Sqe STM005

DAY 19 - ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Interpret the information obtained from a set of four quantum numbers.
Assign the correct set of quantum numbers for an electron.
Lesson Preview
Rearrange the letters of the correct term that is described by the corresponding statement. Write your answer on the space
provided.
PRINCIPAL a. LAPNICRIP – It is the quantum number that represents theenergy level the
electron.
ORBITAL b. LATOBRI – It is a representation of the wave function of ahydrogen-like atom.
ANGULAR MOMENTUM c. ALGANUR MUTMENMO – It represents the shape of orbitals.
ELECTRON d. NOTRECLE – It is the particle that can be described byfour quantum numbers.
MAGNETIC e. MEGATINC – It represents the quantum number thatdescribes the orientation of
an orbital.
MAGNETIC f. NEREGY EVELL – It is being represented by n.
SPHERE g. RHEPES – It is the shape of the s orbital.
GROUND STATE h. ROGUND EATTS – It is the most stable state of theelectron in the hydrogen
atom.
Concept Notes
I. HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

Werner Heisenberg, a German physicist, formulated what is now known as Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle which states that “the position of a particle and its momentum cannot
besimultaneously measured with arbitrarily high precision.” In other words, it is not possible
tomeasure the exact position and the exact momentum of a particle at the same
time.Mathematically, this is stated as:
where x is the uncertainty in position, "p is the uncertainty in momentum, and h is Planck’s constant.
II. THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION

While the Bohr model of the atom could explain the emission spectrum of hydrogen, it could not account for many
observations and could not provide a complete description of the electronic behavior in atoms.In 1926, Erwin
Schrodinger, an Austrian physicist, formulated a mathematical equation that describes the behavior and energies of
submicroscopic particles. The Schrodinger equation in corporates particle behavior and wave behavior, treating the
electron as a standing wave. The solution to the Schrodinger equation is a wave function called ψ (psi). The wave
functions are also called atomic orbitals (as distinguished from the Bohr orbits). Aside from the wave functions, energies
are also obtained from solving the equation.
The Schrodinger equation began a new field in physics and chemistry referred to as quantum mechanics or wave
mechanics. The Schrodinger equation can be solved exactly for the hydrogen atom but not for atoms with more than one
electron. For many-electron atoms, approximation methods are used to solve the Schrodinger equation.
III. THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
It is not possible to pinpoint the exact location of the

electron in an atom but ψ2 gives the region where it can
most probably be found. The electron density gives the
probability that the electron will be found in a particular
region of an atom. Figure (a) is a representation of the
electron density distribution around the nucleus in the
hydrogen atom. The darker the shade, the higher the
probability of finding the electron in that region. In this
case, the probability distribution is spherical. The
probability can also be plotted versus the distance from the nucleus as shown in Figure (b). It can be seen that there is a
probability of finding the electron even very far from the nucleus, although this probability is small. The closer to the
nucleus, the higher the probability. a. b.
As mentioned earlier, ψ is the solution to the Schrodinger equation. It is also referred to as an atomic orbital. When we
say that the electron is in an atomic orbital, we mean that it is described by a wave function, ψ, and that the probability
of locating the electron is given by the square of the wave function associated with that orbital. Therefore, the atomic
orbital has a characteristic energy as well as a characteristic electron density distribution. This electron density
distribution in three-dimensions gives the shape of the atomic orbital.
IV. THE QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THE CORRESPONDING ATOMIC ORBITALS
The quantum numbers and corresponding atomic orbitals are given in the following table.
n ℓ mℓ Number of Atomic Orbital Designation

Orbitals
1 0 0 1 1s
2 0 0 1 2s
2 1 -1,0,1 3 2px, 2py, 2pz
3 0 0 1 3s
3 1 -1,0,1 3 3px, 3py, 3pz
3 2 -2,-1,0,1,2 5 3dxy, 3dyz, 3dx, 3d x2 y2, 3 2dz
The Representations of the Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

Developmental Activities
<Tell the students to answer the following questions for
10 minutes.>
1. Give the n and ℓ values for the following orbitals.

a. 1s n=1, l = 0
b. 3p n=3, l =1
c. 5f n= 5, l= 3
d. 4d n= 4, l=2
2. What is the mℓ values for the following types of orbitals?

