ENGLISH

FOR

AGRICULTURE
 PREFACE

Agriculture is an important sector of Indonesian economy because half of its population

relies on agriculture as their main income. This project are contains five chapters,
chapters one and two are going to explain how to understand markets gardening and
producting compost as soil management.

Third chapter aims students could difference categories of Pesticides, Precautions and
how each of them its work for agriculture. Fourth chapter will explain the needs or tools
for farming and its function. Furthermore, the last chapter will explain understanding
farmer's access for service in some areas also making agriculture's students understand
well and prepare themselves facing agricultural in modern ways.

Majalengka, 2019

Authors
 Contents

Vocabularies Of Agriculture ...........................................................................................

Pronouns .............................................................................................................................
Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns .....................................................................
Conditional Sentences .......................................................................................................
Relative Clauses .................................................................................................................
Market Gardening .............................................................................................................
Soil Management: Compost Production………………………………………………
 CHAPTER 2
VOCABULARIES OF AGRICULTURE
Vocabulary
A bit of blood
Acclimatization
Aggregate
Agribusiness
Agricultural base
Agricultural capital
Agricultural chemistry
Agricultural college
Agricultural comodity
Agricultural country
Agricultural development
Agricultural district
Agricultural diversification
Agricultural economics
Agricultural export
Agricultural extension
Agricultural high school
Agricultural import
Agricultural industry
Agricultural institution
Agricultural labour force
Agricultural labourer
Agricultural land
Agricultural marketing
Agricultural planning
Agricultural policy
Arti
: Bibit unggul
: Aklimatisasi
: Agregat
: Agribisnis
: Azaz pertanian
: Modal pertanian
: Kimia pertanian
: Institut pertanian
: Komoditas pertanian
: Negara pertanian/ Agraria
: Perkembangan pertanian
: Daerah pertanian
: Diversifikasi pertanian
: Ekonomi pertanian
: Ekspor pertanian
: Penyuluhan pertanian
: SMA Pertanian
: Import pertanian
: Industri pertanian
: Lembaga pertanaian
: Tenaga buruh pertanian
: Buruh pertanian
: Lahan pertanian
: Pemasaran pertanian
: Rancangan pertanian
: Kebijakan pertanian
Agricultural pollution : Polusi pertanian
Agricultural product : Hasil/ produk pertanian
Agricultural productivity : Produktivitas pertanian
Agricultural research : Penelitian pertanian
Agricultural revolution : Revolusi pertanian
Agricultural sector : Sektor pertanian
Agricultural technique : Teknologi/ Teknik pertanian
Agricultural tenant : Penyewa lahan pertanian
Agricultural testing station : Balai uji coba pertanian
Agricultural waste : Limbah pertanian
Agriculturist : Pengusaha tani
Agrochemistry : Agro Kimia
Agroecosystem : Agroekosistem
Agronomist : Ahli ilmu tanah
Agronomy : Agronomi/ Ilmu tanah pertanaian
Amelioration : Ameliorasi
Amensalisme : Amensalisme
Artesian aquifer : Akuifer artesis
Bank irrigation : Irigasi tepi sungai
Botanical key : Kunci botanik
Burning bush : Pembakaran semaksemak
Calcification : Pengapuran
Carabau : Kerbau
Carbonaceous : Karbonan
Carbonaceous remains : Karbonan tetap
Clove : Cengkeh
Compost : Pupuk kompos
Corn : Jagung
Corn belt : Daerah tanaman jagung
Corn crusher : Penghancur jagung
Crofter : Petani menyewakan ladangnya
Cultivars : Kultivar
Cultivate : Menanam
Cum : Nutfah
Debit : Pendebitan
Degraded land : Lahan kritis
Drier continues : Alat pengering berlanjut
Dry aggregate : Agregat kering
Dry stream : Aliran kemarau
Dynamometer : Dinamometer
Earth worm : Cacing tanah
Electric shock devices : Alat kejut listrik
Emigration insects : Emigrasi serangga
Epifiotik : Epifiotik
Explants : Eksplan
Famine : Paceklik
Farmer : Petani
Farmer tool : Alat tani
Feed conversion : Konversi pakan
Fertile : Subur
Fertile area : Daerah subur
Fertilizer : Pupuk
Fertilizer lines : Jalur pupuk
Flit gun : Alat penyemprot hama
Flooded : Kojoh
Flow comes back : Aliran timbul kembali
Forage preservation : Pengawetan hijauan
Freatofit : Freatofit
Gaga scaffolding : Gaga rancah
Gin : Gin
Glasshous/greenhouse : Rumah kaca
Grafting : Okulasi
Grain thresher tool : Alat perontok gabah
Guano : Pupuk kotoran burung
Halofob : Halofob
Halve : Memperdua
Harvest : Panen
Harvesting time : Musim panen
High yield rice : Padi unggul
Hoe : Pacul
Horizontal diversification : Diversifikasi horizontal
If the power : Daya olah
Imunity : Imunitas
Indicator plants : Tumbuhan indikator
Infertile : Gersang
Intercropping : Tumpang sari
Irrigation : Irigasi
Laboratory : Laboratorium
Land Clearing : Pembukaan lahan
Leisure time : Masa Senggang
Liquid limit : Batas cair
Marginal Land : Tanah marginal
Mechanical analysis : Analisis mekanis
Melting cell : Lebur sel
Mina rice : Mina padi
Ministry of agriculture : Kementrian pertanian
Mitisida : Mitisida
Monoculture : Monokultur
Mulch : Mulsa
Mule : Bagal
Multicultural : Multikultur
Multiple ugriculture : Pertanian Campuran
Multiplication : Perbanyakan
Mycosis : Mikosis
Nauseating : Luah
Necrosis pusuh : Nekrosis pusuh
Nigthsoli : Pupuk kotoran manusia
Orchard : Kebun buah
Organic farming : Pertanian organik
Ovary : Bakal buah
Overcop : Bercocok tanam berlebihan
Overlapping shifts : Tumpang gilir
Ovule : Bakal biji
Peat moss : Gambut
Pesticide : Pesticida
Plant disease : Hama
Plot : Bedeng
Plow up : Membajak sawah
Polyculture : Polikultur
Porridge Bordeaux : Bubur bordeaux
Porridge burgundians : Bubur burgundi
Portions of Rice : Bagian beras
Preservatives : Bahan pengawet
Profit sharing : Bagi hasil
Psamolitoral : Psamolitoral
Pure seed : Benih murni
Rain gauge : Alat ukur hujan
Reaping time : Waktu panen
Reclamation : Reklamasi
Residual flow : Aliran sisa
Rice barn : Lumbung padi
Rice Plant : Padi
Ricemill : Gilingan padi
Rotation : Rotasi
Salt pan : Ladang garam
Saltation : Saltasi
Sap flow : Aliran getah
Scarification : Skarifikasi
Sediment analysis : Analisis endapan
Seed : Bibit
Seed treatment : Perawatan bibit
Shalter in rice field : Gubuk petani
Sherecroper : Petani bagi hasil
Short machete : Parang
Silvisida : Silvisida
Smallholde : Petani penggarap
Smallpoxe tree : Cacar pohon
Sod : Lapisan tanah teratas
Soil fumigant : Fumigan tanah
Stuble mulch : Mulsa tunggul
Subsoil : Lapisan tanah bagian bawah
Surface flow : Aliran permukaan
The anual flow : Aliran tahunan
Tillers : Anakan
Tool penyosoh : Alat penyosoh
Transpiration : Transpirasi
Transplant : Transplantasi
Underclay : Lapisan tanah liat
Unhulled paddy separated from : Gabah
talks
Unirrigated agricultura field : Ladang
Varieties : Varietas
Vertical diserfication : Disertifikasi vertikal
Water : Menyiram
Water requirements : Keperluan air
Weir : Bendungan
Wet nurse : Inang
Wet rice field : Sawah
 CHAPTER 2

