Transmission line parameters

Series Impedance of Transmission Lines

1. Introduction

Line Parameters:

Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Conductance

The actual circuit is distributed, will model with lumped element R, L, C, G

R L

G C C G

Transmission tower

R: Resistivity
L: Magnetic flux linkage produced by the current
C: Electric field produced by charges on the conductors
G: Insulators may have a small amount of leakage
currents
138kV
345kV

Corona:

high voltage gradient at the conductor surface may cause ionization of the air interference,
leading to power losses and audible noise.

Conductors: High conductivity

Copper more expensive
Aluminum

Skin effect:

d.c. current a.c. current

current density uniform current density increases from

over the cross section the interior towards the surface
(resistance may increase)
ACSR: Aluminum conductor, steel reinforced widely used in

- EHV transmissions
-larger cross section area than would be obtained from with
copper conductors, therefore corona can be reduced.

7 steel strands
24 Aluminum strands
specification 24/7

Line Parameters
I. 1- wire

Straight, infinitely long wire, uniform current density.

H Field
i) For x > r
H

x
Amperes law leads to:

H ⋅ 2πx = i
i
H = magnetic feild intenisty
2πx
x

ii) For x =< r

r

πx 2
H ⋅ 2πx = ⋅i
πr 2
x
H = ⋅i
2πr 2
2) Flux Density

B = µH
relative permeability permeability of free space
= µ ⋅ µ ⋅H
r o
µ dependent on meterial
r
µ = 4π × 10− 7 MKS Unit meter
o
µ = 1 for air
r
µ ≈ 1 for copper or aluminum
r
µ >> 1 for steel
r
3) Flux Linkage (λ = NΦ )

Outside the wire:

G G µ oi
i
B
∫
λ1 = B ⋅ dS = ∫ 2πx ⋅1 ⋅ dx
R
µ oi
∫ 2πx
1m
= dx
r
dx µ oi R
r = ln
O R 2π r
* flux linkage of the infinite
wire = ∞
* instead let us look at the
flux density per meter
of length.

Inside the wire:

2πx ⋅ H x = i x
πx 2
= ⋅i
πr 2
x
Hx = ⋅i
2πr 2

Flux density :
µ r µ o x ⎡Wb ⎤
Bx = i
2πr 2 ⎢⎣ m ⎥⎦
2

Flux per unit length :

µr µo x
dΦ = Bx ⋅ dx ⋅ 1 = i dx
2πr 2
Flux Linkage :
π x2 µ r µ o x 3i
dλ = d Φ = dx
π r2
N 2π r 4
fraction
of a turn

internal fulx linkage :

r
µ r µ o x 3i µ r µ o i r 4 µ r µ o i ⎡Wb ⋅ t ⎤
λ2 = ∫
0
2π r 4
dx =
2π r 4 4
⋅ =
8π ⎢⎣ m 2 ⎥⎦

(Circular mil)

Total Flux Linkage: µ oi ⎛ µ r R⎞

λ = λ1 + λ2 = ⎜ + ln ⎟
2π ⎝ 4 r⎠
⎛µ R⎞
= 2 × 10 − 7 i⎜ r + ln ⎟
⎝ 4 r⎠
R → ∞ ⇒ λ → ∞ (needs to be resolved)
II) Many conductor case:
-Needs the assumption of uniform current density (Large distance between wire)
Want Flux linkage of conductor 1
(i1)

Superposition:
Flux due
µ i to ikR
λ1k = o k ln k
2π r1k
ik
H 1k =
2πr
µ k
B1k = o
Sum: 2πr

µo ⎡ ⎛ µ r R1 ⎞ R2 R ⎤
λ1 = ⎢i1⎜⎜ + ln ⎟⎟ + i2 ln + "" in ln n ⎥
2π ⎣ ⎝ 4 r1 ⎠ d12 d1n ⎦
Current su m = 0 (normal o peration o k, not fau lt)
i1 + i2 + " + in = 0 ∀t

