SOCSCI 2 2ND LE REVIEWER  Can be transferred but still for general

will
Jean-Jacques Rosseau
o Indivisible
 A man is born free but everywhere he is in  Reflects interest of whole or it does not
chains – obligations to the community  Law – general will, always right, cannot
 State of nature be unjust or wrong; decree – person/
o Anarchic, no central government group of people
o More positive – man is inherently good,  Sovereignty – division – illusion
rational  Critical of factions – undermines the
o More peaceful, simple existence w/o general will
property and emotional attachment  Hard to accept groups(?) di ko Mabasa
o No conflict, only for self-preservation (amour sulat ko amp
de soi)  No partial associations – harder to
o More civilized, more repressed express general will
o Natural sense of compassion, empathy o Infallible – law is always right, cannot be
 Modern society unjust or wrong
o Self-love (amour propre) o Sovereign and the subjects
o Greedy, egotistic  Legislator
o Cannot ensure liberty  Laws – not everyone is expected to
o Civil society – legitimate political authority be rational at all instances
o Force cannot be defined by the strongest –  Executive
people obey by necessity and not by choice  Enforcement of law
o Must depend upon convention/ pact – social  Only agents to carry out general
contract will
 Social contract  Not part of the contract
o Promote general will  Only employees exercising the
o No one gives off liberty without something in power entrusted
return o Sovereignty
o Parents cannot offer their children  Ideal type
o Emphasizes/envisions equal community –  Democracy – small
everyone gives himself up  Good if direct – never existed
o Sovereign – active, state – passive and never will
o Sovereign – directed by the general will  Monarchy – large – worst
o Will of all (aggregation) vs general will  If hereditary, will of king will
(common good) dominate
 General will  Aristocracy (natural, elective*,
o Compelled to act in accordance hereditary) – medium
o Acting morally – if following the general will  Main themes
o Man is forced to be free – tyranny o General will – equality for all
o Sovereign has force to make man follow the o Man is born free… - how freedom is
general will possible in a civil community
 Liberty o Political obligation – constraints and
o Natural vs civil freedom
o Obey the law he has helped create o Equality – sovereign – legitimate
o Individuals do not always share community o Laws
will
Adam Smith
o Subject – can deviate from general will
 Characteristics of a sovereignty  Division of labor
o Inalienable o Specialization
 Cannot be represented by anyone but o Efficiency
himself o Increase production – surplus
 In accordance to general will  Human nature
 o Tendency to trade o What is pleasurable for one may be painful
o Self-interested to another
o Dissimilar specialization – asa sa iba o Own benefit only – individualism
o Increase their wealth o Intentions, morality, rights – do not
o Individual freedom will lead to social matter/make sense
stability/order o Consequence is the only judge of the action
 Dependent on everyone – perceived pain is the same
 Harmony of interest o No guilt – causes you pain and takes away
 The Invisible hand your pleasure
o Free trade/laissez faire o Rights are not entitlements
o No authority to direct o Greatest happiness principle – government
o Only guide actors how to behave – for the greatest number of people
 The role of the government is diminished o Felicific calculus
o Defense  How did he reform
o Justice o Focused only on quantity – there should
o Facilitation of public works and institutions also be quality
 Wealth of nations – aggregate of individual  No pleasure is better than low quality
interest pleasure
 Supply and demand – value of theory  Diminishing marginal utility – constant
 Main themes inputs will not result to constant outputs
o Benefit of free trade  Forego pleasures of lower kind for
 Wealthy trading partners; beggar thy pleasures of higher kinds
neighbor o Happiness – transitory, temporary
 Democratic peace treaties  Government will never achieve GHP;
o Invisible hand build institutions to make people happy
o Government no control  Civic virtue
 Too focused on personal happiness
David Ricardo  Higher form of happiness – sacrifice
 Theory of comparative advantage  Utilitarianism needs to go beyond the self
o Country trades products from another  Liberty
country at a lower price o Inward domain of consciousness
