TITLE OF PROJECT:- Raspberry Pi based crop disease detection and monitoring

device
SL.No. Name Of the Student Registration No. Semester Email ID. Phone No. CPI

1. Pranav Nedunghat 18-1-6-045 3rd pranavnedunghat@gmail.com 9746701905 7.8

(Leader)

2. Shivam Sahani 18-1-6-016 3rd shivam.sahani1999@icloud.com 8134966580 7.04

3. Rupam Sahu 18-1-6-018 3rd rupam.sahu666@gmail.com 8721039936 6.53

4. Dhruvajyoti Das 18-1-6-027 3rd dhruvajyotid@gmail.com 8473071277 6.53

5. Kimtiraj Handique 18-1-6-014 3rd kimhandique123@gmail.com 9954666885 6.07

6. Armin Kumar Singha 18-1-6-049 3rd arminsingha@gmail.com 8822439191 7.05

7. Jonmoni Lahkar 18-1-6-002 3rd jonlahkar515@gmail.com 8638008992 7.09

8. Rajit Das 18-1-6-006 3rd rajitdas0007@gmail.com 7002699688 6.1

NAME OF THE MENTOR: Dr. Ranjay Hazra

1. Broad area:
Our project pertains to the field of:

 Instrumentation Engineering
 Machine Learning
 Image processing
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Agricultural science
 IOT

2. Summary of the proposal: A plant disease is defined as "anything that prevents the
plant form performing to its maximum potential. This includes both biotic and abiotic
components." The aim of this project is to describe a device not only capable of detecting and
diagnosing diseases that affect crops but also to provide viable solutions and cures to allow a
farmer to get better yields from these crops. In our project we have used the crops and
diseases in the region of Assam as our database as shown
Sl no. Name of the plant Name of the disease Causative Symptom image
agent

1 Tea 1.Algal leaf spot ALGAE Leaves develop

lesions that are
roughly circular,
raised and purple
to reddish-brown.

2.Brown blight, grey Pestalotia Small, oval, pale

blight theae yellow-green spots.
As the spots grow
and turn brown or
gray.

3.Blister blight Exobasidium As the leaves

vexans develop, the spots
become
transparent, larger,
and light brown.

2. Rice 1.Shealth blight Rhizoctonia Greenish gray

soloni lesions are first
observed just the
above the water
levelling flood
field. Under
favourable
conditions, the
lesions expand to
the upper part of
the shealth and
extend upward to
the leaves.
 2.Rice blast Magnaporthe First minute brown
spots which
grisea
expands rapidly to
spindle shaped
lesions; center of
the spot is usually
gray.

3. COTTON 1.Fusarium wilt Fusarium Yellowing of edges

oxysporum of leaves and area
around the veins,
i.e. Discolouration
starts from the
margin and
spreads towards
the midrib.

2.Alternaria leaf Alternaria Small brown,

spot macrospora round spots
surrounded by a
purple margin
appear on leaves

4. WHEAT 1.Helminthosporium Bipolaris Small brown spots

Leaf blight/H. leaf sorokiana initially, blighted
Blotch/Spot Blotch appearance when
spots coalesce

2.Alternaria leaf Alternaria Leaves show

blight of wheat macrospora reddish brown
localized oval spots
which become
irregular with
bright yellow
margin.
5. BRINJAL 1.Cercospora Leaf Cercospora The leaf spots are
Spot solani characterized by
chlorotic lesions,
angular to irregular
in shape, later turn
grayish brown with
profuse
sporulation at the
centre of the spot.

3.Early blight Alternaria Brown-black spots

tomatophilia on leaves; spots
covering leaf
surface; alternating
rings of light and
dark on leaves;
yellowing dry
leaves.

Table 1.

Our objectives:

 To provide farmers with a cost effective and less labour intensive tool
 To provide them with the relevant, expert level information to manage their crops
 Their crop output is maximized while their expenditures are reduced.

Problems faced by farmers in India include:

 Lack of access to relevant information pertaining to crop disease identification,

solutions and prevention especially in rural areas.
 Every year huge amount of money is spent by farmers on medicines and pesticides
which may or may not cure the disease and which may ultimately harm the crop output
and the soil quality.
 Thus, the maximum potential of the farmer's land is reduced and the farmer suffers as
a result.

The device comprises of :

 Raspberry Pi board
  Arduino board
 Raspberry Pi Camera V2
 Temperature sensor
 pH sensor
 Moisture sensor
 Sim GSM 909
 Sim card
 REES52 HDMI Display 7-inch Monitor
 Power supply (5-9V)

The device camera takes an image which is processed and compared to a pre-existing
database of crop diseases and the likely diseases are listed with their associated probabilities.
The various sensors are meant to measure various parameters which affect the health of the
crop like soil pH level, moisture content etc. The device then warns the farmer if any one crop
requires his/her attention, all which are displayed on the monitor. If the disease affecting the
crop is highly contagious or not known, that is: it does not match any disease in the database,
an alert is sent out to the local agriculture department and other farmers to mitigate a
possible crop epidemic.

