Mount

Mayon,
Philippines
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69Hkolfugw4 2
 GROUND
DEFORMATION
(GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS)
AS USED IN MONITORING
VOLCANOES

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 GEOCHEMISTRY:
GAS EMISSIONS FROM
VOLCANOES
(WHAT TYPES OF GASES ARE
MEASURED/MONITORED?)
(GETTING SAMPLES FROM VENTS, FUMAROLES
AND ANALYZING IN THE LABORATORY, REMOTE
AND DIRECT MEASUREMENT)
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Seismic activity
(a seismometer is
installed on the volcano
to detect volcanic
earthquakes)

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 SENSORY
OBSERVATIONS
(VISUAL, AUDITORY,
OLFACTORY, TACTILE).
EXPECT - WILL SOME
LEARNERS MENTION
UNUSUAL ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR?
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Monitoring signs of
impending eruption by
remote sensing
What are some tools used?
Advantages and disadvantages of using
remote sensing

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DISCUSSION

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Most volcanoes provide
various types of warnings
before eruptions begin.
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Some volcanoes, especially those
that have not erupted for a long time
(hundreds of years) might display
obvious precursors of reactivation
months to weeks before a major
eruption (ex. Pinatubo in 1991).
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Some volcanoes might
explode without
warning, the type of
eruption is known as
PHREATIC
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Also known as STEAM-BLAST
ERUPTIONS, these events could
occur with little or no warning as
superheated water flashes to
steam similar to what happened
at Mayon volcano in 2013 and
Ontake Volcano, Japan (2014)
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It is important to be able to
observe warning signs of
volcanic unrest so that
people can evacuate in time,
to minimize injuries and
casualties.
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It is therefore important to be
able to monitor a volcano’s
activity, and this is normally
done with the aid of different
tools or instruments to monitor
the different parameters
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The assessment of a volcano’s
status (if it is quiet or in normal
state, in state of unrest,
expected to erupt, erupting) is
based on the different
parameters that can be
observed. 15
Volcanologists often use
a combination of as many
data available from the
different parameters
used for evaluation.
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o For example the number of
earthquakes as recorded by
the seismograph may increase
from background levels of 0-5
per week and may escalate into
100s in a day.
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 This is further confirmed and
supported by increasing number of
earthquakes felt by the local people.
In addition other parameters such as
gas measurements and water acidity
may also show signs of increasing
trend
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Precursors of an
Impending
Volcanic Eruption
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Increase in the frequency
of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurrence
of volcanic tremors

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Increased steaming
activity; change in color of
steam emission from white
to gray due to entrained ash

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Crater glow due to
presence of magma at
or near the crater.

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Ground swells (or inflation),
ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma
intrusion.

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Localized landslides,
rockfalls and landslides
from the summit area not
attributable to heavy rains.

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Noticeable increase in the
extent of drying up of
vegetation around the
volcano's upper slopes.

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Increase in the
temperature of hot springs,
wells (e.g. Bulusan and
Canlaon) and crater lake
(e.g. Taal) near the volcano
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 Noticeable variation in
the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes
within the vicinity of the
volcano
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 Noticeable variation in
the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes
within the vicinity of the
volcano
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 GROUND
DEFORMATION
refers to surface changes on a
volcano, such as subsidence
(sinking), tilting, or bulge
formation, due to the
movement of magma below the
surface.

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Deformation changes at a
volcano, such as those related to
magnitude or location, may
indicate that an eruption is about
to occur.

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Seismic activity
from earthquakes to swarms of
earthquakes. Most unrest in
volcanoes start with volcanic
earthquakes.

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 Gases
—types and rate of emission.
Scientists mount/ install infrared and correlation
spectrometers from airplanes, for example, and fly
through a plume of gas. These instruments read
energy signatures—thermal output or
electromagnetic frequencies—to identify and
quantify the gases.

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Q U I Z !
TRUE OR FALSE
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1. In order to assess and
forecast a volcano’s activity,
volcanologists need only to use
one parameter.
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2. Aside from instrumental
monitoring, people living near
volcanoes on their own, may
observe premonitory events
before an eruption such as
intensified steaming activity.
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3. As the volcano unrest progresses
into an eruption, volcanic
earthquakes not only increase in
number but the number of
earthquakes felt by many people
become more and more frequent.
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4. Measuring the amount of gases
being emitted by volcanoes is also
an important aspect of volcano
monitoring.

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5. The development and use of
remote sensing technology in
monitoring volcanoes has greatly
contributed to the safety of
scientists.
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6. In visual observation, it is not
only the increase in volume of
steam that is observed but the
color of steam, which might
drastically change from “white” to
“dark gray”.
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ANSWERS:
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE 40
Presented by:
GAS 11-GALATIANS

Paul Angelo Tamayo Veronica Abby Perez

Visual Aid Provider, Researcher, Presenter 2
Researcher, Presenter 1

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