ALL SULPHATE SALTS ARE SOLUBLE All metal oxides are insoluble except NaKBa

EXCEPT BaPbCa Caslightly

ALL CHLORIDE SALTS ARE SOLUBLE All metal hydroxides are insoluble except
EXCEPT PbAgHg NaKBa Caslightly
ALL LEAD(II) SALTS ARE INSOLUBLE
EXCEPT…

Ammonia forms dense fumes with hydrogen Sulphur dioxide reduces orange acidified
chloride / produced by heating ammonium salt and dichromate (VI) to green chromium (III) ion /
alkali decolourises purple acidified manganate (VII)
ion

Potassium and sodium carbonate salt do not Nitrate salts decompose to produce a metal
decompose oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen

Silver carbonate decomposes to produce metal, Potassium and sodium nitrate decompose to
oxygen and carbon dioxide produce NITRITE salt and oxygen

Ammonium carbonate decompose to produce Silver nitrate decomposes to produce metal,

ammonia, water and carbon dioxide oxygen and nitrogen dioxide

Ammonium nitrate decompose to produce

nitrous oxide and water
Sulphate salt do not decompose Pb – PeKu
Zn – KuPu
Chloride salt do not decompose except ammonium @ hot to cold
chloride which produce ammonia and hydrogen
chloride
CARBONATE ION CHLORIDE ION SULPHATE ION NITRATE ION
1. 4 cm3 of dilute 1. Dilute nitric 1. Dilute 1. 2 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid acid is added hydrochloric sulphuric acid
is added into test into test tube acid / nitric is added into
tube until no acid is added the test tube
2. The gas given is further into the test followed by 2
bubbled through changes tube until no cm3 of
lime water 2. 2 cm3 of silver further iron(II)
 Lime water turns nitrate changes sulphate. The
chalky solution is 2. 2 cm3 of test tube is
 Effervescence added into test barium shaken
occurs tube chloride / 2. The test tube
 A white barium nitrate is slanted and
precipitate is solution is held with a
formed which added into the test tube
is silver test tube holder
chloride  A white 3. A few drops
precipitate is of
formed which concentrated
is barium sulphuric acid
sulphate are dropped
 along the
wall of the
test tube and
is held
upright

 Brown ring is
formed
NaOH NH3

From the formation of white precipitate with little
sodium hydroxide, only magnesium and calcium
ion does not dissolve in excess sodium
hydroxide, the other 3 which is zinc, lead and
aluminium ions dissolve in excess sodium
hydroxide to form colourless solution
Only ammonium ion do not form any
precipitation
From the formation of white precipitate with little
ammonia solution, only zinc ion dissolve in
excess ammonia solution to form colourless
solution
Cu2+ dissolve in excess ammonia solution to form
dark blue solution
Only ammonium and calcium ion do not form
any precipitation

PAZ / DISSOLVE IN EXCESS

CuZ / DISSOLVE IN EXCESS

Ammonium ions can be identified in a solution ‘

by adding dilute sodium hydroxide solution and
gently heating. If ammonium ions are present,
they will be converted to ammonia gas. Ammonia
has a characteristic choking smell. It also turns
damp red litmus paper or damp universal
indicator paper blue.

Al3+ and Pb2+ are differentiated by adding SO42- /

Cl- / I- / chromate ions
Precipitate is formed for Pb2+ whereas no
precipitate for Al3+

Fe2+, add a few drops of Potassium Fe3+, add a few drops of Potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, DARK BLUE hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, DARK BLUE
PRECIPITATE IS formed PRECIPITATE IS formed

Fe3+, add a few drops of Potassium thiocyanate

NH+4, add a few drops of Nessler’s reagent
BROWN PRECIPITATE IS FORMED
The reaction between sulphuric acid and
ammonia will only produce ammonium sulphate
solution, BLOOD RED COLOURATION IS
formed
Lead (II) halide are insoluble in cold water but
soluble in hot water
Silver ions react with halide ions (Cl-, Br- or I-
ions) to form insoluble precipitates.
Iodide ions- yellow