µo ⎡ ⎛ µr 1⎞ 1 1 ⎤
λ1 = ⎢i1⎜⎜ + ln ⎟⎟ + i2 ln + "" in ln ⎥+
2π ⎣ ⎝ 4 r1 ⎠ d12 d1n ⎦
µo
[i1 ln R1 + i2 ln R2 + "" in ln Rn ]
2π
µ
add : - o [i1 + i2 + "" in ]ln R1
2π
µ
= − o [i1 ln R1 + i2 ln R1 + "" in ln R1 ]
2π
then :
⎡ ⎛ R1 ⎞ µo R2 R ⎤
λ1 = 1st term +
⎢i1⎜⎜ ln ⎟⎟ + i2 ln + "" in ln n ⎥
⎣ ⎝ R1 ⎠ 2π R1 R1 ⎦
Now as R1 → ∞ R1 ≈ Rk hence
Flux leakage of cond 1 :
λ1 = 1st term
⎡ ln
1
r1′
⎤
⎢  ⎥
µ ⎢ ⎛µ 1⎞ 1 1 ⎥
= o ⎢i1⎜⎜ r + ln ⎟⎟ + i2 ln + "" in ln ⎥
2π ⎢ ⎝ 4 r1 ⎠ d12 d1n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
µr
µr
= ln e 4
4
µ µ
µr 1 r
1 1 r 1
hence : + ln = ln e 4 + ln = ln e 4 = ln
4 r1 r1 r1 r1′
µr
−
where r1′ = r1e 4

1
µ r = 1 ⇒ r1′4 = 0.7788r1 for non - megnetic wire
 r
r1` radius of equivalent hollow conductor
r` r with the same flux linkage compensated by external flux. (internal flux
sd sdf eliminated)

r` µ oi µ r Ex :
No internal flux. ⋅ disappears. D
No current 2π 4 1 − Φ, Two conductor
th 1 1
For k λ1 = i1 ln + i2 ln
r1′ D
µo ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
λk = ⎢i1 ln + " + ik ln + "" + in ln ⎥ D
2π ⎢ d k1 ′ d kn ⎥ L1 = 2 × 10 − 7 ln
⎣ rk ⎦ r1′
⎡ 1 ⎤ Two conductors
= 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢i1 ln + "⎥
⎣ d k1 ⎦ D
L = L1 + L2 = 4 × 10 − 7 ln
r1′
III) Bundled Conductors
Phase b

Conductor 1
Current ia/4

D D (large)
Flux linkages of cond 1.

Current on cond 1 of phase a = ia/4

4 3

1 2 D
Phase a Phase c
⎡ ia ⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞ ib ⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜⎜ ln + ln + ln + ln ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ln + ln + ln + ln ⎟⎥
µo ⎢ 4 ⎝ r′ d12 d13 d14 ⎠ 4 ⎝ d15 d16 d17 d18 ⎟⎠⎥
λ1 =
2π ⎢⎢ ic ⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞⎟ Phase a
⎥
⎥
+ ⎜ ln + ln + ln + ln
⎢ 4 ⎜ d19 d d d ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 1,10 1,11 1,12 ⎠ ⎦
µo ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ia ln + i ln + i ln ⎥
2π ⎢⎣ (r ′d12 d13d14 )1 4 b
(d15 d16 d17 d18 )1 4 c
(d19 d1,10 d1,11d1,12 )1 4 ⎥⎦
µo ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ia ln + ib ln + ic ln ⎥
2π ⎣ Rb D1b D1c ⎦

Rb : G M R of bundle (phase a) = (r ′d12 d13 d14 )

14

D1b : G M D between condition 1 and phase b

D1c : G M D from cond 1 to phase c

Assume D1b = D1c = D and ia+ib+ic = 0 Phase a

µ D
Then λ1 = o ia ln
2π Rb
Inductance per meter for conductor 1.
 λ1 ⎛µ ⎞ D
l1 = = 4⎜ o ⎟ia ln
ia 4 ⎝ 2π ⎠ Rb
(l2 ≈ l1, ect )

l1 ⎛ µ o ⎞ D
la ≈ =⎜ ⎟ia ln
4 ⎝ 2π ⎠ Rb
D
= 2 × 10 −7 ln
Rb
( l a ≈ lb ≈ l c )
For n bundled conductor:
Rab = (r ′d12 " d1n ) n ≥ 2
1n

Ex. G M R
r ′ = re −1 / 4 = r × 0.7788 = 1.56cm
G M R = (r ′d12 " d1n )
1n

(
= 1.56 × 50 × 50 × 50 2 )
14

= 22.9cm
D
Recall: la = 2 × 10 − 7 ln (bundled)
Rb
compared with single conduuctor with radius r′
D
la′ = 2 × 10 − 7 ln
r′
3 additional comments:

1) If we view the bundle as an approximation of a hollow conductor the reason for the increased
radius is intuitively clear.