a. s ml= 0
b. p ml= -1, 0,1
c. d ml= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
d. f ml= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
3. How many possible orbitals and how many electrons can inhabit the energy level n?
a. 4 32 electrons
b. 5 50 electrons
Guided Practice
Do as directed.
a. Sketch the shape of the orbital with the quantum numbers n=3, l=0 and mℓ = 0. Sphere
b. The sketch of the shape of the subshell with the quantum numbers n=4, l=2 is Any of the d orientations
c. The highest orbital possible in n = 4 f - orbital
d. Sketch the orientation of the allowed values of l= 1 for the shell n=2. p – orbitals
e. Write the set of quantum numbers for the following
i. It is an up-spin 4d electron with an orbital orientation of 0. (4, 2,0, ½)
ii. The electron is in the 3rd energy level, px-orbital, and down spin. (3,1,-1,-1/2)
iii. When n=2, l is 1, mℓ = 1, ms = ½ (2,1,1,1/2)
f. What is the value of l for a 4f electron? 3
g. What is the orbital designation for an electron in the 3rd shell and p sublevel? 3p
h. How many electrons have the following quantum numbers: n =4, l = 2, mℓ = -2?2
Independent Practice
1. State the number of possible electrons described by the following quantum numbers
a. n = 3, l = 0 2
b. n = 3, l = 1 6
c. n = 3, l = 2, ml = -1 2
d. n = 5, l = 0, mℓ =-2, ms =-1/2 not possible
2. Which of the following is not a valid set of quantum numbers? Explain your answer.
a. n = 2, l = 2, ml = 0, and ms = -1/2 l =2 is not allowed, maximum is 1

b. n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1, and ms = -1/2 possible
c. n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, and ms = 1 ms should only be ½ or -1/2
d. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 3, and ms = ½ mℓshould only be within the values of 2l+1;
3. What is the maximum electron pairs that can occupy an:
a. s orbital 1
b. the subshell of p orbitals 3
c. the subshell of d orbitals 5
d. the subshell of f orbitals 7
e. the subshell of g orbitals 9
Closure Activity
Answer the following questions:
1. An electron is found in the first energy level. What is the allowed set of quantum numbers forthis electron?
a. The energy level, n = 1.
b. The orbital type is only s, its designation is 0, thus, ℓ = 0
c. From ℓ, the orbital type is s. There is only one orientation of an s orbital, designated as 0, thus, mℓ = 0.m
d. An electron in the 1s orbital can have an up-spin or a down-spin. Therefore, mscould be +1/2 or -1/2.
So the allowed set of quantum numbers for 1s electron are: (1,0,0,1/2) and (1,0,0,-1/2)
2. How does (1,0,0,1/2) differ from (1,0,0,-1/2)?

The first set corresponds to the electron with spin up and the second set refers to the electron with spin down.
3. List the values of n, ℓ , mℓ for an orbital in the 4d subshell.

n=4; ℓ =2; ml can have the values of -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Enrichment Activities
Direction: Draw the atomic structure of each of the following atoms. (Refer to the periodic table.)
1. F 2)7
2. K 2)8)18)8
3. Zn 2)8)18)2
4. Sc 2)8)8)3
5. Te 2)8)18)18)6
6. Br 2)8)18)7
7. P 2)8)5
8. Zr 2)8)18)8)4
9. Cs 2)8)18)18)8)1
10. Mg 2)8)2
DAY 20 - ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the unique electron distribution of the atom.
2. Write the electron configuration of an atom using the conventional method as well as the core noble gas
configurations.
Lesson Preview
The following statements define or are closely related to the terms main energy level, electron subshell and electron
orbital. Match each statement with the appropriate term.
Electron orbital 1. In terms of electron capacity, this unit is the smallest of the three.
Electron orbital 2. This unit can contain a maximum of two electrons.
Main energy level 3. This unit is designated just by a number.
Main energy level 4. The term electron shell is closely associated with this unit.
Main energy level 5. This unit can contain as many electrons as, or more electrons than, either of the two.
Electron subshell 6.The term energy sublevel is closely associated with this unit.
Electron subshell 7.Electrons that occupy this unit do not need to have identical energies.
Electron subshell 8. The unit is designated in the same way as the orbitals contained within it.
Concept Notes
I. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
The four quantum numbers n, ℓ, ml, and ms are very useful in labeling an electron in any orbital in an atom much like
giving the address of an electron in an atom. In the case of hydrogen, there is only one electron. In the ground state, the
one electron of hydrogen will occupy the 1s orbital, the one with the lowest energy. This electron is represented by the
set of quantum numbers: n = 1, ℓ =0, ml = 0, and ms = ½ or -½. By convention, the set of quantum numbers is written
as (1, 0, 0, ½) or (1, 0, 0, -½). The ms value does not affect the energy, orientation, or size of the orbital but is important
in describing the arrangement of electrons in the atom.
It is possible to represent this arrangement of the electron in hydrogen in
terms of the electron configuration or in terms of the orbital diagram. The
electron configuration shows how the electrons of an atom are distributed
among the atomic orbitals. The orbital diagram shows the spin of the electron.
For the electron in the ground state of hydrogen, the electron configuration is
given as:
In an orbital diagram, a 1s orbital can be represented as a box with 1 arrow up (up-spin) or arrow down (down-spin)
In filling up the orbitals, the lower energy levels are filled up first before the higher energy levels.
For many-electron atoms, the Pauli Exclusion Principle is used. This states that in an atom or
molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. Consequently, an orbital can contain a
maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. This means if one is assigned an up-spin
(+1/2), the other must be down-spin (-1/2).
II. HUND’S RULE