2. Origin of the Proposal:

Our motivation to take up this project was to provide a cost effective tool to help farmers in
India. Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy and farming has been and
continues to be a one of the largest job professions taken up by Indians, with an estimated 118
million Indians engaged in agricultural activities, including a third of the rural population of
India. To meet the demands of a rapidly growing population, the productivity and quality of
the crops has to be maximized. Thanks to advancements in the fields of machine learning,
micro-processing, digital image processing, and the IOT, agricultural scientists have produced a
massive body of knowledge pertaining to the identification, prevention, mitigation and
management of various crop diseases and the maximizing of crop produce. However, there is a
gap in the transmission of this knowledge to those who would benefit most from it, that is,
farmers in India. Our aim is to bridge this gap by providing a tool to farmers which can provide
this information to them in an accessible, understanding way. Thus we hope that this will help
alleviate much of the problems that they face and increasing the output of the agricultural
sector.

4.Review of status of Research and Development in the subject:

 Serial Title of the research project and author name Inference
No.

1 Reshna U N, Prithvi P Bangera, Chethana H C , Kavya Nadig N C, Keerthi Applications of the pH sensor,
D S,. “ Rb pi based soil parameter monitoring device using Soil Moisture Sensor,
sensors”. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Temperature Sensor.
Technology. Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2018

2 N. Kanaka Durga, G. Anuradha. “ Plant Disease Identification Using SVM Study of SVM and image
and ANN Algorithms.” International Journal of Recent Technology and processing.
Engineering.volume 3,issue 4, February 2019
3 Pooja Kulinavar , Vidya I. Hadimani. “Classification of leaf disease Study of classification technique
based on Multiclass SVM classifier.” in image processing.
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology,volume 3, issue 4,2017

4 Sudarshan Madhavi1, Manisha Kumaanache, Nilesh Madhavi, Prof. Application of GSM module for
Dhanashri Bhopatrao. “GSM Based Home Automation”. International information sharing.
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology.volume 6, issue 4, Apr 2019

5. Importance of the proposed project in context with the current status:

 Agricultural sector plays a vital role in the Indian economy, contributing about 16% of
total GDP. India also exports valuable agricultural material. As India is projected to
become the world's most populous country, the importance of agriculture will always
continue to grow .Crop disease and pests are a problem faced by farmers for a long
time, such then India loses 15-25% potential crop output due to pest and diseases and
cost and farmers loses crores of rupees every year .Thus creating a means to help
farmers combat the growing problem of crop disease is very pertinent .Our project
involves analyzing, diagnosing and treating the diseases affecting crops and providing
farmers the tools and information they require to tackle the issue.

6. Work Methodology :

The device has different components and sensors that detect different parameters to monitor
crop health.

MODULES
Raspberry Pi 4 Board:

Figure 1:Raspberry Pi 4

The Raspberry Pi (as shown figure 1) is considered as a computer on its own as it can do
everything a desktop computer can. The Raspberry Pi is extremely flexible due to its design,
and because of this it will let you connect to it from another computer via a system called SSH
(Secure Shell). The GPIO port is one of the most powerful tools at the Raspberry Pi’s disposal,
allowing you to connect directly to an electronic circuit to control it. In such a system, the Pi is
referred to as a microcontroller. This is what makes the Raspberry Pi great for big projects, as
you can use it to program a machine or circuit. The OS to be used can be decided by the user
however. Python and Scratch can be used as the main programming language but also
supports many other languages.
Arduino Board:

Figure 2: Arduino microcontroller Board

Arduino microcontroller board (as shown in figure 2)is used in the project as an analog to
digital converter. The Arduino board features an Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating
at 5 V. The storage found is 2 Kb of RAM, 32 Kb of flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb
of EEPROM for storing parameters. The clock speed is 16 MHz. The pin definition is 14 digital
I/O pins and 6 analog input pins. There are other feature such as a USB connector for talking to
the host computer and a DC power jack for connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for
example a 9 V battery, when running a program while not connected to the host computer.

Temperature Sensor:

Figure 3: DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor

DHT11 sensor (as shown in figure 3) is the sensor used to detect temperature, which provides
calibrated digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. A collection of dedicated
digital modules helps the user to interface DHT11 and ensure that the product has high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor is usually connected with a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller. It also includes resistive sense of wet components and an
NTC temperature measurement device, and DHT11 uses a simplified single-bus
communication. Single bus means only one data line, the system of data exchange, controlled
by a single bus for complete communication. Device (master or slave) through an open-drain
or tri-state port is connected to the data line and does not allow the device to send data over
the bus, while other devices use the bus; single bus usually require an external high which is
achieved by using 5.1kΩ pull-up resistor, so that when the bus is idle, its status is high. Since
DHT11 is a master-slave structure, only when the host calls the slave, the slave can answer,
the host access to devices must strictly follow the single-bus sequence. If the chaotic sequence
is found then the device will not respond to the host.