2) Increased radius - Less electric field strength at the surface

- Corona
3) Better cooling

2
π⎛ 1 ⎞
a circular mil is the area of a circle 1 mil in diameter CM =⎜ ⎟ in
2
4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
The area in CM’s is equal to the diameter in mils squared. A 1 in diameter solid conductor has
1,000,000 CM area.
2
π ⎛ 1 × in ⎞
1 × 10 6 CM = × 1 × in 2 = π ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
7. 3-Phase Lines

* Equilateral spacing
Recall:
 b ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
λ1 p = 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I 1 ln + I 2 ln + " + I n ln ⎥
⎣ r1′ D12 D1n ⎦
⎡ 1⎤
+ Ib ln + I c ln ⎥[wb ⋅ t / m]
1 1
λa = 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I a ln
D D ⎣ Ds D D⎦
⎡ 1 1⎤
= 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I a ln − I a ln ⎥
⎣ Ds D⎦
a c
D
D = 2 × 10 − 7 I a ln
Ds
λa D
so, L a = = 2 × 10− 7 ln [H / m]
Ia Ds

3 - Φ conductors (no neutral)

ia+ib+ic = 0

* Unsymmetrical spacing (transposition)

Transposition:

Can find the average

inductance
per Phase

for a - 1, b - 2, c - 3 :
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
λa1 = 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I a ln + I b ln + I c ln ⎥
⎣ r′ d12 d 31 ⎦
for a - 2, c - 1, b - 3 :
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
λa 2 = 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I a ln + I b ln + I c ln ⎥
⎣ r′ d 23 d12 ⎦
for a - 3, b - 1, c - 2 :
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
λa 3 = 2 × 10 − 7 ⎢ I a ln + I b ln + I c ln ⎥
⎣ r′ d 31 d 23 ⎦
Take the avarage :
λa1 + λa 2 + λa 3
λa =
3
2 × 10 −7
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢3I a ln ′ + Ib ln + I c ln ⎥
3 ⎣ r d12 d 23d 31 d12 d 23d 31 ⎦
2 × 10 − 7 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢3I a ln ′ − I a ln ⎥
3 ⎣ r d12 d 23d 31 ⎦
2 × 10 − 7 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢3I a ln − 3I a ln 3 ⎥
3 ⎣⎢ r′ d12 d 23d 31 ⎦⎥
d12 d 23d 31
3
= 2 × 10 − 7 I a ln
r′
D ⎡H ⎤
= 2 × 10 − 7 I a ln m ⎢ ⎥ Dm : Geometric mean of distances
r′ ⎣ m ⎦
Avarage inductance per phase (general case)
Dm ⎡ H ⎤
La = 2 × 10 − 7 ln Dm : equivalent equalateral spacing
r ′ ⎢⎣ m ⎥⎦
gen. case : bundled case ↑

Example: 3 - Φ, 60Hz, ACSR Drake

Take Aluminum ⇒ r ′ = Ds = 0.0373 ft (GMR)

Dm = 3 20 × 20 × 38 = 24.8 ft (GMD)
24.8 ⎡H ⎤
La = 2 × 10− 7 ln = 13 × 10 − 7 ⎢ ⎥ (meter )
0.0373 ⎣m⎦
X L = 2πf × 13 × 10 − 7 X L = 2πf ⋅ L
= 377 × 13 × 10 −7
= 4.901 × 10 − 4 [Ω m]
1609 m
= 4.901 × 10 − 4 ⋅ [Ω m] ⋅
1 mile
= 0.789[Ω mile] (per phase)

* Bundled conductors

- To reduce corona (power loss, interference)

- To reduce reactance (stability improved)
 - Better cooled due to large area exposed to air

2-, 3-, 4- Conductor bundles for each phase

Rb = 4
(r ′ ⋅ d )2 Rb = 3 r ′ ⋅ d 2
Rb = 4 r ′ ⋅ d 2 ⋅ d 2
= r′ ⋅ d = 1.094 r ′ ⋅ d 3

Example ACSR Pheasant

Take Aluminum ⇒ r ′ = Ds = 0.0466 ft = 1.420cm

Dm = 3 8 × 8 × 16 = 10.08m
Rb = 2 1.42 × 45 = 8 × 10 − 2 m
X L = 2πf ⋅ L
⎛ 10.08 ⎡H ⎤ 3⎞
X L = 2π × 60 × ⎜⎜ 2 × 10− 7 ln ⎢⎣ m ⎥⎦ × 10
N ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 × 10 − 2 Km ⎠

10.08 ⎡ H ⎤
= 377 × 2 × 10 − 4 ln
0.08 ⎢⎣ km ⎥⎦
= 0.365[Ω km] (per phase)
If the line is 160 km long, and
Base VA = 100MVA
Base Volt = 345kV
3452
Then base impedence = = 1190Ω
100
0.365 × 160
pu impedence of the total length = = 0.049[ pu ]
1190

VI
* Parallel Circuit

Double-circuit

If one fails the other can still work.

