INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

By
FAROOQ SHAH
CU-1014-2015

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar November,

2019

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 Certificate

This is to certify that, this report of the industrial training is a benefited report of the work
done by FAROOQ SHAH, in partial fulfillment of requirement for award of degree in
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from CECOS University Peshawar.
 Author's Declaration
I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this report. This is a true copy of the thesis,
including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my
thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

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 Abstract

The experience work of a 132/11 KV sub-station. I considered incoming power at 132KV

and the power was transferred to main bus through isolator-circuit breaker-isolator
combination. The power from main bus was fed into a 10MVA transformer which stepped
the voltage down to 11KV. The power is then fed into an 11KV bus from which different
loads were tapped. In the process, the surge impedance loading of 132KV lines were
calculated and they were used to estimate the maximum power that can be transferred by one
transmission line. The design of the entire substation was made keeping in mind the most
basic requirements of a proper grid station including the civil and domestic requirements. The
design is then submitted to our mentor for verification.

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 Acknowledgements
Training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry.it was a great
experience for me to work on training at 132kv jalala substation.

Now I would like to thank people who guided me and have been a constant source of
inspiration throughout the tenure of my training.

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 Dedication
All praises and thanks are for ALMIGHTY ALLAH who is entire source of all knowledge
and wisdom to mankind. Special praises for the HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD
(P.B.U.H) who forever is touch of knowledge and goodness for humanity as a whole on the
successful completion of the training. The completion of this report was possible for me, but
the cooperation and encourage that I received from parents, teacher and friends that made my
job easier. Specially, I am heartedly thankful to Engr. Zahid shah for his fore sighted vision
and sympathetic guidance. I would say that without his kind supervision and help I would
have not been in a position to make my internship productive and a pleasant learning
experience. Thanking you all for your sincere and cordial assistance and supervision

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 Table of Contents
Contents

Certificate .............................................................................................................. 2

Author's Declaration ............................................................................................. 3

Abstract ................................................................................................................. 4

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 5

Dedication ............................................................................................................. 6

Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 7

List of Figures ....................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 01 Introduction ...................................................................................... 10

1.1 The purpose of substation....................................................................... 10

1.2 Main tasks of sub-stations in the T&D ...................................................... 10

Chapter 02 ........................................................................................................... 12

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12

2.1 Introduction to 132 kV Jalala Substation. ................................................. 12

2.2 ONE LINE DIAGRAM ............................................................................. 13

CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................... 14

Task Perform ....................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Circuit Breaker Operating Time Measurement ......................................... 14

3.2 Tripping of Circuit Breaker ....................................................................... 14

3.3 Circuit Breaker Maintenance..................................................................... 15

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Chapter 04 Components ...................................................................................... 16

4.1 List of Components ................................................................................... 16

4.2 Electrical Power transformer ..................................................................... 16

4.2.1 Parts of Transformer ........................................................................... 17

4.2.2 Classification of Transformer ............................................................. 20

4.3 Bus bar ....................................................................................................... 21

4.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER .................................................................. 22

4.5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER .............................................................. 23

4.6 CONTROL PANEL .................................................................................. 23

4.7 Conductors ................................................................................................. 24

4.8 Isolators ..................................................................................................... 24

4.10 Lightening ................................................................................................ 25

4.9 Circuit Breakers ......................................................................................... 25

4.9.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker. .................................................................... 26

4.9.2Working Principle of Vacuum Circuit Breaker ................................... 27

4.10 Relays ...................................................................................................... 27

4.11 Capacitor banks ....................................................................................... 28

Chapter 5 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 29

5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 29

5.2 Summary and Gains from the Training ..................................................... 29

References ........................................................................................................... 31

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 List of Figures

Figure 2. 1 66/11kv substation ........................................................................... 12

