PNEUMATIC POWER GENERATION

ABSTRACT

In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by

pneumatic cylinder and slider crank mechanism. Non-conventional energy system is
very essential at this time to our nation. Non-conventional energy by pneumatic cylinder
is converting mechanical energy into the electrical energy. This project using simple
drive mechanism such as assemble slider crank mechanism
For this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The
control mechanism carries the pneumatic cylinder, wheel, D.C generator, and battery and
inverter control. We have discussed the various applications and further extension also.
The D.C generator used in this project is Permanente Magnet D.C generator. The
Generator is coupled to the fly wheel Shaft with the help of Spur Gear Mechanism.

The Output of the generator is 12 Volts. This 12 Volt is stored in a 7 Amp-Hour

Battery. The battery type is Lead-Acid battery. The battery is connected to the inverter
which is used to convert the D.C 12 Volt to the 230 Volt A.C. By increasing the capacity
of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is increased.
 INTRODUCTION

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well
being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required
energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which
he hunted. Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started
to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy needs for cooking as well
as for keeping himself warm.
With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a
new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for
him. With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for
driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for
driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it
would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either
directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

When the air supplies for the cylinder, it reciprocates and its motion is converted
in to rotation motion. The gear wheel is coupled to the generator shaft with the help of
another gear wheel. The generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C generator. The
generated voltage is 12Volt D.C. This D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt
battery.

The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12
Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already explained the above
chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the light, fan and etc. By increasing
the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is increased. This
arrangement is fitted in shopping complex, college and it can be used with compressed
air storage also.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING DIAGRAM
1.2 ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION

Electrical power generation has been a subject of research in the field of engineering for
well over a hundred years. Several methods for this generation are as follows: static
electricity, photo electricity, thermoelectricity, electrochemistry, piezoelectric effects, and
magnetic induction.
Aside from its recent applications in micro-machines and integrated circuits, electrostatic
power generation has been deemed inefficient in comparison with other like methods
because of its high voltage requirements and weak performance. Photoelectric, or solar
power, and thermoelectric power are not viable options for SCBA power generation
needs because of their dependence on light and heat sources, respectively– two things to
which firefighters are not guaranteed exposure. Electrochemistry utilizes a chemical
reaction between two substances (usually a chemical and a metal) which produces an
exchange of electrons and, consequently, voltage. This is the method of power
production, existing in the form of batteries, which has been previously used by
firefighters to operate the electrical functions associated with an SCBA. The problem
with this method of generating power is that electrochemistry is generally limited to the
supplied amount 5 of reactants used in the process. In other words, it is not a continuous
form of power generation, as is apparent through the frequent need for battery
replacement.
The need to reduce global energy consumption and make efficient use of energy
resources by adopting an energy-efficient egime is undisputed today and this has been an
integral element of
international contracts and agreements for many years now. The Kyoto Protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change passed in 1997 /Kyo97/
stipulates quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments for individual
countries. The European Union, and therefore Germany, is under obligation to reduce its
total emissions of greenhouse gases to at least 8 % below the 1990 level between 2008
and 2012. Assuming that the pneumatic sector is under obligation to the same extent as
all other branches of industry, it will also need to reduce energy consumption by 8 %. An
extensive survey of the energy consumed by pneumatic systems throughout the EU was
carried out within the framework of the EU study on "Compressed Air Systems in the
European Union" /Rad01/ which also contained details of energy-saving potential. The
costs incurred as a result of high energy consumption are now also moving into the
foreground in the day-to-day business practice of pneumatic system suppliers within the
framework of "Total Cost of Ownership" studies, for instance. The o+p discussion on the
performance limits of pneumatic systems published in May this year /O+P0 5/ is a good
example of this. Generally speaking, energy-saving measures for pneumatic systems can
be broken down according to where they are implemented /Bac94/:
a) in the generative part of the system, where mechanical energy is converted into
pneumatic energy, i.e. in the compressors
b) in the conductive part, where energy is transmitted via lines
c) in the motive part, where pneumatic energy is converted back into mechanical energy,
i.e. in the cylinders and motors.
2 Generative part At this point we shall not go into the operating principle of compressed
air generating equipment or possible ways of improving their efficiency. The energy flow
diagram for a compressed air supply with electric motor (Figure 1) clearly shows,
however, that the generative part uses most of the introduced electrical energy. In the
course of the EU study mentioned above, it was discovered that the accumulated saving
potential in the generative part of a compressed air system amounts to around 16 %. The
measures to be implemented here include the use of highly efficient, variable speed
drives, heat recovery and multiple pressure systems. The energy-saving potential of a
particular installation can only be examined according to its individual merits. A
compressor should be chosen to suit requirements, however,
and over dimensioning should be avoided in order to prevent energy being wasted.
 Utilization of expansion energy