(higher reliability)
 r ′ = Ds = 0.0229 ft (ostrich)
(L) GMD between phases a, b, c.
p
Dab = 4
(10.1)2 (21.9)2 = 14.88 ft

Dbcp = 4
(10.1)2 (21.9)2 = 14.88 ft

Dcap = 4
(18 × 20)2 = 18.97 ft

GMD : Dm = 3 Dp Dp Dp = 16.1 ft
ab bc ca

(f) GMR of 3 positions aa' , bb' , cc' :

aa' = 26.9 × 0.0229 = 0.785 ft
bb' = 21 × 0.0229 = 0.693 ft
cc' = 26.9 × 0.0229 = 0.785 ft
geometric mean :
GMR Dsp = 3 0.785 × 0.693 × 0.785 = 0.753 ft
16.1 H
L = 2 × 10 − 7 ln = 6.13 × 10 − 7 per phase
0.753 m
X L = 0.372 Ω per phase
mi
VII

* Line capacitance

Multi-conductor case

Superposition
vβα = vPβ − vPα
n
R
∑ q ln Rαβ
1
= i
i
2πε i =1 i

Assume
q1 + q2 "" + qn = 0

then
−1 n
R+ ∑ qi ln Rα 1 = 0
2πε i =1
q n
1 1 1 n 1 n
vβα =
2πε
∑ qi ln
i =1
+ ∑ i α i 2πε ∑
Rβ i 2πε i =1
q ln R −
i =1
qi ln Rα 1
1

q
D=
2πR n
second term 1 R
1
E= D=
1
ε = ε rε o + third term
=
2πε
∑ q ln α
R
i
i

ε 2πRε i =1 α1

Potential
Rα
q R Rα i ≈ Rα 1
Pα → ∞ (reference point α at infinity) ⇒
∫
1
= dr = ln α
difference
Rβ
2πRε 2πε Rβ 2nd + 3rd terms → 0
So voltage at Pβ (relative to ∞)
n
1 1
vβ =
2πε
∑ q ln Ri =1
i
βi
Voltage on surface of a conductor q1, β on surface of q1,

1⎛ 1 1 1⎞
v 1= ⎜⎜ q 1 ln + q 2 ln + "+ qn ln ⎟⎟
2πε⎝ R 11 R 12 R n1 ⎠
approximat ion ,
1⎛ 1 1 1⎞
v 1= πε⎜⎜ q 1 ln + q 2 ln + ""+ qn ln ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ r1 d 12 d n1 ⎠
# ↑ actual radius #
1⎛ 1 1 1⎞
vk = ⎜⎜ q 1 ln + "+ qk ln + "+ qn ln ⎟⎟
2πε⎝ dk 1 rk d kn ⎠
1 1 1 1
ln l n "
v 1 2πε r 1 2 πε d 12 q 1
v 2 # q 2
=
# # % #
vk 1 1 qn
ln
2 πε rn
v = F q F, square
1
q = F − v = CV
1 − Φ 2 - wire line
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
v a= ⎜⎜ qa ln − qa ln ⎟⎟
πε
2 ⎝ ra D⎠
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ Voltage drop :
v b= πε⎜⎜ − qa ln + qa ln ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ rb D⎠ vab = va − vb
1 ⎛ D r ⎞
= ⎜⎜ qa ln − qa ln b ⎟⎟
2πε ⎝ ra D⎠
1 ⎛ D2 ⎞
= qa ln⎜ ⎟
2πε ⎜r r ⎟
ra rb ⎝ a b ⎠
qa -qa qa 2πε
Capacitance Cab = =
vab ⎛ D2 ⎞
D ln⎜ ⎟
⎜r r ⎟
⎝ ab⎠
if ra = rb = r then