For carbon, the electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p2. But the orbital diagram shows three ways in which the last electron
can be placed in the orbitals which do not violate the Pauli’s exclusion principle as shown in the following:
However, each arrangement provides a different energy value. The one with the
lowest energy has the greatest stability. Hund’s rule is the guide in determining
the most stable distribution.
Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in the subshells is the
one with the most number of parallel spins.
Based on Hund’s rule, the third option is the most favorable arrangement for the electron to attain the greatest stability.
In the first option, the presence of two electrons with opposing spins in one orbital results in a greater mutual repulsion
than when they occupy separate orbitals. Hund’s Rule is followed in d and f orbitals as well.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle can be tested by simple observation. Measurements of magnetic properties provide the most
direct evidence for specific electronic configurations of elements. Paramagnetic materials are those that contain unpaired
electrons or spins and are attracted by a magnet. Diamagnetic materials are those with paired spins and are repelled by a
magnet. Any atom with an odd number of electrons will contain one or more unpaired spins, and are therefore attracted
by a magnet, thus, can be classified as paramagnetic. For an even number of electrons like helium, if the two electrons
in the 1s orbitals had parallel spins, their net magnetic fields should strengthen each other. But experimental results
showed that the helium atom in its ground state has no net magnetic field.
III. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

The Aufbau principle dictates that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are
similarly added to the atomic orbitals. The order of filling up the atomic orbitals is from lowest energy to highest energy.
Within the same principal quantum number, the order of energies of the atomic orbitals iss"<"p"<"d"<"f"
For multi-electron atoms, the general order of filling up orbitals can be diagrammed as follows:
Important data that can be gathered from the shortened electronic configuration are the following:
a. Valence configuration: The electronic
configuration representing the outermost
subshells.
b. Valence electrons: the number of electrons in the outermost
subshells.
Determining the valence electrons is important to understand the

behavior of the elements especially in their bonding patterns.
IV. THE QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THE ARRANGEMENTS OF ELEMENTS INTHE PERIODIC TABLE
The complete set of quantum numbers specifies the
address of an electron in an atom. This can be seen in the
arrangement of elements in the periodic table. The
periodic table is designed such that elements with valence
configurations in the s orbitals are found in the first two
columns on the left, the ones with p-orbitals are found on
the right. The transition metals have d-orbitals and are
found at the middle and the elements with f-orbitals as
valence configurations are found at the bottom.
<Tell the students to answer the following questions for 10 minutes.>
1. What are the possible sets of quantum numbers that can describe a 2p electron in an atom?
(2, 1, -1, ½)
(2, 1, -1, -½)
(2, 1, 0, ½)
(2, 1, 0, -½)
(2, 1, 1, ½)
(2, 1, 1, -½)
For a 2p electron, n = 2; = 1; ml can be -1, 0, +1; and ms can be ½ or -½.

All six representations are possible.
2. Give the electron configuration of Li. Give the set of quantum numbers that describe the
outermost electron in lithium as shown in the orbital diagram.
1s2 2s1
The outermost electron in Li can be described by the quantum numbers (2, 0, 0, ½).
3. Give the electron configuration of Be. Draw the orbital diagram.
1s2 2s2
4. Give the electron configuration of B. Draw the orbital diagram.
1s2 2s2 2p1
Guided Practice
Direction: Write the electron configuration of each of the following atoms.

1. 25Mn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5
2. 53I 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5
3. 18Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
4. 30Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
5. 79Au 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9
Direction: Write the electron configuration of each of the following atoms.
1.20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

2. 38Sr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2
3.55Cs 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1
4.77Ir 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7
5.26Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
6.31Ga 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
7.50Sn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
8.16S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
9.80Hg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10
10.58Ce 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f2
Closure Activity
Answer the following.

1. State the Afbau principle.
Afbau Principle, the building-up principle, states that each atom is built up by (1) adding the appropriate
numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus as specified by the atomic number and the mass number, and (2)
adding the necessary number of electrons into orbitals in the way that gives the lowest total energy for the atom.
2. State the Pauli Exclusion principle.
Pauli Exclusion principle states that (1) the electrons in an orbital should be on opposing directions; no two
electrons in an atom may have identical sets of four quantum numbers.
3. State the Hund’s Rule.