This energy-saving variant is based on the concept of determining the pressure that must
prevail in the positioned cylinder after positioning. When a cylinder is driven by an on-
off valve the full system pressure is usually built up in the cylinder chambers when the
final position is reached. It would also be conceivable to shut off the supply of
compressed air while the cylinder is moving. As investigated by Otis /Oti92/, for
example, the cylinder is moved to the final position just using mass inertia and the
expansion energy of the enclosed compressed air. The pressure in the cylinder chambers
is correspondingly lower in the final position and the energy consumption as well. If a
cylinder circuit with incoming air throttling is used (refer to Figure 5) instead of throttling
the outgoing air, the consumption of compressed air can also be reduced by making use
of the expansion energy. This alternative has been investigated by Trachoma /Ter00/, for
example. When the valve is operated, pressure builds up in O + P »Ölhydraulik und
Pneumatic « 50 (2006) Nr. 18one cylinder chamber while the air in the second chamber is
evacuated completely. The pressure in the first chamber remains correspondingly low. If
measures are implemented to ensure that the pressure supply is shut off when the cylinder
reaches its final position, the pressure in the first chamber is well below the supply
pressure in the final state. The disadvantage of throttling the incoming air is to be found
in the stick-slip behavior at the onset of movement and the traversing time's dependence
on the load /Murr99/. Figure 5: Cylinder circuit with incoming air throttling 5 Servo-
pneumatics A 5/-3-way proportional valve is generally used as actuator for realization of
a servo-pneumatic axis. This means that one cylinder chamber is vented while air is
flowing into the second chamber. Unlike switching pneumatics, the chambers here are not
vented completely as the cylinder piston is held in position by the two air columns. A
servo-pneumatic drive therefore always utilizes the expansion energy stored in the
compressed air. Proportional valves are normally slide valves and, as such, demonstrate
inherent leakage. This exerts negative effects on the energy balance, particularly during
movement cycles with long idle times. But these effects are more than compensated by
the saving potential when used for fast switching cycles

Pneumatic Transmission of Energy

The reason for using pneumatics, or any other type of energy transmission on a machine,
is to perform work. The accomplishment of work requires the application of kinetic
energy to a resisting object resulting in the object moving through a distance. In a
pneumatic system, energy is stored in a potential state under the form of compressed air.
Working energy (kinetic energy and pressure) results in a pneumatic system when the
compressed air is allowed to expand. For example, a tank is charged to 100 PSIA with
compressed air. When the valve at the tank outlet is opened, the air inside the tank
expands until the pressure inside the tank equals the atmospheric pressure. Air expansion
takes the form of airflow. To perform any applicable amount of work then, a device is
needed which can supply an air tank with a sufficient amount of air at a desired pressure.
This device is positive displacement compressor. What a Positive Displacement
Compressor Consists of A positive displacement compressor basically consists of a
movable member inside a housing. The compressor has a piston for a movable member.
The piston is connected to a crankshaft, which is in turn connected to a prime mover
(electric motor, internal combustion engine).At inlet and outlet ports, valves allow air to
enter and exit the chamber. How a Positive Displacement Compressor Works As the
crankshaft pulls the piston down, an increasing volume is formed within the housing.
This action causes the trapped air in the piston bore to expand, reducing its pressure.
When pressure differential becomes high enough, the inlet valve opens, allowing
atmospheric air to flow in. With the piston at the bottom of its stroke, inlet valve closes.
The piston starts its upward movement to reduce the air volume which consequently
increases its pressure and temperature. When pressure differential between the
compressor chamber and discharge line is high enough, the discharge valve opens,
allowing air to pass into an air receiver tank for storage. Fluid Power Educational
Foundation.
 Control of Pneumatic Energy

Working energy transmitted pneumatically must be directed and under complete control
at all times. If not under control, useful work will not be done and machinery or machine
operators might be harmed. One of the advantages of transmitting energy pneumatically
is that energy can be controlled relatively easily by using valves. Control of Pressure
Pressure in a pneumatic system must be controlled at two points -after the compressor
and after the air receiver tank. Control of pressure is required after the compressor as a
safety for the system. Control of pressure after an air receiver tank is necessary so that an
actuator receives a steady pressure source without wasting energy. Control of Pressure
after A Compressor In a pneumatic system, energy delivered by a compressor is not
generally used immediately, but is stored as potential energy in air receiver tank in the
form of compressed air. In most instances, a compressor is designed into a system so that
it operates intermittently. A compressor usually delivers compressed air to a receiver tank
until high pressure is reached, then it is shut down. When air pressure in the tank
decreases, the compressor cuts in and recharges the tank. Intermittent compressor
operation in this manner is a power saving benefit for the system. A common way of
sensing tank pressure and controlling actuation and de-actuation of relatively small (2-15
HP) compressors, is with a pressure switch. Pressure Switch System pressure is sensed
with a spring loaded piston within the switch housing. When pressure in the system is at
its low level, the spring pushes the piston down. In this position a contact is made causing
an electrical signal to turn on the compressor. As pressure in the receiver tank rises, it
forces the piston upward. With system pressure at its high level, the piston breaks the
electrical contact shutting down the compressor. Fluid Power Educational Foundation .

