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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
In this section, we will discuss different properties of critical
flow in a channel having a rectangular cross section.
Specific Energy
Unit Discharge
In order to investigate the variation of unit discharge q with
y for a specified value of E, consider equation (2)
q2
E y
2gy 2
Or q 2 2 gy 2 ( E y )
q 2 2 gEy 2 2 gy 3 (11)
For ‘q’ is to be maximum or minimum, differentiating
equation (11) w.r.t. ‘y’ and equating to zero.
dq
2q 4 gEy 6 gy 2
dy
dq
q 2 gyE 3gy 2 (12)
dy
dq g
y(2E 3 y) 0
dy q
y (2 E 3 y ) 0 (13)
Either y = 0 or 2E – 3y = 0
Since depth cannot be equal to zero therefore (2E – 3y) must
be equal to zero, i.e.
2E 3 y 0
2
y E
3
This is the relation for critical depth. , hence at critical depth
discharge is either maximum or minimum. To verify this,
dq
differentiating equation (12) w.r.t. ‘y’ again q dy 2 gyE 3gy (12)
2
d 2 q dq dq
q 2 gE 6 gy
dy 2 dy dy
2
d 2 q dq
q 2 gE 6 gy (14)
dy 2 dy
dq 2
Now substituting dy
0 and y 3 E , we get
d 2q
q 0 2 gE 4 gE
dy 2
d 2q 2 gE
(15)
dy 2 q
-ive sign shows that ‘q’ is maximum at y = y c so for qmax,
2
substituting y 3 E into Eq. (11)
q 2 2 gEy 2 2 gy 3 (11)
4 8 3
(qmax ) 2 2 gE ( E 2 ) 2 g ( E )
9 27
8 16
( qmax ) 2 gE 3 gE 3
9 27
8
(qmax ) 2 gE 3 (16)
27
Based on the preceding information, a typical q-y curve for a
specified E may be plotted as shown in the following figure.
The q-y curves for two other values of specific energy, such
that E1 E E2, are also shown in the figure.
Specific Force
The specific force for a rectangular channel is given by
Q2
Fs zA
gA
q2B2 y
Fs ( ) yB
gBy 2
q2B y2
Fs ( )B
gy 2
d 2 Fs 2q 2
1 3
(20)
dy 2 gyc
Since right hand side of equation (20) is always +ive, specific
force is the minimum at critical depth.
Wave Celerity
Another significant parameter of great importance in free-
surface flows is the celerity of a small wave. The celerity is
defined as the wave velocity with respect to the velocity of the
medium in which the wave is traveling.
Or V gy (10)
c c
Case II
In critical flow, since (V = c) the upper end of the wave
remains stationary, and only the downstream end travels in the
downstream direction at velocity (V + c) as shown in Fig. (b).
Case III
In supercritical flow, since (V c), the upstream and the
downstream ends travel in the downstream direction at
velocities (V - c) and (V + c) respectively as shown in Fig. (c).
In other words, supercritical flow carries the wave
downstream and the wave does not travel in the upstream
direction.
q2 1 1
[ ] y 2 y1
2g y 2 y2 2
1
q 2 y 2 2 y12
[ ] y2 y1
2g y y 2 2
1 2
q 2 [ y 2 y1 ] 1
2g y 2 y 2
1 2
q 2 ( y1 y 2 ) 2
2g y 2 y1
q 2 2( y1 y 2 ) 2
Or (3)
g y 2 y1
1
q2
q 3
2
As yc therefore y 3 (4)
g c g
3 2( y1 y2 ) 2
y
c y y 2 1
Hence
2( y y ) 2
yc 3 1 2
y1 y2
REGULAR NONRECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
A regular nonrectangular cross section is the one for which
top water-surface width, B, is a continuous function of y, e.g.,
a trapezoidal, triangular, circular, parabolic section etc.
Specific Energy
dA d 2 A dB
dy
B And dy 2
dy
d 2 E 3Q 2 B 2 Q 2 dB
So dy 2
gA 4
gA3 dy
d 2E Q 2 3B 2 dB
dy 2
gA3 A dy
3B 2 dB
d 2E
dy 2 is positive if
A dy
Specific Force
1
z A A( z y ) ( By ) y z A (4)
2
1
z A z A Ay B (y ) 2 z A
2
Neglecting higher order term and simplifying, we get
z A Ay
d 2 Fs d BQ 2 d
( A)
dy 2 dy gA2 dy
d 2 Fs 2Q 2 dA Q 2 dB dA
B
dy 2 gA3 dy gA2 dy dy
d 2 Fs 2 B 2Q 2 Q 2 dB
2 B
dy 2 gA3 gA dy
d 2 Fs Q2 2 B 2 dB
B
dy 2
gA 2 A dy
d 2 Fs 2B 2 dB
dy 2
is positive if
A dy
We know that water level at the step rises if the flow U/S of
the step is supercritical and it drops if the flow is sub critical.