Hund’s Rule states that electrons occupy all the orbitals of a given subshell singly before pairing begins. These
unpaired electrons have parallel spins.
4. Differentiate diamagnetism from paramagnetism.

Paramagnetism is the property associated with substances that contain unpaired electrons and are weakly
attracted into magnetic fields. On the other hand, Diamagnetism refers to the property of substances in which
all electrons paired are weakly repelled by the magnetic field.
A. Write complete electron configurations for atoms of each of the following elements.
1. 6C - 1s2 2s2 2p2
2. 11Na - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
3. 16S - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
4. 18Ar - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
5. 10Ne - 1s2 2s2 2p6
6. 13Al - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Assessment Tool
On the basis of the total number of electrons present, identify the elements whose electron configurations are:
1. 1s2 2s2 2p4 Oxygen (O)
2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 Aluminum (Al)
3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 Neon (Ne)
4. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 Calcium (Ca)
5. 1s2 2s2 2p2 Carbon (C)
6. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Sodium (Na)
7. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Chlorine (Cl)
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 3
8. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Arsenic (As)
DAY 21 - THE PERIODIC TABLE
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the periodic recurrence of similar properties among elements in the periodic table in terms of electronic
structure
Predict the properties of individual elements based on their position in the periodic table
Lesson Preview
Write the electronic configuration of each of the following atoms.
1. 82Pb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
2. 54Xe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
3. 74W 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4
4. 87Fr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s1
5. 44Ru 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6
Concept Notes
The Periodic Table
The periodic table was introduced as a list of the elements. Each element occupies a single spot in the table. Element is
composed of one atom kind of atom. Each atom has same properties; atoms all have the same atomic number.
The periodic table has rows, which are called periods. The periodic table has seven periods, the lengths of the periods
increase with the order of the period. Elements in a period have consecutive atomic number. The vertical columns, which
consist of elements having similar chemical properties, are called groups or families. Elements are classified as either
metals or non-metals, based on their properties.
The periodic table can be used to predict the electron configuration of elements. It is organized so that elements with
similar valence electron configuration are in the same column. The table is divided into an s-block, a p-block, a d-block,
and f-block of elements. The representative elements are the elements in the s and p blocks.
Example: Sodium is a representative element with 11 electrons. Its electron configuration is:
1s22s22p63s1
Sodium is in column 1 of the third period. In a sodium atom, the highest-energy principal energy level containing
electrons is the third energy level, and that energy level contains one electron. The transition metals are in the d
block, and the inner transition metals (that can be further subdivided into the lanthanide series and the actinide series)
are the f-block elements.
The Development of the Periodic Table

In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (German, 1780 – 1849) grouped elements into triads. Each triad was composed
of three elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass.in each triad, the middle element had melting and boiling
points that were between the melting and boiling points of the other two elements. Many chemists abandoned this system
because it had more exceptions than justifiable exceptions.
In 1828, Berzelius published his table of atomic masses containing 54 elements. Most of his values conform to those in
the modern periodic table.John Newlands (1838-1898), an English Chemist, noticed that similar properties occur when
elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass. In keeping with the seven notes in musical octave, he arranged
elements in groups with the seven members each and called each group an octave. His system did not succeed because
it contained a limited number of elements.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907), a Russian chemist, is regarded as the one who invented the periodic table.
Julius Lothar Meyer (German, 1830-1895) and Mendeleev proposed periodic tables almost simultaneously in 1869.
However, Mendeleev’s periodic table was more complete and published earlier. Hence, Mendeleev receives more credit.
Mendeleev arranged the 60 known elements in his periodic table in horizontal rows with increasing atomic mass, seeing
to it that elements with similar properties fall in the same vertical column. He left spaces for elements that had not been
discovered and predicted the properties of these elements. When these elements are discovered, scientists were surprised
to find out that the actual properties of these elements matched with the properties predicted by Mendeleev. The modern
periodic table is the result of the changes made on Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Predicting Periods and Groups
The following guidelines can help in determining the period and group of an element.
1. If the electron configuration of the element ends in s or p, then the element belongs to family A, otherwise, the
element belongs to family B.
2. The outermost energy level of the element corresponds to its period.
3. For an element belonging to family A, the number of electrons in the outermost energy level corresponds to the
group of an element.
4. For an element belonging to B (provided that the electron configuration does not end in f), the total number of
electrons in the outermost energy level and the incomplete inner sublevel is equal to the group number except for
the following sums whose corresponding groups are indicated:
Total number of electrons
In the Outermost energy level
And the incomplete sublevel Group
9 VIII
10 VIII
11 I
A. Classify each of the following elements as metal, non-metal or metalloid.

a. C Non-metal
b. Na Metal
c. Fe Metal
d. Sb Metalloid
e. Cl Non-metal
B. Predict the period and group of each of the following elements.