PRONOUNS

Definisi dan jenis-jenis pronoun dapat dijelaskan seperti dibawah ini:

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata yang dapat menggantikan suatu kata benda atau
frasa kata benda. Kata ganti berfungsi menghindari pengulangan kata benda atau frasa
kata benda yang sama yang telah disebut sebelumnya.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, pronoun terdiri dari tujuh jenis, yaitu:

1. Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata
ganti orang ini digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan
penggunaan tersebut.

Subjek Objek Arti

I Me Saya, aku
You You Kamu, Anda, kalian
She Her Dia (perempuan)
He Him Dia (laki-laki)
It It Dia, itu, -nya
We Us Kita, kami
They Them Mereka

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. [Tiga hari yang lalu saya
bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi.]
 My sister bought a new handphone. She loves it very much. [Saudara perempuan
saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat menyukainya.]
 Sule borrowed three books from the library. He must return them in two days.
[Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam
dua hari.]

2. Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)

Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk
possessive pronoun yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan
independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda
lihat tabel di bawah ini.

Dependent Independent

My Mine
Your Your
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Their Theirs

Contohnya:
 This is my book. The book is mine. [Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya]
 This house is theirs. [Rumah ini milik mereka.]
 This is your pencil and those are hers. [Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia.]

3. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri
dalam kalimat bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek.
Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk
bentuk jamak. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Reflexive Pronoun Arti

Myself Saya sendiri

Yourself/yourselves Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri
Themselves Mereka sendiri
Ourselves Kami sendiri
Himself Dia sendiri (laki-laki)
Herself Dia sendiri (perempuan)
Itself Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)

Contoh kalimatnya:

 She laughed at herself. [Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri.]

 He himself drives to school. [Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah.]
 I myself open the door. [Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu.]
 My father cooked this meal himself. [Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri.]

4. Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun merupakan kata ganti penunjuk berdasarkan kedekatan.

Dekat (this dan these), dan jauh (that dan those).

Contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut:

 This is my mother, these are my sisters. [Ini ibu saya, ini adik-adik saya.]
 That book is yours, those are mine. [Buku itu punyamu, itu punyaku.]
5. Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang mempertanyakan orang atau benda. Ini
antara lain: who, whom (siapa), whose (punya siapa), why (mengapa), which (yang
mana), dan what (apa).

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Who did you call? [Siapa yang kamu panggil?]

 What did you order? [Apa yang kamu pesan?]
 Why did you sell your cara? [Mengapa kamu jual mobilmu?]

6. Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronoun adalah kata ganti yang mengacu pada seseorang atau sesuatu yang
dianggap tidak tentu, seperti: somebody (seseorang), no one (tak seorang pun),
something, anything (sesuatu), everyone (setiap orang), dan everything (segala sesuatu).

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Someone is watching in my house.

 Everyone is watchig in their house.
 No one is sitting on the floor.
 Dewi brought something to me.
 He gives me everything what i need.

7. Relative Pronoun

Relative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang merangkai suatu kata benda atau frasa kata
benda dengan klausa penjelasnya, seperti who, whom, whose, which, dan that yang
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi kata yang.
Contoh kalimatnya:

 I don’t like people who lose temper easily. [Saya tidak senang pada orang yang
mudah naik pitam.]
 Meong that I always feed everyday is my cat. [Meong yang saya beri makan setiap
hari adalah kucing saya.]
 This is Tukul whose brother you met last week. [Ini tukul yang kakaknya kamu
temui minggu lalu.]
 Which one do you want? [yang mana yang kau mau].
 CHAPTER 3
COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example:

"pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.
Here are some more countable nouns:

dog, cat, animal, man, person

bottle, box, litre
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, fork
table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

My dog is playing.

My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

A dog is an nimal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a or an/the/my/this/that

with it:

 Can I ask a question?

 Is there a hotel near here?
 What is the name of this street?
 Who is the best player in your team?
 I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
 Would you like an apple?
 Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
 Do you like this picture?
 Who is that person?

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges.
Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

I've got some dollars.

Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars.

I haven't got many pens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

There is one person here.

There are three people here

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc

that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we
cannot count "milk". We can count
"bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.

Here are some more uncountable nouns:

music, art, love, happiness

Advice, information, news
furniture, luggage
rice, sugar, butter, water
electricity, gas, power
money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb.
For example:

This news is very important.

Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns.
We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

I've got some money.

Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

I've got a little money.
I haven't got much rice.

Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns".

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:
Cuntable Uncountable

Dolar Money

Song Music

Suitcase Luggage

Table Furniture

Battery Electricity

Botle Wine

Report Information

Tip Advice

Journey Travel

Job Work

View Scenery

Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of
meaning.
Contable Uncountable

There are two hairs in my coffee! Hair I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our Light Close the curtain. There's too
bedroom. much light!

light

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. Noise It's difficult to work when

there is too much noise.
There are so many different noises
in

the city.

Have you got a paper to read? Paper I want to draw a picture.

(newspaper) Have you got some paper?

Hand me those student papers.

Our house has seven rooms. Room Is there room for me to sit
here?

We had a great time at the party. Time Have you got time for a
coffee?
How many times have I told you
no?