 Labor theory of value o Thought or feeling
o Amount of product = amount of labor o Expressing/publishing opinions
o Air and water – free; diamond – more value o Tastes and pursuits
o Wages o To join a collective group
 Natural price – amount to live  On liberty – magnum opus
 Market price – supply and demand o Political tyranny – already subsiding
 If market price is lower than natural price o Social tyranny – tyranny of the majority –
opinion, customs, and traditions – suppress
-☹
ability to be unique/express themselves
John Stuart Mill o Plea to avoid solely relying on the majority
o Election, luck, rotation – election gives rise
 On Utilitarianism to the elite
o Classical utilitarianism = hedonism o Harm principle – we have the freedom to do
(extremem) something unless it hurts the freedom of
o 2 masters others
 Pleasure (max) – o Self regarding – state intervention – other
utility/felicity/happiness regarding
 Pain (min) o Our own good is not sufficient for the
o We judge by what is pleasurable or not government to intervene
(cost-benefit analysis) o Ourselves – best judge of own interest and
welfare
 o Critic of liberalism o Based on his view of history – deterministic
 Does not take into consideration existing – history unfolds in stages until endpoint –
structures of inequality realization of communism
 Favors the advantaged o Capitalism -> socialism -> communism
 Tolerant of those who don’t want to  Friedrich Engels
conform – excellence o Dialectic approach
o Best form of government – representative o Synthesis = revolution
democracy o New system will rise to solve previous
 Local representatives system’s contradiction but will also possess
 Central body – only gives strong contradictions that will lead to its demise
advisories to local officials – upholding
constituents, listening to opinions
expressed
 Centralized
 Limited government – limited freedom to
interfere
 Complete freedom of expression – truth,
reason, self-determination
 Reasons:
 Common good
 Constitutive effects of political
participation – engagement (despotism
– only 1 person, uncivilized, creates a
passive populace)
 Best suited for civilized society
 Direct democracy – small population
 Functions – give advice, punish, ensure
liberty
Karl Marx
 Society – dependent on modes of
The communist manifesto production
 Class struggle – engine of change  Change happens when there is dissent
 2 classes: bourgeoisie – owns means of  Destroy old base and create a new one
production and proletariat – wage laborers Weaknesses
 Economic imperialism
o This class seeks to spread capitalism  No empirical evidence
o Also to become politically powerful  No recognition of middle class
o State-tool of the bourgeoisie  Ignores human nature
o Bound to fail due to forces of production  Fail to take into account innovation – not
(constant exploitation) exactly a good thing
o Creating a new class – proletariat
 Proletariat Communism (distinguished)
o Commodity  Independent of nationality – common
o Work so long as labor increases capital interest of the entire proletariat
o Lost individual character  Interest of movement as a whole
o Essence – defined by what they do
 Theory of alienation Accusations
o Essence is lost; will lead to eruption of
 Abolish private property of bourgeoisie – no
rebellions/ revolution
freedom independence
o Proletariat has no property
 Promote idleness – don’t impose values
  Destroy families
o Capitalism exploits women and children
o Seek to liberate through education
 Abolition of countries and nationality
o Globalization of free trade and of
proletariat consciousness
Fundamental problem
 Moral; defined of what we do
 Alienation – seen as commodities
o Alienated from other human beings
– competition
o Products of the labor – no ownership
o Act of labor – repetitive, monotonous
Socialist and Communist literature
 Reactionary socialism
o Feudal socialism
 Promoted by aristocrats
 Hopes to restore old feudal order
 Not possible
 Total incapacity to comprehend the
march of history
 Creates a revolutionary proletariat
 Christian asceticism
o Petty bourgeois socialism
 Middle/intermediate class
 Failed to recognize that proletariat
should be revolutionary
o German/True socialism
 Adaption of French socialism
 Capitalism not yet mature – no
developed proletariat yet
 Only for academic/literature – no
practical application
 Conservative/ Bourgeois socialism
o Preserve bourgeois class