Figure 2. 2 One line diagram ............................................................................. 13
Figure 3. 1 circuit breaker operation ................................................................... 14
Figure 3. 2 circuit Breaker .................................................................................. 15
Figure 4. 1 Wari G.S.S 10 MVA power transformer ......................................... 16
Figure 4. 2 Transformer Winding ....................................................................... 17
Figure 4. 3 Transformer tank ............................................................................. 18
Figure 4. 4 cooling fans ..................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 5 Temperature indicator ..................................................................... 19
Figure 4.6 Silica-gel ............................................................................................ 19
Figure 4. 7 Buchholz Relay ............................................................................... 20
Figure 4. 8 Insulators ......................................................................................... 21
Figure 4. 9 Busbar ............................................................................................... 22
Figure 4. 10 Current transformer ....................................................................... 22
Figure 4. 11 Potential Transformer .................................................................... 23
Figure 4. 12 Control panel .................................................................................. 24
Figure 4. 13 Conductor ...................................................................................... 24
Figure 4. 14 11 /33kv Isolator ........................................................................... 25
Figure 4. 15 Lightning Arresters ........................................................................ 25
Figure 4. 16 Vacuum circuit Breaker................................................................. 26
Figure 4. 17 Relay .............................................................................................. 28
Figure 4. 18 Capacitor Banks.......................................................................................... 28

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 Chapter 01
Introduction

1.1 The purpose of substation

The purpose of an electrical distribution substation and the applications of the equipment
inside the substation. An electrical substation can be described as an assembly of electrical
components, including bus bars, power transformers, switchgear, auxiliaries, and several
others. These components of the electrical substation are connected in a specific order such
that the circuit can be switched off during regular operation manually and also automatically
during unusual conditions such as a short circuit. Essentially, an electrical substation is made
up of several outgoing and incoming circuits connected to one bus bar system. A substation
obtains electrical power from a generating station through incoming lines of transmission and
delivers electric power through outgoing lines. Therefore, an electrical substation is part of
generating, transmitting and distributing electric power within the electric transmission
system from a central generating station. Substations are used to transform high voltages to
low voltages, or low voltages too high voltages. They also carry out any of some other
significant functions carried out in different components of the substation. Between the
generating power station and consumer of electric power, it may flow via several different
substations at voltage levels that might be different. A substation consists of transformers, to
varying voltage levels from high voltages of transmission to lower voltages, or vice versa, to
interconnect two different voltages of transmission .The purposes carried out by different
electric distribution substations vary with the substation. For instance, a transmission
substation is a substation that connects two lines of transmission, or more. A transmission
station may often have transformers to change between two voltages of transmission.

1.2 Main tasks of sub-stations in the T&D

 Main tasks associated with major sub-stations in the transformer.
 Transmission and distribution system include following:
 Protection of transmission system.
 Controlling the Exchange of Energy.
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 Ensure steady State & Transient stability.
 Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism. Maintaining the system
frequency within targeted limits.
 Voltage Control; reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of reactive
power, tap-changing.
 Securing the supply by proving adequate line capacity.
 Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring;
control and protection.
 Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvement in that area of
field.
 Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines.
 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.
 Establishment of economic load distribution and several associated functions.

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 Chapter 02
Introduction

2.1 Introduction to 132 kV Jalala Substation.

The 132kV Substation where I got training is located in jalala district mardan at the village of
jalala and is for the purpose of providing regular electricity to consumers. The main bus
132kv is connected to grid. Followed by current transformer (CT) and potential transformer
(PT). .PT connected in parallel, measures voltage and step down at 110V.AC for control
panel. A current transformer is connected in series with line which measure current and step
down current at ratio 800:1 for control panel. Switchgear equipment’s is provided, which is
the combination of a circuit breaker having an isolator at each end. A transformer is
connected to main bus through a bus coupler. At both end of transformer lighting arrester
current transformer and switch gear equipment provided. Transformer step down voltage
from 66kv to 11kv. The main bus is provided with switchgear equipment’s and a current
transformer. This gives way to 4 feeders. The main bus is connected to transfer bus through a
bus coupler and 11kv is provided switchgear equipment’s. This gives way to feeders
transmitting power to wari, sultan khail dara, painda khail dara and toormang dara.