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s Work I have no money. I need

greatest works. work.
 CHAPTER 4

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Conditional sentences terdiri dari tiga type. Type 1

Secara singkat conditional sentence type 1 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu

rencana. Conditional sentence type 2 dipakai untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian.
terakhir conditional sentence type 3 digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu penyesalan.

1. PENGERTIAN
Conditional sentence itu sendiri adalah merupakan gabungan dua kalimat
dimana salah satunya adalah kalimat bersyarat (if clause) dan kalimat lain adalah
akibat yang ditimbulkan dari terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat tersebut. Misal, jika
kamu datang ke rumah (syarat), maka aku akan memasak opor ayam (akibat).
Artinya, jika kamu datang, maka niat saya untuk memasak opor ayam akan
terjadi, tapi jika tidak datang, maka saya tidak jadi masak opor ayam. Sedangkan
type 1 adalah bentuk conditional sentence yang peluang terpenuhinya syarat
masih terbuka lebar karena baru akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

B. Conditional Sentence Type 1.

 If + Subject + verb-1, Subject + will + infintive (atau lebih mudahnya verb-1).

atau kita bisa juga membaliknya menjadi:
 Subject + will + infintive, If + Subject + verb-1.
Dapat juga dijelaskan dengan menggunakan istilah tense agar lebih detail:
 If+ simple present + simple future.
atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:
 Simple future + If + simple present.

C. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 1.

1. She will arrive here on time if she drive her car by herself.
(Dia akan datang tepat waktu jika ia mengendari mobilnya sendiri).
2. If you don’t come to my birthday party, I will send you an SMS.
(Jika kamu tidak datang pada hari ultahku, aku akan mengirimu sms).
3. If you come late again, Mr. Professor will be very angry.
(Jika kamu datang terlambat lagi, pak profesor akan sangat marah).
4. Today will be very cool if it rains.
(hari ini akan menjadi dingin sekali jika turun hujan).
5. You will finish your job if you do it now.
(Kamu akan menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu jika kamu melakukannya sekarang).
6. My father will buy me a car if he is promoted to be a new manager in his
company.
(Ayahku akan membelikanku sebuah mobil jika ia dipromosikan menjadi
manager di perusahaannya).
7. What will you do if you find a million dollar?
(Apa yang akan kamu lakukan jika kamu menemukan 1 juta dollar?)
8. She will kill me if she knows that I will date with you.
(Dia akan membunuhku jika dia tahu bahwa aku akan kencan denganmu).
9. My cat will not eat if I don’t feed it with fresh fish.
(Kucingku tidak akan makan jika aku tidak memberinya makan ikan segar).
10. My boss will give me reward if I can reach the target.
(Bosku akan memberiku hadiah jika aku bisa mencapai target).
Fungsi, Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 2 dan Contohnya

A. Pengertian
Seperti yang telah dijelaskan dalam Fungsi dan Rumus
conditional Sentence type 1 sebelumnya, bahwa yang dimaksud dengan
Conditional Sentence adalah gabungan 2 kalimat dimana salah satunya
adalah kalimat syarat, dan yang lainnya adalah akibat dari pelaksanaan
syarat tersebut. Nah, jika kamu belum mempelajari type 1 atau sudah
pernah tapi lupa, sebaiknya baca dan pahami kembali rumusan dan
fungsi conditional sentence type 1 agar kamu bisa mengetahui
perbedaannya sehingga tidak bingung dan tertukar antara satu rumus
dengan yang lainnya. Dan berikut saya jelaskan rumus dan fungsi
conditional sentence type 2.

B. Conditional Sentence type 2.

Kalimat Syarat Hasilnya

If + Simple Past Tense Past Future Tense

If + S + Verb 2 S + would + Verb 1 (bare

Infinitive)

Atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:

Hasilnya Kalimat Syarat

Past Future Tense If + Simple Past Tense

S + would + Verb 1 (bare Infinitive) If + S + Verb 2

C. Fungsi Conditional Sentence Type 2.

Conditional Sentence type 2 berfungsi untuk membuat kalimat yang
kemungkinan terjadinya sangat sulit diwujudkan pada masa sekarang (present tense)
 atau di masa yang akan datang (future tense).
Contoh:

1. Present tense: If Jack was here, he would know what to do. (jika Jack ada di sini, dia
akan tahu apa yang harus dilakukan) Tapi pada kenyataannya Jack saat ini tidak ada
di sini.
2. Past tense: If I lost my job tomorrow, I would move to Jogjakarta. (jika besok aku
kehilangan pekerjaanku (dipecat), maka aku akan pindah ke Jogjakarta. Usaha
pemecatan tidak dilakukan oleh aku sendiri, tapi oleh atasan. Jadi sulit bagiku untuk
memecat diriku sendiri).

D. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 2.

1. If I were you, I would not let here go.

(Jika aku menjadi kamu, aku tidak akan membiarkannya pergi).

2. You would not be here, If she did not help you.

(Kamu tidak akan ada di sini jika dia tidak menolongmu).
3. We would not win the game, if we didn’t work together as a team.
(Kita tidak akan memenangkan permainan ini jika kita tidak bekerja sama sebagai
tim).
4. My mother would not worry, if I went with you, because you are innosence
(Ibuku tidak akan kuatir jika aku pergi denganmu).
5. I would attend your birthday party if I didn’t have home work to do.
(Aku akan menghadiri pesta ultahmu jika aku tidak punya PR).
6. If I did not work now, I would love to accompany you to go hiking.
(Jika aku tidak bekerja, aku akan senang menemanimu pergi mendaki).
7. She would clean the yard if it did not rain.
(Dia akan membersihkan halaman jika tidak hujan).
8. The computer would be fine if you did not break it down.
(Komputernya akan baik-baik saja jika kamu tidak membantingnya).
9. Falcao would be line up of Manchester United FC if Rooney went to another club.
(Falcao akan menjadi tim utama di MU kalau Rooney pergi ke klub lain).
10. If you could sell this car soon, I would give you more tips.
(Jika kamu bisa menjual mobil ini, aku akan memberikan tips yang lebih).

Fungsi, Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 3 dan Contohnya

A. Pengertian.
Pada artikel sebelumnya, saya telah membahas fungsi dan rumus
conditional sentence type 1 dan type 2. Jika kamu belum mempelarinya atau
lupa, maka sebelum mempelajari type 3, sebaiknya baca dulu type 1 dan 2.
Nah, Sebelum membicarakan tentang fungsi dan rumus conditional sentence
type 3, mari kita ingat kembali apa pengertian conditional sentence.
Conditional Sentence adalah gabungan dari dua buah kalimat dimana salah
satunya adalah kalimat syarat (klausul) sedangkan yang lain adalah kalimat
yang berisi tentang akibat atau hasil dilaksanakan atau tidaknya syarat
tersebut.