Group Period
1. 7N VA 2
2. 12Mg IIA 3
3. 35Br VIIA 4
4. 27Co VIIIB 4
5. 47Ag IB 5
6. 30Zn IIB 4
Guided Practice
Direction: Use a periodic table to help you answer the following questions.
1. Which Groups have an s-orbital as the last filled orbital? A and 2A

2. Which Groups have a p-orbital as the last filled orbital? 3A – 8A
3. Which Groups have a d-orbital as the last filled orbital? B – 12B (Transition Metals)
4. Which section of the table is left? This section corresponds to the f-orbitals. Inner Transition Metals
5. Look at Group 1A. What is the relationship between the Period number and the energy level of the valence
electrons? The period number and energy level are the same. Period 1 = 1s1, Period 2 = 2s1, etc.
6. What is the common name for group 8A? Noble gas
7. Why do the elements of this group usually not form ions? These elements have a full valence shell of electrons.
8. Complete the following table.
Charge on Ions of this

Group Common Name
Group
IA Alkali metals +1
IIA Alkaline Earth Metals +2
IIIA Boron Group +3

VA Chalcogens -2
VIIA Halogens -1
9. Predict the charges on ions of the following atoms.
Ra+2 As-3 Te-2 Cs+1 In+3 At-1 Ga+3
9. a) In group VIIA, which element is the most active?Astatine

b) Metallic activity tends to (increase, decrease) as one goes down Group VIIA.
10. a) Which element is least active in group VIIA? Fluorine

b) Nonmetal activity tends to (increase, decrease) as one goes down Group VIIA.
1. In your opinion, which is more important in determining an element’s group: the electron configuration or
the element’s properties? Explain.
2. How can we classify the group of the element by just looking at its valence electron configuration?
Possible Answer:
2. The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is
greatest; that is, those with the highest energy.
For a main group element, the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of
highest principal quantum number n.[3] Thus, the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron
configuration in a simple way. For example, the electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 so that
there are 5 valence electrons (3s2 3p3), corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF5; this
configuration is normally abbreviated to [Ne] 3s2 3p3, where [Ne] signifies the core electrons whose configuration is
identical to that of the noble gas neon.
However, transition elements have partially filled (n − 1)d energy levels, that are very close in energy to the ns level. So
as opposed to main group elements, a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside
a noble-gas core. Thus, generally, the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not
in the valence shell. For example, manganese (Mn) has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5; this is abbreviated to
[Ar] 4s2 3d5, where [Ar] denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon. In this atom, a 3d electron
has energy similar to that of a 4s electron, and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron. In effect, there are possibly
seven valence electrons (4s2 3d5) outside the argon-like core; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese
can have an oxidation state as high as +7 (in the permanganate ion: MnO−
4).
The farther right in each transition metal series, the lower the energy of an electron in a d subshell and the less such an
electron has the properties of a valence electron. Thus, although a nickel atom has, in principle, ten valence electrons
(4s2 3d8), its oxidation state never exceeds four. For zinc, the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core
electrons.
Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict, the
concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element; the d electron count is
an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal.
Closure Activity
A. Determine the valence configuration, the valence electrons, the block, the family, and the period to which the
following elements belong.
1. [Ar]4s23d3 4s23d3 , 5, d-block, 5B, 4

2. [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 6s26p1 , 3, p-block, 3A, 6
3. [Ar]4s23d104p3 4s24p3, 5, p block, 5A, 4
4. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 4s2, 2, s-block, 2A, 4
5. [Kr]4d105s1 4d10 5s1, 11, d-block, 1B, 4
6. [Rn]7s25f3 7s25f3, 5, f-block, Actinide series, 7
1. Explain why elements in the same group on the periodic table have similar chemical properties?
Chemical behavior is determined by the number of valence electrons. Elements in the same group have the same
valence electron configurations.
2. Given each of the following valence electron configurations, determine which block of the periodic table the element
is in
a. s2 p4 p block
1
b. s s block
c. s2 d1 d block
d. s2 p1 p block
Explore
A. Identify the following elements and indicate their position in a blank periodic table. A blank periodic table will be
provided.
1. [Ar]4s23d3 V
2. [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 Tl
3. [Ar]4s23d104p3 As
4. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Ca
5. [Kr]4d105s1 Ag
B. Determine the group period and block in which each of the following elements is located on the periodic table
1. [Kr]5s24d1 3b - period 5- d block
2. [Ar]4s23d104p3 5A – period 4- p block
3. [He]2s22p6 8A- period 2 – p block
4. [Ne]3s23p1 3A – period 3 – p block
Assessment Tool
Answer the following questions.

