BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

2 Marks
UNIT I
1. Define MIS.
A management information system (MIS) is a system or process that provides information needed to
manage organizations effectively. An 'MIS' is a planned system of the collecting, processing, storing and
disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management.

2. Goals of MIS
• Provide managers with information
• Regular, routine operations
• Control, organize and plan better

3. Benefits of MIS
• Effective and efficient coordination between Departments
• Quick and reliable referencing
• Access to relevant data and document
• Use of less labour
• Improvement in organizational and departmental techniques
• Management of day-to-day activities

4. Data
Data is the raw material in the production of information. It represents a fact; a number, a statement, or a
picture. A single piece of data has no meaning unless the context is understood.

5. Information
Information is the data that have meaning within a context. Data in relationships and pattern gives
information. Data after manipulation is called information.

6. Knowledge
Knowledge is seen as a dynamic human process of justifying personal beliefs as part of an aspiration for the
“truth”. Knowledge is the acquisition and even the understanding that one has acquired information.

7. Intelligence
Intelligence is the processes and the products that lead to understanding and taking decisions related to
reality. Intelligence is a way of manipulating information.

8. Information Technology (IT) is concerned with technology to treat information. It is a contemporary

term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with
telecommunications technology. (Data, image and voice networks)

9. Information System
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, processes, data, and technology that interact to
collect, process, store and provide as output the information needed to support an organization.

10. Transaction Processing System

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) are operations support systems that record and process data resulting
from business transactions. Process data resulting from business transactions, update operational databases,
and produce business documents. They process transaction in to two basic ways. In batch processing,
transactions data are accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically. In real time processing,
data are processed immediately after a transaction occurs.

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET

 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
11. Decision Support Systems
DSS give direct computer support to managers during the decision making process. For example, an
advertising manager may use a DSS to perform a what-if analysis as part of a decision to determine where to
spend advertising dollars.

12. Executive Information System

EIS provide critical information from a variety of internal and external sources in easy – to – use displays to
executives and managers. For example, top executives may use touch screen terminals to instantly view text
and graphics that highlight key areas of organizational and competitive performance.

13. System Analyst

A systems analyst is responsible for searching, planning co-ordinating and recommending software and
system choices to meet an organisation’s business requirements.

UNIT II
1. System analysis
System analysis is a process of investigating a system, identifying problems and using the information to
recommend improvements to the system. Here the responsibility includes only requirement determination,
not the design of the system.

2. System Design
System design is a process of designing a new system based on the user requirements and the detailed
analysis of the existing system. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The logical
system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system design.

3. System Analysis Vs System Design

System Analysis System Design
System analysis describes what a system should do Systems design specifies how the system will
to meet the information needs of users accomplish this objective

Analyze the resources, products and activities of any Develop general specification for how input,
information systems presently used processing output storage and control activities.

Determine the information system capabilities that Develop detailed specification for user interface
will meet the information needs of an end user. products and methods, database structures and
processing and control procedures.
Document and communicate the logical input, Document and communicate the detailed
processing and output storage and control specification of the proposed system to end user.
requirements of a proposed new or improved
information system

4. DFD
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a design tool to represent the flow of data through an information system. A
data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system,
modeling its process aspects.

5. ER Diagram
The Entity-Relationship (ER) model is a conceptual data model, capable of describing the data requirements
for a new information system in a direct and easy to understand graphical notation.

6. Entities

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Entities represent classes of objects (facts, things, people,...) that have properties in common and an
autonomous existence.

7. Attributes
Attribute describe the elementary properties of entities or relationships.
For example, Surname, Salary and Age are possible attributes of the Employee entity.

Attributes Example

8. Data Dictionary
In database management systems, a file that defines the basic organization of a database is called Data
Dictionary. A data dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file,
and the names and types of each field.

9. Pseudocode
Pseudocode is a compact and informal high-level description of a computer programming algorithm that
uses the structural conventions of a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than
machine reading.
Ex: IF <condition>
DO stuff;
ELSE
DO other stuff;

10. Data flow diagrams

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information
system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing.
Ex:

11. Data dictionaries

A data dictionary is an integral part of a database, which holds information about the database and the data
that it stores.