o Reform own class to preserve it
o Desperate revolutionary movement
 Critical-utopian socialism and communism
o View proletariat as poor
o Provide assistance, appeal to ruling
class
o Peaceful instead of revolution
o Reconcile 2 classes – not possible for
marx
Common Themes
1. Misery of working class is the reason to
restore old order
2. Reluctance to acknowledge that violence is
the only way for social change; repress
revolutionary character of the proletariat
3. Fail to recognize and acknowledge the
classist nature of the conflict
Weber
Subjectivity
 Rejects religious values
 Empirical reality and subjective meaning
 No objective science
 No universal/objective truths
 Every epoch has cultural values and ideas -
> cannot comprehend past and present
entirely
Multicausality
 Contradicts Marx (only one class struggle)
and Smith (invisible hand)
 No stages, evolution
Human Nature
 The human being is an active thinking and
interpreting being who has a capacity to
interact and be social
 Interpreting – social realities, bestowing
subjective meanings; initiating independent
action -> freedom of choice
Theory of Society
 Not sui generis; does not exist on its own
 Product of individual activity and actions ->
define a society
 Society can only be analyzed in its own
context
Sociological methodology
2 ways to understand
1. Rational understanding - intellectual
meanings
2. Empathic understanding – emotional
context
Three types of social action
1. Means-end rational 2. Traditional
 Consequences to achieve end  Hereditary monarchy
 Does the end justify the means?  Emperor
2. Value-rational  Criticism – no development
 Ethical, aesthetic, cultural forms of 3. Legal/rational authority
behavior
Sources of conflict
 Morality, religion
 May be ingrained/unconsciously 1. Biological selection
3. Affectual 2. Social selection
 Emotions/feelings  Relative opportunity
4. Traditional actions  Inequality
 Ingrained habits/age old customs
Pessimistic – instrumental rational – sense of
Ideal types =/= reality meaninglessness
 Aggregation of ?
 Abstract model – criticism of Marx
Durkheim
Views on Modern Society
 Society as sui generis reality
Rationalization of social actions increases o Unique in itself and irreducible to its
bureaucratization components
Rationalization if concerned with 2 kinds of consciousness
1. Efficiency 1. Individual consciousness
2. Predictability 2. Conscience collective – cannot be altered in
3. Calculability individual level
Reason and practicality – no sense of wonder
 Social processes are manifested through
Bureaucratization social facts – manners of acting, thinking,
feeling, external to the individual and are
 Division of authority depending on function invested with a coercive power by virtue of
(departments) which they exercise control over him.
 More efficient  Institutions, belief, norms, values that limit
 Leads to dehumanization our choices
 Threat to individual freedom; trapped in a  Money, ostia, constitution, waiting shed
personal cage empty of emotions  Can be objective reality or external or
5 components of authority administration internal

 Ruler Division of labor

 Ruled  One of the most distinguishing feature of
 Will of rulers to influence the conduct of the modern society.
ruled  Smith – for efficiency
 Evidence that influence in terms of  Durkheim – for solidarity; moral purpose –
subjective acceptance cohesion
Three types of legitimate authority 2 kinds of solidarity
1. Charismatic 1. Mechanical solidarity
 Set apart from ordinary people  Similarity/resemblance
 End up as tyrants  Pre-modern society
 No individuality/ individual volition
 2. Organic solidarity
 Interdependence – base of social
cohesion; specialization from
division of labor
 No longer self-reliant/sustaining
 Transition from mechanical to
organic
Functional analysis of society – likened to an
organism
Effect – higher individualism

 Importance of individual in society

 More freedom to do his work
Lower collective experience – different points of
view and greater diversity
Society would influence the individual
The individual is born of collective life
Laws – restitutive, to restore the status quo
Self – regulation
There is rise in individualism – death of the gods
(old institutions)
 Creation of new morality
Rise of a new religion – individualism
Cult of the individual – rational, free, equal
Anomie – sense of normlessness
Moral density is the cause of division of labor –
individualism
*optimistic view