A step down transformer of 11kv/440 is connected to control panel to provide supply.

Figure 2. 1 66/11kv substation

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2.2 ONE LINE DIAGRAM

Figure 2. 2 One line diagram

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 CHAPTER 3
Task Perform

3.1 Circuit Breaker Operating Time Measurement

The operating time of a circuit breaker is crucial in any protection scheme. A circuit breaker
that takes too long to open will seriously compromise protection causing damage to
equipment and people.

Figure 3. 1 circuit breaker operation

Hence, circuit breakers should be periodically tested to see whether they operate at the
correct operating time specified by the manufacturer. Being mechanical devices, circuit
breaker are made of numerous springs, washers, and linkages. These components can get
jammed; the lubricating oil in the linkages can evaporate or lose its properties. The
lubricating oil can mix with dust and form a viscous deposit. This can cause partial seizure
and is particularly true for circuit breakers which are kept in the closed or open position for
very long period of time.
The Circuit Breaker operating time can be measured by special testing equipment known as
the Time interval meters. These instruments measure the time between the signal to open and
the actual interruption of the current. The opening time of the contacts belonging to each
individual phase is measured.

3.2 Tripping of Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker “trips” or shuts off the electrical flow to protect the circuit from overheating
and causing damage--even possibly an electrical fire. So, before you go and flip the switch on

14
again, take a moment to determine what the root cause is of the tripping. The three typical
causes are: Overloaded Circuit.

3.3 Circuit Breaker Maintenance

For maintenance of circuit breaker or circuit breaker maintenance, it must be first switch off
and then isolated from both sides by opening concerned electrical isolator. At this no isolated
condition the circuit breaker must be operated for local and remote condition yearly and when
required. The circuit breaker should be operated electrically from local and remote then
mechanically from local. This type of operation makes the breaker more reliable by removing
any coating developed between sliding surfaces.

Figure 3. 2 circuit Breaker

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 Chapter 04
Components

4.1 List of Components

 Power Transformer
 Insulators
 Bus Bars
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Conductors
 Isolator
 Lightening Arresters
 Circuit Breakers
 Relay
 Capacitor Bank

4.2 Electrical Power transformer

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmissions. Voltage and lower
distribution voltage, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Transformers “step down” supply line voltage to distribution level voltage. See Figure below.
Distribution substation usually employs three-phase transformers. However, banks of single-
phase transformers can also be used.

Figure 4. 1 Wari G.S.S 10 MVA power transformer

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4.2.1 Parts of Transformer
i) Windings
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings
shall be made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated
that impulse and power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly
shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and
barriers. Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall be
arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the
winding. All windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be
fully insulated. Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance
of the transformer at all voltage ratio.

Figure 4. 2 Transformer Winding

ii) Tanks and fittings

Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon
steel of adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be
subjected to dye penetration testing.
At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall
be provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts

17
 Surrounding the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main
tank body including tap changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of
withstanding full vacuum

Figure 4. 3 Transformer tank

iii) Cooling Equipment
Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:
Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom
(80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain
and sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and
outlet. Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue
vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan shall be
suitably protected by galvanized wire guard

Figure 4. 4 cooling fans

iv) Temperature Indicators
Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided

18
in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that
of the top oil, whereas the winding temperature measurement is indirect

Figure 4. 5 Temperature indicator

v) Silica Gel Breather
Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only
through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the
conservator air surface.

Figure 4.6 Silica-gel

vi) Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device which is generally used in large oil immersed transformers
(rated more than 500 kVA). It is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay. It is used for

19
the protection of a transformer from the faults occurring inside the transformer, such as
impulse breakdown of the insulating oil, insulation failure of turns etc.