Safety Relief Valve

Maximum pressure developed by a compressor is designed to be regulated by a control
system which senses discharge or tank pressure. In case of an emergency, such as the
failure of a control system to function properly, a positive displacement compressor
system is generally equipped with a safety relief valve. A safety relief valve is a normally
closed valve. The poppet of the safety relief valve is seated on the valve inlet. A spring
holds the poppet firmly on its seat. Air cannot pass through the valve until the force of the
spring biasing the poppet is overcome.Air pressure at compressor outlet is sensed directly
on the bottom of the poppet. When air pressure is at an undesirably high level, the spring
will be compressed, the poppet will move off its seat, and air will exhaust through the
valve. A safety relief valve on a compressor is not intended to operate frequently. A safety
relief valve is designed only to be a safety device. Many times safety relief valves are
equipped with whistles or horns to alert personnel that something has failed or a problem
exists.

Common Types of Cylinders

There are many different cylinder types. The most common are listed below:
Single acting cylinder-
a cylinder in which air pressure is applied to the movable element (piston) in only one
direction. Spring return cylinder
-a cylinder in which a spring returns the piston assembly.
Ram cylinder-
a cylinder in which the movable element is the piston rod.
Double acting cylinder-a cylinder in which air pressure maybe alternately applied to the
piston to drive it in either direction.
Double acting –double rod cylinder
-Double acting cylinder with a piston rod extending form each end. The piston rods are
connected to the same piston. Double rod cylinders provide equal force and speed in both
directions.
Pressure - Absolute & Gage
• Pressure = matter pushing against matter
– Object pushing against another object

• Absolute (psia) => True matter based pressure

– 0 psia => no matter present to press against objects
– Not too important in our designs

• Gage (psig) => Relative to Atmosphere

– 0 psig => pressure in equilibrium with atmosphere
– All regulators and gauges based on this

Force, Pressure & Area

• Pressure = Force / Area

• Force = Pressure X Area

• Example: 30 psig in 2” diameter cylinder

30 psig2.0” dia.Force = 30 psi X 3.14 sq-in = 94.2 lbs
Area = r2= (1”)2= 3.14sq-in94.2 lbs

Some Basic Properties of Air

• Compressible
• Higher Pressure = Higher Friction

• Ideal Gas Law:– PV = nRT

– Pressure is proportional to Temperature
– Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume

Pressure & Volume Flow Rates

• Flow rate = Volume / time

– i.e. CFM (L/min, cu-in/sec)

• Flow Controls - Valves

– Solenoid Value
– Check Valve
– Relief Valve
– Flow Control Valve

• Unintended Flow Restrictions:

– Narrow Passages
– Flow Friction
– Pressure drops while it is flowing due to restrictions

Electrical Analogy

• Pressure = Voltage
• Volume = Capacitance
• Flow rate = Current
• Flow Restrictions = Resistance
• HOWEVER: Air is compressible
=> more non-linearities than those in electrical systems
Mechanical Power & Work

• Work = Force x Distance

– Also Work = Torque x Revolutions
– Mechanical Energy is always involved in doing work

• It is transferred or converted
• Power = Work / Time
– or Energy / Time

• Power Concept
– How far an object can be moved in a given time
– The power rating of motors is what allows us to determine
which ones can be used for a given job

• Power rating for pneumatic actuators?

–Depends greatly on the rest of the pneumatic system

Managing Pneumatic Energy Capacity

• Store Pneumatic Energy
– Storage Tanks
– Tubing, Fittings & Valves
– Compressor

• Consume Pneumatic Energy

– Exhaust of actuators
– Leakage
• Add Pneumatic Energy
– Activate compressor

Optimize Cylinder Stroke, Diameter and Pressure

• Stroke
– Shorter stroke => less leverage for angled movement
– Shorter stroke => less weight for cylinder

• Diameter
– Smaller diameter => more pressure required for same force
– Smaller diameter => less weight for cylinder

• Pressure
– Less pressure => need a bigger, heavier cylinder
– Less pressure => less likely to leak

PARTS AND COMPONENTS

1. GEAR

A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another
toothed part in order to transmit torque. Two or more gears working in tandem are called
a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus
may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, magnitude,
and direction of a power source.
MAJOR TYPES OF GEARS:

1. SPUR GEAR.
2. HELICAL GEAR
3. DOUBLE HELICAL GEAR.
4. BEVEL GEAR

1. SPUR GEAR

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided
in form, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.
These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel axles.