Working:

The Temperature sensor measures the temperature through an electrical signal. It requires a
thermocouple or RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors). The thermocouple is prepared by two
dissimilar metals which generate the electrical voltage indirectly proportional to change the
temperature.

The sensor comes with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to
output the values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated
and hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers. The sensor can measure temperature
from 0 ͦC to 50 ͦC and humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1 ͦC and ±1%.
Soil Moisture Sensor:

Figure 4: Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil moisture sensor (as shown in figure 4) is used to measure the volumetric water content in
soil. Since the direct measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and
weighting of soil sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content
indirectly by electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neurons, which are
some of the properties of soil as a proxy for the moisture content. The sensor detects the
moisture of the soil and if the content is low, the module output is high otherwise the output
will remain low.

Working:

The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the volumetric
content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass through the soil and then it gets the
resistance value to measure the moisture value. When there is more water, the soil will conduct
more electricity which means that there will be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will
be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will
conduct less electricity which means that there will be more resistance. Therefore, the moisture
level will be lower.
The Module also contains a potentiometer which will set the threshold value and then this
threshold value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up and
down according to this threshold value. When the sensor value will be greater than the threshold
value, then the digital pin will give us 5V and the LED on the sensor will light up and when the
sensor value will be less than this threshold value, then the digital pin will give us 0V and the light
will go down.
Connetion to arduino:

VCC of FC-28 to 5V of Arduino.

GND of FC-28 to GND of Arduino.
D0 of FC-28 to pin 12 of Arduino.
LED positive to pin 13 of Arduino.
LED negative to GND of Arduino.
This sensor can be connected in two modes; Analog mode and digital mode.

Raspberry Pi Camera V2:

Figure 5: Raspberry Pi camera

The Raspberry Pi Camera v2 (as shown in figure) is a high quality 8 megapixel Sony IMX219
image sensor custom designed add-on for Raspberry pi ,featuring a fixed focused lines in terms
of still images the camera is capable of 3280 x 2464 pixel static images,and also supports
1080p30,720p60 and 640x480p90 video.Here it used for capturing image for image
processing.

HDMI DISPLAY MONITOR (REES52):

 Figure 6:REES52 HDMI Monitor

The 7 Inch LCD Touch Display(as shown in figure 6) With Driver Board Kit For Raspberry
Pi gives users the ability to create an all-in-one, integrated projects such as tablets,
infotainment systems, and embedded projects!
The 800×480 physical resolution (resolution range can be adjusted between 640 x 480 to 1600
x 1200) display connects via an adapter board which handles power and signal conversion.

pH Sensor:

Figure 7: pH Sensor

An analog pH meter(as shown in figure 7), specially designed for Arduino controllers and has
built-in simple, convenient and practical connection and features. It has an LED which works as
the Power Indicator, a BNC connector and PH2.0 sensor interface. Just connecting the pH
sensor with BNC connector, and plug the PH2.0 interface into the analog input port of
our Arduino controller and a little magic of codes pH values can be easily obtained.
SIM 808 GSM/GPRS/GPS module:
 Figure 8:SIM 808 GSM/GPRS/GPS module

The GSM stands for GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE COMMUNICATION.GSM module is a chip or
circuit that is used to establish communication between a mobile device and a GSM system.
SIM800A is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT type which can be embedded
in the customer applications. This module holds Quad-band 850/900/1800/1900MHz, it can
transmit Voice, SMS and data information with low power consumption. It is having tiny size of
24*24*3 mm, it can fit into slim and compact demands of customer design. The module
consists of Embedded AT, it allows total cost savings and fast time-to-market for customer
applications.

Remote communication using GSM module:

After the disease being detected via the detection process, the information is sent to the
farmers in form of an SMS with the scanned image of the defected leaf . Along with this
feature the module will also be capable of sending information to the Agriculture department
if the diseases does not matches with our preinstalled database. For this GSM module SIM 808
(as shown in figure 8)is used.
For implementing this module, we require a separate power source 5V-1A to the GSM
modem. A 2G activated SIM card with working data connection is required to register to the
network. Then the communication between raspberry pi and modem is checked using python
code that transmits an AT command and verifies whether an OK is received as
acknowledgement.
 Figure 9: Block diagram of operation of GSM module

The GSM module is connected with the Raspberry Pi coded with Python to send/receive SMS.