1. List 4 properties that are different between metals and non-metals.
Property Metals Non-metals
Appearance Shiny Dull
State at room Solid (except mercury, About half are solids, about half are gases, and
temperature which is a liquid) one (bromine) is a liquid
High (they feel heavy for
Density Low (they feel light for their size)
their size)
Strength Strong Weak
2. Diamonds are very shiny and tough. Are they a metal or a non-metal, explain your answer.
Diamond is not a metal in anyway its just an allotrope of carbon. It does not show any physical properties or chemical
properties of metals like electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility,reaction with acids or salts etc.
3. What do elements of the same group have in common?
The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. Those outer electrons are also called
valence electrons. They are the electrons involved in chemical bonds with other elements. Everyelement in the first
column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell.
DAY 22 - PERIODIC VARIATION IN ATOMIC PROPERTIES

Learning Objectives
1. Determine the trends in periodic properties of the elements.
Lesson Preview
Predict the period and group of each of the following elements.
Element Period Group
1. 27Co 1. Co 4 VIIIB
2. 20Ca 2. Ca 4 IIA
3. 14Si 3. Si 3 IVA
4. 10Ne 4. Ne 2 VIIIA
5. 17Cl 5. Cl 3 VIIA
Concept Notes
<Tell the students to copy the concept notes for 10 minutes.>
Periodic Properties
As one reads across the periodic table from left to right in a given period, the pull exerted upon the outer-shell
electrons by the positively charged nucleus increases with atomic number. There are more protons in the nucleus and
therefore more positive charge. As one reads down the periodic table from top to bottom in a given group, however,
the pull of the nucleus upon the outer-shell electrons decreases due to the shielding of the nuclear charge by electrons
in the lower energy shells, which are between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. In other words, the outer-most
electrons on the right side of the table in a
given period are bound more tightly than
those on the left, and the outer-most electrons
of atoms on the bottom of a given row are
bound less tightly than those on the top. For
the most part, these two general trends
account for the periodic properties.
Atomic Radius: The first periodic property we

will discuss is atomic radius (AR), which is the
distance from the center of the nucleus to the
outer edge of the electron cloud. We are
therefore discussing the relative sizes of atoms.
Ionization Energy: The energy required to

remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its
ground state, ionization energy (IE) reflects
how closely bound the electrons are by the
nuclear charge. The relative ionization energy
of atoms within a group or period closely
parallels the trend in atomic radius. Across a
period, for example, the smaller the atom, the
greater the ionization energy.
Electron Affinity: Electron affinity is the

energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to a neutral, gaseous atom. While the process of removing an
electron from a neutral atom is always endothermic (requiring the input of ionization energy), the addition of an electron
is can be either endothermic or exothermic, meaning that the electron affinity may be either positive or negative.
Like the ionization energy, the general tendency for electron affinity parallels the periodic tendencies of atomic radius.
In general, the reaction is more exothermic towards the right side of the periodic table, where the new electron is bound
more tightly (into a lower energy state), and less exothermic as you move down the table within a group.
There are some exceptions to these general tendencies however. The reaction with the nonmetals in the second period is
less exothermic than with their congeners below. This is probably due to crowding of electrons in the smaller 2p orbitals.
This is especially pronounced with nitrogen, for which the reaction is actually endothermic. The three outer shell
electrons of nitrogen in their ground state occupy their p orbitals singly. Due to electron repulsion, the addition of the
new electron produces a state that is less stable (of higher energy).
Electronegativity: This is a dimensionless
scale which reflects the relative attraction of
the nucleus of a particular atom for the
electrons in a chemical bond. It depends upon
the values for ionization energy and electron
affinity. The tighter an atom holds its
electrons, the more electronegative it is.
Metallic character: The properties that