12. Normalisation
Database normalization is the process of removing redundant data from the tables in order to improve
storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.

13. Object Modeling

Object modeling is the technique for identifying objects within the system environment, and the
relationships between those objects.

13. DBMS
A collection of programs that enables one to store, modify, and extract information from a database.

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
14. Database
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and
updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text,
numeric, and images.

15. RDBMS
RDBMS is a DBMS in which data is stored in tables and the relationships among the data are also stored in
tables. The data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to change the table
forms.
Relation – Table
Tuple -Record/Row
Attributes - Field/Columns
Domain - Set of valid values of attributes
Degree -Number of columns in a table
Cardinality -Number of rows in a table

16. Primary key

The column or set of columns which can uniquely identify every row in a table is termed as a Candidate
key. Every candidate key satisfies the following two properties. 1. Uniqueness-No two rows have the same
value for the column or the set of columns. 2. Minimality-None of the columns can be removed from the key
without violating the uniqueness property.

17. Foreign key

It is possible for one table to contain a column, or a set of columns, that contains data elements values drawn
from the same domains as the columns that form the primary key of some other table. This column or set of
columns is called the Foreign key.

18. Candidate key

Candidate key is a column in a table which has the ability to become a primary key.

19. Alternate Key

Any of the candidate keys that are not part of the primary key is called an alternate key.

20. Secondary key: Alternate of primary key.

21. Benefits of SDLC

• Proven framework
• Facilitates information exchange
• Defines and focuses roles and responsibilities
• Pre define degree of precision
• Enforced planning and control

22. Tools for System Design

• Flowchart
• Data Flow Diagram
• Structured English
• Decision Table
• Decision Tree

23. System
A system is a group of interrelated components working together towards common goals by accepting inputs
and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET

 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

24. Object Oriented DBMS

An object oriented database management system (OODBMS) is a database management system that
supports the modeling and creation of data as objects.

25. SQL
SQL often referred as structured query language is a database computer language designed for managing
data in relational database management systems and originally based upon relational algebra.

26. Middleware
Middleware is computer software that provides services to software applications beyond those available
from the operating system. Middleware can be described as "software glue" that binds between the
software component.

UNIT III

1. HRIS
The Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a software or online solution for the data entry, data
tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, management, and accounting
functions within a business.

2. DSS
Decision support systems (DSS) are computer-based information system that supports business or
organizational decision-making activities. DSS serve the management, operations and planning levels of an
organization and help to make decisions.

3. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

KM is a process of capturing and making use of firm’s collective expertise anywhere in business – on paper,
in document, in database or in people’s head. Knowledge management is about connecting people to people
and people to information to create competitive advantage.

4. Knowledge
Knowledge is nothing but application of data and information; answers "how" questions. Knowledge is the
appropriate collection of information, such that its intent is to be useful.

5. Artificial Intelligence
The sub-field of computer science concerned with understanding the concepts and methods of human
reasoning, and the application of this understanding to the development of computer programs that exhibit
intelligent behavior.

6. Knowledge Gap
The difference between what the enterprise requires and what it currently has is called the Knowledge gap.

7. Explicit Knowledge
The knowledge that individuals are able to express fairly, easily using language or other forms of
communication are called explicit knowledge.

8. Tacit Knowledge
Tacit knowledge is difficult to express and formalize and therefore difficult to share. Tacit knowledge is
more likely to be personal and based on individual experience and activities.

9. Externalization

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Externalization involves converting tacit knowledge into explicit forms such as words, concepts, visuals or
figurative language. Externalization also helps translate individuals’ tacit knowledge into explicit forms that
can be more easily understood by rest of their group.

10. Internalization
Internalization is the conversion of explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge. It represents the traditional
notion of learning.

11. Socialization
Socialization facilitates the sharing tacit knowledge in cases in which new tacit knowledge is created as well
as new tacit knowledge is not created.

12. Routines
Routines involve the utilization of knowledge embedded in procedures, rules and norms that guide future
behavior. Routines economize on communication more than directions because they are embedded in
procedures or technologies.