Choke
Given
Q = 200 m3/s
B = 50 m
y = 4.0 m
Determine
Minimum channel width at the bridge site =?
Solution
Q 200
V 1.0m / s
A 50 4
V2 (1) 2
E y 4 4.05m
2g 2 9.81
For the discharge to be maximum at the bridge site for a given
U/S specific energy of 4.05 m, the flow should be critical.
Now
2 2
yc E 4.05 2.7 m
3 3
The unit discharge corresponding to this depth may be
computed from
q gyc 9.81 ( 2.7) 2 13.9m 3 / s / m
Hence critical depth lies at the highest point of the step in the
constant width channel.
dy Q 2 d 1
0 ( 2)
dx 2 g dx ( By) 2
dy Q 2 1 1 dy 1 1 dB
(2 3 ) 2 ( 2 3 ) 0
dx 2 g B 2
y dx y B dx
dy Q 2 dy Q 2 dB
0 (3)
dx gB 2 y 3 dx gy 2 B 3 dx
V
Now Fr
gy
V2 Q2 Q2
Or Fr 2
gy gy ( B 2 y 2 ) g ( B 2 y 3 )
1 Fr dy
2
dx
Fr 2 y dB
B dx
0 ( 4)
For critical flow, Fr = 1, substituting in the above equation
y dB
0 1 0
B dx
dB
Or dx
0
Z D .
c
2.5
Trial-and-Error Procedure
In the trial-and-error procedure, we substitute expressions for
flow area, A, and hydraulic depth, D, for the channel cross
section into Eq. 3-52 and then solve the resulting equation by
trial and error.
Numerical Methods
dF 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 dB
A BB A B (3 55)
dy 2 2 dy
Given:
Bo = 10.0 m
s=2
θ = 0.0
Q = 30 m3/s
α=1
Determine:
yc =?
Solution:
Design Curves
Substituting the values of Q, θ, g, and α into the left-hand side
of Eq. 3-52, we obtain
Q cos
Zc
g /
30 cos 0
Zc
9.81 / 1
Z c 9.58
Now
Z c 9.58
2.5 0.030
B 10
2.5
Problem 3-3
A trapezoidal channel having a bottom width of 20 m and side
slopes of 2H: 1V is carrying 60 m 3/s. Assuming α = 1.1,
determine the critical depth.
Solution
We know that
V
F (1)
r gD cos /
Q A
1
gD cos /
Q 60
A D
g cos / 9.81
1.1
A D 20.09 ( 2)
T b
A
y (3)
2
T 4 y b
Eq. (3) can be written as
4 y 2b y
A 2 y b y
2
A 2 y b
D
T 4 y b
( 2 y b) y yc 2 yc b
32 32
A D ( 2 y b) y (3)
4y b 4 yc b 1 2
Comparing Eq. (3) with Eq. (2)
yc 3 2 2 yc b 3 2 20.09
4 yc b 1 2
yc 3 2 2 yc 20 3 2 20.09
4 yc 201 2
Problem 3-12.
A mountain creek has a parabolic cross section with a top
water surface width of 9 ft at a depth of 3 ft. Determine the
critical depth for a discharge of 50 cusecs.
Solution
y a x n (1)
2
3a 4.5
a 0.14815
Critical depth
Q
A D
g
50 2 2
Ty y
32.2 3 3
16.187 Ty 1.5 (2)
Eq. (1) can be written as
2
Also y 0.148
T
2
Problem 3-15
A 5-ft dia circular culvert carries a flow of 15 ft 3/s. Determine
the critical depth.
Solution
Q 15cu sec s
D 5 ft
We know that
Q 15
Zc 2.64
g 32.2
Using Equation
Z c 2.64
0.0472
D 52.5
Zc 0.0472 on the abscissa
On Fig. 3-7, corresponding to
D
yc 0.215 Therefore,
read from the ordinate,
D
y
0.215
D
yc 0.215( D ) 5 0.215 1.075 ft
Problem 3-19.
In order to reduce the flow velocity at a section, a fisheries
biologist tied a 6-in diameter tree log at the bottom of a
stream. The flow velocity and the flow depth prior to the
installation of the log were 2 ft/sec and 4ft respectively.
Determine the change in the flow velocity and flow depth just
downstream of the log.
Solution
q 2 4 8 ft 3 / s / ft
V 2
Fr 0.176
gD 32.24
As Fr< 1, the flow is sub critical
E1 E2 z (1)
(V1) 2 q2
y1 y2 2
z (2)
2g 2( y2 ) g