Electrical energy is stored through batteries.

When the battery is connected to the direct electric

current then ionic reactions happens where the positive and negative ions are separated and
hence chemical potentials are formed. At the time when the main supply disappears, this
chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. The most
common type of storage batteries is the lead acid and Ni–Cd. Potential applications of batteries
are utilization of off peak power, load levelling, and storage of electrical energy generated by
wind turbine or photovoltaic plants

 mechanical energy storage

Mechanical energy storage systems include the storage due to gravitation such as hydropower
storage, storage due to pressure difference, compressed air energy storage and storage due to
inertia, flywheels. Hydropower storage and compressed air energy storage can be used for large
scale utility of energy while flywheels are more suitable for intermediate storage. Storage is
carried out when off-peak power is available and the storage is discharged when power is needed
because of insufficient supply from the base- load plant..

 Thermal energy storage

Thermal energy can be stored as a change in internal energy of a material as sensible heat, latent
heat or thermochemical or combination of these. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology
that accumulates thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored
energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications or power generation. TES
systems can help balance energy demand and supply on a daily, weekly and even seasonal basis.
They can also reduce peak demand of energy, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and costs,
and increase overall efficiency the main thermal energy storage mechanisms are sensible thermal
energy storage and latent thermal energy storage. Sensible heat storage is due to temperature
change of material while latent heat storage is due to the phase transformation either it is solid-
liquid, liquid-gas or solid-solid
 Thermal energy storage

Thermal Chemical

Latent heat Sensible heat Thermochemical

energy storage energy storage

Figure 2 different types of thermal energy mechanism

Latent heat storage

In latent heat storage system charging and discharging phenomenon occur when the storage
material undergoes phase change either from solid to liquid, liquid to gaseous or solid to solid.
Overall, the amount of energy stored in latent heat thermal energy storage devices depends on
the heat of absorption or release during phase change, which can be calculated as:
𝑇
Q=∫𝑇 𝑚 𝑚𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 +𝑚𝑎𝑚 ∆ℎ𝑚
𝑖

Where

Where 𝑚 and 𝐶𝑃 denote the mass and specific heat of the storage material, respectively, (𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑖 ) is the
temperature difference between the initial and the melting temperatures of the storage material, 𝑎𝑚 is the extent
of conversion, and ∆ℎ𝑚 is the latent heat of fusion of the storage material.

When heat is stored by change of crystallization of the materials energy is stored and it is called
solid–solid transition. These transitions generally have smaller latent heat and smaller volume
changes than solid–liquid transitions. Solid –solid traction have the advantage of less container
and greater design flexibility

Solid-gas and liquid-gas they have high latent heat of phase transition but have disadvantage of
containment and the make system complex due to large change in volume
Solid–liquid phase change have comparatively smaller latent heat than liquid–gas.
However, these transformations involve only a small change in volume This has an advantage
over solid-solid and liquid-gas and gas-liquid due to less change in volume during
transformation. Therefore, solid–liquid transitions have proved to be economically attractive for
use in thermal energy storage systems.