13. Direction
Direction refers to the process through which individuals possessing the knowledge, direct the action of
another individual without transferring to that person the knowledge underlying the direction. Direction is
the process used when a production worker calls experts to ask them how to solve a particular problem with
a machine and then proceeds to solve the problem based on the instructions given the experts.

14. International Information System (IIS):

Distributed information systems which support similar business activities in highly diverse environments
commonly found across country boundaries is called International Information System.

15. Geographic Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and
present all types of geographical data. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize
data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and
charts.

16. Characteristics of DSS

It integrates data and models so that it is easier for managers to make good decisions
It support wide variety of decision making
It allows the user to query the system for a specific answer.

UNIT IV

1. Information Security
Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use,
disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.

2. Data Validation
Data validation is the process of ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct and useful data. It checks
for validity, correctness and security of the data.

3. Tampering
When a message is sent, sender usually wants it to arrive unaltered. Tampering is altering the message in
between the sender and the receiver.

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET

 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

4. Denial of Service
Denying the service to the authorized user by the attacker is called denial of service (DOS)

5. Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or
systems.

6. Integrity
In information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified without authorization. Example: When
a employee is able to modify his own salary in a payroll database.

7. Authenticity
The process of ensuring the data, transactions, communications or documents (electronic or physical) are
genuine is called authenticity. It is also important for authenticity to validate that both parties involved are
who they claim they are.

8. Software testing
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of
the product or service under test. Software testing is any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or
capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results.

9. Unit testing
Unit testing refers to tests that verify the functionality of a specific section of code, usually at the function
level. Unit testing is also called component testing. Unit testing is a method by which individual units of
source code, sets of one or more computer program modules are tested to determine if they are fit for use

10. Integration testing

Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components
against a software design. Software components may be integrated in an iterative way or all together ("big
bang") and testing can be done.

11. System testing

System testing tests a completely integrated system to verify that it meets its requirements.

12. System integration testing

System integration testing verifies that a system is integrated to any external or third party systems defined
in the system requirements. Strategies for integrating components in to a functioning product include the
bottom up strategy and top down strategy.

13. Regression testing

Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks
to uncover software regressions, or old bugs that have come back.

14. Acceptance testing

Acceptance testing performed by the customer, often in their lab environment on their own hardware, is
known as user acceptance testing (UAT). The quality and fitness of the software will be tested by the user.

15. Computer Crimes

Computer crime or cyber crime is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or both.
Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery,
defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code.

16. Unauthorized access

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Unauthorized access would therefore mean any kind of access without the permission of either the rightful
owner or the person in charge of a computer, computer system or computer network.

17. Hacking
Every act committed towards breaking into a computer and/or network is hacking. Hackers write or use
ready-made computer programs to attack the target computer. They possess the desire to destruct and they
get the kick out of such destruction.

18. Trojan Horse

It is a program that act like something useful but do the things that are quiet damp. Trojan horse means an
unauthorized programme, which passively gains control over another’s system by representing itself as an
authorised programme. The most common form of installing a Trojan is through e-mail.

19. Virus
A program that has capability to infect other programs and make copies of itself and spread into other
programs is called virus. Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a computer or a file and then
circulate themselves to other files and to other computers on a network.

20. Worm
Programs that multiply like viruses but spread from computer to computer occupying the entire space of the
computer are called as worms. Worms make functional copies of themselves and do this repeatedly till they
eat up all the available space on a computer's memory.

21. Email spoofing

Email spoofing refers to email that appears to have been originated from one source when it was actually
sent from another source.

22. Email spamming

Email "spamming" refers to sending email to thousands and thousands of users - similar to a chain letter.

23. Email bombing

E-mail "bombing" is characterized by abusers repeatedly sending an identical email message to a particular
address. This kind of activity refers to sending large numbers of mail to the victim, which may be an
individual or a company or even mail servers there by ultimately resulting into crashing.

24. Data diddling

This kind of an attack involves altering raw data just before a computer processes it and then changing it
back after the processing is completed.