B. Fungsi Conditional Sentence Type 3.

Berbeda dengan type 1 dan type 2 yang masih mungkin walupun sulit untuk
diwujudkan, conditional Sentence type 3 ini berfungsi untuk membuat kalimat bersyarat
yang kemungkinan terjadinya sangat tidak mungkin karena sudah terlambat atau hanya
bisa dilakukan jika waktu bisa diputar kembali.
Contoh: If I had studied hard, I would have been graduated. (Jika aku dulu belajar giat,
aku pasti sudah lulus). Pada kenyataannya dulu saya tidak belajar giat sehingga saya
sekarang masih tinggal kelas/tidak lulus.

C. Conditional Sentence type 3.

Kalimat Syarat Hasilnya

If + Past Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense
If + S + had + Verb 3 S + would + have + Verb 3
Atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:

Hasilnya Kalimat Syarat

Past Future Perfect Tense If + Past Perfect Tense
S + would + have + Verb 3 If + S + had + Verb 3

D. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 3.

1. If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
(Jika saja aku tahu bahwa kamu ada di rumah sakit, aku akan mengunjungimu).
2. If She had been able to finish her job well, she would have been promoted as a
director.
(Jika dia bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan baik, dia akan dipromosikan
menjadi direktur).
3. If John had driven his car carefully, we would not have got an accident.
(Jika John menyetir dengan hati-hati, dia tidak akan kecelakaan).
4. My father would have been here, if the flight had not been canceled.
(Ayahku akan ada di sini jika penerbangannya tidak ditunda).
5. Linda would not have arrived at home, if my father had not picked her up.
(Linda tidak akan tiba di rumah jika ayahku tidak menjemputnya).
6. If I had known that Angie was your girl friend, I would not have touch her.
(Jika dulu aku tahu bahwa Angie adalah pacarmu, aku tidak akan mendekatinya).
7. If you had told me that you went to Bali last week, I would have picked you up at
the airport.
(Jika aku tahu bahwa kamu pergi ke Bali minggu lalu, aku akan menjemputmu di
airport).
8. I would not have bought a new TV, if I had known that the old one was still ok.
(Aku tidak akan membeli TV baru jika aku tahu bahwa yang lama masih ok).
9. If Real Madrid had had a good striker, they would not have lost the game.
(Jika Real Madri mempunyai striker yang bagus, mereka tidak akan kalah).
10. He would have not been dare to fight with you, if he had know that you were a
boxer.
(Dia tidak akan berani berkelahi denganmu jika dia tahu bahwa kamu adalah
seorang petinju
Prepositions of time

The preposition AT is used in the following descriptions of time:

With clock times:

 My last train leaves at 10:30.

 We left at midnight.
 The meeting starts at two thirty.

With specific times of day, or mealtimes:

 He doesn’t like driving at night.

 I’ll go shopping at lunchtime.
 I like to read the children a story at bedtime.

With festivals:

 Are you going home at Christmas/Easter?

In certain fixed expressions which refer to specific points in time:
  Are you leaving at the weekend?**
 She’s working at the moment.
 He’s unavailable at present.
 I finish the course at the end of April.
 We arrived at the same time.
**Note that in American English, on the weekend is the correct form.

The preposition IN is used in the following descriptions of time:

With months, years, seasons, and longer periods of time:

 I was born in 1965.

 We’re going to visit them in May.
 The pool is closed in winter.
 He was famous in the 1980’s.
 The play is set in the Middle Ages.
 They’ve done work for me in the past.

With periods of time during the day:

 He’s leaving in the morning.

 She usually has a sleep in the afternoon(s).
 I tried to work in the evening.

To describe the amount of time needed to do something:

 They managed to finish the job in two weeks.

 You can travel there and back in a day.


 To indicate when something will happen in the future:

 She’ll be ready in a few minutes.
 He’s gone away but he’ll be back in a couple of days.

The preposition ON is used in the following descriptions of time:

With days of the week, and parts of days of the week:

 I’ll see you on Friday.

 She usually works on Mondays.
 We’re going to the theatre on Wednesday evening.
Note that in spoken English, on is often omitted in this context, e.g.: I’ll see you Friday.

With dates:

 The interview is on 29th April.

 He was born on February 14th 1995.

With special days:

 She was born on Valentine’s day.

 We move house on Christmas Eve.
 I have an exam on my birthday.
If we examine these different aspects of usage for the three prepositions, a general
pattern emerges. At is generally used in reference to specific times on the clock or
points of time in the day. In generally refers to longer periods of time, several hours or
more. On is used with dates and named days of the week.

Prepositions of place

The preposition AT is used in the following descriptions of place/position:

With specific places/points in space:

 She kept the horse at a nearby farm.

 I had a cup of coffee at Helen’s (house/flat).
  Angie’s still at home.
 I’ll meet you at reception.
 There’s a man at the door.
 I saw her standing at the bus stop.
 Turn right at the traffic lights.
 The index is at the back of the book.
 Write your name at the top of each page.

With public places and shops:

 Jane’s at the dentist/hairdresser.

 I studied German at college/school/university.
 Shall I meet you at the station?
 We bought some bread at the supermarket.

With addresses:

 They live at 70, Duncombe Place.

With events:

 I met her at last year’s conference. She wasn’t at Simon’s party.

The preposition ON is used in the following descriptions of place/position:

With surfaces, or things that can be thought of as surfaces:

 The letter is on my desk.

 There was a beautiful painting on the wall.
 The toy department is on the first floor.
 Write the number down on a piece of paper.
  You’ve got a dirty mark on your jumper.
 He had a large spot on his nose.
 She placed her hand on my shoulder.

With roads/streets, or other things that can be thought of as a line, e.g.: rivers:

 The bank is on the corner of King’s Street.

 Koblenz is on the Rhine.
 Bournemouth is on the south coast.
 It’s the second turning on the left.

The preposition IN is used in the following descriptions of place/position:

With geographical regions:

 Driving in France is very straightforward.

 Orgiva is a very small village in the mountains.

With cities, towns and larger areas:

 Do you like living in Nottingham?

 They were having a picnic in the park.
 She works somewhere in the toy department.

With buildings/rooms and places that can be thought of as surrounding a person

or object on all sides:

 Can you take a seat in the waiting room please?

 I’ve left my bag in the office.
 There’s a wedding in the church this afternoon.
 Lots of people were swimming in the lake
With containers:

 There’s fresh milk in the fridge.