Figure 4. 7 Buchholz Relay

4.2.2 Classification of Transformer

Transformers can be classified by the following factors
a) Power rating
Which is expressed in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) or megavolts- amperes (MVA), and indicates
the amount of power that can be transferred through the transformer? Distribution substation
transformers are typically in the range of 20 MVA to 40MVA.
b) Insulation
This includes liquid or dry types of transformer insulation. Liquid insulation can be mineral
oil, nonflammable or low-flammable liquids. The dry type includes the ventilated, cast coil,
enclosed non-ventilated, and eagled gas- filled types.
Additionally, insulation can be a combination of the liquid, vapor, and gas-filled unit.
c) Voltage rating
This is governed by the sub-transmission and distribution voltage levels substation to which
the transformer is connected. Also, there are standard voltages nominal levels governed by
applicable standards.
Transformer voltage rating is indicated by the manufacturer.
d) Cooling
This is dictated by the transformer power rating and maximum allowable temperature rise at
the expected peak demand. Transformer rating includes self-cooled rating at the specified
temperature rise or forced-cooled rating of the transformer if so equipped.

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e) Winding connections
This indicates how the three phases of transformer windings are connected together at each
side. There are two basic connections of transformer windings:
Delta (where the end of each phase winding is connected to the beginning of the next phase
forming a triangle); and
Star (where the ends of each phase winding are connected together, forming a neutral point
and the beginning of windings are connected outside).
4.3 Insulators

The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric charge is called as an
insulator. Hence, insulators resist electricity with their high resisting property. There are
different types of insulators such as suspension type, strain type, stray type, shackle, pin type
and so on. A few types of insulators are shown in the above figure. Insulators are used for
insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with conductors to avoid short circuit and for
other insulation requirements.

Figure 4. 8 Insulators

4.3 Bus bar

The conductor carrying current and having multiple numbers of incoming and outgoing line
connections can be called as bus bar, which is commonly used in substations. These are
classified into different types like single bus, double bus and ring bus.

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 Figure 4. 9 Busbar

4.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A,
240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A. When connecting the jumpers,
mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes where star delta formation is
connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection /metering scheme.

Figure 4. 10 Current transformer

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for
the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or
for power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in
series with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary
winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage
metering circuits.

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4.5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower
value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.
The voltage transformers are classified as under:
 Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
 Electromagnetic type.
 Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in
high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above
where it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to
earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling,
which has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for tele metering
remote control and telephone communication purpose.

Figure 4. 11 Potential Transformer

4.6 CONTROL PANEL

Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building, also
called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment to send power from one
circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed.

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 Figure 4. 12 Control panel

4.7 Conductors
The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly made of metals
such as aluminum and copper) and that allows the flow of electric charge is called conductor.
Conductors permit free movement of the flow of electrons through them. These are used for
the transmission of power or electrical energy from one place (generating station) to another
place (consumer point where power is consumed by the loads) through substations.
Conductors are of different types and mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in practical
power systems.

Figure 4. 13 Conductor

4.8 Isolators

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section or the
section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for repair from a healthy
section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe faults. Hence, it is also called as a dis-
24
connector or disconnecting switch. Thereare different types of isolators used for different
applications such as single-break isolator, double-break isolator, bus isolator, line isolator,
etc.

Figure 4. 14 11 /33kv Isolator

4.10 Lightening Arresters
The substation equipment’s such as conductors, transformers, etc., are always erected
outdoor. Whenever light surges occur then, a high-voltage pass through these electrical
components causing damage to them (either temporary or permanent damage based on the
amount of voltage surge). Therefore, to avoid this difficulty, lightening arresters are placed to
pass the entire lightening surges to earth. There are other arresters which are used to ground
the switching surges called as surge arresters.

Figure 4. 15 Lightning Arresters

4.9 Circuit Breakers

For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or over load due to
short circuit or any other fault the faulty section is disconnected from the healthy section
25
either manually or automatically. If once the fault is rectified, then again the original circuit
can be rebuilt by manually or automatically. Different types of circuit breakers are designed
based on different criteria and usage. But in general mostly used circuit breakers are Oil
circuit breaker, Air circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker, Vacuum Circuit Breaker, and so on.

4.9.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker.