Cab =
2πε
⎛ D2 ⎞
=
πε F
⎛D⎞ m
[ ]
ln⎜ 2 ⎟ ln⎜ ⎟
⎜r ⎟ ⎝r⎠
⎝ ⎠

Single phase

n
 2πε
Cab =
⎛ D⎞
ln⎜ ⎟
⎝r⎠
Cbn
Can Cbn in series

1 2.862 D
Xc = = × 109 ln [Ω − m] to nutral
2πεCan f r
1 1.779 D
Ω= × 10 6 ln [Ω − m]
ωC f r
1 1.779 1 1.779
Xc = = × 10 6 ln + × 106 ln D [Ω − m] to nutral
2πεCan f r f
 
 

X a′ X d′
capacitance reactance spacing factor
at 1ft spacing (table)

Ex : 1 - Φ partrige 60Hz 20ft spacing

→ actual outside diameter = 0.642in (table)
0.642
radius r = = 0.0268[ft]
2.12
1.779 D 1.779 20
Xc = × 10 6 ln = × 10 6 ln
60 r 60 0.0268
= 0.1961 × 10 6 [Ω − mi] to nutral
verify that X a′ = 0.1074 MΩ − mi

3 - φ System

a b

1 ⎛ 1 1 1⎞
(i ) v a = ⎜ qa ln + qb ln + qc ln ⎟
2πε ⎝ r D D⎠
1 ⎛ D⎞
= ⎜ qa ln ⎟
2πε ⎝ r⎠

1 ⎛⎜ 1 1 1 ⎞⎟
(ii ) v p = qa ln + qb ln + qc ln
2πε ⎜⎝ R pa R pb R pc ⎟⎠
=0 R pa = R pb = R pc
2πε
⇒ Can = = Cbn = Ccn
⎛D⎞
ln⎜ ⎟
⎝r⎠
* Changing currents

Lumped circuit model for distributed parameters.

1-φ 3-φ
a V a b
a

L
C a b n

b 1 mile
1 mile c b

Ichg =jωCabVab Ichg =jwCnVan

- Capacitance per mile

- Changing current may be different at different locations, depending on the line
voltage level.
1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
va = ⎜⎜ qa ln + qb ln + qc ln ⎟
2πε ⎝ r d12 d13 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
vb = ⎜⎜ qa ln + + qb ln + qc ln ⎟
2πε ⎝ d12 r d 23 ⎟⎠
Unsymmetrical spacing
* a - 1b - 2 c - 3
1 ⎛ d r d ⎞
Vab = ⎜ q a ln 12 + qb ln + qc ln 23 ⎟⎟
⎜
2πε ⎝ r d12 d13 ⎠
* a -2b-3c-1
1 ⎛ d r d ⎞
Vab = ⎜ q a ln 23 + + qb ln + qc ln 13 ⎟⎟
⎜
2πε ⎝ r d 23 d12 ⎠
* a - 3b -1c - 2
1 ⎛ d r d ⎞
Vab = ⎜⎜ q a ln 31 + + qb ln + qc ln 12 ⎟⎟
2πε ⎝ r d 31 d 23 ⎠
Take the avarage
1 ⎛ d d d r d d d ⎞
Vab = ⎜⎜ qa ln 12 23 31 + qb ln + qc ln 12 23 31 ⎟⎟
6πε ⎝ r d12 d 23d 31 d12 d 23d 31 ⎠
1 ⎛ D r ⎞
= ⎜⎜ qa ln m + qb ln ⎟ Dm = 3 d12 d 23d31
2πε ⎝ r Dm ⎟⎠
Similarly :
1 ⎛ D r ⎞
Vac = ⎜⎜ qa ln m + qc ln ⎟
2πε ⎝ r Dm ⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜ D r r ⎟
Vab + Vac = 3Van = ⎜ 2qa ln m + qb ln + qc ln ⎟
2πε ⎜ r Dm Dm ⎟
 

⎜⎜ D ⎟⎟
− q a ln m
⎝ r ⎠
1 ⎛ D ⎞
Van = ⎜ qa ln m ⎟
2πε ⎝ r ⎠
Can =
qa
Van
=
2πε F
[ ]
⎛D ⎞ m
to nutral
ln⎜ m ⎟
⎝ r ⎠
bundled conductors r → Rbc
= (rd 12 " d1n )
1
n

Example
ACSR Pheasant
Diameter 1.382in
1.382 × 0.3048
r= = 0.01755m
2 × 12
Rbc = rd = 0.01755 × 0.045 = 0.0889 ( m )
Dm = 3 8 × 8 × 16 = 10.08m
2π × 8.85 × 10 −12 ⎡F ⎤
Cn = = 11.754 × 10 −12 ⎢ ⎥
⎛ 10.08 ⎞ ⎣m⎦
ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.0889 ⎠