 I think I’ve got a tissue in my pocket.
 The money is in the top drawer of my desk.

With liquids and other substances, to show what they contain:

 Do you take milk in your coffee?

 I can taste garlic in this sauce.
 There’s a lot of fat in cheese and butter.
A general pattern again emerges if we consider these different aspects of usage. We can
think of at as one-dimensional, referring to a specific place or position in space. On is
two dimensional, referring to the position of something in relation to a surface. In is by
contrast three-dimensional, referring to the position of something in relation to the
things that surround it. Thinking of the prepositions in these terms helps us explain
certain facts. For instance, in is generally used for larger places and at for smaller, more
specific places, so we say:

We arrived in Inverness two hours ago.

But:

We arrived at the campsite two hours ago.

However, if we think of a city or larger place as a specific point in space, we can use at,
e.g.:

The train stops at Birmingham and Bristol.

Or if we think of a smaller place as three dimensional, we can use in, e.g.:

We’ve lived in this little village for many years.

The
chart demonstrates some of the most common prepositions of place in English.

Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with
another.

It answers the question "Where?"

Below we have some more examples of Prepositions of Place:

In front of

 A band plays their music in front of an audience.

 The teacher stands in front of the students.
 The man standing in the line in front of me smells bad.
 Teenagers normally squeeze their zits in front of a mirror.

Behind

Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.

 When the teacher writes on the whiteboard, the students are behind him (or her).
 Who is that person behind the mask?
 I slowly down because there was a police car behind me.

Between

Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or places).

 There are mountains between Chile and Argentina.

 The number 5 is between the number 4 and 6.
 There is a sea (The English Channel) between England and France.
Across From / Opposite

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It usually refers to something being in
front of something else BUT there is normally something between them like a street or
table. It is similar to saying that someone (or a place) is on the other side of something.

 I live across from a supermarket (= it is on the other side of the road)

 The chess players sat opposite each other before they began their game.
(= They are in front of each other and there is a table between them)

Next to / Beside

Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person) that is at
the side of another thing.

 At a wedding, the bride stands next to the groom.

 Guards stand next to the entrance of the bank.
 He walked beside me as we went down the street.
 In this part of town there isn't a footpath beside the road so you have to be
careful.

Near / Close to

Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is similar to next to / beside but there is more
of a distance between the two things.

 The receptionist is near the front door.

 This building is near a subway station.
 We couldn't park the car close to the store.
 Our house is close to a supermarket.
On

On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or

attached to something.

 The clock on the wall is slow.

 He put the food on the table.
 I can see a spider on the ceiling.
 We were told not to walk on the grass.

Above / Over

Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than X"
but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you.

 Planes normally fly above the clouds.

 There is a ceiling above you.
 There is a halo over my head. ;)
 We put a sun umbrella over the table so we wouldn't get so hot.
 Our neighbors in the apartment above us are rally noisy.

Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often used with
the word All as in All over.

 There water all over the floor.

 I accidentally spilled red wine all over the new carpet.

Over is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

Under / Below
Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level. (Something is
above it).

 Your legs are under the table.

 Monsters live under your bed.
 A river flows under a bridge.
 How long can you stay under the water?
 Miners work below the surface of the Earth.

Sometimes we use the word underneath instead of under and beneath instead of below.
There is no difference in meaning those they are less common nowadays.

Under is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

 CHAPTER 5

Relative Clauses

IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE?
A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t
stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it
functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause
always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or
a pronoun when sentences are combined.

The relative pronouns are:

Who for people can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns

(he, she, we, they)

Whom for people can substitute for object nouns/pronouns

(him, her, us, them)

Whose for people can substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns

(his, hers, our, their)

That for people or can be either subject or object

things can only be used in restrictive relative clauses
(see below)

Which for things can be either subject or object

can be used in non-restrictive relative clauses
 can also be used in restrictive relative clauses,
though some people don’t like this use

Relative pronoun as subject (in red):

I like the person. The person was nice to me.

I like the person who was nice to me.
I hate the dog. The dog bit me.
I hate the dog that bit me.
I am moving to Louisville, KY. It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

Relative pronoun as object (in red):

I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.

I like the bike that my father gave me.

RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Restrictive relative clauses give information that defines the noun—information that’s
necessary for complete identification of the noun. Use “that” or “which” for non-human
nouns; use “that” or “who” for human nouns. Do not use commas.

I like the paintings. (Which paintings? We can’t clearly identify them without
the relative clause.)

So we add the clause:

The paintings hang in the SASB North lobby.

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.
OR

I like the paintings which hang in the SASB North lobby. (Again, this is
acceptable, but some people object to using “which” in a restrictive relative
clause. “That” is preferred.)
Students who study hard will do well in my class. (Only this group of students
will do well.)
Students whose grades are low can drop one test score. (Only this group can
drop a test score.)
When the noun is the object of the preposition, both the noun and the preposition move
together to the front of the relative clause. In less formal English, it’s common to move
only the pronoun to the front of the clause.

I spent hours talking with a person last night. I hope to hear from her.
I hope I hear from the person with whom I spent hours talking last night. (more
formal)
OR

I hope to hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night. (less
formal)

NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

This type of relative clause merely provides extra information. This information may be
quite interesting and important to the larger conversation, but it is not essential for
precise identification of the noun. “That” cannot be used as a relative pronoun in a non-
restrictive relative clause. Commas are always used at the beginning and end of this
type of relative clause.

A non-restrictive relative clause can modify a single noun, a noun phrase, or an entire
proposition.

My mother is thinking of opening a restaurant. My mother is an excellent cook.

“My mother” is already a clearly defined noun, so the second sentence becomes a non-
restrictive relative clause set off by commas on both sides.
 My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
I’m planning to grow roses. I find roses quite beautiful.
I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.
(not okay) I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.
I’m driving across the country with three small children.

Driving across the country with three small children is going to be stressful.
I’m driving across the country with three small children, which is going to be
stressful.

REDUCING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Some types of relative clauses can be “reduced”— the relative pronoun and maybe
other words can be removed. You might reduce the clause to make your writing more
concise or to add sentence variety. We’ll use the examples above to demonstrate how to
reduce both restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

Restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in two ways.

Subject pronouns can be deleted if –ing is added to the verb.

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.
I like the paintings hanging in the SASB North lobby.
Object pronouns can be deleted.
I like the bike that my father gave me.
I like the bike my father gave me.
I hope I hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night.
I hope to hear from the person I spent hours talking with last night.

Non-restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in one way.