distinguish metals, which include their high
conductivity of heat and electricity, depend
upon the high mobility of electrons. Metallic
elements, therefore, possess low ionization
energy and low electron affinity. The
elements with the highest metallic character
are in the lower left corner of the periodic
table, those with the least metallic character,
the upper right.
<Tell the students to answer the activity for 15 minutes.>
1. Circle the element with the largest atomic radius and put a square around the element with the smallest atomic radius:
Cu K Ni Br
Explain why you made these choices. Atomic radius decreases as you go left to right across a period. Potassium is in
the far left group of period 4, and bromine is the farthest to the right of the four elements.
2. Circle the element with the highest ionization energy and put a square around the element with the lowest ionization
energy: Cu K Ni Br
Explain why you made these choices. Ionization energy increases as you go left to right across a period. Potassium is
in the far left group of period 4, and bromine is the farthest to the right of the four elements.
3. Circle the element with the highest electron affinity and put a square around the element with the lowest electron
affinity: Cu K Ni Br
Explain why you made these choices. Electron affinity increases as you go left to right across a period. Potassium is
4. Circle the element with the highest electronegativity and put a square around the element with the lowest
electronegativity: Cu K Ni Br
Explain why you made these choices. Electronegativity increases as you go left to right across a period. Potassium is
O C Be Ne
Explain why you made these choices. Atomic radius decreases as you go left to right across a period. Beryllium is in
the farthest to the left, and neon is the farthest to the right of the four elements.
energy: O C Be Ne
Explain why you made these choices. Ionization energy increases as you go left to right across a period. Beryllium is
in the farthest to the left, and neon is the farthest to the right of the four elements.
affinity: O C Be Ne
Explain why you made these choices. Electron affinity increases as you go left to right across a period. Beryllium is
in the farthest to the left, and neon is the farthest to the right of the four elements.
electronegativity: O C Be Ne
Explain why you made these choices. Electronegativity increases as you go left to right across a period, stopping at
group 17. Noble gases do not have electronegativity. Beryllium is in the farthest to the left, and oxygen is the farthest to
the right of the three elements, excluding neon. If you picked neon based on the general trend, that’s okay!
Guided Practice
Na Rb Fr H
Explain why you made these choices. Atomic radius increases as you go down a group. All four elements are in group
1. Francium is at the bottom of group 1, and hydrogen is the closest to the top.
energy: Na Rb Fr H
Explain why you made these choices. Ionization energy decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in
group 1. Francium as at the bottom of group 1, and hydrogen is the closest to the top.
affinity: Na Rb Fr H
Explain why you made these choices. Electron affinity decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in group
1. Francium as at the bottom of group 1, and hydrogen is the closest to the top.
electronegativity: Na Rb Fr H
Explain why you made these choices. Electronegativity decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in
group 1. Francium as at the bottom of group 1, and hydrogen is the closest to the top.
Pb C Sn Si
Explain why you made these choices. Atomic radius increases as you go down a group. All four elements are in group
14. Lead is toward the bottom of the group, and carbon is at the top of the group.
energy: Pb C Sn Si
Explain why you made these choices. Ionization energy decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in
group 14. Lead is toward the bottom of the group, and carbon is at the top of the group.
affinity: Pb C Sn Si
Explain why you made these choices.
Electron affinity decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in group 14.
Lead is toward the bottom of the group, and carbon is at the top of the
group.
electronegativity: Pb C Sn Si
Explain why you made these choices. Electronegativity decreases as you go down a group. All four elements are in
group 14. Lead is toward the bottom of the group, and carbon is at the top of the group.
Au W S Fr Ne Zn
Explain why you made these choices. Atomic radius decreases as you move up a group and to the right in a period.
Francium is at the bottom of the far-left group; while neon is on the far-right of the 2nd period.
energy: Au W S Fr Ne Zn
Explain why you made these choices. Ionization energy increases as you move up a group and to the right in a period.
affinity: Au W S Fr Ne Zn
Explain why you made these choices. Electron affinity increases as you move up a group and to the right in a period.
electronegativity: Au W S Fr Ne Zn
Explain why you made these choices. Electronegativity increases as you move up a group and to the right in a period.
Closure Activity
Answer the question:

Can the properties of an element be predicted using a periodic table? Why?
The periodic table is often considered to be the “best friend” of chemists and chemistry students alike. It includes
information about atomic masses and element symbols, but it can also be used to make predictions about atomic size,
electronegativity, ionization energies, bonding, solubility, and reactivity.
<Tell the students to answer the questions for 15 minutes.>
Direction: Arrange the following elements according to their Electron Affinity and Ionization Energy.
Electron Affinity
a. Ar, He, Kr, Ne, Rn, Xe (increasing)
b. B, Be, C, F, Li, N, Ne, O (decreasing)
c. C, Cl, Ga, He, Pb, Te (increasing)
d. Ba, F, K, Ra, Rb, Si (decreasing)
Ionization Energy
a. Ba, Be, Ca, Fr, H, Na, Rb (increasing)
b. As, F, He, S, Sn, Tl (increasing)
c. Al, At, Ge, Li, Ra, Sr (decreasing)
d. Po, P, O, In, Ga (decreasing)
Answer:
Electron Affinity
a. Rn, Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, He
b. Ne, f, o, n, c, b, Be, Li
c. Pb, Te, Ga, Cl, C, He
d. F, Si, K, Rb, Ba, Ra
Ionization Energy
a. Fr, Ba, Rb, Ca, Na, Be, H
b. Tl, Sn, As, S, F, He
c. Li, Al, Ge, Sr, At, Ra
d. O, P, Ga, In, Po
Explore
<Tell the students to answer the questions.>
Answer the questions:

1. Circle the ions that will have a larger radius than the radius of their neutral atom. Put a square around the ions that
will have a smaller radius than the radius of their neutral atom.
Na+ Sr2+ P3--‐ Cr3+ O2--‐ C4--‐ C4+ Ag+ Br--‐
Explain why you made these choices. Cations will be smaller than their neutral atom. These positively charged ions
have lost electrons compared to their neutral atom. There is less electron-electron repulsion than in the neutral atom,
which allows the nucleus to pull the outer electrons in even closer. Anions will be smaller than their neutral atom. These
negatively charged ions have gained electrons compared to their neutral atom. There is more electron-electron repulsion
than in the neutral atom, which doesn’t allow the nucleus to pull the electrons as close as in the neutral atom.
2. Circle the ions that will have a larger radius than the radius of their neutral atom. If there are more than two ions in a
set, put a square around the ion that will have the smallest radius in the set. Explain why you made these choices.
a. Cu+ Cu2+
b. Cr3+ Cr2+ Cr6+ Cr4+
c. Cl --‐ 7+ Cl 5+ Cl3+
Cl
d. O2--‐ O1--‐
For cations of the same element, the one with the largest charge will have the smallest radius, and the one with the
smallest charge will have the largest radius. For anions of the same element, the one with the largest negative charge
will have the largest radius and the one with the smallest negative charge will have the smallest radius.
Assessment Tool
Use the periodic table and your knowledge of periodic trends to answer the following questions.
1. Which atom in each pair has the larger atomic radius?

a) Li or K b) Ca or Ni c) Ga or B d) O or C e) Cl or Br
f) Be or Ba g) Si or S h) Fe or Au
1. What is the periodic trend for atomic size from top to bottom in a group? from left to right in a period?
Top to bottom: increases due to adding energy levels Left to Right: decreases
2. Why do atoms get smaller as you move left to right in a period?

Due to increased nuclear charge and no added shielding.
3. Which element in each pair has a larger ionization energy?

a) Na or O b) Be or Ba c) Ar or F d) Cu or Ra e) I or Ne
f) K or V g) Ca or Fr h)W

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DAY 19 - ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

I. HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

II. THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION

It is not possible to pinpoint the exact location of the

IV. THE QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THE CORRESPONDING ATOMIC ORBITALS

n ℓ mℓ Number of Atomic Orbital Designation

The Representations of the Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

1. Give the n and ℓ values for the following orbitals.

2. What is the mℓ values for the following types of orbitals?

a. n = 2, l = 2, ml = 0, and ms = -1/2 l =2 is not allowed, maximum is 1

3. What is the maximum electron pairs that can occupy an:

Answer the following questions:

2. How does (1,0,0,1/2) differ from (1,0,0,-1/2)?

3. List the values of n, ℓ , mℓ for an orbital in the 4d subshell.

DAY 20 - ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

II. HUND’S RULE

III. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

Determining the valence electrons is important to understand the

For a 2p electron, n = 2; = 1; ml can be -1, 0, +1; and ms can be ½ or -½.

4. Give the electron configuration of B. Draw the orbital diagram.

1s2 2s2 2p1

Direction: Write the electron configuration of each of the following atoms.

Direction: Write the electron configuration of each of the following atoms.

1.20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Answer the following.

3. State the Hund’s Rule.

4. Differentiate diamagnetism from paramagnetism.

DAY 21 - THE PERIODIC TABLE

Write the electronic configuration of each of the following atoms.

The Periodic Table

The Development of the Periodic Table

Predicting Periods and Groups

A. Classify each of the following elements as metal, non-metal or metalloid.

B. Predict the period and group of each of the following elements.

1. Which Groups have an s-orbital as the last filled orbital? A and 2A

Charge on Ions of this

IIIA Boron Group +3

Ra+2 As-3 Te-2 Cs+1 In+3 At-1 Ga+3

9. a) In group VIIA, which element is the most active?Astatine

10. a) Which element is least active in group VIIA? Fluorine

1. [Ar]4s23d3 4s23d3 , 5, d-block, 5B, 4

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions.

3. What do elements of the same group have in common?

DAY 22 - PERIODIC VARIATION IN ATOMIC PROPERTIES

Atomic Radius: The first periodic property we

Ionization Energy: The energy required to

Electron Affinity: Electron affinity is the

Metallic character: The properties that

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the question:

Answer the questions:

1. Which atom in each pair has the larger atomic radius?

2. Why do atoms get smaller as you move left to right in a period?

3. Which element in each pair has a larger ionization energy?