2. FLYWHEEL
A flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as a
storage device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational speed,
which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is exerted on it by
its power source such as a piston-based engine, or when an intermittent load, such as a
piston pump, is placed on it. Recently, flywheels have become the subject of extensive
research as power storage devices for uses in vehicles and power plants.

3. DC GENERATORS
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical
energy is done by a motor, motors and generators have many similarities. A generator
forces electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit. It is
somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create
the water inside. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine
steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical
energy.

4. BATTERY
A battery cell consists of five major components, electrodes-anode and cathode,
separators, terminals, electrolyte and a case or enclosure. Battery cells are grouped
together into a single mechanical and electrical unit called a battery module. These
modules are electrically connected to form a battery pack, which powers the electronic
drive systems.

5. INVERTER CIRCUIT
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current to alternating
current, the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Static inverters have no moving
parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies
in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that
transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources
such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

6. .PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which
produce force, often in combination with movement, and are powered by compressed gas
(typically air).
To perform their function, pneumatic cylinders impart a force by converting the potential
energy of compressed gas into kinetic energy. This is achieved by the compressed gas
being able to expand, without external energy input, which itself occurs due to the
pressure gradient established by the compressed gas being at a greater pressure than the
atmospheric pressure. This air expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction.
The piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the
object to be moved.When selecting a pneumatic cylinder, you must pay attention to:
1. how far the piston extends when activated, known as "stroke"
2. surface area of the piston face, known as "bore size"
3. action type
4. pressure rating, such as "50 PSI"
5. type of connection to each port, such as "1/4" NPT"
6. must be rated for compressed air use
Types

Although pneumatic cylinders will vary in appearance, size and function, they generally
fall into one of the specific categories shown below. However there are also numerous
other types of pneumatic cylinder available, many of which are designed to fulfill specific
and specialized functions.

Single acting cylinders

Single acting cylinders (SAC) use the pressure imparted by compressed air to create a
driving force in one direction (usually out), and a spring to return to the "home" position

Double acting cylinders

Double Acting Cylinders (DAC) use the force of air to move in both extend and retract
strokes. They have two ports to allow air in, one for outstroke and one for in stroke.

Other types
Although SACs and DACs are the most common types of pneumatic cylinder, the
following types are not particularly rare:

 Rotary air cylinders: actuators that use air to impart a rotary motion

 Roadless air cylinders: These have no piston rod. They are actuators that use a
mechanical or magnetic coupling to impart force, typically to a table or other
body that moves along the length of the cylinder body, but does not extend
beyond it.
Sizes

Air cylinders are available in a variety of sizes and can typically range from a small 2.5
mm air cylinder, which might be used for picking up a small transistor or other electronic
component, to 400 mm diameter air cylinders which would impart enough force to lift a
car. Some pneumatic cylinders reach 1000 mm in diameter, and are used in place of
hydraulic cylinders for special circumstances where leaking hydraulic oil could impose
an extreme hazard.

Pressure, radius, area and force relationships

Although the diameter of the piston and the force exerted by a cylinder are related, they
are not directly proportional to one another. Additionally, the typical mathematical
relationship between the two assumes that the air supply does not become saturated. Due
to the effective cross sectional area reduced by the area of the piston rod, the instroke
force is less than the outstroke force when both are powered pneumatically and by same
supply of compressed gas.

The relationship, between force on outstroke, pressure and radius, is as follows:

This is derived from the relationship, between force, pressure and effective cross-
sectional area, which is:

F = p A\,
With the same symbolic notation of variables as above, but also A represents the effective
cross sectional area.
On instroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure and effective cross
sectional area applies as discussed above for outstroke. However, since the cross
sectional area is less than the piston area the relationship between force, pressure and
radius is different. The calculation isn't more complicated though, since the effective
cross sectional area is merely that of the piston less that of the piston rod.

For instroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure, radius of the
piston, and radius of the piston rod, is as follows:

Where:
F represents the force exerted
r1 represents the radius of the piston
r2 represents the radius of the piston rod
π is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.