Requirements:
 Raspberry Pi 4 with Raspbian OS installed.
 SIM808 GSM module.
 external power supply for the SIM808
 python
Hardware connection of the gsm module with raspberry pi is done as follows:
 Figure 10: Hardware connection of GSM module with raspberry pi

METHODOLOGY FOR DISEASE DETECTION USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING OF LEAF

The first step is to acquire images of various leaves from the Digital camera or any source.
There are various image processing techniques applied to detect the disease. Image processing
is used to get useful features that can prove important for further process. With image
processing, SVM and k-means is also used, k-means is an algorithm and SVM is the classifier.
Then next various techniques are to use to get and result in hand. The initial step is to pick up
the sample images of all the leaves from the camera. The flow process is given as follows
 Figure 11: Diagram describing image processing for disease detection

a. Image Acquisition: We take an image from different parts of the crop for both training or
testing. The image is taken using the Pi camera. The standard JPG format is used to store the
image.
b. Image Pre-processing: The pre-processing is done for gathering images for improving the
image quality. It removes the background noise as well as to suppress the undesired
distortion. In this the image is first resized to 300x300 and then thresholding is done for edge
detection. Gaussian filter is carried out to remove noise in the image.
c. Segmentation: In image segmentation the diseased region is found out from the leaf by
clustering.
The given image is separated into homogenous regions with respect to certain features.
Clustering is a method by which the large sets of data are grouped into clusters of smaller sets
or segments of similar data. k-means clustering algorithm is used for segmenting an image into
different clusters .The clusters contain diseased part of leaf which is later used in feature
extraction.
d. Feature Extraction:The feature extraction is used to extract the information that can be
used to find out the significance of the given sample. The main type of features are shape,
colour and texture. We first need to combine the texture features for classification before we
use SVM to train and test the classifier.
e. Classification: The classification technique is used to detect the type of leaf disease
Classification deals with associating a given input pattern with one of the distinct class. This is
the last stage of the disease detection process. SVM classifier is used for diseased classification
for diseased leaves as it has many advantages such as: being is less memory intensive and
being easy to implement.

The proposed system can successfully detect and classify the examined disease with high
accuracy

Working with the Microprocessor:

The Raspberry Pi requires a power supply of 5V. IP Scanner is a software used to detect all the
IP addresses of the devices connected to a particular network. Therefore IP Scanner is used to
detect the IP address of the Raspberry Pi which enables us for remote login using Secured
Shell (SSH) communication protocol. SSH provides a secure channel over an unsecured
network in a client-server architecture. PuTTy is used to support SSH protocol. It is a free an
open source terminal emulator, serial console and network file transfer application. Raspberry
Pi is uploaded with the Raspbian Jessie operating system which is a Debian based operating
System. DHT11 sensor and soil moisture sensor are interfaced to the of the GPIO pins of
Raspberry Pi. pH meter is connected to one of the pins of Arduino which acts as an ADC, since
Raspberry Pi is not compatible with analog value. Arduino is serially connected to Raspberry Pi.
Arduino IDE is used for writing program codes for Arduino. Python is used in Raspberry Pi as
programming language. Based on the pH value the information regarding the nutrient levels in
the soil is obtained. The output screen consists of temperature value, moisture content,
disease detection mechanism output and information regarding nutrients.
The stepwise diagramtic representation of the tasks conducted with the raspberry pi is as
follows:
Figure 12: Block diagram of task conducted by raspberry pi
Block diagram of our device:

Figure 13: Block diagram of operation of the device

7. Details of the budget:

Sl.no Name of the Components Quantity Price Source
(Rs.)
1. Arduino UNO 1 800 Amazon.in
2. Raspberry pi 4 1 5600 Robu.in
3. Raspberry pi camera v2 1 2,000 Amazon.in
4. Soil moisture sensor 1 350 Robu.in
5. pH Sensor 1 600 Robu.in
6. Temperature and humidity sensor 1 550 Robu.in
 (DHT11)
7. SIM 808 GSM/GPRS/GPS module 1 2,500 Robu.in
8. Display (REES52 HDMI ) 1 5800 Robu.in
9. Breadboard 1 200 Amazon.in
10. Connecting wires(m-m/m-f/ f-f)( 3x3 600 Robu.in
11. Battery (9V/Hw) 1 250 Robu.in
12. Plug adapter (9V) 1 300 Robu.in
13. Support frame - 2000 -
Total Expense 21550

8.Suggested Plan of action for utilization of research outcome expected from the
project:
With the device proposed by our project, we expect to provide farmers with a cost effective
solution that gives access to relevant information pertaining to the health of their crop, and
will maximize their productivity while reducing the costs endured by them. We also expect
that our device will help combat crop epidemics and new diseases by alerting farmers and
agricultural authorities early as to the presence of such diseases. Our current proposal covers
only diseases found in the state of Assam. We suggest that this tool is made widely available to
all the farmers of India through the continual expansion of the crop disease database
embedded in the system.