Topic 3 - Intro - Laplace Transforms - Abbreviated - Students

AS102 – MATHEMATICS II
TOPIC 3 – INTRODUCTION TO LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
SUBTOPICS/KEY QUESTIONS AND KEY IDEAS
1. The definition and notation of the Laplace transform

2. Transforms of simple functions
3. The existence and properties of the Laplace transform
4. The inverse transform
5. Transforms of derivatives
6. Inversion using the first shift theorem
7. Solutions of differential equations
Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 1

INTRODUCTION TO LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 The Laplace transform is an important tool for solving certain kinds of IVPs, particularly
those involving discontinuous forcing functions, as occur frequently in areas such as
electrical engineering.
 It is also used to solve boundary value problems involving partial differential equations to
analyze wave and diffusion phenomena.
 Laplace transform ‘transforms’ or converts some IVPs to algebra problems, which then
enables us to solve the problems in an easier and less complicated manner.
 The definition and elementary properties of the Laplace transform are as given below:
Definition 1
The Laplace transform of a function 𝑓 is a function ℒ[𝑓] defined by:
Notation
Because the symbol ℒ [𝑓](𝑠) is a little difficult and complicated to write in computations, the
following convention is used.
Lowercase letters are used to denote functions that are put into the transform and the
corresponding uppercase letters are used to denoted the transformed functions.
When the variable is included, the notation would be
Variables used
Generally, 𝑡 (time) is used as the variable of the input function and 𝑠 is used as the variable of
the transformed function.

FINDING THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM USING A TABLE OF FORMULAS
The Laplace transform of a function is rarely determined by integration. It is usually done with the
help of a few tables of the transform of familiar functions.
The table below gives the Laplace transforms of some of the most commonly used and familiar
functions.
In this table, 𝑛 denotes a non-negative integer and 𝑎, 𝑏 are constants.
Table 1 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Functions
𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠)

Examples/exercises:
Question 1
Use the formulas given in Table 1 to determine the Laplace transform of the following functions.
(a) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡

(b) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡
(c) 𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
(d) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡+7
(e) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑒 4𝑡
(f) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
(g) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 cos 𝑡
(h) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡−5
(i) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡
(j) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
(k) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 sin 𝑡

Question 2
Use the formulas given in Table 1 to determine the Laplace transform of the following functions.
(a) 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 4
(b) 𝑓(𝑡) = 4𝑡 − 10
(c) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 5
(d) 𝑓(𝑡) = 7𝑡 + 3
(e) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 3
(f) 𝑓(𝑡) = −4𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 9
(g) 𝑔(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 1)3
(h) 𝑔(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 4𝑡
(i) 𝑔(𝑡) = (1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 )2
(j) 𝑓(𝑡) = 4𝑡 2 − 5 sin 3𝑡
(k) 𝑓(𝑡) = sinh(𝑘𝑡)
(l) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 sinh 𝑡
(m) 𝑓(𝑡) = sin(2𝑡) cos(2𝑡)
(n) 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 𝑡 cos(2𝑡)
(o) 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 sin(2𝑡)
(p) 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 cos(2𝑡)

THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 The reverse process of computing the transform of 𝑓 and is referred to as taking an inverse
Laplace transform.
 Used when we are required to find the original function 𝑓(𝑡), given the Laplace transform
𝐹(𝑠) such that ℒ [𝑓] = 𝐹.
 This inverse is denoted as ℒ −1 and is formally defined as
 Table 1 can also be used to find the inverse of a Laplace transform. To find an inverse
transform, read from the right column to the left column on Table 1.
 Partial fraction decomposition has to be used to simplify or rewrite the integrals in a form
in which the inverse can be found.
 E.g.
PROPERTIES OF THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The inverse Laplace transform ℒ −1 is linear because ℒ is linear. This means that:
and for any number 𝑐,

PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION
The use of partial fractions is very important in finding inverse Laplace transforms.
The three basic cases of the partial fraction decomposition method is given below:
Case 1: The denominator only contains distinct linear factors (e.g. (𝑠 + 4), (𝑠 − 5), (3𝑠 − 2))

Case 2: The denominator contains repeated linear factors (e.g. (4𝑠 − 1)2 , (𝑠 + 7)10 , 𝑠 3 )

Case 3: The denominator contains a quadratic factor that is irreducible (e.g. (𝑠 2 + 4), (𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 +
11))

Case 4: Combination of Case 1 and/or 2 and/or 3

Exercises
Question 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

1
(a) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠5
1
(b) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +64

3𝑠+5
(c) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +7
5 4
(d) 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +12 − 𝑠2 +8

1 1
(e) 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠+42 − (𝑠+3)4
5𝑠
(f) 𝐹(𝑠) = − (𝑠2 +1)2
𝑠
(g) 𝑄(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +64
7
(h) 𝑅(𝑠) = 𝑠2 −9

Question 2
Determine the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

1
(a) 𝐾(𝑠) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4)

𝑠+1
(b) 𝑅(𝑠) = 𝑠2 (𝑠+2)3

3𝑠−2
(c) 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠3 (𝑠2 +4)

1
(d) 𝑇(𝑠) = 𝑠3
1 48
(e) 𝑉(𝑠) = 𝑠2 − 𝑠5

((𝑠+1)3 )
(f) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠4

1 1 1
(g) 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 − 𝑠 + 𝑠−2
1
(h) 𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠4
2 1 2
(i) 𝐹(𝑠) = ( − 3)
𝑠 𝑠