6.9 VALVE CONNECTORS;

6.10. FLEXIBLE HOSES:

The Pneumatic hoses, which is used when pneumatic components such as actuators are
subjected to movement. Hose is fabricated in layer of

Elastomer or synthetic rubber, which permits operation at high pressure. The standard
outside diameter of tubing is 1/16 inch. If the hose is subjected to rubbing, it should be
encased in a protective sleeve.
Manual operations involving heavy lifting. Pushing or pulling motions can be firing for
the operations and can induce a monotony which results in lowered production. Cylinders
have been designed to carry out these movements with a pre – determined force and
stroke and can be fitted to synchronize with operation cycles of many machines it is
worth wile to examine the existing plan and methods of movement and to consider the
numerous mechanical applications which the range of pneumatic cylinders make
possible. Quality is to keynote of air cylinder. Engineer them into you production setup to
get the last ounce of power, speed and efficiency to save time, space and money.

Piston is cylinder part which moves in a cylinder have corresponding hole on it. To make
the strokes effective there is no gap between them or with a very tiny gap, part of the
micron. The cylinder and its piston have a glazing surface where there is a contact
between them for easy motion of piston and avoiding wear and tear of both. The outer
side of the cylinder have mountings consists of plate and studs attached with it. But the of
these mountings, the cylinder and piston assembly can fitted on any place of the piston
have threads on it for fastening the other parts (or) accessories according the operating
performed and the application required. We can fit holding devices, Clamping materials
or other metal cutting and forming ports with which can be movable with the piston.

Pneumatics are used practically in every industry for a wide variety of manufacturing
process, pneumatics equipment’s are used for multiple reasons. The best reason is that it
is air powered ordinary air turns out to be very excellent as a fluid power components.
6.11. Solenoid Valve :

In order to automate the air flow in our system we have to provide an electrically
controlled valves. Electrical devices can provide more effective control, less expensive
interlocks having many additional safety features and simplified automatic sequencing
when a machine must operate in a hazardous area, remote actuation is a desirable. The
operator can provide satisfactory control though electrical devices from a remote point
with in a safe area, using a semi automatic system and these electrical flow control
devices are also in use in full automation by providing proper action signals.

Push and pull actuation can be priced b solenoids. These movements are used to open and
close the pop pet type valves. These actuations are done according to the signals given to
the solenoid coil when the decided by the program. The outlet of solenoid coil when the
decided by the program,. The outlet of solenoid valve is connected to a spray gun, which
is going to spray the paint.

SOLENOID OPERATED VALVES:

Solenoid valves are electromechanical devices like relays and contractors. A solenoid
valve is used to obtain mechanical movement in machinery by utilizing fluid or air
pressure. The fluid or air pressure is applied to the cylinder piston through a valve
operated by a cylindrical electrical coil. The electrical coil along with its frame and
plunger is known as the solenoid and the assembly of solenoid and mechanical valve is
known as solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is thus another important electromechanical
device used in control of machines. Solenoid valves are of two types,

1. Single solenoid spring return operating valve,(5/2)

2. Double solenoid operating valve.

In fig 1 is shown a single solenoid spring return valve in its de-energized condition. The
symbol for the solenoid and the return are also shown. The solenoid valve is shown
connected to the cylinder to help readers understand the solenoid valve action. In the de
energized condition, the plunger and the valve spool position as shown in figure 1.
5/2 WAY VALVE
In this position of spool, port P is connected to port A and port B is connected to tank or
exhaust (i.e. atmosphere) if air is used. Spring pressure (S) keeps the spool in this
condition as long as the coil is de energized. Fluid pressure from port P through port A is
applied to the left side of the cylinder piston. Thus the cylinder piston moves in the right
direction. Now when the solenoid coil is energized, plunger is attracted and it pushes the
spool against spring pressure.
The new position of plunger and spool are shown in fig 2.
In this position of spool, port A gets connected to tank and port P gets connected to port
B. Thus pressure is applied to the cylinder piston from right and moves the piston rod to
the left. At the same time fluid in the other side is drained out to the tank. When the
solenoid coil is again de energized, the spring (S) will move the spool to its original
position as shown in figure 1. Thus, normally when the solenoid coil is de energized the
piston rod remains extended
 ADVANTAGES

 Power generation is simply using compressed air

 No need fuel input
 This is a Non-conventional system
 Battery is used to store the generated power
 DISADVANTAGES

 Only applicable for the particular place.

 Mechanical moving parts is high
 Initial cost of this arrangement is high.
 Care should be taken for batteries
 APPLICATIONS

Power generation using foot step can be used in most of the places such as
 Industries,
 colleges,
 schools,
 cinema theatres,
 Shopping complex and
 Many other buildings.