone
Brass instruments Strumenti a fiato di Blechblasinstrumente (Instruments à vent
ottono or ottoni de) cuivre(s)
(French) horn corno Horn cor
flugelhorn flicorno Flügelhorn bugle à pistons
cornet cornetta Kornett cornet
trumpet tromba Trompete trompette
trombone trombone Posaune trombone

tuba tuba Tuba tuba
Percussion instruments Strumenti a percussione Schlaginstrumente (Instruments à)
percussion(s)
suspended cymbal piatto sospeso Hängendes Becken cymbale suspendue
sizzle cymbal or rivet piatto chiodato Nieten-Becken cymbale sur tiges
cymbal
tam-tam tam-tam Tamtam tam-tam
gong gong Gong gong
plate bell campana in lastra di Plattenglocke cloche en lame de
metallo métal
anvil incudine Amboss enclume
xylophone xilofono Xylophon xylophone
marimbaphone marimbafono Marimbaphon marimbaphone
640 Appendices
orchestra bells or (bell) campanelli Glockenspiel jeux de timbres or
chimes carillon
vibraphone vibrafono Vibraphon vibraphone
triangle triangolo Triangel triangle
tubular bells or chimes campane tubolari Röhrenglocken cloches tubulaires
wood block blocco di legno Holzblocktrommel bloc de bois
temple block blocco di legno Tempelblock temple-block
coreano/cinese
cowbells campanacci Herdenglocken cloches de vaches
almglocken or cowbells campanacci di metallo Almglocken blocs de métal
cencerro cencerro Cencerro cencerro
slapstick or whip frusta Peitsche fouet
castanets castagnette Kastagnetten castagnettes
hi-hat hi-hat Hi-hat hi-hat
antique cymbals or crotali (Antike) Zimbeln or cymbales antiques or
crotales Crotalen crotales
finger cymbals cimbalini Fingerzimbeln cymbales digitales
claves claves Claves claves
flexatone flessatono Flexaton flexatone
cabaza cabasa Cabaza calebasse
sleighbells sonagli (Roll-)Schellen grelots
bamboo chimes tubi di bambù sospesi Hängende Bambusrohre bambous suspendus
shell chimes bacchette di conchiglia Hängende Muschel baguettes de coquille
sospese suspendues
glass chimes bacchette di vetro Hängende Glassstäbe baguettes de verre
sospese suspendues
metal chimes bacchette di metallo Hängende Metallrohre baguettes de métal
sospese suspendues
wooden chimes bacchette di legno Hängende Holzstäbe baguettes de bois
sospese suspendues
rattle or ratchet raganella Ratsche crécelle
guiro or gourd guiro Guiro güiro

musical saw sega cantante Singende Säge scie musicale
timpani or kettle drums timpani Pauken timbales
tabor (drum of tamburo provenzale Provenzalische Trommel tambour provençal or
Provence) or Tambourin tambourin
parade drum or field tamburo rullante con Rühr-, Basler- or caisse roulante avec
drum corde or tamburo Paradetrommel timbre or tambour
basilea d’empire
military drum or side tamburo militare Militärtrommel tambour (militaire)
drum
tenor drum tamburo rullante senza Wirbel-, Rollier- or caisse roulant sans
corde Tenortrommel timbre or tambour
roulant
snare drum or small tamburo piccolo, Kleine Trommel caisse claire
drum tamburo alto or
tamburo chiaro
Names of frequently used orchestral instruments 641
bass drum grancassa Große Trommel grosse caisse
tambourine tamburo basco, Schellentrommel or tambour de basque
tamburino or Tamburin
tamburello
bongo bongo Bongo(-Trommel) bongo
conga conga Conga(-Trommel) conga
timbales timpanetti or timbales Timbales or kubanische timbales cubaines
latino-americani Pauken
tom-toms tom-tom Tom-toms tom-toms
cimbalon cimbalom Cimbalom cymbalum
Plucked instruments Strumenti a pizzico Zupfinstrumente Instruments à cordes
pincées
harp arpa Harfe harpe
guitar chitarra Gitarre guitare
Keyboard instruments Strumenti a tastiera Tasten-instrumente Instruments à clavier
piano pianoforte Klavier piano
celesta celesta Celesta célesta
harpsichord clavicembalo Cembalo clavecin
organ organo Orgel orgue
harmonium armonio Harmonium harmonium
Frequently used orchestral terms in
English, Italian, German and French
a2 a2 zu 2 à 2
all tutti alle tous
at (near) the bridge sul ponticello am Steg sur le chevalet
at the frog al tallone am Frosch du talon
at the point alla punta (d’arco) an der Spitze à la pointe
bells in the air campana alta Schalltrichter auf pavillons en l’air
brassy suono/i metallico/i schmetternd (son/s) cuivré/s
change F to E Fa muta in Mi umstimmen (F nach E-) changez Fa en Mi
desk, stand leggio Pult pupitre
divided divisi (div.) geteilt (get.) divisé(e)s (div.)
divided in 3 parts div. a 3 dreifach geteilt div. à 3
divided in 4 parts div. a 4 vierfach geteilt div. à 4
down-bow (arcata in) giù Abstrich tiré
half la metà die Hälfte la moitié
hard sticks bacchette dure mit harten Schlägeln baguettes dures
heavy sticks bacchette pesanti mit schweren Schlägeln baguettes lourdes
in the ordinary way (modo) ordinario gewöhnlich (mode) ordinaire
let vibrate (l.v.) lasciar vibrare (l.v.) (nach)klingen lassen laissez vibrer (l.v.)
light sticks bacchette leggiere mit leichten baguettes légères
muted open con sordino aperto/i mit Dämpfer offen avec sourdine ouvert(s)
the others gli altri/le altre die Anderen les autres
over the fingerboard sul tasto/sulla tastiera am Griffbrett sur la touche
regular sticks bacchette normali mit gewöhnlichen Schlägeln baguettes ordinaires
soft sticks bacchette molli mit weichen Schlägeln baguettes molles
solo solo allein seul
sponge-head(ed) sticks bacchette di spugna mit Schwammschlägeln baguettes d’éponge
stopped chiuso/i gestopft bouché(s)

string corda Saite corde
take off mutes togliere la sordina Dämpfer weg enlevez/ôtez les sourdines
unison unisono (unis.) zusammen à l’unisson
up beat anacrusi Auftakt anacrouse
up-bow (arcata in) su Aufstrich poussé
with the wood col legno mit Holz avec le bois
without mute senza sordino ohne Dämpfer sans sourdine(s)
wooden sticks bacchette di legno mit Holzschlägeln baguettes en bois

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APPENDICES

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(sounds one octave lower)

English horn Notation Sound

Clarinet Notation Sound (Cl. in A) Sound (Cl. in B ) Sound (Cl. in C)

Contrabassoon Notation Sound

Horn Notation Sound

Trumpet Notation Sound (Tr. in A) Sound (Tr. in B ) Sound (Tr. in C)

Tenor trombone the five chromatic tones

Bass trombone 7 pedal tones

Tenor tuba (euphonium)

Pedal tones Pedal tones

Double (contrabass) tuba

Xylophone Notation Sound

Xylomarimba Notation Sound

Orchestra bells (glockenspiel) Notation Sound 8va

Tubular bells (chimes)

Celesta Notation Sound 8va

trombone trombone Posaune trombone

guiro or gourd guiro Guiro güiro

stopped chiuso/i gestopft bouché(s)

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