Subject pronouns with “be” verbs can be deleted in non-restrictive clauses.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
I am moving to Louisville, KY, home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

My mother, an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
Remember that the relative pronoun is substituting for a noun, which could be singular
or plural before the substitution. The verb in the relative clause must agree with the
original noun.
People are lucky. People win the lottery.
People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)
A person is lucky. She wins the lottery every year.
A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)
This can be tricky in “one of the…” constructions. The key is to find which noun the
relative pronoun is referring to.

Homelessness is a problem. The problem needs to be addressed.

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)
Many problems need to be addressed. Homelessness is one of the problems.
Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural
problems)

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Defining Clause

Fungsi Relative Pronoun Contoh Defining Clause

Subject who, that, which who called me last night.

Object whom, that, which, who whom I want to meet

Possessive Whose whose windows are broken

Contoh Defining Clause pada Berbagai Relative Pronoun

Pada informal English, ketika berfungsi sebagai object, relative pronoun dapat
dihilangkan (optional). Namun tidak berlaku pada formal English. Berikut beberapa
contoh complex sentence yang mengandung defining clause.

Fungsi Contoh Complex Sentence Keterangan

Who

People who Kamu tidak akan tau orang

chew well may have healthy seperti apa yang dimaksud
Subject
digestion. (hanya
(of verb
(Orang-orang yang menguyah dengan orang yang mengunyah
“chew”)
baik mungkin mempunyai pencernaan dengan baik) jika informasi
yang sehat.) tersebut dihilangkan.

The person who

Object
I just gave two pieces of cake to is my
(of
brother.
preposition
(Orang yang yang baru aku kasih dua Informal written English,
“to”)
potong kue adalah saudaraku.) spoken; formal= whom

Whom

Object Informal:
(of The person to The person I just gave two
preposition whom I just gave two pieces of cake pieces of cake to is my
“to”) is my brother. brother.

Object The woman whom Informal:

(of verb I called this morning is my mother. The woman I called this
“called”) (Wanita yang aku telpon pagi ini morning is my mother.
adalah ibuku.)

Whose

The student whose

wallet lost in the class has reported the Kamu tidak akan tau siswa
incident to his mana yang dimaksud (hanya
Possessive teacher. yang
(Siswa yang dompetnya hilang di dompetnya hilang di kelas)
kelas telah melaporkan kejadian jika informasi tersebut
tersebut pada gurunya.) dihilangkan.

Which

Kamu tidak akan tau kucing

Subject mana yang dimaksud (hanya
(of the Cats which yang
verb live in the wild may rarely get sick. tinggal di alam liar) jika
“live”) (Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam informasi tersebut
liar mungkin jarang sakit.) dihilangkan.

The newspaper which

Object
I bought this morning has sold out. Informal:
(of verb
(Koran yang aku beli The newspaper I bought this
“bought”)
pagi ini telah habis.) morning has sold out.

That

Everyone that Kamu tidak akan tau setiap

Subject
join the program will never feel orang mana yang dimaksud
(of relative
disappointed. (hanya
clause)
(Setiap orang yang bergabung dengan yang mengikuti program) jika
 program tsb tidak akan pernah informasi tersebut
merasa kecewa.) dihilangkan.

No one that
Object he loves won’t come to his graduation
(of verb ceremony. Informal=
“loves”) (Tak satupun yang dia cintai tidak No one he loves won’t come
akan datang ke acara wisudanya.) to his graduation ceremony.

Relative clauses memberikan informasi penting untuk menjelaskan atau

mengidentifikasi orang – orang atau benda yang sedang kita bicarakan.

Bagaimana menggunakan relative clauses

Mereka digunakan untuk menyediakan informasi tambahan. Dibawah ini adalah contoh
informasi tambahan yang dimaksud:

Menjelaskan sesuatu (menjelaskan klausa,

Contoh:

The boy who is talking there is a candidate of the winner in this competition.

Atau memberikan sesuatu yang tidak dibutuhkan tetapi merupakan informasi yang
menarik).

Contoh:

Adam Johnson, who was a famous actor, died of an accident.

Relative clauses dapat dibagi menjadi:

1. A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.

Contoh: “The girl who is standing there is my sister.”
 2. A relative adverb: where, why, and when.
Contoh: “The park where I have visited is beautiful.”
3. None of them
Contoh: “The girl I met is so beautiful

Relative Pronouns

 Who: Subject or object pronoun yang dipakai untuk orang.

Contoh: The police caught the person who killed many people.
 Which: Subject or object pronoun yang dipakai untuk benda.
Contoh: He reads the book which entitle “Red Rose”. She visited the park which
you told me.
 Which: Mengacu pada kalimat.
Contoh: She were successful which is proud.
 Whom: Digunakan untuk object pronoun untuk orang khususnya dalam non-
restrictive clause, (dalam restrictive clause menggunakan who).
Contoh: The girl whom you told me about got the best score in biology.
 That: Subject atau object pronoun untuk orang, hewan, dan benda dalam
restrictive clause.
Contoh: I like the motorcycle that is over there.
Relative Adverbs
 Where: Merujuk pada tempat atau lokasi
Contoh: The hotel where I take a nap is good.
 When: Merujuk pada waktu.
Contoh: There are times when you feel so enthusiasm.
 Why: Merujuk pada alas an.
Contoh: This is why I really love her.
 Angka / Numbers