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place
in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher
voltage Vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation
of opening and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place
in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum
interrupter
Consists of a steel arc chamber in the center symmetrically arranged ceramic insulator. The
vacuum pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10 -6 bar
the material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the performance of
the vacuum circuit breaker. CuCr is the most ideal material to make VCB contacts. Vacuum
interrupter technology was first introduced in the year of 1960. But still it is a developing
technology. As time goes on, the size of the vacuum interrupter is being reducing from its
early 1960’s size due to different technical developments in this field of engineering. The
contact geometry is also improving with time, from butt contact of early days it gradually
changes to spiral shape, cup shape and axial magnetic field contact. The vacuum circuit
breaker is today recognized as most reliable current interruption technology for medium
voltage system. It requires minimum maintenance compared to other circuit breaker
technologies.

Figure 4. 16 Vacuum circuit Breaker

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4.9.2Working Principle of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during current zero crossing, by
establishing high dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc
after current zero becomes impossible. The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times
greater than that of air and four times greater than that of SF6 gas. This high dielectric
strength makes it possible to quench a vacuum arc within very small contact gap. For short
contact gap, low contact mass and no compression of medium the drive energy required in
vacuum circuit breaker is minimum. When two face to face contact areas are just being
separated to each other, they do not be separated instantly, contact area on the contact face is
being reduced and ultimately comes to a point and then they are finally de-touched. Although
this happens in a fraction of micro second but it is the fact. At this instant of de-touching of
contacts in a vacuum, the current through the contacts concentrated on that last contact point
on the contact surface and makes a hot spot. As it is vacuum, the metal on the contact surface
is easily vaporized due to that hot spot and create a conducting media for arc path. Then the
arc will be initiated and continued until the next current zero. At current zero this vacuum arc
is extinguished and the conducting metal vapour is re-condensed on the contact surface. At
this point, the contacts are already separated hence there is no question of re-vaporization of
contact surface, for next cycle of current. That means, the arc cannot be reestablished again.
In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the reestablishment of arc by producing high
dielectric strength in the contact gap after current zero.

4.10 Relays
Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic operation. Relay
consists of the coil which is excited or energized and such that making the contacts of relay
closed activates the relay to break or make the circuit connection. There are different types of
relays such as over current relays, definite time over current relays, voltage relays, auxiliary
relays, reclosing relays, solid state relays, relays, inverse time over current
relays, microcontroller relays, etc. The figure below shows some basic relays and their
operation.

27
 Figure 4. 17 Relay

4.11 Capacitor banks

A Capacitor bank is a set of many identical capacitors connected in series or parallel within
an enclosure and is used for the power factor correction and basic protection of substation.
These capacitor banks are acts as a source of reactive power, and thus, the phase difference
between voltage and current can be reduced by the capacitor banks. They will increase the
ripple current
capacity of the supply. It avoids undesirable characteristics in the power system. It is the most
economical method for maintaining power factor and of correction of the power lag
problems.

Figure 4. 18 Capacitor Banks

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 Chapter 5
Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system. In
general, they represent an interface between different levels or sections of the power system,
with the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various transmission and
distribution lines. The major stations include a control room from which operations are
coordinated. Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at
higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower voltage
on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed. The central
component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between
the-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches.
Breakers serve as protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is,
when a protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches
are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a
connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers
are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very
situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to be
operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the high and low-voltage side of
transformers. Finally, substations may also include capacitor banks to provide voltage
support. Here in this system we have a 400kV Shunt Reactor which control voltage during
low-load period and also compensate the effect of shunt capacitance evolved in long run
transmission line.

5.2 Summary and Gains from the Training

A technician needs to have not just theoretical but practical as well and so every student is
supposed to undergo practical training session after 7th semester year where I have imbibed
the knowledge about transmission, distribution, generation and maintenance with economic
issues related to it. During training session we were acquainted with the repairing of the
transformers and also the testing of oil which is a major component of transformer. At last
29
would like to say that practical training taken at 66kv GSS has broadened my knowledge and
widened my thinking as a professional.

30
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