LESSON 3.

1: PERPETUATION OF LIFE: - portion of a stem with nodes and internodes is cut and
Plant’s Asexual and Sexual Reproduction planted in moist soil
- some plants only need water to root our
PLANTS
- stem produces roots
Plants reproduce in order for their species to continuously exist.
 by tissue culture
Plant can reproduce by:
- part of a plant is cultivated in a culture medium optimized
-Asexual Reproduction (Natural Methods & Artificial Methods)
for a certain plant
-Sexual Reproduction (Flowering Plants & Non-Flowering Plants)
- allows faster propagation and disease-free plant
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
 Reproduction without fertilization
- reproduction with fertilization of a pollen and an ovule.
 Produce offspring that are genetically identical to the single
- produces an offspring that is genetically different from the
parent plant
parent plants.
 Can be natural or artificial.
A. Natural Methods
ANGIOSPERMS commonly known
 By bulbs (i.e. onions)
as flowering plants. They bear
- Made up of a modified a stem and fleshy, modifies leaves
flowers as reproductive organs.
- New shoot apex arises from the bulb (modified leaves)
They are the largest group of
 By spores (i.e. ferns)
plants with its diverse species.
- A reproductive unit that can grow into a new plant
- Can be easily dispersed by wind
POLLINATION
- Common in ferns and mosses
Where the pollen moves from
 By stolons or runners (i.e. strawberries)
the stamen to the stigma of the
- Horizontal stems found beneath the soil
same flower or another. It
- Contain a few leaves where nodes normally develop
involves development and
- In nodes arise the shoot system of the daughter plant
elongation of the pollen tube.
- Strawberries are plant with stolons
 By tubers (i.e. potatoes)
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
- fleshy undergrounf stems
It is a complex process that occurs in the embryo sac; all cells
- have “eyes” that function as stem buds
involved are haploid cells
- these “eyes” are stem buds which can develop into a
2 Types of Fusion
new plant
1. Syngamy –fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus
- potatoes are tubers
2. Triple Fusion – fusion of sperm nuclei and polar nuclei in central
B. Artificial Methods
cell.
 by grafting ( i.e. in gardening)
It starts with the process of pollination. Once the pollen has
- the part of the plant called “scion” is attached to the root
germinated in the stigma, it releases sperm nuclei into the ovary,
system of another plant
fertilizing the ovules. These are all haploid cells. One sperm nuclei
- a new plant with the flowers and leaves of one plant and
fuses with the egg nucleus, forming a zygote. This zygote is now a
the roots of the other is produced.
diploid then develops into an embryo. The other sperm nucleus
 by cutting
fertilizes the two more haploid nuclei in the central cell of the
embryo sac, producing a triploid endosperm nucleus. This nucleus
would then develop into an endosperm cell.
B. Sexual Reproduction in Non-Flowering Plants
- non-flowering plants may also reproduce sexually
- happens in seed-bearing vascular plants without a fruit around
the seed.
GYMNOSPERMS
Also known as “exposed” or “naked” seeds; lacks ovary; it has
cones as reproductive structures.
SUMMARY
 Asexual reproduction without fertilization. Thus, only one
parent is needed to produce an offspring.
 Asexual reproduction can either be natural or artificial.
LESSON 3.1: PERPETUATION OF LIFE: Animal’s Reproduction
ANIMALS
 Reproduce in order for their species to continuously exist
 Reproduce by sexual or asexual reproduction
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- reproduction without feritilization
- a single parent animal prduces genetically identical offspring
A. Parthogenesis
- egg cell develops into a new organism without fertilization by a
sperm cell
- process used by certain organisms especially when resources
are scarce.
B. Budding
- offspring can grow directly out of the body of the parent animal
- examples are hydra and cnidarians
C. Fragmentation
- body parts of an organism break into pieces
- fragments undergo subsequent regeneration
- fragments develop into fully function organisms
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- reproduction with fertilization
- produces offspring that are genetically different to the parent
animals
- requires two gametes which are male and female sex cells.
1. Autogamy
- literally means “self-fertilization”
- exhibited by hermaphrodites
- have both functional male and female reproductive systems
- can fertilize by themselves
- no mixing of genetic components since the gametes come from
one individual only
- examples of animals that reproduce by autogamy are
earthworms
2. Allogamy
- female gametes (haploid) come from one individual, male
gametes (haploid) from another
- gametes fuse to form the zygote (diploid)
 Internal Fertilization
- Fusion of the female and male gametes
- Sperm is directly deposited in the female reproductive tract
- Sperm meets and fuses with the ovum while still inside the
female’s body
- Exhibited birds and snakes where they lay the eggs, than
incubate and hatch them
- Exhibited by most animals like mammals, where they carry the
fertilized egg inside the female’s body before live birth.
 External Fertilization
- Union of the female and male gametes outside the bodies of
parent animals
- Usually happens in water to keep the eggs from drying out
- The female lays eggs in the water while the male sprays their
sperms over the eggs
- Aquatic animals undergo external fertilization
SUMMARY
 Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single
parent only.
 Asexual reproduction has several methods including
parthogenesis, budding, and fragmentation.