25. Salami attacks

This kind of crime is normally prevalent in the financial institutions or for the purpose of committing
financial crimes. An important feature of this type of offence is that the alteration is so small that it would
normally go unnoticed. E.g. the Ziegler case wherein a logic bomb was introduced in the bank’s system,
which deducted 10 cents from every account and deposited it in a particular account.

26. Logic bombs

These are event dependent programs. This implies that these programs are created to do something only
when a certain event (known as a trigger event) occurs. E.g. even some viruses may be termed logic bombs
because they lie dormant all through the year and become active only on a particular date.

27. Web jacking

This term is derived from the term hi jacking. In these kinds of offences the hacker gains access and control
over the web site of another. He may even mutilate or change the information on the site. This may be done
for fulfilling political objectives or for money.

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET

 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
28. Firewalls
Firewall is a software or hardware or combination of both that prevents unauthorized users from accessing
private networks. The two types of Firewalls are proxies and stateful inspection.

29. Intrusion Detection System

It is a device that monitors vulnerable points in network to detect and determine unauthorized intruders.

30. Encryption
Coding and scrambling of messages to prevent their access without authorization.

31. Digital signature: Digital code attached to electronically transmitted message to uniquely identify
contents and sender. A Digital Signature means authentication of any electronic record by a subscriber by
means of an ‘electronic method.’ It is using a combination of ‘Public Key’ and a ‘Private Key’, which
convert the message into digital form. A private key will create a digital signature and one can use the public
key to verify the digital signature.

32. Digital certificate

It is an attachment to electronic message to verify the sender and to provide receiver with means to encode
reply

33. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)

It is a standard for securing credit card transactions over Internet and other networks. It uses digital
certificates, issued to merchants and other business and customers, to perform a series of security checks
verifying that the identity of customer or sender of information is valid.

34. Antivirus
Virus is program codes that introduce malicious logic into computer systems. Ex: worms, virus, Trojan
horse etc. Antivirus software is specially written to defend a system against the threats that malware
presents.

35. Biometric Security

Biometric authentication uses the unique characteristics of individual users, such as fingerprints or retinal
patterns, to grant access to resources. This is typically used in high security situations, such as defense
installation.

36. Intranet
Intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an organization. An intranet
uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication between people or work groups to improve
the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.

37. Wireless Network

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
The word wireless is dictionary defined as "having no wires". In networking terminology, wireless is the
term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender
and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain
communications.

38. TCP/IP
The Protocol used to connect a number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of
networks (the "Internet").
IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node.
TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server.

39. Router
A router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to
which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.

40. DNS Server

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a standard technology for managing the names of Websites and other
Internet domains. DNS technology allows you to type names into your Web browser like
compnetworking.about.com and your computer to automatically find that address on the Internet.

41. Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as
a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media.

42. Wide Area Network

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network
that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).

43. Value Added Network

VAN is a simple communications network that offers additional services such as message routing and stock
quote service.

44. Metropolitan Area Network

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A
MAN usually interconnects a number of local area Networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone
technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and
the Internet.

45. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio communication to wirelessly link phones,
computers and other network devices over short distances. Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to
support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones,
PDAs and wireless headsets.

46. Software Audit

A software audit provides an independent evaluation of software products or processes to ascertain
compliance to standards, specifications, and procedures based on objective criteria.

47. Information Ethics

Information ethics is the field that investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and
application of information technologies.

48. Computer Ethics defined as the application of classical ethical principles to the use of computer
technology.

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
49. Intellectual property (IP)
IP is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which property rights are
recognized and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain
exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and
inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs.

50. Patents
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee
for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.

51. Copyrights
Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by the law of a jurisdiction to the author or creator of an
original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work.

52. Trademarks
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these
elements.
A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:
 ™ - for an unregistered trade mark, that is, a mark used to promote or brand goods
 ℠ - for an unregistered service mark, that is, a mark used to promote or brand services
 ® - for a registered trademark

53. Software metrics

A software metric is a measure of some property of a piece of software or its specifications.
Benefits
i. Measurement helps managers to identify, prioritize, track and communicate project issues at all
levels within the organization.
ii. Metrics can accurately describe the status of software project processes and products.
iii. Metrics provides an effective rationale for selecting the best alternatives.