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

0 Zero

1 One

2 Two

3 Three

4 Four

5 Five

6 Six

7 Seven

8 Eight

9 Nine

10 Ten

11 Eleven

12 Twelve

13 Thirteen

14 Fourteen

15 Fifteen

16 Sixteen
ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

17 Seventeen

18 Eighteen

19 Nineteen

20 Twenty

21 twenty-one

22 twenty-two

23 twenty-three

24 twenty-four

25 twenty-five

26 twenty-six

27 twenty-seven

28 twenty-eight

29 twenty-nine

30 Thirty

31 thirty-one

32 thirty-two

33 thirty-three

34 thirty-four
ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

35 thirty-five

36 thirty-six

37 thirty-seven

38 thirty-eight

39 thirty-nine

40 Forty

41 forty-one

42 forty-two

43 forty-three

44 forty-four

45 forty-five

46 forty-six

47 forty-seven

48 forty-eight

49 forty-nine

50 Fifty

51 fifty-one

52 fifty-two
ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

53 fifty-three

54 fifty-four

55 fifty-five

56 fifty-six

57 fifty-seven

58 fifty-eight

59 fifty-nine

60 Sixty

61 sixty-one

62 sixty-two

63 sixty-three

64 sixty-four

65 sixty-five

66 sixty-six

67 sixty-seven

68 sixty-eight

69 sixty-nine

70 Seventy
ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

71 seventy-one

72 seventy-two

73 seventy-three

74 seventy-four

75 seventy-five

76 seventy-six

77 seventy-seven

78 seventy-eight

79 seventy-nine

80 Eighty

81 eighty-one

82 eighty-two

83 eighty-three

84 eighty-four

85 eighty-five

86 eighty-six

87 eighty-seven

88 eighty-eight
ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

89 eighty-nine

90 Ninety

91 ninety-one

92 ninety-two

93 ninety-three

94 ninety-four

95 ninety-five

96 ninety-six

97 ninety-seven

98 ninety-eight

99 ninety-nine

100 *one hundred

101 one hundred (and) one

102 one hundred (and) two

110 one hundred (and) ten

153 one hundred (and) fifty-three

200 two hundred

201 two hundred (and) one

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

202 two hundred (and) two

244 two hundred (and) forty-four

300 three hundred

400 four hundred

500 five hundred

600 six hundred

700 seven hundred

800 eight hundred

900 nine hundred

1000 one thousand

2000 two thousand

3000 three thousand

5000 five thousand

6744 six thousand seven hundred (and) forty-four

10 000 ten thousand

100 000 one hundred thousand

1 000 000 one million

5 000 000 five million

 ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

1 000 000 000 one billion

1 000 000 000 000 one trillion

How to Read Numbers

9th ninth. 19th nineteenth, 1.000th one thousandth, 10th tenth, 20th twentieth, 1.000.000th
one millionth

Catatan:

 Pengucapan angka 14 yaitu fourteen bukan forteen.

 Pengucapan angka 15 yaitu fifteen bukan fiveteen.
 Pengucapan angka 40 yaitu forty bukan fourty.
 Pengucapan angka 55 yaitu fifty five.
 Pengucapan angka 105 yaitu a hundred five.
 Pengucapan angka 421st yaitu four hundred and twenty-first.
 Pengucapan angka 5,111th yaitu five thousand, one hundred and eleventh.
 Pengucapan angka 110 yaitu one hundred and ten (namun bisa juga tidak
memakai “and”)
 Pengucapan angka 1,250 yaitu one thousand two hundred fifty.
 Pengucapan angka 1,254 yaitu one thousandtwo hundred fifty-four.
 Pengucapan angka 2,001 yaitu two thousand one.
 Pengucapan angka 1,00 yaitu one hundred.
 Pengucapan angka 2,100 yaitu two thousand one hundred.
 Pengucapan angka 1,000 yaitu one thousand.
 Pengucapan angka 201,00 yaitu two hundred one thousand.
 Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000 yaitu one billion.
 Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000,000 yaitu one trillion.
 Pengucapan angka RP. 100 yaitu one hundred rupiah.
 Pengucapan angka $100 yaitu two thousand one hundred dollar.
  Pengucapan angka €100 yaitu one hundred euro.
 Pengucapan angka €200 yaitu two hundred euros (karena angka dua adalah
jamak kalau angka satu tidak perlu pakai kata “s”)

Cardinal numbers (bilangan biasa)

Cardinal numbers adalah angka yang mengatakan berapa banyak dari sesuatu yang
ada.

Contohnya:

1: One 11: Eleven 21: Twenty-one

2: Two 12: Twelve 22: Twenty-two
3: Three 13: Thirteen 23: Twenty-three
4: Four 14: Fourteen 24: Twenty-four
5: Five 15: Fifteen 25: Twenty-five
8: Eight 18: Eighteen 100: a/one hundred
9: Nine 19: Nineteen 1.000: a/one thousand
10: ten 20: Twenty 1.000.000: a/one million

MEMBACA GRAFIK, TABEL, DAN BENTUK INFORMASI NONVERBAL

LAINNYA

Informasi verbal adalah informasi yang disampaikan dengan kata-kata. Adapun

informasi nonverbal adalah informasi yang disajikan dengan bentuk visual, seperti
gambar, bagan, grafik, diagram, matriks, dan tabel.

Bagan merupakan gambar rancangan/skema/alat peraga grafis untuk menyajikan data

agar memudahkan penafsiran.

1. Grafik adalah lukisan pasang surut atau naik turunnya suatu keadaan. Macamnya
ada grafik batang, grafik garis, grafik lingkaran.

2. Diagram merupakan gambaran (buram, sketsa) untuk memperlihatkan atau

menerangkan sesuatu.
3. Tabel adalah daftar berisi ikhtisar sejumlah data atau informasi.

4. Matriks adalah tabel yang disusun dalam lajur dan jajaran sehingga butirbutir
uraian yang diisikan dapat dibaca dari atas ke bawah atau dari kiri ke kanan.

5. Bagan adalah gambaran secara analisis yang digunakan untuk membantu

memperjelas proses kerja

6. Peta adalah gambar yang menunjukkan letak suatu tempat

Contoh Grafik

Graphs
 • Jumlah blog yang semakin dipercaya sebagai sumber informasi sebesar 71%
• Masyarakat yang mendapatkan berita dan hiburan dari blog dibandingkan dari
media tradisional dalam 5 tahun ini sebesar 51%
• Blog yang memiliki keabsahan yang sama dengan media tradisional sebesar 49%
• Yang mendapatkan informasi dan berita lebih banyak dari blog dibandingkan dari
media artikel tradisional sebesar 37 %
• Yang beranggapan koran tidak akan bertahan dalam 10 tahun kedepan sebesar 21%

Berikut adalah daftar kata-kata baik kata benda, kata kerja atau kata sifat yang sering
digunakan dalam menjelaskan grafik.
 Increase = naik atau kenaikan (kata kerja dan kata benda)
 Decrease = turun (kata kerja dan kata benda)
 Drop = jatuh, turun drastis (kata kerja dan kata benda)
 Sharp = tajam (kata sifat)
 Slight = sedikit (kata sifat)
 Rocket = naik tajam
 Go up = naik
 Go down = turun
Perhatikan chart berikut:

A B C
Year
2011 420 260 300
2012 300 400 310
2013 200 600 315

In 2012, product A sales dropped from 420 to 300 but product B sales rose from 260 to
400. Sales of Product C also increased slightly from 300 to 310.
 CHAPTER 6

Market Gardening

1. Advantages of market gardening

2. Importance of seed selection
3. Types of soil for market
4. Preparation of the plot
5. Use of manures and fertilizers
6. Nursery beds gardening
7. Transplantation

Growing Salad Plants

Directions and descriptions

Statements which refer to the steps to be followed at various stages of growing
particular crops may take the form of directions or descriptions. Study the following two
columns:

Directions Descriptions

Nursery beds Nursery beds

Sow the seeds first in nursery beds. The seeds are first sown in nursery beds.
Disinfect the soil of the beds with boiling The soil of these beds is disinfected with
water. Mix the seeds with a little boiling water.
disinfected sand. Push the seeds into the
The seeds are mixed with a little
soil but not too deeply.
disinfected sand. They are pushed in the
Firm the soil well with the tamper. soil, but not too deeply.