(𝑠+2)2
(j) 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠3
4 6 1
(k) 𝐻(𝑠) = + 𝑠5 − 𝑠+8
𝑠
1
(l) 𝑃(𝑠) = 4𝑠+1
5
(m) 𝑄(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +49
4𝑠
(n) 𝑅(𝑠) = 4𝑠2 +1

1
(o) 𝑊(𝑠) = 𝑠2 −16

2𝑠−6
(p) 𝑉(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +9

1
(q) 𝑅(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠

𝑠
(r) 𝑁(𝑠) =
𝑠2 +2𝑠−3

0.9𝑠
(s) 𝐽(𝑠) = (𝑠−0.1)(𝑠+0.2)

𝑠
(t) 𝑄(𝑠) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)(𝑠−6)

2𝑠+4
(u) 𝐷(𝑠) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠2 +4𝑠+3)

1
(v) 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 (𝑠2 +4)

𝑠
(w) 𝐹(𝑠) = (𝑠2
+4)(𝑠+2)

1
(x) 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +1)(𝑠2 +4)

1
(y) 𝑀(𝑠) = 5𝑠−2
10𝑠
(z) 𝑁(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +16

SOLVING INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEMS AND BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS
Laplace transforms can be used to find the solution of differential equations of any order.
However, to apply the Laplace transform to the solution of an IVP or BVP, we must be able to
transform a derivative.
The Laplace transforms of first order derivatives and higher derivatives can be found using the
formulas given below.
TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES (FIRST DERIVATIVES)
Theorem 1
Let 𝑓 be cts for 𝑡 ≥ 0 and suppose 𝑓′ is piecewise cts on [0, 𝑘] for every 𝑘 > 0. Suppose also
that
for 𝑠 > 0. Then
TRANSFORMS OF HIGHER DERIVATIVES
Theorem 2
Let 𝑓, 𝑓 ′ , 𝑓 (𝑛−1) be cts for 𝑡 > 0 and suppose 𝑓 (𝑛) is piecewise cts on [0, 𝑘] for every 𝑘 > 0.
Suppose also that
for 𝑠 > 0 and 𝑗 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛 − 1. Then
The second derivative i.e. case 𝑛 = 2 is the case that is encountered most frequently in this topic.
Therefore the formula is given below:

Examples
Question 1
Find the Laplace transform of the following differential equations:
(a) 𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦
(b) 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦

Question 2
Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms.
(a) 𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) = 1

(b) 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2

Exercises
Question 1
In each of the following problems, use the Laplace transform method to solve the IVPs.
(a) 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0

(b) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) = 6, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

(c) 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1

(d) 𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑡 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

(e) 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = −2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

(f) 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2

(g) 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 4

(h) 𝑦 ′ − 9𝑦 = 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 5

(i) 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) = −3

(j) 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1

Question 2
Solve the following differential equations using the Laplace transform method.
(a) 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1

(b) 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 6

(c) 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = cos(4𝑡) ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

(d) 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) = 0

(e) 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 2

(f) 𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

(g) 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

(h) 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑡 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

(i) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1

(j) 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

(k) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2, 𝑦(0) = 2

(l) 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 ′ + 20𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

THE FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM
The Laplace transform of the expression 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) is the transform of 𝑓(𝑡), shifted 𝑎 units to the
right. This shift is achieved by replacing 𝑠 with 𝑠 − 𝑎 in 𝐹(𝑠) to obtain 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎).
The first shifting theorem is as given below:
Theorem 3
1. For any number 𝑎,
This conclusion is called shifting in the 𝑠 variable.
2. The inverse version of the first shifting theorem is:
The first shifting theorem can be used to:
1. To determine the Laplace transform of a function.

2. To determine the inverse of a transform.
3. To solve initial-value problems and boundary-value problems.

Examples
Question 1
4
Compute ℒ −1 [𝑠2 +4𝑠+20] .

Question 2
3𝑠−1
Compute ℒ −1 [𝑠2 −6𝑠+2] .

Exercises
Question 1
In each of the following problems, find the inverse Laplace transform using the first shifting
theorem.
𝑠
(a) 𝑠2 +6𝑠+11

1 1
(b) (𝑠−1)3
+ 𝑠2 +2𝑠−8

𝑠−4
(c) 𝑠2 −8𝑠+10

1
(d) 𝑠2 +6𝑠+7

𝑠
(e) 𝑠2 +4𝑠+5

1
(f) 𝑠2 −6𝑠+10

2𝑠−1
(g) 𝑠2 (𝑠+1)3

𝑠+2
(h) 𝑠2 +6𝑠+1

1
(i) 𝑠2 +4𝑠+12

1
(j) 𝑠2 −4𝑠+5


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AS102 – MATHEMATICS II

TOPIC 3 – INTRODUCTION TO LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

SUBTOPICS/KEY QUESTIONS AND KEY IDEAS

1. The definition and notation of the Laplace transform

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 1

The Laplace transform of a function 𝑓 is a function ℒ[𝑓] defined by:

When the variable is included, the notation would be

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 2

In this table, 𝑛 denotes a non-negative integer and 𝑎, 𝑏 are constants.

Table 1 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Functions

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 3

(a) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 4

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 6

PROPERTIES OF THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

and for any number 𝑐,

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Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

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Determine the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

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TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES (FIRST DERIVATIVES)

for 𝑠 > 0. Then

TRANSFORMS OF HIGHER DERIVATIVES

for 𝑠 > 0 and 𝑗 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛 − 1. Then

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 34

Find the Laplace transform of the following differential equations:

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS102_Mathematics II/Topic 3_Introduction to Laplace Transforms Page 35

Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms.

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(a) 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0

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