54. Cyber stalking

Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, a group of
individuals, or an organization.

UNIT 5

1. e-business
Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", or an internet business, may be
defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the
activities of business. It constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and
individuals.

2. Models / Types of E-Commerce

1. Business to consumer (B2C)
2. Business to Business (B2B)
3. Business to Government (B2G)
4. Consumer to consumer (C2C)
5. Consumer to business (C2B)

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 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

3. E-Business VS E-Commerce
E-Commerce E-Business
E-commerce describes the process of buying,
Compared with e-commerce, e-business is
selling, transferring or exchanging products,
more generic term; it refers not only to
service, and or information via computerinformation exchanges related to buying and
networks including the internet. selling but also to servicing the customers
and collaborating with business partners,
distributors and suppliers.
E-commerce can take several forms E-business encompasses sophisticated B2B
depending on degree of digitization. The interactions and collaboration activities at a
degree of digitization relates to: level of enterprise applications and business
• The product process.
• The process
• The delivery agent

4. M-Commerce
It refers to use of mobile devices for conducting the business transactions.

5. Objectives of e-governance
• To support and simply governance for all stakeholders - government, businesses and citizens
• To increase the efficiency and speed in a transparent manner
• To interconnect citizens, businesses and government to save significant cost
• Citizens have access to information and knowledge about the political.

6. ERP
ERP or Enterprise Resource Planning systems are software systems for businesses management
encompassing modules supporting functional areas such as sales and marketing, finance, production,
distribution accounting, human resource management, maintenance, inventory management, project
management, transportation and e-business etc

7. ERP Packages
 ERP is a commodity -- product in the form of software
 SAP, Oracle Applications, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards, Greatplains etc. are world’s leading ERP
packages
 The market leader is “SAP”

8. Merits of ERP
 Ensure quicker processing of information and reduce the burden of paperwork.
 Serving the customers efficiently by way of prompt response and follow up
 Disposing Queries immediately and facilitating payment from customers
 Help to control data and facilitates the necessary contacts to acquire the same.

9. SCM - Supply Chain Management

A supply chain is a system of organisations, people, technology, activities, information and resources
involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural
resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer

10. Datawarehousing

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET

 BA7205 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
A data warehouse (DW) is a database used for reporting and analysis. Data warehousing is storing data
effectively so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. A data warehouse is a centralized database that
captures information from various parts of an organization's business processes.

11. DataMart: A departmental data warehouse that stores only relevant data.

12. Operational Data Stores (ODS): A type of database often used as an interim area for a data warehouse,
especially for customer information files

13. MetaData: Data about data. In a data warehouse, metadata describe the contents of a data warehouse
and the manner of its use.

14. Extraction, Transformation, and Load (ETL): A data warehousing process that consists of extraction
(i.e., reading data from a database), transformation (i.e., converting the extracted data from its previous form
into the form in which it needs to be so that it can be placed into a data warehouse or simply another
database), and load (i.e., putting the data into the data warehouse)

15. Data Mining

Data Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data in search of consistent patterns and systematic
relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the detected patterns to new
subsets of data. The ultimate goal of data mining is prediction.

16. Business Intelligence

Business intelligence is the processes, technologies, and tools that help us change data into information,
information into knowledge and knowledge into plans that guide organization.

17. List various Business Intelligence tools

• Spread sheets
• Reporting and querying OLAP
• Digital Dashboards
• Data mining
• Process mining

18. Pervasive Computing

Pervasive Computing means “Convenient access, through a new class of applications, to relevant
information with the ability to easily take action on it when and where you need to.” It refers to visionary
new ways of applying information and communication technologies to our daily lives.

19. CMM-Capability Maturity Model

The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM) is a framework that describes an evolutionary
improvement path from an ad hoc, immature process to a mature, disciplined process. The CMM
covers practices for planning, engineering, and managing software development and maintenance.

20. Flat File

Flat files are data files that contain records with no structured relationships. Additional knowledge is
required to interpret these files such as the file format properties.

P.RAJA, Assistant Professor,VVCET