Water. The soil is well firmed down with the

tamper. and watered.

Write out the following descriptions as sets of directions.

1. Nursery beds.

2. Transplanting : The seedlings are lifted from the nursery beds about 3 weeks aner
sowing. They are transplanted at once. Rows are planted 30 cms apart with 30 cms
between the seedlings. The earth is well packed down around each plant. and watered.

3. Care of plants: In hot climates a shelter is made over the salad plant beds. The ground
between the plants is watered frequently. The weeds are removed by hoeing. Also. any
snails and celworms are removed. Diseased plants are taken out and burnt. Such plants
are replaced with fresh seedlings from the nursery beds.

4. Harvesting: Salad plants are harvested when the leaves are crisp and green. They are
picked in the morning or in the evening when the sun is not so hot. They are not picked
when they are wet in case they rot during transport. Plants that have bolted are ploughed
under after removing the seeds.

Growing Tomatoes

l. Tilling: Prepare a deep soil which is friable and well drained. Mix manure and
fertilizers into the soil. Apply potassic and phosphatic fertilizer.

2. Nursery bed: Sow seeds in nursery beds. Disinfect the soil of the nursery beds with
boiling water. Sow the seeds in rows leaving 10 cms between the rows. Do not push the
seeds into the soil. merely cover them with a little earth. Water twice a day. When the
seedlings begin to grow remove surplus seedlings and weeds.

3. Transplanting: Prepare the soil of the tomato beds several weeks before8
transplanting. Work manure into the soil. Put stakes in the beds. Plant the seedlings in
rows 50cms apart with 40cms between seedlings. Transplant tomato seedlings 5 to 6
weeks after sowing. Water the soil of the nursery beds, remove the seedlings without
damaging the roots. Transplant the seedlings at once. Dig a hole at the base of each
stake, lean the seedlings a little sideways, cover the roots with earth. Pack the earth
down well around each seedling, and water them.

4. Care of plants: Water the plants very often. Cover the soil between the plants with cut
herbage or leaves (mulching). When cultivating remove weeds. snails and insects. take
out and burn plants that are diseased or have been spoilt by insects. Prune plants once or
twice a month. Keep only one or two main stems with their leaves and flowers.
 CHAPTER 7

Soil Management: Compost Production

1. Composting

Composting is the decomposition or breakdown of organic waste

materials by a mixed population of micro-organisms (microbes) in a warm,
moist, aerated environment. The process is most commonly used to change
waste organic materials into a useful product.

A. Soil

 Soil Erosion is the detachment and transportation of soil material

from one place to another through the action of wind, water in
motion or by the hitting action of the rain drops.
 Sheet erosion: The removal of a thin relatively uniform layer of soil
particles by the action of rainfall and runoff.
 Rill erosion is the removal of soil by running water with the
formation of shallow channels that can be smoothed out completely
by normal cultivation.
 Gully erosion: Removal of soil by running water with the formation
of channels that cannot be smoothed out completely by cultivation.
 Stream channel erosion: Erosion caused by stream flow.
  Mass movement: Enmass movement of soil.
 Wind erosion: Movement of soil particles is caused by wind force
exerted against or parallel to surface of the ground.
B. Soil Organic Matter
Soil organic matter is formed from dead animals and plants. It always
contains carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) and in addition various
inorganic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
C. Air

The soil air is found in the pores between the aggregates of various
mineral particles; it is in these pores that water is also held and the roots
grow. Too many small pores will result in compact heavy wet soils and poor
root growth. Too many big pores result in loose soils which dry out very
quickly.

D. Water

Soil water is the source of water for the soil microbes and plants and
carries dissolved nutrients which can be absorbed by plants. Too little water
in the soil will cause plants to wilt and growth to stop. Too much water will
drive out the soil air and adversely affect root respiration and nutrient
uptake.

2. The Need For Composting

These wastes can come from many sources; crop residues, weeds, tree
litter, animal manures, human wastes, suitable wastes from various industrial
processes and sorted municipal wastes from towns and cities. Microbiology

A. Fungi are very important in the breakdown of cellulose which is a more

resistant part of the organic matter and can form up to 60 percent of the total
mass of material.
B. The algae require sunlight to carry out their work and prefer wet conditions.
In the composting process their numbers are small and they are not very
significant.
 C. The protozoa are the simplest form of animal life and most of them feed
upon other organisms such as bacteria, algae and different types of protozoa.
Only certain types of bacteria are attacked by protozoa, other types, and the
actinomycetes, are not attacked.
Viruses are organisms of considerable importance because of the diseases of
plants, animals and humans for which they are responsible. They are
extremely small and require a host organism to live on.
3. Biochemistry

The composting process is essentially a biological reorganization of the

carbon fraction of organic matter

4. Nutrients

The composting process depends upon the action of micro-organisms

which require a source of carbon to provide energy and material for new cells,
together with a supply of nitrogen for cell proteins

5. Materials For Composting

A. Materials

A compost heap needs a supply of mixed organic wastes, sometimes

an activator to supply extra nitrogen and micro-organisms, a little soil and, if
available, some recycled compost.

B. Garden

Wastes from the garden include the remains of vegetable crops, dead
flowers, stems, stalks, thin prunings and dry bonfire ash. Most garden weeds
are of particular value; they are normally the only whole plants put into
compost heaps and contain a wide variety of trace elements.
C. Forests

Large amounts of organic material should normally be available from

forests and wooded areas.

D. Rivers and the Sea

A number of useful materials for composting can be obtained from

rivers, canals, ponds and the sea

E. Agro-industrial Wastes

The agro-industries process the primary products from

smallholdings, farms, plantations, forests and animal slaughter houses into
foodstuffs and products
References:

1. Raymond Murphy., 2001. Essensial grammar in use, Cambridge University Press.

2 Farhady.H. (1977). Subject Verb Agreement in English: a Usage Study

3.. Quirk, R. et al. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English, London:Longman.

4. Van Shaik. J.D. (1976). “Subject Verb Agreement in English: What the Books Say
vs. Native Speaker Usage.”

5. Sumber lain yang relevan.